@article{charles_edwards_ravishankar_calero_henry_rech_saravitz_you_ade_o'connor_et al._2023, title={Emergent molecular traits of lettuce and tomato grown under wavelength-selective solar cells}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2023.1087707}, abstractNote={The integration of semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) in greenhouses offers new agrivoltaic opportunities to meet the growing demands for sustainable food production. The tailored absorption/transmission spectra of ST-OSCs impacts the power generated as well as crop growth, development and responses to the biotic and abiotic environments. To characterize crop responses to ST-OSCs, we grew lettuce and tomato, traditional greenhouse crops, under three ST-OSC filters that create different light spectra. Lettuce yield and early tomato development are not negatively affected by the modified light environment. Our genomic analysis reveals that lettuce production exhibits beneficial traits involving nutrient content and nitrogen utilization while select ST-OSCs impact regulation of flowering initiation in tomato. These results suggest that ST-OSCs integrated into greenhouses are not only a promising technology for energy-neutral, sustainable and climate-change protected crop production, but can deliver benefits beyond energy considerations.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Charles, Melodi and Edwards, Brianne and Ravishankar, Eshwar and Calero, John and Henry, Reece and Rech, Jeromy and Saravitz, Carole and You, Wei and Ade, Harald and O'Connor, Brendan and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{ravishankar_charles_xiong_henry_swift_rech_calero_cho_booth_kim_et al._2021, title={Balancing crop production and energy harvesting in organic solar-powered greenhouses}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2666-3864"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100381}, abstractNote={Adding semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) to a greenhouse structure enables simultaneous plant cultivation and electricity generation, thereby reducing the greenhouse energy demand. However, there is a need to establish the impact of such systems on plant growth and indoor climate and to optimize system tradeoffs. In this work, we consider plant growth under OSCs and system-relevant design. We evaluate the growth of red leaf lettuce under ST-OSC filters and compare the impact of three different OSC active layers that have unique transmittance. We find no significant differences in the fresh weight and chlorophyll content of the lettuce grown under these OSC filters. In addition, OSCs provide an opportunity for further light and thermal management of the greenhouse through device design and optical coatings. The OSCs can thus affect plant growth, power generation, and thermal load of the greenhouse, and this design trade space is reviewed and exemplified.}, number={3}, journal={CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ravishankar, Eshwar and Charles, Melodi and Xiong, Yuan and Henry, Reece and Swift, Jennifer and Rech, Jeromy and Calero, John and Cho, Sam and Booth, Ronald E. and Kim, Taesoo and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{whittier_hodge_lopez_saravitz_acosta_2021, title={The use of near infrared spectroscopy to predict foliar nutrient levels of hydroponically grown teak seedlings}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1751-6552"]}, DOI={10.1177/09670335211025649}, abstractNote={ Due to a combination of durability, strength, and aesthetically pleasing color, teak ( Tectona grandis L.f.) is globally regarded as a premier timber species. High value, in combination with comprehensive harvesting restrictions from natural populations, has resulted in extensive teak plantation establishment throughout the tropics and subtropics. Plantations directly depend on the production of healthy seedlings. In order to assist growers in efficiently diagnosing teak seedling nutrient issues, a hydroponic nutrient study was conducted at North Carolina State University. The ability to accurately diagnose nutrient disorders prior to the onset of visual symptoms through the use of near infrared (NIR) technology will allow growers to potentially remedy seedling issues before irreversible damage is done. This research utilized two different near infrared (NIR) spectrometers to develop predictive foliar nutrient models for 13 nutrients and then compared the accuracy of the models between the devices. Destructive leaf