@inbook{brownie_2007, title={Poisoning}, ISBN={9780911910223}, booktitle={Merck/Merial manual for pet health}, publisher={Whitehouse Station, NJ : Merck & Co.}, author={Brownie, C. F.}, year={2007} }
 @inbook{brownie_2005, title={Plants poisonous to animals}, ISBN={0911910506}, booktitle={Merck veterinary manual}, publisher={Whitehouse Station, N.J. : Merck}, author={Brownie, C. F.}, editor={Kahn, C.M. and Line, S.Editors}, year={2005} }
 @article{gardner_cook_jortner_troan_sharp_campbell_brownie_2005, title={Stringhalt associated with a pasture infested with Hypochoeris radicata}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00349.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 17, Issue 3 p. 118-122 Stringhalt associated with a pasture infested with Hypochoeris radicata S. Y. Gardner, Corresponding Author S. Y. Gardner Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USADepartment of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. G. Cook, A. G. Cook Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Davie County Large Animal Hospital, 928 Farmington Rd, Mocksville, North Carolina 27028, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. S. Jortner, B. S. Jortner Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. V. Troan, B. V. Troan Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorN. J. H. Sharp, N. J. H. Sharp Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA Animal Critical Care Group, 1410 Boundary Road, Burnaby, British Columbia V5K 4V3, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorN. B. Campbell, N. B. Campbell Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Brownie, C. F. Brownie Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author S. Y. Gardner, Corresponding Author S. Y. Gardner Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USADepartment of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. G. Cook, A. G. Cook Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Davie County Large Animal Hospital, 928 Farmington Rd, Mocksville, North Carolina 27028, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. S. Jortner, B. S. Jortner Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. V. Troan, B. V. Troan Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorN. J. H. Sharp, N. J. H. Sharp Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA Animal Critical Care Group, 1410 Boundary Road, Burnaby, British Columbia V5K 4V3, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorN. B. Campbell, N. B. Campbell Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Brownie, C. F. Brownie Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00349.xCitations: 9 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume17, Issue3June 2005Pages 118-122 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Gardner, S. Y. and Cook, A. G. and Jortner, B. S. and Troan, B. V. and Sharp, N. J. H. and Campbell, N. B. and Brownie, C. F.}, year={2005}, pages={118–122} }
 @article{smith_rotstein_brownie_2004, title={Abdominal fat necrosis in a pygmy goat associated with fescue toxicosis}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1040-6387"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063870401600420}, abstractNote={Abdominal fat necrosis was diagnosed in an 11-year-old female pygmy goat with a 10-day history of lethargy, anorexia, and progressive abdominal distension. Gross necropsy findings revealed multiple firm, dark yellow, nodular masses of fat throughout the abdominal cavity, which compressed several abdominal organs including the rumen, small intestine, spiral colon, and gall bladder. Histologically, multiple to coalescing adipocyte necrosis, saponification, and infiltration with variable numbers of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells was observed. Fat necrosis in this case was attributed to tall fescue toxicity based on the presence of high levels of endophyte ( Neotyphodium coenophialum)–infected fescue identified in the goat's pasture. This is the first known report of abdominal fat necrosis in a goat and demonstrates the fat necrosis syndrome of fescue toxicosis in ruminants.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Smith, GW and Rotstein, DS and Brownie, CF}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={356–359} }
 @article{chernoff_hunter_hall_rosen_brownie_malarkey_marr_herkovits_2002, title={Lack of teratogenicity of microcystin-LR in the mouse and toad}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0260-437X"]}, DOI={10.1002/jat.800}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY}, author={Chernoff, N and Hunter, ES and Hall, LL and Rosen, MB and Brownie, CF and Malarkey, D and Marr, M and Herkovits, J}, year={2002}, pages={13–17} }
