@article{ye_cao_cheng_chow_2023, title={CASL: A Novel Collusion Attack Against Distributed Energy Management Systems}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2023.3251401}, abstractNote={Recently, the security issues of smart grids have received wide attention. In particular, false data injection attacks against distributed energy management systems (DEMSs) are considered of high importance as they are able to cause economic losses or even damages to system stability in subtle ways. Existing studies have identified many such attacks and proposed corresponding countermeasures. However, in this paper, we show that DEMS is still insecure and in risk of economic loss by proposing and analyzing a novel attack called Collusion Attack between a Storage and a Load (CASL). In CASL, a distributed energy storage device colludes with a load by injecting an abnormal extra power supply to the load in a secret way through using two secret functions. In this way, the colluding pair behaves as normal ones in both computational and communicational viewpoints. We theoretically prove the convergence of DEMS in presence of the attack, and derive an upper bound of the social welfare losses of DEMS caused by CASL. We demonstrate the effectiveness of CASL through simulations.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, author={Ye, Feng and Cao, Xianghui and Cheng, Zheyuan and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={4717–4728} }
 @article{gong_cheng_sou_lam_chow_2023, title={Collaborative Distributed Optimal Control of Pure and Hybrid Active Power Filters in Active Distribution Network}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1937-4208"]}, DOI={10.1109/TPWRD.2023.3240462}, abstractNote={The high penetration of power electronics in the active distribution network (ADN) induces system-level voltage quality issues. Conventionally, pure and hybrid active power filters (APF/HAPF) have been adopted in ADN for voltage quality improvement. However, each APF/HAPF can only compensate for local voltage quality issues due to a lack of coordination. This paper proposes a collaborative distributed optimal control (CoDOC) of APFs/HAPFs for ADN system-level voltage quality improvement. First, the operational characteristic of APF/HAPF is discussed, which formulates the APF/HAPF constraints. Then, the objective functions, harmonic power flow equations, and APF/HAPF operational constraints are proposed to formulate the proposed CoDOC as a convex problem. Moreover, a primal-dual subgradient (PDS) based optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the CoDOC problem in a distributed manner. The practical application aspects of the proposed CoDOC are also studied and discussed. Finally, the proposed CoDOC is verified by case studies compared to other representative ADN-level control methods.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY}, author={Gong, Cheng and Cheng, Zheyuan and Sou, Wai-Kit and Lam, Chi-Seng and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={2326–2337} }
 @article{kim_balagopal_kerrigan_garcia_chow_bourham_fang_jiang_2023, title={Noninvasive liquid level sensing with laser generated ultrasonic waves}, volume={130}, ISSN={0041-624X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2023.106926}, DOI={10.1016/j.ultras.2023.106926}, abstractNote={This article proposes a noninvasive liquid level sensing technique using laser-generated ultrasound waves for nuclear power plant applications. Liquid level sensors play an important role of managing the coolant system safely and stably in the plant structure. Current sensing techniques are mostly intrusive, performing inside the fluidic structure, which is disadvantageous in terms of the regular maintenance of the plant system. Furthermore, typical intrusive sensors do not perform stably under varying environmental conditions such as temperature and radiation. In this study, sensing units are attached to the outer surface of a liquid vessel to capture guided ultrasound waves in a nonintrusive manner. The signal intensity of the guided wave dissipates when the signal interacts with the internal liquid media. The sensing mechanism is mathematically expressed as an index value to correlate the liquid level with the sensor signal. For the acoustic wave generation, laser-generated ultrasound was adopted instead of using typical contact type transducers. Following the simulation validation of the proposed concept, the performance of the developed sensor was confirmed through experimental results under elevated liquid temperature conditions. The nonlinear multivariable regression exhibited the best-fit to the datasets measured under the variable liquid level and temperature conditions.}, journal={Ultrasonics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kim, Howuk and Balagopal, Bharat and Kerrigan, Sean and Garcia, Nicholas and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Bourham, Mohamed and Fang, Tiegang and Jiang, Xiaoning}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={106926} }
 @article{zhang_sun_deng_kang_chow_2023, title={Physics-Constrained Robustness Evaluation of Intelligent Security Assessment for Power Systems}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3169139}, abstractNote={Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been widely developed to enable real-time security assessment for large-scale electricity grids. However, it also has been extensively recognized that the ML models are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which are slightly perturbed instances that can mislead the classifications but cannot be distinguished by human eyes. Considering the adversarial examples against the ML-based security assessment, they must not only cause misclassification but also follow the power balance and transfer limits and bypass the bad data detection. To this end, this paper proposes a novel concept named physics-constrained robustness that aims to computing a lower-bound of adversarial perturbations, evaluating the vulnerability of the ML-based intelligent security assessment (ISA) for power systems. A general optimization problem is formulated to compute the physics-constrained robustness of ISA with the mislabeling, power balance, power limitation, and invisible constraints. The analytical results and comparing relationship of ISA’s robustness with different constraints are provided. By using the static security assessment as an example, we provide explicit formulations to evaluate the physics-constrained robustness of. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the physics-constrained robustness of ISA in static and dynamic cases with the real-world load profiles from New York State and provide suggestions to select the ML models and parameters.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Zhang, Zhenyong and Sun, Mingyang and Deng, Ruilong and Kang, Chongqing and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={872–884} }
 @article{joshi_capezza_alhaji_chow_2023, title={Survey on AI and Machine Learning Techniques for Microgrid Energy Management Systems}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2329-9274"]}, DOI={10.1109/JAS.2023.123657}, abstractNote={In the era of an energy revolution, grid decentralization has emerged as a viable solution to meet the increasing global energy demand by incorporating renewables at the distributed level. Microgrids are considered a driving component for accelerating grid decentralization. To optimally utilize the available resources and address potential challenges, there is a need to have an intelligent and reliable energy management system (EMS) for the microgrid. The artificial intelligence field has the potential to address the problems in EMS and can provide resilient, efficient, reliable, and scalable solutions. This paper presents an overview of existing conventional and AI-based techniques for energy management systems in microgrids. We analyze EMS methods for centralized, decentralized, and distributed microgrids separately. Then, we summarize machine learning techniques such as ANNs, federated learning, LSTMs, RNNs, and reinforcement learning for EMS objectives such as economic dispatch, optimal power flow, and scheduling. With the incorporation of AI, microgrids can achieve greater performance efficiency and more reliability for managing a large number of energy resources. However, challenges such as data privacy, security, scalability, explainability, etc., need to be addressed. To conclude, the authors state the possible future research directions to explore AI-based EMS's potential in real-world applications.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE-CAA JOURNAL OF AUTOMATICA SINICA}, author={Joshi, Aditya and Capezza, Skieler and Alhaji, Ahmad and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={1513–1529} }
 @article{cheng_chow_2022, title={Resilient Collaborative Distributed AC Optimal Power Flow Against False Data Injection Attacks: A Theoretical Framework}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3113287}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2021.3113287}, abstractNote={The cybersecurity of the distributed AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) against false data injection attacks (FDIA) is investigated in this paper. A collaborative distributed ACOPF solver, rooted in the dual decomposition concept, is first formulated, based on which a theoretical framework is then developed to model the distributed ACOPF and its cybersecurity in the presence of FDIA. Under this proposed cybersecurity framework, a reputation-based peer-to-peer trust management system (TMS) is proposed to secure the resilience of the system against FDIA. Finally, the proposed TMS is validated on the IEEE 69-bus benchmark system. The primary contribution of this paper is the proposed holistic resilience framework, in which the FDIA is analytically assessed and effectively defended. In the analytical results, we have established two key propositions: the FDIA generally has one degree of freedom; and the FDIA can be effectively detected and mitigated using the proposed TMS with one-hop redundancy.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Cheng, Zheyuan and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={795–806} }
 @article{zhang_deng_cheng_chow_2022, title={Strategic Protection Against FDI Attacks With Moving Target Defense in Power Grids}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2372-2533"]}, DOI={10.1109/TCNS.2021.3100411}, abstractNote={Moving target defense (MTD) is a new defensive strategy protecting the power system state estimation from cyberattacks. Using the distributed flexible ac transmission system (D-FACTS), MTD works by actively perturbing the branch parameters that are needed to construct the false data injection (FDI) attacks. Although there are many pioneer works on MTD, the relationship between the construction of MTD and detection of FDI attacks has not been revealed. In this article, we reveal the correlation between MTD design and FDI detection and optimize MTD’s performance in terms of detecting FDI attacks. We provide a sufficient condition for a specially designed MTD to detect and identify the FDI attack and a necessary condition for general MTDs to protect the state estimates from being independently modified. With the aim to reduce the number of measurements that can be manipulated by the attacker after MTD, we develop a heuristic algorithm to compute a near-optimal solution for the deployment of D-FACTS devices. Moreover, we prove that the coordinated design of consecutive perturbation schemes within an MTD cycle can improve the performance of MTD in terms of detecting FDI attacks. Finally, we conduct extensive simulations with the IEEE power system test cases to validate our findings.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL OF NETWORK SYSTEMS}, author={Zhang, Zhenyong and Deng, Ruilong and Cheng, Peng and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={245–256} }