sampling and laboratory grade NIR spectroscopy scanning was compared to nondestructive sampling coupled with a handheld NIR device used in a greenhouse. Using traditional wet lab foliar analysis results for calibration, nutrient prediction models for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and zinc (Z) were developed using both NIR devices. Models developed using both techniques were good for N, P, and K (R2 > 0.80), while the B model was adequate only with the destructive sampling procedure. Models for the remaining nutrients were not suitable. Although destructive sampling and desktop scanning procedure generally produced models with higher correlations they required work and time for sample preparation that might reduce the value of this NIR approach. The results suggest that both destructive and nondestructive sampling NIR calibrations can be useful to monitor macro nutrient status of teak plants grown in a nursery environment. }, journal={JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY}, author={Whittier, William Andrew and Hodge, Gary R. and Lopez, Juan and Saravitz, Carole and Acosta, Juan Jose}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{ravishankar_booth_saravitz_sederoff_ade_brendan t. o'connor_2020, title={Achieving Net Zero Energy Greenhouses by Integrating Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2542-4351"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85079138223&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.joule.2019.12.018}, abstractNote={Greenhouses vastly increase agricultural land-use efficiency. However, they also consume significantly more energy than conventional farming due in part to conditioning the greenhouse space. One way to mitigate the increase in energy consumption is to integrate solar modules onto the greenhouse structure. Semitransparent organic solar cells (OSCs) are particularly attractive given that their spectral absorption can be tuned to minimize the attenuation of sunlight over the plants photosynthetically active spectrum. Here, the benefits of integrating OSCs on the net energy demand of greenhouses within the U.S. are determined through a detailed energy balance model. We find that these systems can have an annual surplus of energy in warm and moderate climates. Furthermore, we show that sunlight reduction entering the greenhouse can be minimized with appropriate design. These results demonstrate that OSCs are an excellent candidate for implementing in greenhouses and provide an opportunity to diversify sustainable energy generation technology.}, number={2}, journal={JOULE}, author={Ravishankar, Eshwar and Booth, Ronald E. and Saravitz, Carole and Sederoff, Heike and Ade, Harald W. and Brendan T. O'Connor}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={490–506} }
 @article{alejos-gonzalez_qu_zhou_saravitz_shurtleff_xie_2011, title={Characterization of development and artemisinin biosynthesis in self-pollinated Artemisia annua plants}, volume={234}, ISSN={["1432-2048"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00425-011-1430-z}, abstractNote={Artemisia annua L. is the only natural resource that produces artemisinin (Qinghaosu), an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone used in the artemisinin-combination therapy of malaria. The cross-hybridization properties of A. annua do not favor studying artemisinin biosynthesis. To overcome this problem, in this study, we report on selection of self-pollinated A. annua plants and characterize their development and artemisinin biosynthesis. Self-pollinated F2 plants selected were grown under optimized growth conditions, consisting of long day (16 h of light) and short day (9 h of light) exposures in a phytotron. The life cycles of these plants were approximately 3 months long, and final heights of 30-35 cm were achieved. The leaves on the main stems exhibited obvious morphological changes, from indented single leaves to odd, pinnately compound leaves. Leaves and flowers formed glandular and T-shaped trichomes on their surfaces. The glandular trichome densities increased from the bottom to the top leaves. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling analyses showed that leaves, flowers, and young seedlings of F2 plants produced artemisinin. In leaves, the levels of artemisinin increased from the bottom to the top of the plants, showing a positive correlation to the density increase of glandular trichomes. RT-PCR analysis showed that progeny of self-pollinated plants expressed the amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase (ADS) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 71 AV1 (CYP71AV1) genes, which are involved in artemisinin biosynthesis in leaves and flowers. The use of self-pollinated A. annua plants will be a valuable approach to the study of artemisinin biosynthesis.}, number={4}, journal={PLANTA}, author={Alejos-Gonzalez, Fatima and Qu, Guosheng and Zhou, Li-Li and Saravitz, Carole H. and Shurtleff, Janet L. and Xie, De-Yu}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={685–697} }
