@article{ruff_zetterstrom_boone_hofmeister_smith_epstein_blikslager_fogle_burke_2023, title={Retrospective analysis of postoperative complications following surgical treatment of ileal impaction in horses managed with manual decompression compared to jejunal enterotomy}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2023.1156678}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of post-operative complications and survival to discharge in horses with ileal impactions resolved by manual decompression compared with jejunal enterotomy.A total of 121 client-owned horses undergoing surgical correction of an ileal impaction at three teaching hospitals.Data from the medical records of horses undergoing surgical correction of an ileal impaction was retrospectively collected. Post-operative complications, survival to discharge, or post-operative reflux present were evaluated as dependent variables and pre-operative PCV, surgery duration, pre-operative reflux, and type of surgery were evaluated as independent variables. Type of surgery was divided into manual decompression (n = 88) and jejunal enterotomy (n = 33).There were no significant differences in development of minor complications, development of major complications, presence of post-operative reflux, amount of post-operative reflux, and survival to discharge between horses that were treated with manual decompression and those treated with distal jejunal enterotomy. Pre-operative PCV and surgery duration were significant predictors of survival to discharge.This study showed that there are no significant differences in post-operative complications and survival to discharge in horses undergoing distal jejunal enterotomy versus manual decompression for correction of ileal impaction. Pre-operative PCV and duration of surgery were found to be the only predictive factors of survival to discharge. Based on these findings, distal jejunal enterotomy should be considered earlier in horses with moderate to severe ileal impactions identified at surgery.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Ruff, Jennifer and Zetterstrom, Sandra and Boone, Lindsey and Hofmeister, Erik and Smith, Caitlin and Epstein, Kira and Blikslager, Anthony and Fogle, Callie and Burke, Megan}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{sheats_burke_robertson_fiebrandt_fogle_2021, title={Development and Formative Evaluation of a Low-Fidelity Equine Castration Model for Veterinary Education}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, url={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8476848}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.689243}, abstractNote={Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are units of activity that early-stage professionals perform in the workplace that necessitate simultaneous integration of multiple competencies. EPA #6 requires students to perform a common surgical procedure on a stable patient, including pre-operative and post-operative management. Castration is one of the most common surgeries performed by equine primary care practitioners and is considered an “entry-level competency” for veterinary graduates entering equine private practice, however, to our knowledge there are no equine castration models available for veterinary student education. Therefore, we developed an inexpensive, low-fidelity model of equine field castration and evaluated it using a mixed-methods approach. Two different groups of students, with or without model experience, completed surveys before and after live horse castration. Students who used the model also completed model specific surveys. Videos of the students completing the model were evaluated by at least two different equine veterinary faculty using a 15-point rubric, and inter-rater reliability of the rubric was determined. After completing the model, students reflected on strengths and weaknesses of their performance. From our student survey results, we determined that student attitudes toward the model were mostly positive. Interestingly, there were several student attitudes toward the model that became significantly more favorable after live horse castration. Prior to live horse castration, there was no significant difference in confidence in model vs. no-model groups. Following live horse castration, students who used the model had higher confidence in procedure preparation and hand-ties than students who did not use the model, but they had lower scores for confidence during patient recovery. When reflecting on model castration, students most commonly cited preparation and surgical description as strengths, and ligature placement and hand-ties as weaknesses. Experts provided several suggestions to improve the model, including incorporation of emasculators and the need for better model stabilization. Our findings suggest that both students and veterinary educators feel that this low-fidelity model has educational value. Rubric performance metrics were favorable, but additional steps are needed to improve grading consistency among educators. Future research will determine whether student performance on the model is predictive of competence score during live-horse castration.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Sheats, M. Katie and Burke, Megan J. and Robertson, James B. and Fiebrandt, Katherine E. and Fogle, Callie A.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{fogle_davis_yechuri_cordle_marshall_blikslager_2021, title={Ex vivo COX‐1 and COX‐2 inhibition in equine blood by phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, meloxicam and firocoxib: Informing clinical NSAID selection}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13280}, DOI={10.1111/eve.13280}, abstractNote={Newer cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as firocoxib, are proposed to reduce inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) and avoid undesirable side effects, while continuing to inhibit inflammation associated with COX-2. However, COX selectivity is typically based on in vitro testing, which may not provide sufficient information critical for treatment selection. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics and ex vivo COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, meloxicam and firocoxib. Horses (n = 3) were administered one of the four drugs, in a randomised cross-over design, with 3-week washout periods. For each drug, three doses were given and sampling performed. Drug plasma concentrations, thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined. After one dose, TXB2 and PGE2 levels were significantly higher in horses administered firocoxib compared to flunixin meglumine. Following the third dose, TXB2 levels in horses administered firocoxib and meloxicam were significantly higher compared to flunixin meglumine or phenylbutazone; all drugs reduced PGE2 to a similar degree. The mean plasma half-lives were 5.97 ± 0.47, 4.74 ± 0.14, 8.24 ± 3.74 and 47.42 ± 7.41 h for phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, meloxicam and firocoxib, respectively. Firocoxib and meloxicam exhibited significantly less COX-1 inhibition compared to flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone; all drugs inhibited COX-2. The plasma half-life of firocoxib was longer than the other NSAIDs, including meloxicam. Data from this study have important clinical relevance and should be used to inform practitioners’ drug selection of a COX-1 sparing or traditional NSAID and dose selection and to provide knowledge of the duration for the four NSAIDs studied.}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Fogle, C. and Davis, J. and Yechuri, B. and Cordle, K. and Marshall, J. and Blikslager, A.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{balko_fogle_stuska_fogle_posner_2021, title={Retrospective and prospective assessment of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM (TM)) for immobilisation of feral horses (Equus ferus caballus)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13490}, abstractNote={Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM™) has not been evaluated in horses.The objective of this study was to evaluate BAM™ for chemical restraint of feral horses.Retrospective and prospective descriptive studies.Data were collected retrospectively from medical records of 28 feral horses immobilised with BAM™ over a 6-year period. Prospectively, 0.0125 mL/kg bwt of BAM™ (butorphanol 27.3 mg/mL, azaperone 9.1 mg/mL and medetomidine 10.9 mg/mL) intramuscularly (im) was administered to eight stallions via dart, and once recumbent, 1.0 mg/kg bwt ketamine was given intravenously (iv). Induction and recovery time and quality via a standardised rubric (1 = very poor; 5 = excellent) and visual analogue scale (VAS), need for additional darts, weight tape measurement and serial physiological parameters were recorded. Serial arterial blood gas analysis was performed during recumbency. Following castration, horses were given 0.1 mg/kg bwt atipamezole (25% iv and 75% im) and allowed to recover unaided.Retrospectively, 28 horses were successfully immobilised with BAM™ without a major complication. Prospectively, eight horses were given a median (range) actual BAMTM dose of 0.0143 (0.0127-0.0510) mL/kg bwt. Three of eight horses needed 1, 2 or 5 additional darts. Median (range) time to recumbency was 11 (2-44) minutes. Median (range) induction (n = 4) and recovery (n = 6) scores via rubric and VAS were 5 (4-5) and 5 (5-5) and 92 (86-93) and 98 (92-99) cm, respectively. Four of seven horses were hypoxaemic at ≥1 time point with otherwise acceptable physiological parameters. Following atipamezole, median (range) time to sternal recumbency and standing was 12 (2-18) and 17 (11-52) minutes, respectively (n = 6).The sample size was small. Data could not be collected before darting or after recovery. Some data were missing from retrospective analysis.Intramuscular BAM™ with iv ketamine provided chemical restraint suitable for field castration of feral horses with no mortality. Hypoxaemia occurred in the majority of horses.}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Balko, Julie A. and Fogle, Callie and Stuska, Susan J. and Fogle, Jonathan E. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{fogle_intile_sheats_2021, title={Veterinary Clinical Ethics and Patient Care Dilemmas}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.05.003}, abstractNote={Veterinary ethical dilemmas are common, complex, and unavoidable. Creating a transparent and deliberate approach to ethical issues empowers the entire veterinary team and reduces stress associated with these dilemmas. This article discusses ethical considerations and principles and propose use of the 4Es model and core communication skills to address ethical dilemmas in veterinary practice. It reviews literature defining ethical issues in practice and provides case examples to show the application of our proposed methods. The goal is to provide veterinary professionals with an approach they can use to frame and address their own ethical decisions.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Fogle, Callie and Intile, Joanne and Sheats, Mary Katherine}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={1079–1097} }
 @article{sano_petrella_kaufman_fesmire_xing_gerber_fogle_2020, title={Electro-thermal therapy: Microsecond duration pulsed electric field tissue ablation with dynamic temperature control algorithms}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1879-0534"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103807}, abstractNote={Electro-thermal therapy (ETT) is a new cancer treatment modality which combines the use of high voltage pulsed electric fields, dynamic energy delivery rates, and closed loop thermal control algorithms to rapidly and reproducibly create focal ablations. This study examines the ablative potential and profile of pulsed electric field treatments delivered in conjunction with precise temperature control algorithms. An ex vivo perfused liver model was utilized to demonstrate the capability of 5000 V 2 μs duration bipolar electrical pulses and dynamic temperature control algorithms to produce ablations. Using a three applicator array, 4 cm ablation zones were created in under 27 min. In this configuration, the algorithms were able to rapidly achieve and maintain temperatures of 80 °C at the tissue-electrode interface. A simplified single applicator and grounding pad approach was used to correlate the measured ablation zones to electric field isocontours in order to determine lethal electric field thresholds of 708 V/cm and 867 V/cm for 45 °C and 60 °C treatments, respectively. These results establish ETT as a viable method for hepatic tumor treatment with ablation profiles equivalent to other energy based techniques. The single applicator and multi-applicator approaches demonstrated may enable the treatment of complex tumor geometries. The flexibility of ETT temperature control yields a malleable intervention which gives clinicians robust control over the ablation modality, treatment time, and safety profile.}, journal={COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE}, author={Sano, Michael B. and Petrella, Ross A. and Kaufman, Jacob D. and Fesmire, Christopher C. and Xing, Lei and Gerber, David and Fogle, Callie A.