 @article{baynes_lyman_anderson_brownie_1999, title={A preliminary survey of antibiotic residues and viable bacteria in milk from three Caribbean basin countries}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-62.2.177}, abstractNote={There is widespread concern about the presence of antimicrobial drugs in milk. The presence of drug residues in milk may have public health implications. Milk samples (n = 25 to 65/country) were collected from bulk tanks and commercial vendors in Barbados, Costa Rica, and Jamaica between February 1996 and August 1997. Bulk tank samples were collected from high milk-producing regions of Jamaica and Costa Rica and from 26 dairy farms in Barbados. Milk pH, bacterial growth (total CFU/ml and the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus), and the presence of antimicrobials were determined. Milk samples were tested by a microbial inhibition test (Delvotest-P, Gist-Brocades Food Ingredients, Inc.) to screen for antimicrobial drugs. All positives were retested for the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics after incubating with penicillinase and some positives were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography-UV. Mean pH values ranged from 6.5 to 6.7. S. aureus was identified in bulk tank samples from Costa Rica (52%), Barbados (44%), and Jamaica (46%). S. agalactiae was identified in bulk tank samples from Costa Rica (28%), Barbados (8 and 16%), and Jamaica (18%). Antimicrobial residues were detected in some bulk tank samples from Barbados (8%) and Jamaica (10%) but not in samples from Costa Rica. All positives in milk from Jamaica and Barbados were determined to be beta-lactams. No residues were detected in pasteurized milk samples from Barbados or ultrahigh-temperature milk from Jamaica. The presence of beta-lactam residues in some of these samples suggests the appropriateness of testing milk prior to processing for consumption.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Baynes, RE and Lyman, R and Anderson, KL and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={177–180} }
 @article{turkson_brownie_1999, title={Financing the delivery of animal health services in developing countries: A case study of Ghana}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0049-4747"]}, DOI={10.1023/a:1005129417183}, abstractNote={Inadequate financing for the delivery of animal health services in many developing countries has been blamed for lack of efficiency and effectiveness of veterinary services. There are no reports of how the delivery of veterinary services in Ghana is financed. The aim of this paper is to provide information on the funding of veterinary services in Ghana to help in decision making on resource allocation. Various indicators and measures were used in assessing the adequacy of financing and resource allocation from 1990 to 1995. These measures were the veterinary budget as proportions of the national budget, GDP and AGDP; the proportions of the veterinary budget allocated to salaries; the ratios of salaries to non-staff expenditure and of non-staff expenditure to veterinary livestock units and technical staff; coefficient of efficacy; and R-ratio. These generally declined or worsened over the period, deviating from recommended norms where such norms exist. This confirmed the paucity of financing and resource allocation for the delivery of veterinary services. Revenue generation from cost recovery over the 1993-95 period was a potential source of funding, exceeding 100% of non-staff expenditure for 1993 and 1994. However, the revenue generated was not channelled back to veterinary services but went to the national coffers. This served as a disincentive. There is an urgent need to review how veterinary services are financed in Ghana, if the delivery of services is to improve in efficiency and effectiveness.}, number={1}, journal={TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION}, author={Turkson, PK and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={33–44} }
 @article{turkson_brownie_1999, title={Financing the delivery of animal health services in developing countries: A case study of Ghana: Erratum}, volume={31}, DOI={10.1023/a:1017286824928}, number={2}, journal={Tropical Animal Health and Production}, author={Turkson, P. K. and Brownie, C. F.}, year={1999}, pages={74} }
 @article{turkson_brownie_1999, title={Perceived constraints to privatization of delivery of veterinary services in Ghana}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0049-4747"]}, DOI={10.1023/a:1005167724020}, abstractNote={Ghana is on the verge of privatizing selected activities in the delivery of animal health services. However, various constraints are being encountered. The aim of this paper is to identify these constraints so as to help find and solutions to them. Questionnaires were administered to veterinarians in Ghana to elicit their responses on various issues concerning privatization. A significant proportion (61%) of government veterinarians, who formed 94% of the respondents, were unwilling to go into private practice. Among the reasons given were that private practice was too risky, that farmers were unwilling or unable to pay for services, that capital to start practices was lacking and that the societal value for animals was low. Also, low livestock densities in many areas and the absence of commercial livestock farming were perceived as deterrents to the sustainability of private practice. Furthermore, the poor macroeconomic environment of high inflation, high interest rates and unstable currency discouraged investment. If privatization of veterinary services is to succeed in Ghana, these perceptions have to be addressed and solutions found, since veterinarians are the targets of the privatization process.