@article{cook_parekh_ladd_kotwal_panich_durstock_dickey_tabor_2019, title={Shear-Driven Direct-Write Printing of Room-Temperature Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Alloys}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1527-2648"]}, DOI={10.1002/adem.201900400}, abstractNote={Gallium‐based metal alloys have high electrical conductivity in the liquid state at room temperature. These liquid metal conductors inspire unique electronic applications such as reconfigurable circuits and stretchable components with extremely high strain tolerance. Previously, liquid metals have been successfully patterned via direct‐writing, yielding metallically conductive features on‐demand at room temperature that do not require post‐processing, down to a resolution of ≈10 μm. While most direct‐write processes extrude materials from a nozzle via pressure or volumetric displacement, liquid metal is instead printed here by a shear‐driven mechanism that occurs when the oxide‐coated meniscus of the metal adheres to the printing substrate and is “pulled” from the nozzle at pressures that are well‐below that needed to extrude the metal in the absence of shear. Herein, the key operating parameters that enable shear‐driven printing of liquid metals including dispensing pressure, choice of substrate, print height, the surrounding environmental conditions, and the speed and acceleration of the print head are elucidated. A guide to the best practices as well as limitations for implementing shear‐driven printing of liquid metals at room temperature is provided in these studies.}, number={11}, journal={ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS}, author={Cook, Alexander and Parekh, Dishit P. and Ladd, Collin and Kotwal, Gargee and Panich, Lazar and Durstock, Michael and Dickey, Michael D. and Tabor, Christopher E.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{shen_aiken_ladd_dickey_ricketts_2016, title={A simple electroless plating solution for 3D printed microwave components}, DOI={10.1109/apmc.2016.7931434}, abstractNote={Using a modified version of the Tollens' Test, acrylate-based polymer prints made using a consumer-grade Digital Light Projection Stereolithographic (DLP-SLA) 3D printer are successfully silver plated, without the need for complex surface preparation techniques. A single-piece prototype waveguide design is used for testing the plating process, and a discussion is provided on minimizing printing process variables such as polymerization shrinkage and undesirable geometric tolerance variance. Measurement results of plated WR-10 1-inch waveguide sections show reflection coefficients of less than −21dB and an insertion loss of less than 0.53dB, which are comparable to similar studies using specialized plating and split-block designs. Furthermore, this approach shows great potential in providing an affordable passive microwave component rapid prototyping solution for research environments.}, booktitle={2016 asia-pacific microwave conference (apmc2016)}, author={Shen, J. Y. and Aiken, M. and Ladd, C. and Dickey, Michael and Ricketts, D. S.}, year={2016} }
 @article{trlica_parekh_panich_ladd_dickey_2014, title={3-D printing of liquid metals for stretchable and flexible conductors}, volume={9083}, ISSN={["1996-756X"]}, DOI={10.1117/12.2050212}, abstractNote={3-D printing is an emerging technology that has been used primarily on small scales for rapid prototyping, but which could also herald a wider movement towards decentralized, highly customizable manufacturing. Polymers are the most common materials to be 3-D printed today, but there is great demand for a way to easily print metals. Existing techniques for 3-D printing metals tend to be expensive and energy-intensive, and usually require high temperatures or pressures, making them incompatible with polymers, organics, soft materials, and biological materials. Here, we describe room temperature liquid metals as complements to polymers for 3-D printing applications. These metals enable the fabrication of soft, flexible, and stretchable devices. We survey potential room temperature liquid metal candidates and describe the benefits of gallium and its alloys for these purposes. We demonstrate the direct printing of a liquid gallium alloy in both 2-D and 3-D and highlight the structures and shapes that can be fabricated using these processes.}, journal={MICRO- AND NANOTECHNOLOGY SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND APPLICATIONS VI}, author={Trlica, Chris and Parekh, Dishit Paresh and Panich, Lazar and Ladd, Collin and Dickey, Michael D.}, year={2014} }