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{kaufman_fesmire_petrella_fogle_xing_gerber_sano_2020, title={High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation Using 5,000-V Waveforms to Create Reproducible 2-and 4-cm Ablation Zones - A Laboratory Investigation Using Mechanically Perfused Liver}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1535-7732"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvir.2019.05.009}, abstractNote={Purpose To investigate if high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) treatments can be delivered at higher voltages and with greater energy delivery rates than currently implemented in clinical irreversible electroporation protocols. Materials and Methods Treatments using 3,000 V and 5,000 V were administered to mechanically perfused ex vivo porcine liver via a single applicator and grounding pad (A+GP) as well as a 4-applicator array (4AA). Integrated energized times (IET) 0.01–0.08 seconds and energy delivery rates 25–300 μs/s were investigated. Organs were preserved at 4°C for 10–15 hours before sectioning and gross analysis using a metabolic stain to identify the size and shape of ablation zones. Results A+GP ablations measured between 1.6 cm and 2.2 cm, which did not increase when IET was increased from 0.02 seconds to 0.08 seconds (P > .055; range, 1.9–2.1 cm). Changes in tissue color and texture consistent with thermal damage were observed for treatments with energy delivery rates 50–300 μs/s, but not for treatments delivered at 25 μs/s. Use of the 4AA with a 3-cm applicator spacing resulted in ablations measuring 4.4–4.9 cm with energy delivery times of 7–80 minutes. Conclusions H-FIRE treatments can rapidly and reproducibly create 2-cm ablations using an A+GP configuration. Treatments without thermal injury were produced at the expense of extended treatment times. More rapid treatments resulted in ablations with varying degrees of thermal injury within the H-FIRE ablation zone. Production of 4-cm ablations is possible using a 4AA.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY}, author={Kaufman, Jacob D. and Fesmire, Christopher C. and Petrella, Ross A. and Fogle, Callie A. and Xing, Lei and Gerber, David and Sano, Michael B.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={162–168} }
 @article{johnson_holcombe_shearer_watson_gandy_southwood_lynch_schroeder_fogle_sordillo_2020, title={Multicenter Placebo-Controlled Randomized Study of Ethyl Pyruvate in Horses Following Surgical Treatment for >= 360 degrees Large Colon Volvulus}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.00204}, abstractNote={Identifying therapies that mitigate ischemic colonic injury and improve mucosal healing and intestinal viability are crucial to improving survival in horses with ≥360° large colon volvulus (LCV). Ethyl pyruvate is the ethyl ester of pyruvate with diverse pharmacologic effects that limit ischemic injury and hasten intestinal mucosal repair in preclinical rodents, sheep and swine models. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ethyl pyruvate on systemic indices of colon viability, expression of inflammatory genes in whole blood, morbidity and survival after surgical correction of LCV compared to controls. Horses received either 150 mg/kg ethyl pyruvate in 1 liter lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) or 1 liter LRS intravenously (IV) every 6 h for 24 h following surgical recovery for correction of LCV. Colic duration, perioperative heart rate (HR), packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), blood L-lactate concentration, surgical time, intraoperative episodes of hypoxemia and hypotension, expression of inflammatory cytokine genes, fecal consistency and survival to hospital discharge were compared between ethyl pyruvate treated horses and controls. Twenty-two horses, 12 receiving ethyl pyruvate and 10 controls, were enrolled in the study. Ethyl pyruvate was safely administered to horses following surgical correction of LCV. No significant effects of ethyl pyruvate on post-operative variables, including survival, were found. Seven of 12 ethyl pyruvate treated horses and 5/10 controls survived to hospital discharge. Higher HR, PCV and blood L-lactate concentration at the time of hospital admission, P = 0.005, 0.01, 0.04, respectively, 24 h after surgery, P = 0.001, 0.03, 0.02, respectively, were associated with death. Heart rate, P = 0.005, 48 h after surgery was associated with death. Ethyl pyruvate was safely administered to horses following correction of LCV with no apparent adverse events but was not associated with improved post-operative outcomes including survival. A larger, randomized control trial is needed to fully evaluate the effectiveness of ethyl pyruvate. A major limitation of this investigation is the small sample size, making the study underpowered and creating a high possibility of type II error.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Johnson, Lindsey M. and Holcombe, Susan J. and Shearer, Tara R. and Watson, Victoria and Gandy, Jeffery and Southwood, Louise L. and Lynch, Tymothy M. and Schroeder, Eric L. and Fogle, Callie A. and Sordillo, Lorraine M.}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{fesmire_petrella_fogle_gerber_xing_sano_2020, title={Temperature Dependence of High Frequency Irreversible Electroporation Evaluated in a 3D Tumor Model}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1573-9686"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10439-019-02423-w}, number={8}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Fesmire, Christopher C. and Petrella, Ross A. and Fogle, Callie A. and Gerber, David A. and Xing, Lei and Sano, Michael B.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={2233–2246} }
 @article{adin_moga_keene_fogle_hopkinson_weyhrauch_marks_ruderman_rosoff_2019, title={Clinical ethics consultation in a tertiary care veterinary teaching hospital}, volume={254}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.254.1.52}, number={1}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Adin, Christopher A. and Moga, Jeannine L. and Keene, Bruce W. and Fogle, Callie A. and Hopkinson, Heather R. and Weyhrauch, Charity A. and Marks, Steven L. and Ruderman, Rachel J. and Rosoff, Philip M.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={52–60} }
 @article{ziegler_fogle_burke_blikslager_2019, title={Letter to the Editor: Bias in statistics or bias in equine veterinary medicine?}, volume={51}, ISSN={0425-1644 2042-3306}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.13081}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13081}, number={3}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ziegler, A. L. and Fogle, C. A. and Burke, M. and Blikslager, A. T.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={423–423} }