}, number={2}, journal={TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION}, author={Turkson, PK and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={103–114} }
 @article{turkson_slenning_brownie_1999, title={Perceptions of veterinarians regarding privatization of veterinary services delivery in Ghana and Jamaica}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0167-5877"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-5877(99)00023-9}, abstractNote={There are on-going reforms in the delivery of veterinary services in many developing countries, with privatization of certain veterinary activities as one of the approaches. In Jamaica, with the support of veterinarians, clinical aspects of veterinary services were privatized in 1992. In contrast, Ghanaian veterinarians are generally wary of the government's on-going privatization process. The objective of this study was to find out if perceptions of the veterinarians from these two countries on certain issues of privatization were sufficiently different to explain the willingness or reluctance to go into private practice. The response proportions for predominantly self-administered questionnaires were 83% (121/145) and 92% (35/38) for Ghana and Jamaica, respectively. There was a very good (92%) agreement in the perceptions of veterinarians in Ghana and Jamaica on a battery of 24 responses pertaining to privatization of veterinary services. Generally, the perceptions of the veterinarians in Ghana and Jamaica were similar even though the predominant delivery systems for animal health services were different. Therefore, reasons other than those examined in this study may explain the differences in willingness to go into private practice. The need to account for these other reasons is discussed.}, number={3-4}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={Turkson, PK and Slenning, BD and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={221–232} }
 @article{branch_francis_rosen_brownie_held_chernoff_1998, title={Differentially expressed genes associated with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced hindlimb defects in the Swiss Webster mouse}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1099-0461(1998)12:3<135::aid-jbt1>3.0.co;2-m}, abstractNote={5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (d‐AZA) inhibits methylation of DNA, a process that serves as an epigenetic regulator of gene expression. We have shown that d‐AZA causes temporally related defects in mice. Gestational day (GD) 10 treatment induced severe long‐bone defects of the hindlimb but not the forelimb. Exposure of younger embryos (GD 8 or 9) does not induce similar defects in forelimbs. This limb‐dependent response suggests that methylation alterations in genes specific for fore‐ or hindlimbs may contribute to the observed pattern of defects. Subtraction hybridization (SH) studies were conducted to identify differential expression of DNA subsequent to the administration of d‐AZA to mice on GD 10. Hindlimb buds collected from both treated and untreated embryos at 4, 12, and 24 hours post‐treatment were used. A clone isolated from the untreated sample (down‐regulation in treated tissue) was identified as a member of the murine B1 family of repetitive sequences. The two other clones isolated from the treated tissue (up‐regulation) were homologous to avian myogenic regulatory protein mRNA and activin receptor type II gene. Both species are active during embryogenesis. These findings suggest that the isolated clones may have roles in abnormal embryonic development when inappropriately expressed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Toxicol 12: 135–141, 1998}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology}, author={Branch, S. and Francis, B. M. and Rosen, M. B. and Brownie, C. F. and Held, G. A. and Chernoff, N.}, year={1998}, pages={135–141} }