 @article{cheng_ye_cao_chow_2021, title={A Homomorphic Encryption-Based Private Collaborative Distributed Energy Management System}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2021.3091624}, abstractNote={This article investigates the privacy issues in the distributed energy management system (EMS) of smart distribution systems and microgirds. A novel private collaborative distributed energy management system (P-CoDEMS) is proposed to solve the AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) problem in a distributed and private fashion. The proposed P-CoDEMS algorithm is based on an original primal dual subgradient distributed optimization technique and a state-of-the-art fully homomorphic encryption algorithm. The convergence and optimality of the proposed P-CoDEMS algorithm are evaluated on four representative systems. Simulation results indicate that the proposed P-CoDEMS algorithm can accurately solve the ACOPF problem in a fully distributed way while preserving individual agent privacy.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Cheng, Zheyuan and Ye, Feng and Cao, Xianghui and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={5233–5243} }
 @article{liu_cheng_zhang_sun_deng_cheng_chow_2021, title={A Multi-Agent System Based Hierarchical Control Framework for Microgrids}, ISSN={["1944-9925"]}, DOI={10.1109/PESGM46819.2021.9638070}, abstractNote={The Microgrid is one of the most cost-effective solutions for integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into distribution systems. The hierarchical control framework, which typically includes primary, secondary and tertiary control layers, is adopted in the Microgrid to meet the control requirements of different spatial and time scales. Given the growing concern on the centralized control framework's scalability and robustness, the distributed control framework has become an indispensable development trend. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Agent System (MAS) based hierarchical control framework for Microgrids, where each agent consists of a series of DERs (i.e., distributed generations, storage units and loads). In the proposed framework, each agent has its specific task for regulating the local output voltage, and will collaborate with neighbors to achieve the overall objective of Microgrids in a totally distributed manner. Through extensive simulations and experiments, it is demonstrated that the proposed framework possesses high robustness to link failures and good scalability.}, journal={2021 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING (PESGM)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Liu, Mengxiang and Cheng, Zheyuan and Zhang, Zhenyong and Sun, Mingyang and Deng, Ruilong and Cheng, Peng and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2021} }
 @article{ye_cheng_cao_chow_2021, title={A Random-Weight Privacy-Preserving Algorithm With Error Compensation for Microgrid Distributed Energy Management}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1556-6021"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3106161}, DOI={10.1109/TIFS.2021.3106161}, abstractNote={Recently, collaborative distributed energy management systems (CoDEMS) have emerged as an effective solution to manage distributed energy resources in microgrid. In CoDEMS, devices collaborate in a distributive manner over communication networks to meet electrical loads and supply balance at minimum cost. However, mutual information exchanges among the devices in CoDEMS may leak important information about the devices states. In this paper, we investigate the challenging problem of how to achieve optimality while preserving the privacy of CoDEMS at relatively low cost. Unlike many previous works that preserve the privacy by using additive noises, we propose a novel random-weight privacy-preserving algorithm with error compensation, termed as REP-CoDEMS, for CoDEMS. In the proposal, each distributed device generates two random weights each time and it communicates with its neighbor conveying values based on the weights, incremental cost estimation and power imbalance estimation information along with a novel error compensation term to eliminate the error induced by the random weights. We theoretically prove that the proposed REP-CoDEMS algorithm converges and preserves the privacy of all devices. We also derive analytical expressions of the maximum privacy disclosure probability for initial and final states of the CoDEMS. In addition, we conduct extensive simulations and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Ye, Feng and Cheng, Zheyuan and Cao, Xianghui and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2021}, pages={4352–4362} }
 @article{huang_cheng_chow_2021, title={A Robust and Efficient State-of-Charge Estimation Methodology for Serial-Connected Battery Packs: Most Significant Cell Methodology}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2169-3536"]}, DOI={10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3081619}, abstractNote={Safely and efficiently managing a battery pack consisting of hundreds to thousands of battery cells is a critical but challenging task due to commonly observed uncertainties, e.g. temperature, battery degradation and SOC estimation inaccuracy. This paper proposes a robust and efficient most significant cell methodology that estimates the battery pack SOC depending on the determined most significant cells. The estimation adopting this methodology is robust to variations of temperature, battery degradation and battery cell SOC estimation inaccuracy. A battery pack simulator and a real battery pack designed for electric vehicles were used as prototypes to illustrate the high performance, robustness and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Moreover, the proposed algorithm requires light computational effort, making it suitable for real-time operation.}, journal={IEEE ACCESS}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Huang, Cong-Sheng and Cheng, Zheyuan and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2021}, pages={74360–74369} }
 @article{chang_xu_gu_sun_chow_yi_2021, title={Accelerated Distributed Hybrid Stochastic/Robust Energy Management of Smart Grids}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2020.3022412}, abstractNote={The uncertainties of renewable energy, loads, and electricity prices pose significant challenges to the economical and secure energy management of smart grids. In this article, a hybrid stochastic/robust (HSR) optimization method is developed to minimize the overall cost of all units. The proposed approach takes advantage of stochastic programming, robust optimization, and distributed optimization methods while considering various system constraints. First, stochastic electricity price scenarios are selected by the Latin hypercube sampling method. Second, the uncertainties of renewable energy generation and loads are managed by the proposed robust optimization method under each price scenario. Then, an improved distributed optimization method is proposed to solve the formulated HSR optimization problem, which considerably enhances the convergence with the accelerated gradient method. Numerical case studies of both small-scale and large-scale power systems demonstrate the accuracy, effectiveness, and scalability of the proposed distributed HSR approach. Additionally, the optimality and convergence of this proposed distributed algorithm are mathematically proven and analyzed.}, number={8}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Chang, Xinyue and Xu, Yinliang and Gu, Wei and Sun, Hongbin and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Yi, Zhongkai}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={5335–5347} }
 @article{lucia_she_chen_cheng_chow_dunai_hilairet_huang_monmasson_umetani_et al._2021, title={Emerging Trends in Industrial Electronics: A Cross-Disciplinary View}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1941-0115"]}, DOI={10.1109/MIE.2020.3032942}, abstractNote={The industrial electronics (IE) discipline includes a wide variety of technical areas devoted to the application of electronics and electrical sciences for the enhancement of industrial and manufacturing processes. It inherently acts as a key enabling technology for a diverse number of applications and includes the latest developments in intelligent and computer control systems, robotics, factory communications and automation, flexible manufacturing, data acquisition and signal processing, vision systems, and power electronics, among others, as well as the educational and human factors involved. This makes IE inherently multidisciplinary, and, with many interconnected synergies, it plays a key role as an enabling technology in multiple domestic, biomedical, transportation, and industrial applications.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Lucia, Oscar and She, Jinhua and Chen, Allen C. and Cheng, Zheyuan and Chow, Mo Yuen and Dunai, Larisa and Hilairet, Mickael and Huang, Victor and Monmasson, Eric and Umetani, Kazuhiro and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={127–139} }
 @article{hang_ye_cheng_cao_chow_2021, title={Simulating and Evaluating Privacy Issues in Distributed Microgrids: A Cyber-Physical Co-Simulation Platform}, ISSN={["1553-572X"]}, DOI={10.1109/IECON48115.2021.9589187}, abstractNote={Privacy is of great importance for microgrids and has gained much attention recently. By eavesdropping on the communications among the devices, attackers may infer sensitive system operation information and user behavior due the intimate interplay between communication and control in mircogrids. In this paper, in order to facilitate simulational evaluations of privacy preservation techniques for microgrids, we develop a versatile cyber-physical co-simulator which integrates both networked communication and power system control subsystems as a whole. The co-simulator is built upon MATLAB/Simulink and OMNeT++ along with a module that coordinates the two tools in real-time simulations. Based on the co-simulator, we evaluates three privacy-preserving algorithms proposed in the literature, and find that SFPA performs better than PEMA and REP-CoDEMS in aspect of protecting the privacy of controllable inputs, but REP-CoDEMS and PEMA has a better performance considering both controllable inputs and uncontrollable inputs.}, journal={IECON 2021 - 47TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Hang, Nianzhi and Ye, Feng and Cheng, Zheyuan and Cao, Xianghui and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2021} }
 @article{vu_nguyen_cheng_chow_zhang_2020, title={Cyber-Physical Microgrids: Toward Future Resilient Communities}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1941-0115"]}, DOI={10.1109/MIE.2019.2958039}, abstractNote={Microgrids can be isolated from large-scale power transmission/distribution systems (macrogrids) to deliver energy to their local communities using local energy resources and distribution systems when power outages occur in the macrogrids. In such situations, microgrids could be considered the last available resource to provide energy to critical infrastructure.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Vu, Tuyen V. and Nguyen, Bang L. H. and Cheng, Zheyuan and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Zhang, Bin}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={4–17} }