 @misc{adin_fogle_marks_2018, title={Duty hours restriction for our surgical trainees: An ethical obligation or a bad idea?}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.12781}, abstractNote={To ensure patient safety and protect the well-being of interns and residents, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) issued guidelines in 2003 limiting the working hours of physician trainees. Although many supported the goals of the ACGME, institutions struggled to restructure their programs and hire staff required by this unfunded mandate. Numerous studies have analyzed the effects of duty hours restrictions on patient outcomes and physician training over the past 15 years. Most agree that duty hours restrictions improved well-being of house officers, but these improvements came at the expense of continuity, and patient hand-offs led to medical errors. Effects on resident training are program specific, with duty hours restrictions having the most deleterious effects on surgical disciplines. Because veterinary specialists assume a similar role in providing 24-hour patient care, interns and residents face work-related stress as a result of extended working hours, on-call duty, and an increasingly complex caseload. The North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital is staffed by approximately 100 house officers representing almost every veterinary specialty group. We surveyed departing house officers regarding their quality of life and training experience. Sixty-six percent of interns and residents reported that they do not have time to take care of personal needs, and 57%-62% felt neutral or dissatisfied with their mental and physical well-being. Most trainees believed that decreased duty hours would improve learning, but 42% believed that decreased caseload would be detrimental to training. Veterinary educators must consider post-DVM veterinary training guidelines that maintain patient care with a good learning environment for interns and residents.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Adin, Christopher A. and Fogle, Callie A. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={327–332} }
 @article{troy_holcombe_fogle_epstein_woodie_2018, title={Effects of hyaluronate-carboxymethylcellulose membranes on the clinical outcome of horses undergoing emergency exploratory celiotomy}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.12777}, abstractNote={Objective To determine the influence of hyaluronate-carboxymethylcellulose (HA-CMC) membranes applied to intestinal anastomoses or enterotomies on postoperative complications after emergency exploratory celiotomy. Study design Multicenter retrospective case-controlled series. Animals Adult horses (59 in the HA-CMC group and 91 controls). Methods Medical records from 4 referral hospitals were searched for horses ≥1 year of age, treated between 2008 and 2014 with emergency exploratory celiotomy, and surviving at least 24 hours postoperatively. Horses receiving repeat celiotomy during the same hospitalization were excluded. Horses who received HA-CMC were matched with controls who did not receive HA-CMC but had similar intestinal lesions and procedures at the same referral hospital. Postoperative complications (colic, nasogastric reflux, fever, incisional infection, and septic peritonitis), duration of hospitalization, and survival were compared between groups. Data were compared between horses by t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and χ2 test. Results The volume of nasogastric reflux at admission (P = .02) and the duration of administration of lidocaine after surgery (P = .02) were greater in horses with HA-CMC membranes than in controls. No difference in postoperative complications or survival was detected between groups: 48 of 59 (81%) horses treated with HA-CMC survived until discharge from the hospital compared with 80 of 91 (88%) horses in the control group (P = .27). Fifteen of 21 horses treated with HA-CMC and 30 of 43 horses in the control group survived >12 months after hospital discharge. Conclusion Application of HA-CMC membranes to anastomoses or intestinal incisions did not influence postoperative complications or survival after emergency celiotomy compared with controls. Clinical significance The safety and efficacy of HA-CMC membrane application to intestinal sites during colic surgery in horses is equivocal.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Troy, Jarrod R. and Holcombe, Susan J. and Fogle, Callie A. and Epstein, Kira L. and Woodie, J. Brett}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={385–391} }
 @article{ziegler_freeman_fogle_burke_davis_cook_southwood_blikslager_2018, title={Multicentre, blinded, randomised clinical trial comparing the use of flunixin meglumine with firocoxib in horses with small intestinal strangulating obstruction}, volume={51}, ISSN={0425-1644 2042-3306}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.13013}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13013}, abstractNote={Background Small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SISO) is associated with endotoxaemia which leads to an increased risk of death. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to treat signs of endotoxaemia by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenases (COX). COX-1 is expressed constitutively and promotes gut barrier function, whereas COX-2 is inducible and contributes to the signs of endotoxaemia. In preclinical SISO trials, intestinal barrier recovery was more complete with reductions in endotoxin permeability in horses treated with COX-2 selective NSAIDs as compared with horses treated with flunixin meglumine. Objectives We hypothesised that treatment of post-surgical SISO horses with firocoxib (COX-2 selective) would reduce the signs of endotoxaemia to a greater extent than flunixin meglumine (nonselective COX inhibitor) while continuing to provide similar levels of pain control. Study design Blinded randomised clinical trial. Methods In addition to clinical monitoring, preoperative and 12-, 24- and 48-h post-operative plasma samples were assessed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), TNF⍺ and soluble CD14 (sCD14). Results In 56 recruited SISO horses, either flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, i.v., q12h) or firocoxib (0.3 mg/kg, i.v. loading dose; 0.1 mg/kg, i.v., q24h) was given in the post-operative period in three university hospitals from 2015 to 2017. COX-2 selectivity was confirmed by a relative lack of inhibition of the COX-1 prostanoid TXB2 by firocoxib and significant inhibition by flunixin meglumine (P = 0.014). Both drugs inhibited the COX-2 prostanoid PGE2. There were no significant differences in pain scores between groups (P = 0.2). However, there was a 3.23-fold increased risk (P = 0.04) of increased plasma sCD14 in horses treated with flunixin meglumine, a validated biomarker of equine endotoxaemia. Main limitations Horses were all treated with flunixin meglumine prior to referral. In addition, many horses were treated with lidocaine, which has been shown to mitigate the deleterious effects of flunixin meglumine. Conclusions In SISO cases, firocoxib reduced a biomarker of endotoxaemia as compared with flunixin meglumine while continuing to provide similar levels of pain control.