@article{weinhold_roe_gilbert_abrams_1999, title={Assessment of the directional elastic moduli of ewe vertebral cancellous bone by vibrational testing}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0090-6964"]}, DOI={10.1114/1.153}, abstractNote={The ovariectomized ewe is being used as an animal model for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Data on the mechanical properties of ewe vertebral cancellous bone is needed to assess its effectiveness as a model for vertebral osteoporosis. This study utilized traditional compression testing and a novel nondestructive vibrational testing method to assess the directional mechanical properties of ewe vertebral cancellous bone. Composition and density properties were also assessed. It was hypothesized that vibrational testing would have utility in that it would allow for the anisotropic stiffness of cancellous bone to be assessed nondestructively. The present study has found that ewe vertebral cancellous bone has similar physical and mechanical properties to humans. The vibrational testing method described was able to nondestructively provide a valid measure of stiffness that was correlated with stiffness estimates from traditional compression testing. Furthermore, the stiffness measure from the vibration test was found to be sensitive to the architecture of cancellous bone. These results suggest the promise of this testing method for the nondestructive mechanical assessment of skeletal tissue.}, number={1}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Weinhold, PS and Roe, SC and Gilbert, JA and Abrams, CF}, year={1999}, pages={103–110} }
 @article{kay_roe_stikeleather_mahmoud_abrams_1998, title={Axial vibration of threaded external fixation pins: Detection of pin loosening}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0090-6964"]}, DOI={10.1114/1.92}, abstractNote={The hypothesis of this study was that a nondestructive vibrational method could detect bone lysis at the external fixation pin-bone interface prior to current clinical and radiographic methods. In vitro models were used to simulate changes observed during pin loosening in vivo. Fixation pin axial natural frequency decreased with decreasing tensile modulus of the material into which it was implanted. In a live animal study the right tibia of 12 dogs was fractured and stabilized with a four-pin unilateral external fixation frame. The axial natural frequency of each pin was measured and radiographs were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks after surgery. The natural frequency did not change when the first radiographic changes around the interface were observed. Pins were palpably stable at this point. As loosening progressed, the natural frequency did decrease. Frequency and quasistatic tests of dissected pin-bone structures revealed a good correlation between natural frequency and pin-bone interface stiffness. In addition, the measurement of natural frequency was more sensitive to bone structure changes at the pin-bone interface than low-load quasi-static stiffness. Therefore, a nondestructive vibration technique could be used instead of low-load quasistatic tests for assessing the pin-bone interface ex. vivo.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Kay, MW and Roe, SC and Stikeleather, LF and Mahmoud, A and Abrams, CF}, year={1998}, pages={361–368} }
 @article{degernes_roe_abrams_1998, title={Holding power of different pin designs and pin insertion methods in avian cortical bone}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00131.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To measure pullout strength of four pin types in avian humeri and tibiotarsi bones and to compare slow‐speed power and hand insertion methods.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Degernes, LA and Roe, SC and Abrams, CF}, year={1998}, pages={301–306} }
 @article{lin_roe_kay_abrams_jones_1998, title={Placement of screws in the sustentaculum tali: A calcaneal fracture model}, volume={352}, DOI={10.1097/00003086-199807000-00023}, abstractNote={Current methods of treating calcaneus fractures vary greatly, and many techniques of internal fixation have been described. The study of these fractures has been limited in part by the lack of a suitable laboratory model. In this study, a new cadaveric model of calcaneus fractures was developed, using a combination of osteotomies and impaction. The model allows a pattern of intraarticular injury to be reproduced consistently. The model was used to examine one aspect of internal fixation. It was hypothesized that fixation would be more stable if the screws supporting the posterior facet were incorporated into the lateral plate, as opposed to