 @article{zhou_xu_sun_wang_chow_2020, title={Distributed Event-Triggered H-infinity Consensus Based Current Sharing Control of DC Microgrids Considering Uncertainties}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2019.2961151}, abstractNote={The uncertainties caused by sources [such as wind power and photovoltaic (PV)], load switchings, and the equivalent negative impedance of constant power loads (CPLs) commonly exist in microgrids and often undermine the system stability and damping. In this article, a distributed secondary H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</sub> consensus approach with an eventtriggered communication scheme is proposed for dc microgrids to achieve accurate current sharing and satisfactory performance in the presence of CPLs and uncertainties. Different from many existing works, the proposed eventtriggered communication scheme only requires the information at every fixed sampled interval without the Zenobehavior and continuous-time information. Then, global large-signal stability of the dc microgrid with CPLs and uncertainties under the proposed distributed control is analyzed, where a primary plug-and-play (PnP) voltage controller is considered for each distributed generator (DG). Furthermore, effects of key controller parameters and CPLs on the dynamic performance is analyzed, and a PnP design method is presented for the primary-secondary controllers. With the proposed method, full PnP operation of the dc microgrid can be realized and communication burden can be considerably reduced. Finally, simulation results are presented to validate the proposed method.}, number={12}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Zhou, Jianguo and Xu, Yinliang and Sun, Hongbin and Wang, Liming and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={7413–7425} }
 @article{zhou_xu_sun_li_chow_2020, title={Distributed Power Management for Networked AC-DC Microgrids With Unbalanced Microgrids}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2019.2925133}, abstractNote={This paper investigates the issue of power management networked ac–dc microgrids (MGs) interconnected by interlinking converters with the consideration of unbalanced single-/three-phase ac MGs as well as power quality improvement. An integrated hierarchical distributed coordinated control approach is developed, which mainly consists of an up-layer event-triggered method of power sharing among MGs, and an event-triggered dynamic power flow routing approach to navigate the power flow among phases of the single-/three-phase ac MGs to balance the power of the MG. With the proposed control method, balanced output phase powers for the three-phase distributed generation (DGs) and enhanced voltage quality at the point of common coupling and DG terminals can be achieved besides proportional active power sharing among MGs and reduced communication. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the proposed control method.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Zhou, Jianguo and Xu, Yinliang and Sun, Hongbin and Li, Yushuai and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={1655–1667} }
 @article{yi_xu_hu_chow_sun_2020, title={Distributed, Neurodynamic-Based Approach for Economic Dispatch in an Integrated Energy System}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2019.2905156}, abstractNote={In an integrated energy system, the growing number of distributed heat and electric power generation units will bring new technical challenges to the existing centralized economic dispatch strategies. This paper proposes a distributed optimization approach for the economic system operation in a multienergy system by considering various equality and inequality constraints to accommodate the integration of intermittent renewable generations. The proposed distributed neurodynamic-based approach only requires the information exchange among neighboring units and offers flexibility, adaptivity, scalability, faster convergence, and lower communication burden compared with some traditional centralized methods. The simulation results of two integrated energy systems validate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed approach. Comparisons with other centralized and distributed optimization methods quantify the advantages of the proposed distributed approach in terms of convergence speed and computation complexity.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Yi, Zhongkai and Xu, Yinliang and Hu, Jiefeng and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Sun, Hongbin}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={2245–2257} }
 @article{zhang_zhang_vu_chow_2020, title={Guest Editorial: Special Section on Resilience, Reliability, and Security in Cyber-Physical Systems}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2020.2971725}, abstractNote={ACYBER–PHYSICAL system (CPS) refers to the integrative system consisting of interconnected computing and control devices interacting with the physical infrastructure via sensors and actuators. Recently, there is a swift growth of CPSs ranging from smart grids to smart buildings, robotics, and other industrial control systems. They have formed the keystone of the sustainable growth of the economy, manufacturing, and smart and connected communities. Due to extensive applications of CPSs, their resilience, reliability, and security are paramount. Many factors, however, pose significant threats to CPSs and lead to high economic losses and social impacts. Software defects also make CPSs vulnerable to security attacks and coordinated cyber and physical attacks. To address this issue, emerging technologies and methods for understanding and improving the resilience, reliability, and security of CPSs are needed. This Special Section aims to provide a platform to help define, understand, and quantify the resilience, reliability, and security of CPSs. This Special Section received a great number of submissions of original research articles. Given the high quality of manuscripts we received, it was difficult and challenging to select the most relevant and novel works. After a rigorous review process, ten technical articles were selected, based on the significance and novelty of the research problem to the topic of the Special Section. These selected articles are grouped into three subtopics: 1) resilient consensus of CPSs; 2) advanced CPS control methods; and 3) diagnosis of CPS faults.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Zhang, Bin and Zhang, Peng and Vu, Tuyen and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={4865–4867} }
 @article{cheng_chow_2020, title={Resilient Collaborative Distributed Energy Management System Framework for Cyber-Physical DC Microgrids}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2020.3001059}, abstractNote={This article investigates the resilience of the consensus-based distributed economic dispatch (ED) in cyberphysical DC microgrid energy management system (EMS). A holistic framework, called resilient collaborative distributed EMS (R-CoDEMS), is proposed to model the system dynamics, adversaries, and the cybersecurity of the consensus-based distributed ED. Under the R-CoDEMS framework, a reputation-based distributed attack detection and mitigation algorithm is also proposed to improve the system’s resilience against typical non-colluding and colluding false data injection attacks. The effectiveness and scalability of the proposed R-CoDEMS countermeasure is evaluated on a typical microgrid system and large-scale networks via numerical simulations.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Cheng, Zheyuan and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={4637–4649} }
 @article{duan_chow_2020, title={Robust Consensus-Based Distributed Energy Management for Microgrids With Packet Losses Tolerance}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2019.2921231}, abstractNote={The well-developed consensus algorithm provides an elegant distributed way for solving the energy management problem. The convergence of the consensus-based distributed approach depends on the reliable exchange of the information with neighbors. This assumption might be violated in practice due to inevitable and random packet losses. In this paper, the impact of packet losses on the consensus-based distributed approach is analyzed. We show the iterative calculation converges to an incorrect solution in the presence of packet losses, where the power supply could not meet with the demand. More importantly, we find the error in the final result is accumulated over every packet loss event, and we identify the critical information that cause the error. Based on the analysis, a corrective method is proposed to assure convergence to the right schedule. The corrective method has two features: 1) it uses the original consensus network, and no communication reconfiguration is needed; and 2) no retransmissions for the lost packets are needed, instead, the errors are compensated by a new variable introduced in the update rule. We show that the proposed algorithm could achieve the optimal solution in the presence of packet losses. Numerical simulation results are used to validate the proposed algorithm.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, author={Duan, Jie and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={281–290} }
 @article{balagopal_chow_2020, title={The Physical Manifestation of Side Reactions in the Electrolyte of Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Impact on the Terminal Voltage Response}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2313-0105"]}, DOI={10.3390/batteries6040053}, abstractNote={Batteries as a multi-disciplinary field have been analyzed from the electrical, material science and electrochemical engineering perspectives. The first principle-based four-dimensional degradation model (4DM) of the battery is used in the article to connect the interdisciplinary sciences that deal with batteries. The 4DM is utilized to identify the physical manifestation that electrolyte degradation has on the battery and the response observed in the terminal voltage. This paper relates the different kinds of side reactions in the electrolyte and the material properties affected due to these side reactions. It goes on to explain the impact the material property changes has on the electrochemical reactions in the battery. This paper discusses how these electrochemical reactions affect the voltage across the terminals of the battery. We determine the relationship the change in the terminal voltage has due to the change in the design properties of the electrolyte. We also determine the impact the changes in the electrolyte material property have on the terminal voltage. In this paper, the lithium ion concentration and the transference number of the electrolyte are analyzed and the impact of their degradation is studied.}, number={4}, journal={BATTERIES-BASEL}, author={Balagopal, Bharat and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{xu_zhang_chow_sun_gooi_peng_2019, title={A Distributed Model-Free Controller for Enhancing Power System Transient Frequency Stability}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2018.2856835}, abstractNote={The transient stability control of power systems with growing penetration of renewable energy resources is challenging due to inherent small damping of generators and complicated operating conditions. To address the drawbacks of existing control approaches which need accurate systemwide network parameters, a model-free fuzzy controller is proposed to enhance the transient and frequency stability of power systems. Also, an adaptive parameter estimation scheme is developed to eliminate the fuzzy approximation errors and compensate the external disturbances. The proposed strategy is implemented based on the multiagent framework, which enables the sharing of communication and computation burdens among local controllers for fast and coordinated response. The convergence of the proposed distributed control approach is rigorously proved using the Graph theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Simulation studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed control approach.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Xu, Yinliang and Zhang, Wei and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Sun, Hongbin and Gooi, Hoay Beng and Peng, Jianchun}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={1361–1371} }