}, number={3}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ziegler, A. L. and Freeman, C. K. and Fogle, C. A. and Burke, M. J. and Davis, J. L. and Cook, V. L. and Southwood, L. L. and Blikslager, A. T.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={329–335} }
 @article{rosoff_moga_keene_adin_fogle_ruderman_hopkinso_weyhrauch_2018, title={Resolving Ethical Dilemmas in a Tertiary Care Veterinary Specialty Hospital: Adaptation of the Human Clinical Consultation Committee Model}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1536-0075"]}, DOI={10.1080/15265161.2017.1409824}, abstractNote={Technological advances in veterinary medicine have produced considerable progress in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases in animals. At the same time, veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and owners of animals face increasingly complex situations that raise questions about goals of care and correct or reasonable courses of action. These dilemmas are frequently controversial and can generate conflicts between clients and health care providers. In many ways they resemble the ethical challenges confronted by human medicine and that spawned the creation of clinical ethics committees as a mechanism to analyze, discuss, and resolve disagreements. The staff of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Hospital, a specialty academic teaching institution, wanted to investigate whether similar success could be achieved in the tertiary care veterinary setting. We discuss the background and rationale for this method, as well as the approach that was taken to create a clinical ethics committee.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS}, author={Rosoff, Philip M. and Moga, Jeannine and Keene, Bruce and Adin, Christopher and Fogle, Callie and Ruderman, Rachel and Hopkinso, Heather and Weyhrauch, Charity}, year={2018}, pages={41–53} }
 @misc{rosoff_ruderman_moga_keene_adin_fogle_hopkinson_weyhrauch_2018, title={Response to Open Peer Commentaries on "Resolving Ethical Dilemmas in a Tertiary Care Veterinary Specialty Hospital: Adaptation of the Human Clinical Consultation Committee Model"}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1536-0075"]}, DOI={10.1080/15265161.2017.1413439}, abstractNote={We are gratified that our article, “Resolving Ethical Dilemmas in a Tertiary Care Veterinary Specialty Hospital: Adaptation of the Human Clinical Consultation Committee Model” (Rosoff et al. 2018),...}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS}, author={Rosoff, Philip M. and Ruderman, Rachel and Moga, Jeannine and Keene, Bruce and Adin, Christopher and Fogle, Callie and Hopkinson, Heather and Weyhrauch, Charity}, year={2018}, pages={W7–W10} }
 @article{ziegler_fogle_blikslager_2017, title={Update on the use of cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses}, volume={250}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.250.11.1271}, DOI={10.2460/javma.250.11.1271}, abstractNote={Abstract Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and are highly effective for the treatment of pain and inflammation in horses. There are 2 clinically relevant isoforms of COX. Cyclooxygenase-1 is constitutively expressed and is considered important for a variety of physiologic functions, including gastrointestinal homeostasis. Thus, NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX-2 while sparing COX-1 may be associated with a lower incidence of adverse gastrointestinal effects. Various formulations of firocoxib, a COX-2-selective NSAID, labeled for use in horses are available in the United States. Equine practitioners should know that the FDA limits the use of firocoxib to formulations labeled for horses, regardless of price concerns. In addition, practitioners will benefit from understanding the nuances of firocoxib administration, including the importance of correct dosing and the contraindications of combining NSAIDs. Together with knowledge of the potential advantages of COX-2 selectivity, these considerations will help veterinarians select and treat patients that could benefit from this new class of NSAID.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Ziegler, Amanda and Fogle, Callie and Blikslager, Anthony}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1271–1274} }
 @article{fogle_jacob_blikslager_edwards_wagner_dean_fogle_2016, title={Comparison of lipopolysaccharides and soluble CD14 measurement between clinically endotoxaemic and nonendotoxaemic horses}, volume={49}, ISSN={0425-1644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12582}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12582}, abstractNote={Clinically useful biomarkers are needed for early identification of endotoxaemic horses. Soluble CD14 (sCD14) is amplified early in response to inflammatory signals, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and may prove a useful biomarker for clinical endotoxaemia.The aim of this study was to determine if sCD14 could serve as a more reliable biomarker of the clinical signs of endotoxaemia, compared to measuring LPS alone.Prospective observational study in horses at a veterinary teaching hospital.Plasma samples were collected from 20 healthy horses and 35 horses presenting for emergency evaluation. Horses were classified as clinically endotoxaemic, using previously established criteria, if they had a heart rate >70 beats/min, packed cell volume >45% and/or a lesion likely to result in endotoxaemia. Soluble CD14 was measured using a cytometric bead-based assay and LPS was measured using a Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay.Soluble CD14 was higher in horses classified as clinically endotoxaemic (median 1102 ng/ml, interquartile range 439 ng/ml), compared to clinically nonendotoxaemic (median 692 ng/ml, interquartile range 455 ng/ml, P = 0.03. There was no difference in LPS concentrations between clinically nonendotoxaemic (median 5.4 endotoxin units [EU]/ml, interquartile range 5 EU/ml) and endotoxaemic horses (median 7.2 EU/ml, interquartile range 17 EU/ml, P = 0.2). There was no correlation between sCD14 and LPS values in paired serum samples. LPS and sCD14 values were used to generate a receiver operating characteristic curve. The area under the curve for LPS and sCD14 was <0.7, suggesting that sCD14 and LPS were poor predictors of clinical endotoxaemia for the horses in this study.Further investigation is warranted to assess the utility of sCD14 measurement as a clinically useful biomarker to identify endotoxaemia in horses.}, number={2}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fogle, J. and Jacob, M. and Blikslager, A. and Edwards, A. and Wagner, B. and Dean, K. and Fogle, C.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={155–159} }