 @article{hernandez-sebastia_marsolais_saravitz_israel_dewey_huber_2005, title={Free amino acid profiles suggest a possible role for asparagine in the control of storage-product accumulation in developing seeds of low- and high-protein soybean lines}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1460-2431"]}, DOI={10.1093/jxb/eri191}, abstractNote={Several approaches were taken to examine the role of N-assimilate supply in the control of soybean (Glycine max) seed composition. In the first study, developing seeds were grown in vitro with D-[U-14C]sucrose (Suc) and different concentrations of Gln. Light stimulated carbon flux into oil and protein, and was required to sustain Suc uptake and anabolic processes under conditions of elevated nitrogen supply. High Gln supply resulted in higher transcript levels of beta-conglycinin and oleosin. In the second study, analyses of soluble amino acid pools in two genetically related lines, NC103 and NC106 (low- and high-seed protein, respectively) showed that, in the light, NC106 accumulated higher levels of Asn and several other amino acids in developing cotyledons compared with NC103, whereas at the seed coat and apoplast levels both lines were similar. In the dark, NC103 accumulated Gln, Arg, and its precursors, suggesting a reduced availability of organic acids required for amino acid interconversions, while NC106 maintained higher levels of the pyruvate-derived amino acids Val, Leu, and Ile. Comparing NC103 and NC106, differences in seed composition were reflected in steady-state transcript levels of storage proteins and the lipogenic enzyme multi-subunit acetyl CoA carboxylase. In the third study, a positive correlation (P < or = 0.05) between free Asn in developing cotyledons and seed protein content at maturity was confirmed in a comparison of five unrelated field-grown cultivars. The findings support the hypothesis that high seed-protein content in soybean is determined by the capacity of the embryo to take up nitrogen sources and to synthesize storage proteins. Asn levels are probably tightly regulated in the embryo of high-protein lines, and may act as a metabolic signal of seed nitrogen status.}, number={417}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}, author={Hernandez-Sebastia, C and Marsolais, F and Saravitz, C and Israel, D and Dewey, RE and Huber, SC}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={1951–1963} }
 @article{saravitz_devienne-barret_raper_chaillou_lamaze_1998, title={Nitrate uptake rate by soybean and wheat plants determined by external nitrate concentration and shoot-mediated demand}, volume={159}, ISSN={["1058-5893"]}, DOI={10.1086/297551}, abstractNote={When NO3 - is maintained at concentrations greater than those required to sustain maximum cumulative uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum) and nonnodulated soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill), the net rate of uptake is not constant but oscillates between maxima and minima. The amplitudes of both the maxima and the minima increase with increases in NO3 - concentration of the solution. To determine if the amplitudes of oscillations decline when NO3 - in solution is maintained at suboptimal concentrations, net rates of NO3 - uptake were monitored daily during 22 d of vegetative growth under controlled environmental conditions for wheat from solutions containing 0.1, 0.25, 0.4, 0.5, 0.8, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 mM NO3 - and for soybean from solutions containing 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM NO3 -. The amplitudes of variations in daily net rates of NO3 - uptake increased with the increases in concentration of NO3 - in the nutrient solutions. The differences in magnitude of the amplitudes in oscillation, expressed as coefficients of variability for daily uptake rates, were positively related to calculated rates of export of nitrogen from root to shoot. To explain these oscillations in the long-term patterns of net rates of NO3 - uptake, acquisition of nitrogen by plants is viewed as the summation of two separate mechanisms. One mechanism, which is dependent on NO3 - concentration in solution, regulates net movement of nitrogen from the external solution into the root symplasm. The second mechanism, which is contingent both on availability of nitrogen in the symplasm and on shoot activity via phloem transport of substrates such as amino acids and carbohydrates, regulates movement of nitrogen from the symplasm into the xylem for translocation to the shoot.