 @article{an_duan_chow_duel-hallen_2019, title={A Distributed and Resilient Bargaining Game for Weather-Predictive Microgrid Energy Cooperation}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2019.2907380}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2019.2907380}, abstractNote={A bargaining game is investigated for cooperative energy management in microgrids. This game incorporates a fully distributed and realistic cooperative power scheduling algorithm [cooperative and distributed energy scheduling (CoDES)] as well as a distributed Nash bargaining solution based method of allocating the overall power bill resulting from CoDES. A novel weather-based stochastic renewable generation (RG) prediction method is incorporated in the power scheduling. We demonstrate the proposed game using a four-user grid-connected microgrid model with diverse user demands, storage, and RG profiles and examine the effect of weather prediction on day-ahead power scheduling and cost/profit allocation. Finally, the impact of users’ ambivalence about cooperation and /or dishonesty on the bargaining outcome is investigated, and it is shown that the proposed game is resilient to malicious users’ attempts to avoid payment of their fair share of the overall bill.}, number={8}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={An, Lu and Duan, Jie and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Duel-Hallen, Alexandra}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={4721–4730} }
 @article{duan_chow_2019, title={A Novel Data Integrity Attack on Consensus-Based Distributed Energy Management Algorithm Using Local Information}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2018.2851248}, abstractNote={This paper introduces a novel data integrity attack on the well-developed consensus-based energy management algorithm. In particular, we show that by sending out elaborately falsified information during the consensus iterations, attackers could manipulate the system operating point and gain extra economic benefits. Meanwhile, the system-level and device-level constraints are still satisfied, e.g., the power generation and demand are balanced, and the operation of individual device respects physical constraints. This data integrity attack has two major features: First, attackers rely only on local information to complete the attack; neither additional information about system topology nor additional colluders are required; second, the attacking effect is accumulative, which enables attackers to choose to finish in either single or multiple iterations. By revealing such vulnerability of consensus-based applications to data integrity attack, this paper conveys the message that besides the efforts of designing novel distributed energy management algorithms to address the renewable energy integration challenges, it is equally important to protect the distributed energy management algorithms from possible malicious attacks to avoid potential economic losses. The proposed attack is illustrated in the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management system.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Duan, Jie and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={1544–1553} }
 @article{duan_chow_2019, title={A Resilient Consensus-Based Distributed Energy Management Algorithm Against Data Integrity Attacks}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2018.2867106}, abstractNote={This paper addresses the vulnerability of consensus-based distributed energy scheduling algorithm to data integrity attacks. A reputation-based neighborhood-watch mechanism is introduced to detect the false information and achieve optimal operating point in the presence of misbehaving controllers. The reputation-based neighborhood watch algorithm has three major functions: 1) verifying the correctness of neighbors’ information based on two-hop shared information; 2) identifying the compromised controller based on reputation indexes; and 3) maintaining the correctness of local information estimation in the presence of false information. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through simulation analyses in the future renewable electric energy delivery and management system.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, author={Duan, Jie and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={4729–4740} }
 @article{khan_xu_kar_chow_bhattacharjee_2019, title={Compressive Sensing and Morphology Singular Entropy-Based Real-Time Secondary Voltage Control of Multiarea Power Systems}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/TII.2018.2881218}, abstractNote={This paper presents an improved secondary voltage control (SVC) methodology incorporating compressive sensing (CS) for a multiarea power system. SVC minimizes the voltage deviation of the load buses while CS deals with the problem of the limited bandwidth capacity of the communication channel by reducing the size of massive data output from the phasor measurement unit (PMU) based monitoring system. The proposed strategy further incorporates the application of a morphological median filter (MMF) to reduce noise from the output of the PMUs. To keep the control area secure and protected locally, mathematical singular entropy (MSE) based fault identification approach is utilized for fast discovery of faults in the control area. Simulation results with 27-bus and 486-bus power systems show that CS can reduce the data size up to 1/10th while the MSE-based fault identification technique can accurately distinguish between fault and steady-state conditions.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Khan, Irfan and Xu, Yinliang and Kar, Soummya and Chow, Mo-yuen and Bhattacharjee, Vikram}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={3796–3807} }
 @article{hu_duan_ma_chow_2018, title={Distributed Adaptive Droop Control for Optimal Power Dispatch in DC Microgrid}, volume={65}, ISSN={0278-0046 1557-9948}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2017.2698425}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2017.2698425}, abstractNote={In this paper, a coordinated adaptive droop control is addressed for DC microgrid to optimize its power distribution. The optimal solution for economical dispatch problem (EDP) of the microgrid is found through a fully distributed hierarchical control. The consensus-based economical regulator calculating the optimal solution for the generator is fully distributed. Thus, it eliminates the requirement of centralized coordinator. The droop controller receives the reference from the economical regulator and ensures the output power converging to the reference while maintaining the power balance of the system. Moreover, the economical regulator can estimate the load information of the system based on the characteristics of droop control. Thus, the information from load or renewable energy source is no longer required to solve the EDP that consequently decreases the number of communication nodes. This will reduce infrastructure cost, enhance the reliability, and fasten the converging speed of algorithm. The dynamic model is established and parameter selection guideline are given in this paper. A low-voltage dc-microgrid prototype platform is utilized to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Hu, Jian and Duan, Jie and Ma, Hao and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={778–789} }
 @inproceedings{balagopal_huang_chow_2018, title={Effect of calendar ageing on SEI growth and its impact on electrical circuit model parameters in lithium ion batteries}, DOI={10.1109/ieses.2018.8349846}, abstractNote={This paper discusses the effect of calendar aging on the growth rate of SEI. It discusses the reasons for the growth of SEI and the implementation of SEI growth in the 3D First Principle Based Degradation Model (3DM) of the battery. The growth of SEI is simulated over a period of 3 years and the impact it has over the terminal voltage and current generated by the battery are plotted and discussed. The results are then applied to the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) of the battery to study and identify the impacts that calendar aging and SEI growth has on the parameters of the circuit. The increase in the internal resistance and the decrease in the capacity are also discussed.}, booktitle={2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics for Sustainable Energy Systems (IESES)}, author={Balagopal, B. and Huang, C. S. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2018}, pages={32–37} }
 @inproceedings{salamati_huang_balagopal_chow_2018, title={Experimental battery monitoring system design for electric vehicle applications}, DOI={10.1109/ieses.2018.8349847}, abstractNote={Li-ion batteries are considered as main energy sources for next generation of transportation systems. This paper presents a systematic way to design an efficient hardware testbed for Battery Monitoring System (BMS) applications in Electric Vehicle (EV) industry following the standard industrial communication protocol. The hardware testbed performs both the battery voltage/current data acquisition and the Co-Estimation algorithm. Co-Estimation is an electric circuit model based SOC estimation algorithm which takes model parameter variations into account. In this paper, the Co-Estimation algorithm is firstly discussed. A battery hardware testbed design is then elaborated, and reasons for selecting main components, including microcontroller and voltage/current sensors are explained. The performance of the hardware testbed is compared with MATLAB simulation result using the same Co-Estimation algorithm, showing similar performance between two different platforms: hardware testbed and software simulation.}, booktitle={2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics for Sustainable Energy Systems (IESES)}, author={Salamati, S. M. and Huang, C. S. and Balagopal, B. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2018}, pages={38–43} }
 @article{baronti_vazquez_chow_2018, title={Modeling, Control, and Integration of Energy Storage Systems in E-Transportation and Smart Grid}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2018.2810658}, abstractNote={R ESEARCH in energy storage systems (ESSs), such as batteries, ultracapacitors, and flywheels, is essential to foster the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) and the future development of electric transportation (E-transportation). RESs are characterized by intermittences and they cannot be dispatched as conventional energy resources. ESSs are the key technology to solve this problem, thus increasing the penetration of RESs in the utility grid. ESSs are also essential components to improve the performance of microgrids and are an enabling technology for smart grid operation. Major challenges are the design of high-performance and cost-effective ESSs, which can safely meet the energy and power demand throughout the expected lifetime. This “Special Section on Modeling, Control, and Integration of Energy Storage Systems in E-Transportation and Smart Grid” of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS collects 24 research papers, discussing innovative solutions for the design and management of ESSs, as well as the required power electronics interface and control systems for their effective integration into utility grids and E-transportation. The 24 papers can be grouped into three main areas. Papers from item 1) in the Appendix to item 6) in the Appendix deal with modeling, control, and management of Li-ion batteries. A new method to improve the accuracy and robustness of the estimation of the residual energy stored in a Li-ion battery is proposed in item 1) in the Appendix. The method combines an electrical battery model with an analytic one to consider the effects of the battery initial state of charge (SOC), load current rate and direction, operating temperature, and ageing. In item 2) in the Appendix, the application of a machine learning technique, based on a recurrent neural network with long shortterm memory, to the accurate estimation of the battery SOC is investigated. In item 3) in the Appendix, a control-oriented electrochemical-thermal model to predict the battery dynamics is introduced and applied in a linear time-varying model predictive control algorithm to develop a health-aware fast charging strategy. The other papers in the first area focus on the equalization of a high-voltage battery consisting of many series-connected cells, which is a crucial objective to extend the battery lifetime. For instance, a nondissipative equalization scheme, based on a two-stage bidirectional equalization circuit with energy transferring inductors and fuzzy logic control, is presented in item 4) in}, number={8}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Baronti, Federico and Vazquez, Sergio and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={6548–6551} }