being separate from the plate. Six pairs of anatomic specimen legs were used, and each pair was divided randomly between two experimental groups. In Group A (screws out), the posterior facet screws were outside the plate, and in Group B (screws in), the screws were incorporated into the plate. The strength of the reconstructed calcanei were evaluated by axial loading of the limb through the tibia. Stiffness and energy to failure were significantly greater and Bohler's angle significantly less compromised in Group B. It was concluded that the position of the articular fragment of comminuted calcaneal fractures will be maintained at higher loads when the screws in the posterior facet are incorporated into the lateral plate. The model of calcaneal fractures described in this study may be suitable for examining other aspects of fixation.}, number={1998 July}, journal={Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research}, author={Lin, P. P. and Roe, Simon and Kay, M. and Abrams, C. F. and Jones, A.}, year={1998}, pages={194–201} }
 @article{capps_bottcher_abrams_scheideler_1997, title={Proximal tibiotarsal cancellous bone mechanical properties in broilers}, volume={40}, DOI={10.13031/2013.21363}, abstractNote={Broiler leg abnormalities cause significant economic losses through decreased body weight gains and 
increased mortalities. The mechanical properties of poultry cancellous bone could be contributory factors in lameness 
caused by these abnormalities. For example, a decreased elastic modulus indicates that the bone is less resistant to 
deformation. In the subchondral growth plate area, decreased deformation resistance could lead to greater incidences of 
damage to the growth plate, resulting in morphologic changes causing lameness. The objective of this study was to 
examine the effects of age and of altering protein and amino acid nutrition on body weight, bone ash content, and 
cancellous bone compressive strength characteristics (strength, elastic modulus, and resilience). 
Body weights increased as age increased, regardless of other factors. Bone ash content typically declined by nine 
weeks of age. A reduction in strength, elastic modulus, and resilience was seen at nine weeks of age with elastic modulus 
in the lateral region of proximal tibiotarsal cancellous bone being the exception. In general, bone ash content directly 
affected the measured bone strength parameters, i.e., a decrease in bone strength parameters occurred when bone ash 
content decreased.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Capps, S. G. and Bottcher, Robert W. and Abrams, C. F. and Scheideler, S. E.}, year={1997}, pages={1469–1473} }
 @article{abrams_mangialardi_bowman_seaboch_kay_1994, title={Comparison of cottonseed shear testing with ginning quality}, number={941022}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE)}, author={Abrams, C. F., Jr. and Mangialardi, G. J., Jr. and Bowman, D. T. and Seaboch, T. R. and Kay, M. W.}, year={1994}, pages={6} }
 @article{abrams_bowman_seaboch_gutierrez_horton_1993, title={Shear testing of cotton seed}, number={93-1064}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Abrams, C. F., Jr. and Bowman, D. T. and Seaboch, T. R. and Gutierrez, O. and Horton, J.}, year={1993}, pages={13} }
 @article{abrams_wiser_leary_woody_harris_1990, title={Microcomputer-based control of tobacco curing}, volume={6}, DOI={10.13031/2013.26421}, abstractNote={A low-cost computer system for process control and data acquisition in curing bright leaf tobacco was designed, constructed, and evaluated. The system provides programmed control of curing environment, records process data, and allows remote inquiry and control. It was developed and tested on a six-unit experimental curing system which is part of the curing research facilities of the Oxford Tobacco Research Station, Oxford, North Carolina. Up to six alternative curing schedules, each prescribing a different desired air temperature and humidity schedule for curing, may be defined. These schedules can be modified interactively when the conditions of the incoming tobacco charge warrant changes. Automatic control of the heaters and dampers is provided based on the measurement of dry-bulb and wet-bulb air temperatures within the curing environment and making adjustments to conform to the prescribed schedule. Process data is averaged over 30-min periods and stored for later review. The system base materials cost was approximately $2000 plus about $400 per curing unit for up to 8 units per system.}, number={4}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Abrams, C. F. and Wiser, E. H. and Leary, S. M. and Woody, T. W. and Harris, E. P.}, year={1990}, pages={507} }