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}, author={Saravitz, CH and Devienne-Barret, F and Raper, CD and Chaillou, S and Lamaze, T}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={305–312} }
 @article{saravitz_chaillou_musset_raper_morotgaudry_1994, title={INFLUENCE OF NITRATE ON UPTAKE OF AMMONIUM BY NITROGEN-DEPLETED SOYBEAN - IS THE EFFECT LOCATED IN ROOTS OR SHOOTS}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0022-0957"]}, DOI={10.1093/jxb/45.11.1575}, abstractNote={In non-nodulated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Ransom] plants that were subjected to 15 d of nitrogen deprivation in flowing hydroponic culture, concentrations of nitrogen declined to 1.0 and 1.4 mmol Ng −1 dry weight in shoots and roots, respectively, and the concentration of soluble amino acids (determined as primary amines) declined to 40 μmol g −1 dry weight in both shoots and roots. In one experiment, nitrogen was resupplied for 10 d to one set of nitrogen-depleted plants as 1.0 mol m −3 NH 4 + to the whole root system, to a second set as 0.5 mol m −3 NH 4 + plus 0.5 mol m −3 NO 3 − to the whole root system, and to a third set as 1.0 mol m −3 NH 4 + to one-half of a split-root system and 1.0 mol m −3 NO 3 − to the other half}, number={280}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}, author={SARAVITZ, CH and CHAILLOU, S and MUSSET, J and RAPER, CD and MOROTGAUDRY, JF}, year={1994}, month={Nov}, pages={1575–1584} }
 @article{saravitz_rideout_raper_1994, title={NITROGEN UPTAKE AND PARTITIONING IN RESPONSE TO REPRODUCTIVE SINK SIZE OF SOYBEAN}, volume={155}, ISSN={["1058-5893"]}, DOI={10.1086/297211}, abstractNote={During reproductive development, seeds become a dominant sink for both carbon and nitrogen. To determine how nitrogen uptake and partitioning by nonnodulated soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) are affected by a reduced pod load, all pods, ca. half of all pods, and no pods were removed at the beginning of seed fill from plants growing in flowing solution culture containing 1.0 mM NO3 -. Dry matter and nitrogen distributions within the plants were determined at periodic harvests. Net uptake rates of NO3 - and net CO2 exchange rates of leaves were measured daily during the subsequent 25-d period of seed fill. Net uptake rates of NO3 - were determined by ion chromatography as depletion from replenished solutions. For plants with a full pod load, both NO3 - uptake and CO2 exchange rates were maintained throughout the 25-d period of seed fill. With partial and complete depodding, the CO2 exchange rates of the upper, most photosynthetically active leaves declined during the final 5-10 d of seed fill. Net NO3 - uptake rates, particularly by completely depodded plants, were slightly enhanced during the initial 10-15 d after depodding until emergence of additional leaves established new sinks for the photosynthate normally partitioned to reproductive growth in plants with full pod loads. The initially enhanced uptake rates of NO3 -, however, were not of sufficient magnitude to contribute to a significant increase in accumulation of nitrogen in the depodded plants. These results indicate that photosynthetic capacity is sufficient to support both reproductive growth and nitrogen acquisition when soybeans are grown nearly without environmental stress.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}, author={SARAVITZ, CH and RIDEOUT, JW and RAPER, CD}, year={1994}, month={Nov}, pages={730–737} }