 @article{cheng_duan_chow_2018, title={To Centralize or to Distribute: That Is the Question A Comparison of Advanced Microgrid Management Systems}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1941-0115"]}, DOI={10.1109/mie.2018.2789926}, abstractNote={The advanced microgrid is envisioned to be a critical part of the future smart grid because of its local intelligence, automation, interoperability, and distributed energy resources (DER) hosting capability. The enabling technology of advanced microgrids is the microgrid management system (MGMS). In this article, we discuss and review the concept of the MGMS and state-of-the-art solutions regarding centralized and distributed MGMSs in the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, from which we observe a general tendency toward decentralization.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Cheng, Zheyuan and Duan, Jie and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={6–24} }
 @inproceedings{cheng_chow_jung_jeon_2017, title={A big data based deep learning approach for vehicle speed prediction}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2017.8001278}, abstractNote={Vehicle speed prediction plays an important role in Data-Driven Intelligent Transportation System (D2ITS) and electric vehicle energy management. Accurately predicting vehicle speed for an individual trip is a challenging topic because vehicle speed is subjected to various factors such as route types, route curvature, driver behavior, weather and traffic condition. A big data based deep learning vehicle speed prediction algorithm featuring big data analytics and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is presented in this paper. Big data analytics examines copious amounts of speed related data to identify the pattern and correlation between input factors and vehicle speed. ANFIS model is constructed and configured, based on the analytics. The proposed speed prediction algorithm is trained and evaluated using the actual driving data collected by one test driver. Experiment results indicate that the proposed algorithm is capable of accurately predicting vehicle speed for both freeway and urban traffic networks.}, booktitle={2017 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)}, author={Cheng, Zheyuan and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Jung, Daebong and Jeon, Jinyong}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={389–394} }
 @inproceedings{duan_chow_2017, title={Data integrity attack on consensus-based distributed energy management algorithm}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2017.8274544}, abstractNote={Over the years, the well-known consensus algorithm has been widely applied to solve the energy management problems in a fully distributed manner, due to its scalability, robustness against communication failures and privacy protection features. However, this distributed approach is vulnerable to data integrity attack as there is no control center to monitor the correctness of the shared information. In this paper, we demonstrate how a malicious attacker could manipulate the energy schedule result by sending out false information and misleading other devices in the system. This attack can lead to extra economic benefit for the attacker, while causing financial loss to the social welfare. By revealing such potential financial risks, this paper conveys the message that besides the efforts of designing novel distributed energy management algorithms, it is equally important to protect the distributed energy management algorithms from possible malicious cyber-attacks. The proposed attack is illustrated in the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system.}, booktitle={2017 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Duan, J. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{duan_chow_2017, title={Data integrity attack on consensus-based load shedding algorithm for power systems}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2017.8217339}, abstractNote={The paper presents a novel data integrity attack on consensus-based load shedding algorithm. In particular, we show that by sending out elaborately falsified information during the consensus iterations, attackers could manipulate the system operating point to achieve selfish goals, e.g. loads remain being served under contingencies while shedding other loads. More importantly, still maintain the system stability. This data integrity attack has three major features: 1) no additional information about system topology or other devices are required to launch the attack; 2) the attacking effect is accumulative which enables attackers to complete the attacks in either single or multiple iterations; 3) attackers could fulfill their goal using the local agent alone, no other agents need to be compromised during the attack. By revealing such potential risks, this paper conveys the message that besides the efforts of designing novel consensus-based applications, it is equally important to protect distributed smart grid applications from possible malicious cyber-attacks. The potential impact of the data integrity attacks is illustrated on simulation examples.}, booktitle={Iecon 2017 - 43rd annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Duan, J. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2017}, pages={7641–7646} }
 @inproceedings{an_duan_zhang_chow_duel-hallen_2017, title={Distributed multi-step power scheduling and cost allocation for cooperative microgrids}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2017.8273909}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2017.8273909}, abstractNote={Microgrids are self-sufficient small-scale power grid systems that can employ renewable generation sources and energy storage devices and can connect to the main grid or operate in a stand-alone mode. Most research on energy-storage management in microgrids does not take into account the dynamic nature of the problem and the need for fully-distributed, multi-step scheduling. First, we address these requirements by extending our previously proposed multi-step cooperative distributed energy scheduling (CoDES) algorithm to include both purchasing power from and selling the generated power to the main grid. Second, we model the microgrid as a multi-agent system where the agents (e.g. households) act as players in a cooperative game and employ a distributed algorithm based on the Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) to fairly allocate the costs of cooperative power management (computed using CoDES) among themselves. The dependency of the day-ahead power schedule and the costs on system parameters, e.g., the price schedule and the user activity level (measured by whether it owns storage and renewable generation devices), is analyzed for a three-agent microgrid example.}, booktitle={2017 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, publisher={IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting}, author={An, Lu and Duan, J. and Zhang, Y. and Chow, M. Y. and Duel-Hallen, A.}, year={2017}, pages={1–5} }
 @inproceedings{balagopal_huang_chow_2017, title={Effect of calendar aging on Li ion battery degradation and SOH}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2017.8217340}, abstractNote={This paper discusses the impact of calendar ageing on the anode and the concentration of lithium ions in the anode structure. It discusses the modeling of the calendar ageing, its implementation in the 3D First Principle Based Degradation Model (3DM) of the battery and the results that were observed as a result of calendar ageing over a period of 4–6 years. The paper also relates these physical degradation phenomena with the impact that they have on the parameters of the Equivalent Circuit Model of the battery. The paper uses the capacity degradation and the increase in the internal resistance of the battery to showcase the impact of calendar ageing on the State of Health of the battery.}, booktitle={Iecon 2017 - 43rd annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Balagopal, B. and Huang, C. S. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2017}, pages={7647–7652} }
 @inproceedings{huang_chow_chow_2017, title={Li-ion battery parameter identification with low pass filter for measurement noise rejection}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2017.8001575}, abstractNote={The advent of Energy Management (EM) and Electric Vehicles (EV) have completely changed the use of batteries. Accurately estimating the remaining power in batteries has become increasingly important. In order to estimate precise battery state of charge (SOC)/state of health (SOH) value, accurate parameter identification is essential when constructing an accurate battery model. Even though we are able to exactly identify battery parameters offline, the precision of online parameter identification usually suffers from measurement noise, which is an unavoidable phenomenon. In this paper we investigate how battery parameter identification is influenced by measurement noise. The selection of a low pass filter is also discussed and a fourth order Butterworth filter is adopted to effectively reject high frequency measurement noise. This algorithm can help with the identification of battery parameter that rejects measurement noise and maintains the accuracy of online battery parameter identification for future online model-based battery SOC/SOH estimation.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ieee international symposium on industrial}, author={Huang, C. S. and Chow, T. W. S. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2017}, pages={2075–2080} }
 @article{zeng_zhang_chow_2017, title={Resilient Distributed Energy Management Subject to Unexpected Misbehaving Generation Units}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2015.2496228}, abstractNote={Distributed energy management algorithms are being developed for the smart grid to efficiently and economically allocate electric power among connected distributed generation units and loads. The use of such algorithms provides flexibility, robustness, and scalability, while it also increases the vulnerability of smart grid to unexpected faults and adversaries. The potential consequences of compromising the power system can be devastating to public safety and economy. Thus, it is important to maintain the acceptable performance of distributed energy management algorithms in a smart grid environment under malicious cyber-attacks. In this paper, a neighborhood-watch-based distributed energy management algorithm is proposed to guarantee the accurate control computation in solving the economic dispatch problem in the presence of compromised generation units. The proposed method achieves the system resilience by performing a reliable distributed control without a central coordinator and allowing all the well-behaving generation units to reach the optimal operating point asymptotically. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through case studies under several different adversary scenarios.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Zeng, Wente and Zhang, Yuan and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={208–216} }