 @book{fogle_sheats_2016, place={Alberta, Canada}, title={Development of a Capstone Assessment Instrument for Evaluation of Fourth Year Veterinary Student History and Examination Skills}, publisher={Veterinary Educators Collaborative, University of Calgary}, author={Fogle, C. and Sheats, M.K.}, year={2016} }
 @book{sheats_fogle_2016, place={Alberta, Canada}, title={Student Perspectives on a Newly Implemented Community-Based Model of Clinical Training in Equine Primary Care: “What’s Workings and What Could be Better?}, publisher={Veterinary Educators Collaborative, University of Calgary}, author={Sheats, M.K. and Fogle, C.}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{sheats_fogle_2016, title={Student Perspectives on a Newly Implemented Community-Based Model of Clinical Training in Equine Primary Care: “What’s Workings and What Could be Better?}, author={Sheats, M.K. and Fogle, C.}, year={2016} }
 @article{gonzalez_fogle_baker_hughes_law_motsinger-reif_blikslager_2014, title={Operative factors associated with short-term outcome in horses with large colon volvulus: 47 cases from 2006 to 2013}, volume={47}, ISSN={0425-1644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12273}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12273}, abstractNote={There is an important need for objective parameters that accurately predict the outcome of horses with large colon volvulus.To evaluate the predictive value of a series of histomorphometric parameters on short-term outcome, as well as the impact of colonic resection on horses with large colon volvulus.Retrospective cohort study.Adult horses admitted to the Equine and Farm Animal Veterinary Center at North Carolina State University, Peterson and Smith and Chino Valley Equine Hospitals between 2006 and 2013 that underwent an exploratory coeliotomy, diagnosed with large colon volvulus of ≥360 degrees, where a pelvic flexure biopsy was obtained, and that recovered from general anaesthesia, were selected for inclusion in the study. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between signalment, histomorphometric measurements of interstitium-to-crypt ratio, degree of haemorrhage, percentage loss of luminal and glandular epithelium, as well as colonic resection with short-term outcome (discharge from the hospital).Pelvic flexure biopsies from 47 horses with large colon volvulus were evaluated. Factors that were significantly associated with short-term outcome on univariate logistic regression were Thoroughbred breed (P = 0.04), interstitium-to-crypt ratio >1 (P = 0.02) and haemorrhage score ≥3 (P = 0.005). Resection (P = 0.92) was not found to be associated significantly with short-term outcome. No combined factors increased the likelihood of death in forward stepwise logistic regression modelling. A digitally quantified measurement of haemorrhage area strengthened the association of haemorrhage with nonsurvival in cases of large colon volvulus.Histomorphometric measurements of interstitium-to-crypt ratio and degree of haemorrhage predict short-term outcome in cases of large colon volvulus. Resection was not associated with short-term outcome in horses selected for this study. Accurate quantification of mucosal haemorrhage at the time of surgery may improve veterinary surgeons' prognostic capabilities in horses with large colon volvulus.}, number={3}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gonzalez, L. M. and Fogle, C. A. and Baker, W. T. and Hughes, F. E. and Law, J. M. and Motsinger-Reif, A. A. and Blikslager, A. T.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={279–284} }
 @article{holland_fogle_blikslager_curling_barlow_schirmer_davis_2014, title={Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three formulations of firocoxib in healthy horses}, volume={38}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12177}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12177}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to compare the pharmacokinetics and COX selectivity of three commercially available formulations of firocoxib in the horse. Six healthy adult horses were administered a single dose of 57 mg intravenous, oral paste or oral tablet firocoxib in a three-way, randomized, crossover design. Blood was collected at predetermined times for PGE2 and TXB2 concentrations, as well as plasma drug concentrations. Similar to other reports, firocoxib exhibited a long elimination half-life (31.07 ± 10.64 h), a large volume of distribution (1.81 ± 0.59L/kg), and a slow clearance (42.61 ± 11.28 mL/h/kg). Comparison of the oral formulations revealed a higher Cmax, shorter Tmax, and greater AUC for the paste compared to the tablet. Bioavailability was 112% and 88% for the paste and tablet, respectively. Maximum inhibition of PGE2 was 83.76% for the I.V. formulation, 52.95% for the oral paste formulation, and 46.22% for the oral tablet formulation. Pharmacodynamic modeling suggests an IC50 of approximately 27 ng/mL and an IC80 of 108 ng/ mL for COX2 inhibition. Inhibition of TXB2 production was not detected. This study indicates a lack of bioequivalence between the oral formulations of firocoxib when administered as a single dose to healthy horses.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Holland, B. and Fogle, C. and Blikslager, A. T. and Curling, A. and Barlow, B. M. and Schirmer, J. and Davis, J. L.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={249–256} }
 @article{boswell_fogle_linder_copple_2013, title={What Is Your Diagnosis?}, volume={242}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.3.311}, DOI={10.2460/javma.242.3.311}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Boswell, Stacie G. and Fogle, Callie A. and Linder, Keith and Copple, Christina N.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={311–313} }
