@article{kong_guo_yang_wu_2016, title={Analyzing the Impact of Trucks on Traffic Flow Based on an Improved Cellular Automaton Model}, volume={2016}, ISSN={["1607-887X"]}, DOI={10.1155/2016/1236846}, abstractNote={This paper aims to analyze the impact of trucks on traffic flow and propose an improved cellular automaton model, which considers both the performance difference between passenger cars and trucks and the behaviour change of passenger cars under the impact of trucks. A questionnaire survey has been conducted to find out whether the impact of trucks exists and how the behaviour of passenger car drivers changes under the impact of trucks. The survey results confirm that the impact of trucks exists and indicate that passenger car drivers will enlarge the space gap, decelerate, and change lanes in advance when they are affected. Simulation results show that traffic volume is still affected by percentages of trucks in the congestion phase in the proposed model compared with traditional heterogeneous cellular automaton models. Traffic volume and speed decrease with the impact of trucks in the congestion phase. The impact of trucks can increase traffic congestion as it increases. However, it has different influences on the speed variance of passenger cars in different occupancies. In the proposed model, the relative relationship of the space gap between car-following-truck and car-following-car is changeable at a certain value of occupancy, which is related to the impact of trucks.}, journal={DISCRETE DYNAMICS IN NATURE AND SOCIETY}, author={Kong, Dewen and Guo, Xiucheng and Yang, Bo and Wu, Dingxin}, year={2016} }
 @article{list_yang_rouphail_2015, title={On the Treatment of Trucks for Analysis of Freeway Capacity}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2483-14}, abstractNote={The influence of trucks on highway performance has always been of interest. However, planning studies today tend to assume that a certain percentage of the traffic stream is trucks (e.g., 5%) and to make adjustments accordingly. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) converts trucks into passenger car equivalents by using a passenger car equivalent factor. For the HCM, however, this situation is changing. This paper describes changes to the basic freeway section methodology that are being developed to better address truck-related issues. Specifically, new models predict the space mean speeds of autos and trucks in mixed traffic streams for a variety of road grades. Also presented is a capacity adjustment factor that allows conversion of capacity values for auto-only conditions to be transformed into equivalent capacity values for mixed traffic conditions. The methodologies are presented, their development is described, and examples are given to illustrate how the procedure works.}, number={2483}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={List, George F. and Yang, Bo and Rouphail, Nagui M.}, year={2015}, pages={120–129} }
 @article{list_yang_schroeder_2015, title={On the Treatment of Trucks in Roundabout Analyses}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2483-16}, abstractNote={Trucks are not always addressed explicitly in planning studies and operational analyses, even though they are a very important part of the nation's economic engine. Most planning studies account for trucks as a percentage of the total traffic flow. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) converts trucks into autos through the use of a passenger car equivalency (PCE) factor. If the PCE is 2, then a truck is assumed to be equivalent to two autos. However, trucks are beginning to receive more attention, including that in the context of capacity assessments. A recent research effort focused on developing a level-of-service assessment for trucks and for enhancing the way that the impact of trucks is taken into account on freeways, arterials, and roundabouts. This paper focuses on the roundabout aspects of that research. The three roundabout-related objectives in the project were (a) to refine the PCE values used to convert trucks into auto equivalents for the flow on roundabout approaches, (b) to recalibrate the capacity equation so that it more appropriately accounts for trucks, and (c) to develop ways to estimate truck speeds so that travel times through the roundabout could be computed. The results of these analyses are presented as well as the methodology and data employed.}, number={2483}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={List, George F. and Yang, Bo and Schroeder, Bastian J.}, year={2015}, pages={140–147} }