 @article{yin_zhao_li_ma_chow_2016, title={A Game Theory Approach to Energy Management of An Engine-Generator/Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy System}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2016.2539245}, abstractNote={The complex configuration and behavior of multisource hybrid energy systems (HESs) present challenges to their energy management. For a balanced solution, it is especially important to represent and take advantage of the characteristics of each device and the interactive relationship among them. In this paper, multi-agent modeling and a game theory-based control strategy are proposed and combined for the energy management of an example engine-generator/battery/ultracapacitor (UC) HES. The three devices such as engine-generator unit, battery and UC packs are modeled and controlled as independent but related agents, through which the performance and requirements of the individual devices are fully respected. The energy management problem is then formulated as a noncooperative current control (NCC) game. The Nash equilibrium is analytically derived as a balanced solution that compromises the different preferences of the independent devices. The following simulation and experimental results validate the game theory-based control and its real-time implementation. The proposed approach could be further extended to become a general solution for the energy management and control of networked energy systems, in which again fully representing and balancing the different preferences of the components are important.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Yin, He and Zhao, Chen and Li, Mian and Ma, Chengbin and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={4266–4277} }
 @article{zhang_rahbari-asr_chow_2016, title={A robust distributed system incremental cost estimation algorithm for smart grid economic dispatch with communications information losses}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1084-8045"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnca.2015.05.014}, abstractNote={With an increasing number of controllable distributed energy resources deployed and integrated into the power system, how to economically manage these distributed resources will become a challenge for the future smart grid. To solve the issue, consensus based distributed economic dispatch algorithms have been introduced in the literature as computationally scalable approaches. However, in real-world applications with imperfect communications networks, the performance of consensus-based economic dispatch algorithms degrades when information losses occur. In this paper, a robust distributed system incremental cost estimation (RICE) algorithm is introduced to solve the Economic Dispatch Problem (EDP) in a smart grid environment in a distributed way considering communications information losses. Unlike the existing consensus-based algorithms to solve EDP, RICE algorithm has two updating layers running in parallel in each distributed controller: one layer uses the gossip updating rule to estimate the system׳s average power mismatch, while the other layer uses the consensus updating rule to update the system Incremental Cost (IC) estimation. In this approach, the vulnerability of consensus-based algorithms to communications information losses is eliminated. The convergence and optimality of the algorithm are guaranteed as long as the undirected communications topology among local controllers is connected. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, and show the robustness under different information loss scenarios with different communications topologies.}, journal={JOURNAL OF NETWORK AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS}, author={Zhang, Yuan and Rahbari-Asr, Navid and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={315–324} }
 @inproceedings{huang_chow_2016, title={Accurate Thevenin's circuit-based battery model parameter identificaiton}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2016.7744902}, abstractNote={Batteries are becoming the main energy storage devices in following decades. Highly accurate battery models are needed to fulfill accurate controlling and monitoring purpose. For real-time operations, the calculation complexity of the battery model is an issue. Thevenin's circuit model is a tradeoff between fast calculation and accuracy. The model uses resistor and RC pairs to capture the dynamic of terminal voltage. Even though there are few components in the model, to accurately identify those components value is a difficult question. In this paper, an algorithm to separate effective data and ineffective data is proposed by comparing the condition number. This algorithm can help identify correct parameters for future model-based battery monitoring and controlling.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ieee international symposium on industrial}, author={Huang, C. S. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016}, pages={274–279} }
 @inproceedings{duan_zeng_chow_2016, title={An attack-resilient distributed DC optimal power flow algorithm via neighborhood monitoring}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741286}, abstractNote={Distributed DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) is vulnerable to malicious cyber attacks due to the absence of a control center. In our previous work, we demonstrated a data integrity attack can manipulate the power dispatch result of distributed DC-OPF by compromising the distributed controller on a bus and modifying the information being sent to the neighboring buses. This vulnerability, in turn, could be exploited by attackers for financial arbitrage in a distributed electricity market. Thus, there is a growing need for attack-resilient control techniques that can fit into the distributed power system framework to ensure the global optimality of the power dispatch result in the presence of unexpected adversaries. In this paper, we proposed a resilient distributed DC-OPF algorithm against data integrity attacks by using a neighborhood monitoring scheme. On one hand, the resilient distributed DC-OPF algorithm is an efficient approach to deal with significant increasing amount of distributed energy resources (DERs) thanks to its flexibility and scalability. On the other hand, its neighborhood monitoring scheme enables its built-in defense to identify the misbehaving distributed controllers relying on each bus's local information and recover the optimal power dispatch from the malicious impact of data integrity attacks.}, booktitle={2016 ieee power and energy society general meeting (pesgm)}, author={Duan, J. and Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{duan_zeng_chow_2016, title={Attack detection and mitigation for resilient distributed DC optimal power flow in the IoT environment}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2016.7744958}, abstractNote={The internet of things (IoT) is an attractive networking paradigm with machine-to-machine communication. Several distributed approaches have been proposed to solve the DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) problem in the IoT environment. The nature of distributed computation provides scalability, robustness and privacy protection, while it also poses more vulnerabilities to unexpected cyber faults and adversaries. One important concern in the distributed DC-OPF algorithm is to maintain the optimal power dispatch result in the face of compromised nodes which are exchanging false information. In this paper, we deal with the data integrity attack and develop an attack detection and mitigation method that could fit into the IoT environment to secure the distributed DC-OPF algorithm. It is a fully distributed mechanism that enables each bus to perform the following major functions based on two-hop neighbors' information: 1) verifying the correctness of the exchanged information without infringing neighbor's privacy; 2) identifying the malicious attacker and recovering the optimal power dispatch from the malicious impact. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is illustrated by the standard IEEE 14-bus system.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ieee international symposium on industrial}, author={Duan, J. and Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016}, pages={606–611} }
 @inproceedings{hu_ma_chow_2016, title={Consensus algorithm based adaptive droop control for DC microgrid}, DOI={10.1109/spec.2016.7846121}, abstractNote={In this paper, a consensus algorithm based adaptive droop control for DC microgrid is addressed. The optimum energy solution for each convention generator in the microgrid to minimize the system cost is found through a collaborate operation of a droop controller and a consensus algorithm based economic regulator. The proposed control strategy is fully distributed and cooperative such that it eliminate the center coordinator. The primary advantages of this method are 1) the output of each device will converge to global optimum without requirement of central coordinator, and 2) the communication between different converters are limited because each inverter only communicate with its neighbor. 3) The load information are not required.}, booktitle={2016 IEEE 2nd Annual Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC)}, author={Hu, J. and Ma, H. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016} }
 @article{rahbari-asr_chow_zhang_2016, title={Consensus-based distributed scheduling for cooperative operation of distributed energy resources and storage devices in smart grids}, volume={10}, ISSN={1751-8687 1751-8695}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0159}, DOI={10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0159}, abstractNote={Optimal dispatch of storage devices is crucial for the economic operation of smart grids with distributed energy resources. Through appropriate scheduling, storage devices can store the energy when the renewable production is high or electricity price is low, and support the demand when electricity is expensive. Conventionally, this scheduling requires a control centre to gather information from the entire system and find the optimal schedule in the required horizon for the controllable devices. This study proposes a fully distributed scheduling methodology based on discrete-time optimal control, primal-dual gradient descent, and consensus networks. In the proposed approach, the requirement for the control centre is eliminated and the optimal schedule for all the devices is found solely through iterative coordination of each device with its neighbours. The application of the algorithm is demonstrated in a 5-bus system and its convergence to the global optimum is validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Further, it is shown that the algorithm is robust against communication link failures provided that the communications topology remains connected or reconnects after being disconnected.}, number={5}, journal={IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution}, publisher={Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)}, author={Rahbari-Asr, Navid and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Zhang, Yuan}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={1268–1277} }