 @article{tate_fogle_bailey_tate_davis_2012, title={Laparoscopic-Assisted Colpotomy for Ovariectomy in the Mare}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.00993.x}, abstractNote={Objective To describe a technique for ovariectomy through a colpotomy using a chain écraseur with laparoscopic guidance and report outcome in 4 mares. Study Design Case series. Method After insertion of a laparoscope into the abdomen through the left flank, colpotomy was performed to allow introduction of an écraseur into the caudal aspect of the abdomen. Grasping and removal of the ovary and evaluation of the pedicle was observed via the laparoscope. The laparoscope was then inserted in the right flank for right ovariectomy. The colpotomy was closed in a continuous suture pattern using laparoscopic or long needle holders. Results Insertion of a laparoscope allowed ready identification of the ovaries and capture within an écraseur, including assurance that no other tissues were contained within écraseur chain. The mesovarial pedicles were easily be examined for hemorrhage. Surgical time for ovariectomy was 10–15 minutes with no postsurgical complications. Closure of the colpotomy healed without complications. Conclusion Laparoscopic-assisted écraseur ovariectomy is inexpensive, rapid, and a safe alternative to other methods of open and laparoscopic ovariectomy.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Tate, Lloyd P., Jr. and Fogle, Callie A. and Bailey, C. Scott and Tate, Kathryn B. and Davis, John W.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={625–628} }
 @article{davis_fogle_gerard_levine_blikslager_2012, title={Return to use and performance following exploratory celiotomy for colic in horses: 195 cases (2003-2010)}, volume={45}, ISSN={0425-1644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00615.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00615.x}, abstractNote={There are few objective data on return to use and performance in horses following colic surgery.To investigate return to functional use of horses following colic surgery and factors associated with a negative outcome.The North Carolina State University Equine Colic Database was reviewed for horses that underwent exploratory celiotomy for colic (2003-2010). Horses were excluded from the study if they survived <6 months, had no intended use preoperatively, or if further data were not available at attempted follow-up. Information retrieved included history, background, use, and selected pre-, intra-, and post operative factors. Telephone interviews were used to obtain follow-up data. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations between clinical data and outcome, reported as odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval and corresponding P value.Of patients surviving to 6 months, 133/195 (68%) were performing their intended use and 85/156 (54%) were at or above preoperative performance. At one year, 145/190 (76%) horses were performing their intended use and 101/153 (66%) were at or above preoperative performance. Animals were significantly less likely to return to use/performance if they had a previous celiotomy, stall rest for an orthopaedic condition, a nonstrangulating lesion type, incisional hernia, diarrhoea or laminitis.The overall prognosis for return to use and performance following colic surgery is fair to good. Multiple pre- and post operative factors may affect the likelihood of return to use and performance.Targeted owner education regarding preoperative lameness, post operative rehabilitation and treatment for complications, such as incisional hernioplasty, may help inform owners about their horse's potential for return to use and performance following colic surgery.}, number={2}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Davis, W. and Fogle, C. A. and Gerard, M. P. and Levine, J. F. and Blikslager, A. T.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={224–228} }
 @article{fogle_2010, title={Preputial swelling in the horse: A diagnostic challenge}, volume={22}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00076.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 22, Issue 7 p. 326-327 Preputial swelling in the horse: A diagnostic challenge C. Fogle, C. Fogle Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, USA.Search for more papers by this author C. Fogle, C. Fogle Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 10 June 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00076.x email: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References Caron, J.P. and Mehler, S.J. (2009) Laparoscopic mesh incisional hernioplasty in five horses. Vet. Surg. 38, 318-325. Elce, Y.A., Kraus, B.M. and Orsini, J.A. (2005) Mesh hernioplasty for repair of incisional hernias of the ventral body wall in large horses. Equine vet. Educ. 17, 252-256. Enzerink, E., Van Weeren, P.R. and Van Der Velden, M.A. (2000) Closure of the abdominal wall at the umbilicus and the development of umbilical hernias in a group of foals from birth to 11 months of age. Vet. Rec. 147, 37. Freeman, D.E., Rotting, A.K. and Inoue, O.J. (2002) Abdominal closure and complications. Clin. Tech. equine Pract. 1, 174-187. Gibson, K.T., Curtis, C.R., Turner, A.S., McIlwraith, C.W., Aanes, W.A. and Stashak, T.S. (1989) Incisional hernias in the horse: incidence and predisposing factors. Vet. Surg. 18, 360-366. Hilbert, B.J., Slatter, D.H. and McDermott, J.D. (1978) Repair of a massive abdominal hernia in a horse using polypropylene mesh. Aust. vet. J. 54, 588-590. Hyland, J. and Church, S. (1995) The use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and treatment of a haematoma in the corpus cavernosum penis of a stallion. Aust. vet. J. 12, 468-469. Kelmer, G. and Schumacher, J. (2008) Repair of abdominal wall hernias in horses using primary closure and subcutaneous implantation of mesh. Vet. Rec. 23, 677-679. Klohnen, A.K., Lores, M.L. and Fischer, A.T. (2006) Management of postoperative abdominal incisional complications with a hernia belt: 85 horses (2001-2005). In: Proceedings of American College of Veterinary Surgeons 2006 Symposium p 13. Kobluk, C.N., Ducharme, N.G., Lumsden, J.H., Pascoe, P.J., Livesay, M.A., Hurtig, M., Horney, F.D. and Arighi, M. (1989) Factors affecting incisional complication rates associated with colic surgery in horses: 78 cases (1983-1985). J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 195, 639-642. Neely, D.P. (1980) Physical examination and genital disease of the stallion. In: Current Therapy in Theriogenology, Eds: D.A. Morrow, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. p 694. O'Brien, T., Koch, C., Livesey, M.A. and Brounts, S.H. (2010) Direct preputial hernia associated with a ventral abdominal wall defect in a two-year-old gelding. Equine vet. Educ. 22, in press. Rijkenhuizen, A.B.M. (2005) Laparoscopic repair of a traumatic ventral abdominal hernia using a mesh. Equine vet. Educ. 17, 243-247. Schneider, R.K., Milne, D.W. and Kohn, C.W. (1982) Acquired inguinal hernia in the horse: a review of 27 cases. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 180, 317-320. Schumacher, J. and Perkins, J. (2010) Inguinal herniation and rupture in horses. Equine vet. Educ. 22, 7-12. Stick, J.A. (2006) Abdominal hernias. In: Auer and Stick Equine Surgery, 3rd edn., Eds: J. Auer and J. Stick, W.B. Saunders, St Louis. pp 491-499. Van Der Velden, M.A. and Klein, W.R. (1994) A modified technique for implantation of polypropylene mesh for the repair of external abdominal hernias in horses: a review of 21 cases. Vet. Quart. 16, 108-110. Wilson, D.A., Baker, G.J. and Boero, M.J. (1995) Complications of celiotomy incisions in horses. Vet. Surg. 24, 506-514. Volume22, Issue7July 2010Pages 326-327 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={7}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Fogle, C.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={326–327} }
 @article{fogle_2009, title={Carboxymethylcellulose and adhesion formation in horses reply}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2009.00497_3.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary SurgeryVolume 38, Issue 3 p. 429-429 Author's reply: CALLIE A. FOGLE dvm, Diplomate acvs, CALLIE A. FOGLE dvm, Diplomate acvs College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author CALLIE A. FOGLE dvm, Diplomate acvs, CALLIE A. FOGLE dvm, Diplomate acvs College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2009.00497_3.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue3April 2009Pages 429-429 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, author={Fogle, Callie}, year={2009}, pages={429–429} }
 @article{fogle_gerard_elce_little_morton_correa_blikslager_2008, title={Analysis of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Administration and Related Factors Associated with Postoperative Colic and Survival in Horses with Small Intestinal Disease}, volume={37}, ISSN={0161-3499 1532-950X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00420.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00420.x}, abstractNote={Objective— To analyze the effect of the intraoperative use of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CBMC) and related perioperative factors on postoperative colic and survival in horses that had abdominal surgery for colic. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Horses (n=203) that had surgery for small intestinal disease; 33 horses had intraoperative administration of CBMC. Methods— Information was obtained from medical records for 170 horses that had surgery for colic before use of CBMC and 33 horses that had intraoperative CBMC. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to estimate median survival time and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio for the effect of CBMC and other perioperative variables on survival. Results— Seventy-five percent of horses administered CBMC survived to 180 days, whereas 75% of untreated horses survived 8 days (median survival time=18 days). Horses not administered CBMC were twice as likely to die compared with horses administered CBMC. Horses that had postoperative ileus (POI) were 1.4 times more likely to die than horses without ileus. Similarly, horses with signs of colic after surgery were 1.3 times more likely to die than horses without postoperative signs of colic. Conclusions— CBMC administration is seemingly protective against death and prolongs survival when used intraoperatively in horses with small intestine disease, particularly horses with postoperative colic or POI. Both POI and colic increased risk of death after surgery. Clinical Relevance— Intraoperative administration of CBMC in horses that have surgery for small intestinal disease may improve survival, possibly by reducing early adhesion formation.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fogle, Callie A. and Gerard, Mathew P. and Elce, Yvonne A. and Little, Dianne and Morton, Alison J. and Correa, Maria T. and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={558–563} }
 @article{fogle_gerard_johansson_breuhaus_blikslager_jones_2007, title={Spontaneous rupture of the guttural pouch as a complication of treatment for guttural pouch empyema}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0957-7734"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547981740&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2746/095777307X196900}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 19, Issue 7 p. 351-355 Spontaneous rupture of the guttural pouch as a complication of treatment for guttural pouch empyema C. A. Fogle, Corresponding Author C. A. Fogle Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.*Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorM. P. Gerard, M. P. Gerard Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorA. M. Johansson, A. M. Johansson Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorB. A. Breuhaus, B. A. Breuhaus Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorA. T. Blikslager, A. T. Blikslager Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author C. A. Fogle, Corresponding Author C. A. Fogle Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.*Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorM. P. Gerard, M. P. Gerard Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorA. M. Johansson, A. M. Johansson Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorB. A. Breuhaus, B. A. Breuhaus Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorA. T. Blikslager, A. T. Blikslager Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/095777307X196900Citations: 13AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue7August 2007Pages 351-355 RelatedInformation}, number={7}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Fogle, C. A. and Gerard, M. P. and Johansson, A. M. and Breuhaus, B. A. and Blikslager, A. T. and Jones, S. L.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={351–355} }
 @article{brandon_stanley_2003, title={What’s Your Diagnosis?: Equine Cholelithiasis}, volume={222}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.289}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Brandon, B. and Stanley, C.}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={289–290} }