 @article{turkson_brownie_1998, title={Financing the delivery of public-sector animal health services in Jamaica: pre- and post-privatization}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1023/a:1005166403552}, abstractNote={Lack of adequate financing was a major reason for the privatization of veterinary services in Jamaica in 1992. The belief was that, with privatization, funding of animal health services delivery would improve, since staff numbers and clinical activities undertaken by the Veterinary Division were reduced. However, analyses of data revealed that, in most cases, privatization neither improved nor stemmed the declines, that had started before privatization, in the measures or indicators used. It was concluded that privatization of veterinary services did not result in any appreciable improvement in the financing of the delivery of public-sector animal health services in Jamaica in the short term.}, number={6}, journal={Tropical Animal Health and Production}, author={Turkson, P. K. and Brownie, C. F.}, year={1998}, pages={331–339} }
 @article{blackwelder_hopkins_diaz_whitlow_brownie_1998, title={Milk production and plasma gossypol of cows fed cottonseed and oilseed meals with or without rumen-undegradable protein}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75855-2}, abstractNote={Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned at calving to treatment diets using a modified split-plot design to determine the effects of protein source on milk production and composition. The treatment diets consisted of an 80:20 combination of corn and alfalfa silages and whole cottonseed at 12% of the dietary dry matter (DM). The treatment diets were formulated to contain 17% crude protein (CP) and 20% acid detergent fiber on a DM basis. One of the following sources of supplemental CP was included in each treatment diet: 1) cottonseed meal, 2) cottonseed meal plus a rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) supplement, 3) soybean meal, and 4) soybean meal plus an RUP supplement. Cows were fed the initial treatment diet for 6 wk and then were switched to the other oilseed meal source but continued to receive the same amount of RUP during the second period of the study. Milk production and composition were not affected by treatment diet. Cows fed treatment diets without RUP supplementation consumed more DM and thus more CP. Supplementation with RUP resulted in greater milk production efficiency per unit of DM consumed. Cows fed treatment diets containing cottonseed meal had higher plasma gossypol concentrations than did cows fed treatment diets containing soybean meal. Plasma gossypol concentrations for all cows in each group were below the recommended upper limit that is considered to be safe. Data suggest that cottonseed meal in the diet can be substituted for soybean meal, resulting in similar milk production and composition.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Blackwelder, JT and Hopkins, BA and Diaz, DE and Whitlow, LW and Brownie, C}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={2934–2941} }
 @article{narotsky_brownie_kavlock_1997, title={Critical period of carbon tetrachloride-induced pregnancy loss in Fischer-344 rats, with insights into the detection of resorption sites by ammonium sulfide staining}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0040-3709"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199710)56:4<252::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-0}, abstractNote={Several low-molecular weight halocarbons have been shown to cause full-litter resorption (FLR), i.e., pregnancy loss, in Fischer-344 rats treated during organogenesis. To determine periods of gestation sensitive to acute exposure, a single dose of 150 mg carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)/kg was administered on gestation day (GD) 6, 7, 8, 10, or 12. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on GD 20. Non-gravid uteri were examined for resorption sites, placed in 10% ammonium sulfide, and re-examined for stained resorption sites approximately 1 and 4.5 hr later. FLR was seen in 4% (1/27) of control dams and 36% (4/11), 54% (7/13), 72% (18/25), 54% (7/13), and 0% (0/12) of dams treated on GD 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12, respectively. Ammonium sulfide staining clearly yielded a more accurate account of the incidence of FLR. The technique was most effective when the staining period was extended to 4.5 hr, as two cases of FLR were revealed that had been undetected after 1 hr of staining. For dams with FLR, staining was required to detect resorption sites in all dams treated on GD 6 or 7, most dams treated on GD 8, and one dam treated on GD 10. Fewer implantation sites were detected in the dams treated on GD 6, and the size of the stained resorption sites increased as the day of treatment was delayed. These findings demonstrate a relationship between the time of toxicant exposure and the size and detectability of resorption sites near term, suggesting that the size of the resorption site may reliably reflect the time of embryonic death. Treatment on GD 8 caused the highest incidence of FLR and will be used in subsequent mechanistic research.}, number={4}, journal={TERATOLOGY}, author={Narotsky, MG and Brownie, GF and Kavlock, RJ}, year={1997}, month={Oct}, pages={252–261} }