 @inproceedings{rahbari-asr_zhang_chow_2016, title={Cooperative distributed energy scheduling for storage devices and renewables with resiliency against intermittencies}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2016.7744959}, abstractNote={Cost-effective operation of microgrids relies on optimal scheduling of energy resources and storage devices. Scheduling considering storage devices is inherently a multi-step optimization problem and its complexity grows with the increasing of the device number, and the schedule time resolution. Conventional centralized approaches raise concerns regarding privacy of the system as well as its vulnerability to single point of failure. Fully distributed approaches require iterative communications among distributed components where both the number of iterations and the communications packet size grow as the number of time steps increases. The situation is aggravated due to the intermittency of the renewable resources, since scheduling needs to be repeated once there is considerable change in forecasted profiles. To resolve the issue, this paper proposes a two layer fully distributed resilient scheduling methodology. In the first layer (scheduling layer), the distributed components communicate with each other to find the long term set points for charging/discharging of storage devices. At the second layer (regulatory layer), the distributed devices run a high resolution short term optimization considering the real-time data and the calculated set points from the scheduling layer. The numerical results demonstrate that using the double layer structure, the system shows resiliency against intermittencies and the objective values track the optimal values.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ieee international symposium on industrial}, author={Rahbari-Asr, N. and Zhang, Y. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016}, pages={612–617} }
 @article{zhang_rahbari-asr_duan_chow_2016, title={Day-Ahead Smart Grid Cooperative Distributed Energy Scheduling With Renewable and Storage Integration}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1949-3029"]}, DOI={10.1109/tste.2016.2581167}, abstractNote={Day-ahead scheduling of generation units and storage devices is essential for the economic and efficient operation of a power system. Conventionally, a control center calculates the dispatch schedule by gathering information from all of the devices. However, this centralized control structure makes the system vulnerable to single point of failure and communication failures, and raises privacy concerns. In this paper, a fully distributed algorithm is proposed to find the optimal dispatch schedule for a smart grid with renewable and energy storage integration. The algorithm considers modified dc power flow constraints, branch energy losses, and energy storage charging and discharging efficiencies. In this algorithm, each bus of the system is modeled as an agent. By solely exchanging information with its neighbors, the optimal dispatch schedule of the conventional generators and energy storage can be achieved in an iterative manner. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated through several representative case studies.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY}, author={Zhang, Yuan and Rahbari-Asr, Navid and Duan, Jie and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1739–1748} }
 @article{rahbari-asr_chow_chen_deng_2016, title={Distributed Real-Time Pricing Control for Large-Scale Unidirectional V2G With Multiple Energy Suppliers}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2016.2569584}, abstractNote={With the increasing trend in adoption of plug-in hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles, they will play a prominent role in the future electric energy market by acting as responsive loads to increase the grid stability and facilitate the integration of renewables. However, due to the large number of controllable devices in the future grid, central vehicle to grid (V2G) management would be challenging and vulnerable to single points of failure. This paper introduces a novel distributed approach for optimal management of unidirectional V2G considering multiple energy suppliers. Each charging station as well as each energy supplier is equipped with a local price regulator to control the price paid to the energy suppliers and the price paid by the vehicles through coordination with their neighbors. In response to the updated prices, the vehicles adjust their charging rates and energy suppliers adjust their production to maximize their benefit. The main advantages of the proposed approach are that it manages unidirectional V2G in a fully distributed way considering multiple energy suppliers and vehicles, and it converges to the global optimum despite the greedy behavior of the individuals.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Rahbari-Asr, Navid and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Chen, Jiming and Deng, Ruilong}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1953–1962} }
 @misc{baronti_chow_ma_rahimi-eichi_saletti_2016, title={E-transportation: the role of embedded systems in electric energy transfer from grid to vehicle}, ISSN={["1687-3963"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13639-016-0032-z}, abstractNote={Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution to reduce the transportation dependency on oil, as well as the environmental concerns. Realization of E-transportation relies on providing electrical energy to the EVs in an effective way. Energy storage system (ESS) technologies, including batteries and ultra-capacitors, have been significantly improved in terms of stored energy and power. Beside technology advancements, a battery management system is necessary to enhance safety, reliability and efficiency of the battery. Moreover, charging infrastructure is crucial to transfer electrical energy from the grid to the EV in an effective and reliable way. Every aspect of E-transportation is permeated by the presence of an intelligent hardware platform, which is embedded in the vehicle components, provided with the proper interfaces to address the communication, control and sensing needs. This embedded system controls the power electronics devices, negotiates with the partners in multi-agent scenarios, and performs fundamental tasks such as power flow control and battery management. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the open challenges in E-transportation and to show the fundamental role played by embedded systems. The conclusion is that transportation electrification cannot fully be realized without the inclusion of the recent advancements in embedded systems.}, journal={EURASIP JOURNAL ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS}, author={Baronti, Federico and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Ma, Chengbin and Rahimi-Eichi, Habiballah and Saletti, Roberto}, year={2016}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{balagopal_chow_2016, title={Effect of Anode Conductivity Degradation on the Thevenin Circuit Model of Lithium Ion Batteries}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2016.7793429}, abstractNote={This paper proposes a high resolution anode degradation model of the lithium ion battery based on its physics of operation in 3D and in layers. This model is developed in a multiphysics software called COMSOL and in Matlab. This paper describes the procedure followed to develop the model in 3D and the features of this model. The performance of the model is validated with experimental data obtained from a battery of the same chemistry and capacity. The paper will then relate the effect of the degradation of the anode conductivity on the Thevenin Circuit Model parameters. The established relationship can help identify the parameters that are important for battery degradation and will be invaluable for real-time and online estimation of SOH and SOF of the battery.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the iecon 2016 - 42nd annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Balagopal, B. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016}, pages={2028–2033} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_chow_2016, title={Microgrid cooperative distributed energy scheduling (CoDES) considering battery degradation cost}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2016.7744978}, abstractNote={Obtaining an optimal charging and discharging schedule of battery energy storage devices in a microgrid is essential to the economic and reliable operation of the system. The depth of discharge (DoD) is a key variable that affects the cycle life of a battery. In this paper, an energy scheduling problem is formulated for a microgrid considering battery degradation cost under different DoD scenarios. The formulated scheduling problem is solved by using the cooperative distributed energy scheduling (CoDES) algorithm in a distributed way. The operation of the CoDES algorithm is demonstrated and the economic benefit of using battery energy storage devices in a microgrid is analyzed under different DoD scenarios.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ieee international symposium on industrial}, author={Zhang, Y. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016}, pages={720–725} }
 @article{qiu_gao_chow_2016, title={Networked control and industrial applications}, volume={63}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2015.2506544}, abstractNote={I N MODERN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, traditional centralized point-to-point control cannot be suitable to meet new requirements such as modularity, decentralized/distributed control, quick and easy maintenance, and low cost. Due to these reasons, networked control systems have been one of the hot focuses in academic research as well as in industrial applications and significant progress has been achieved in this field over the past few years. However, many critical issues on analysis and synthesis of networked control systems still warrant further investigation. These issues include modeling of unreliable and time-dependent levels of service in terms of delays, jitter, or losses, information processing such as data collection, storage and secure transmission for large-scale sensor networks, model uncertainties and nonlinearities between sensors, actuators and controllers, sampling scheme design involving quantization and event-triggering, distributed/decentralized control of systems with hybrid and heterogeneous subsystem dynamics, and robustness to external and environmental disturbances. The objective of this Special Section is to present some up-to-date analysis and synthesis approaches to networked control systems. Both theoretical and application results are sought for. Editors invite original manuscripts presenting recent advances in these fields with special reference to the following topics:}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, author={Qiu, J. B. and Gao, H. J. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016}, pages={1203–1206} }
 @article{you_yang_chow_sun_2016, title={Optimal Cooperative Charging Strategy for a Smart Charging Station of Electric Vehicles}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrs.2015.2477372}, abstractNote={This paper proposes a novel cooperative charging strategy for a smart charging station in the dynamic electricity pricing environment, which helps electric vehicles (EVs) to economically accomplish the charging task by the given deadlines. This strategy allows EVs to share their battery-stored energy with each other under the coordination of an aggregator, so that more flexibility is given to the aggregator for better scheduling. Mathematically, the scheduling problem is formulated as a constrained mixed-integer linear program (MILP) to capture the discrete nature of the battery states, i.e., charging, idle and discharging. Then, an efficient algorithm is proposed to solve the MILP by means of dual decomposition and Benders decomposition. At last, the algorithm can be implemented in a distributed fashion, which makes it scalable and thus suitable for large-scale scheduling problems. Numerical results validate our theoretical analysis.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={You, Pengcheng and Yang, Zaiyue and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Sun, Youxian}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={2946–2956} }