 @article{saravitz_blazich_amerson_1993, title={HISTOLOGY OF INVITRO ADVENTITIOUS BUD DEVELOPMENT ON COTYLEDONS AND HYPOCOTYLS OF FRASER FIR}, volume={118}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.118.1.163}, abstractNote={Cotyledons and hypocotyls of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] were excised from seeds treated with H2 O2 for 9 days and placed on bud induction medium containing 10 mg BA/liter and 0.01 mg NAA/liter or medium without growth regulators. Although adventitious buds did not develop, cotyledons exposed to growth regulators responded differently than cotyledons placed on medium lacking growth regulators. Cotyledons and hypocotyls responded similarly to growth regulators during the initial phase in culture, but cell divisions ceased in cotyledons, thus preventing meristemoid and subsequent bud development. After 3 days on medium containing growth regulators cell divisions were localized in epidermal and subjacent layers of hypocotyls, whereas similar cell divisions were' not observed in hypocotyls placed on medium without growth regulators. Cell clusters consisting of two to five cells (promeristemoids) were present after 7 days on hypocotyls placed on bud induction medium. In hypocotyls placed on medium without growth regulators, stomata continued to develop and cells within the cortex became vacuolated during the first 2 weeks in culture. All explants were transferred to secondary medium after 3 weeks. Cell clusters continued to enlarge into meristemoids on hypocotyls initially placed on bud induction medium. Gradually, meristemoids developed into buds and cataphylls were observed covering bud meristems. Chemical names used: N -(phenylmethyl)-1 H -purine-6-amine (BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={SARAVITZ, CH and BLAZICH, FA and AMERSON, HV}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={163–167} }
 @article{saravitz_blazich_amerson_1991, title={INVITRO-PROPAGATION OF VIRGINIA PINE FROM COTYLEDONS}, volume={116}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.116.2.362}, abstractNote={Adventitious shoots developed on cotyledons of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) excised from seeds subjected to H2O2 treatment for 3, 6, or 9 days and cultured on media containing 0.5 to 10 mg BA/liter. Shoot regeneration was greatest (42 shoots per embryo) on cotyledons from seeds treated with H2O2 for 6 days and placed on medium containing BA at 10 mg·liter-1. Excised shoots elongated on medium lacking BA. Following elongation, shoots were placed on media containing IBA at 0 to 40 mg·liter-1 for 14 days followed by transfer to the same medium lacking auxin. Without IBA treatment, rooting was 3%, and increased to 50% for 5 to 40 mg·liter-1. Rooted shoots averaged 2.0 roots per shoot without auxin incorporation, 3.3 roots when treated with 5 mg IBA/liter, and the number of roots increased linearly with increased IBA concentration up to 40 mg·liter-1 (4.5 roots). Plantlets were transferred to growing medium and acclimated successfully to greenhouse conditions. Chemical names used: N- (phenylmethyl)-1 H- purine-6-amine (BA), 1 H- indole-3-butyric acid CBA).}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={SARAVITZ, CH and BLAZICH, FA and AMERSON, HV}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={362–365} }
 @article{saravitz_blazich_amerson_1991, title={In vitro propagation of Fraser fir from embryonic explants}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1139/x91-051}, abstractNote={ Cotyledons, hypocotyls, and cotyledon–hypocotyl explants were excised from seeds of Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) subjected to H2O2 treatment for 3, 6, 9, or 12 days and cultured on media containing 0–30 mg/L N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine. Adventitious buds developed on hypocotyls and hypocotyls of cotyledon–hypocotyl explants, but rarely on cotyledons. Excised hypocotyls produced more buds than hypocotyls of cotyledon–hypocotyl expiants (1.6 vs. 1.1). Hypocotyls excised from seeds treated with H2O2 for 6 or 9 days and placed on medium containing 10 mg/L N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine yielded the greatest number of buds, with a mean of three buds per hypocotyl. Elongated adventitious shoots were placed on media containing 0–40 mg/L 1H-indole-3-butyric acid to induce rooting. Forty-eight percent of shoots treated with 40 mg/L 1H-indole-3-butyric acid rooted, and the greatest number of roots per rooted shoot (3.0) was also noted at this concentration. Plantlets were transferred to a growing medium, but acclimation was unsuccessful }, number={3}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, author={Saravitz, C. H. and Blazich, F. A. and Amerson, H. V.}, year={1991}, pages={404} }
 @article{sarawitz_blazich_amerson_1990, title={In vitro rooting of hypocotyl cuttings of Fraser fir}, volume={25}, number={12}, journal={HortScience}, author={Sarawitz, C. H. and Blazich, F. A. and Amerson, H. V.}, year={1990}, pages={1650} }