 @inproceedings{duan_zeng_chow_2016, title={Resilient cooperative distributed energy scheduling against data integrity attacks}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2016.7793846}, abstractNote={Distributed energy management algorithms eliminate the control center from the conventional energy management systems and calculate the optimal schedule for all devices through iterative coordination among neighbors. Most of the existing distributed approaches are developed under the assumption that all devices are secure and willing to achieve an optimal system performance together in a “collaborative” environment. However, unexpected faults and adversaries may emerge in the network and disrupt the convergence of those distributed approaches. In this paper, we extend the cooperative distributed energy scheduling (CoDES) algorithm to improve its resilience against data integrity attacks. Two types of data integrity attacks are considered in this paper - faulty attacks and random attacks. A distributed attack detection algorithm is developed to verify the state of neighboring devices without infringing their private information. A reputation-based mitigation algorithm is introduced to identify the compromised device and act accordingly to maintain the optimal energy scheduling result. The effectiveness of the proposed resilient distributed energy scheduling algorithm is evaluated in the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) microgrid system.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the iecon 2016 - 42nd annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Duan, J. and Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2016}, pages={4941–4946} }
 @article{ma_chow_razik_khaligh_2016, title={Special Section on Networked Energy Systems: Architectures, Communication, and Management}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2016.2606250}, abstractNote={The papers in this special section focus on the toptic of networked energy systems, inclusing their architectures, management, and communications services.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Ma, Chengbin and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Razik, Hubert and Khaligh, Alireza}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1896–1899} }
 @article{han_chow_fuertes_2016, title={Special Section on New Trends in Control and Filtering of Networked Systems}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2016.2605630}, abstractNote={R ECENT developments in networking technologies, especially wireless connection, generate a new paradigm of control and filtering for industrial systems via networks. In the past, such systems are controlled and estimated by independent networks that are designed with enough bandwidth and resources. In the future, shared wired and wireless networks are utilized to connect industrial systems and controllers/filters. In this new framework, bandwidth and resource constraints should be taken into account in controller/filter design, and real-time becomes increasingly important to control and filtering. How to properly design controllers/filters and to effectively utilize network resources is essential to synthesizing or estimating networked systems. For example, networked controller/filter design necessitates a novel, integrated view of both control/filtering and information theory, makes fundamental tradeoffs between network resources and control/filtering goals, tolerates scalability and robustness to subsystems failure, and improve control performance under an unreliable communication medium like the wireless or a shared medium like Ethernet or Internet. To fulfill this purpose, network protocol design, network resource scheduling, network bandwidth allocation, and new control/filtering strategies should be considered simultaneously in system synthesis and estimation. The results are useful for industrial electronics systems, intelligent transportation systems, smart grid, power electronics systems, remote fault diagnosis, and prognosis. The aim of this special section is to provide a timely discussion on technical trends and challenges of some classical and emerging issues, such as networked control and filtering, fault detection and tolerant control, event-triggered control, security control, distributed control, sensor networks, and real-time network protocol design, over networks with resource constraints for industrial systems. After a rigorous review process, seven papers were selected for the special section. In this editorial, we have clustered the papers into four groups.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Han, Qing-Long and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Fuertes, Josep M.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1736–1739} }
 @article{deng_yang_chow_chen_2015, title={A Survey on Demand Response in Smart Grids: Mathematical Models and Approaches}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2015.2414719}, abstractNote={The smart grid is widely considered to be the informationization of the power grid. As an essential characteristic of the smart grid, demand response can reschedule the users' energy consumption to reduce the operating expense from expensive generators, and further to defer the capacity addition in the long run. This survey comprehensively explores four major aspects: 1) programs; 2) issues; 3) approaches; and 4) future extensions of demand response. Specifically, we first introduce the means/tariffs that the power utility takes to incentivize users to reschedule their energy usage patterns. Then we survey the existing mathematical models and problems in the previous and current literatures, followed by the state-of-the-art approaches and solutions to address these issues. Finally, based on the above overview, we also outline the potential challenges and future research directions in the context of demand response.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Deng, Ruilong and Yang, Zaiyue and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Chen, Jiming}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={570–582} }
 @article{cuenca_ojha_salt_chow_2015, title={A non-uniform multi-rate control strategy for a Markov chain-driven Networked Control System}, volume={321}, ISSN={0020-0255}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2015.05.035}, DOI={10.1016/j.ins.2015.05.035}, abstractNote={In this work, a non-uniform multi-rate control strategy is applied to a kind of Networked Control System (NCS) where a wireless path tracking control for an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) is carried out. The main aims of the proposed strategy are to face time-varying network-induced delays and to avoid packet disorder. A Markov chain-driven NCS scenario will be considered, where different network load situations, and consequently, different probability density functions for the network delay are assumed. In order to assure mean-square stability for the considered NCS, a decay-rate based sufficient condition is enunciated in terms of probabilistic Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Simulation results show better control performance, and more accurate path tracking, for the scheduled (delay-dependent) controller than for the non-scheduled one (i.e. the nominal controller when delays appear). Finally, the control strategy is validated on an experimental test-bed.}, journal={Information Sciences}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cuenca, Ángel and Ojha, Unnati and Salt, Julián and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={31–47} }
 @inproceedings{zeng_zhang_chow_2015, title={A resilient distributed energy management algorithm for economic dispatch in the presence of misbehaving generation units}, booktitle={2015 Resilience Week (RSW)}, author={Zeng, W. T. and Zhang, Y. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015}, pages={12–16} }
 @article{qiao_zhang_chow_2015, title={Condition Monitoring, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Health Management for Wind Energy Conversion Systems}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2015.2464785}, abstractNote={The articles in this special section focus on condition monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and information management. These technologies and applications are effectivemeans to reduce the downtime and the maintenance cost, and to improve the reliability, capacity factor, and lifespan of wind energy conversion systems. These important issues have drawn more and more attention during the last decade, and significant research effort is being taken by both the academia and the industry to advance the technologies for the condition monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and health management of wind energy conversion systems. This Special Section aims to provide a platform for academic and industrial communities to report the most recent findings in this field.}, number={10}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Qiao, Wei and Zhang, Pinjia and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={6533–6535} }
 @inproceedings{rahbari-asr_zhang_chow_2015, title={Cooperative distributed scheduling for storage devices in microgrids using dynamic KKT multipliers and consensus networks}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286376}, abstractNote={Scheduling of storage devices in microgrids with multiple renewable energy resources is crucial for their optimal and reliable operation. With proper scheduling, the storage devices can capture the energy when the renewable generation is high and utility energy price is low, and release it when the demand is high or utility energy price is expensive. This scheduling is a multi-step optimization problem where different time-steps are dependent on each other. Conventionally, this problem is solved centrally. The central controller should have access to the real-time states of the system as well as the predicted load and renewable generation information. It should also have the capability to send dispatch commands to each storage device. However, as the number of devices increases, the centralized approach would not be scalable and will be vulnerable to single point of failure. Combining the idea of dynamic KKT multipliers with consensus networks, this paper introduces a novel algorithm that can optimally schedule the storage devices in a microgrid solely through peer-to-peer coordination of devices with their neighbors without using a central controller.}, booktitle={2015 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Rahbari-Asr, N. and Zhang, Y. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015} }
 @article{deng_yang_hou_chow_chen_2015, title={Distributed Real-Time Demand Response in Multiseller-Multibuyer Smart Distribution Grid}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2359457}, abstractNote={Demand response is a key solution in smart grid to address the ever-increasing peak energy consumption. With multiple utility companies, users will decide from which utility company to buy electricity and how much to buy. Consequently, how to devise distributed real-time demand response in the multiseller-multibuyer environment emerges as a critical problem in future smart grid. In this paper, we focus on the real-time interactions among multiple utility companies and multiple users. We propose a distributed real-time demand response algorithm to determine each user's demand and each utility company's supply simultaneously. By applying dual decomposition, the original problem is firstly decoupled into single-seller-multibuyer subsystems; then, the demand response problem in each subsystem can be distributively solved. The major advantage of this approach is that each utility company and user locally solve subproblems to perform energy allocation, instead of requiring a central controller or any third party. Therefore, privacy is guaranteed because no entity needs to reveal or exchange private information. Numerical results are presented to verify efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Deng, Ruilong and Yang, Zaiyue and Hou, Fen and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Chen, Jiming}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={2364–2374} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_chow_2015, title={Distributed optimal generation dispatch considering transmission losses}, DOI={10.1109/naps.2015.7335143}, abstractNote={Economically dispatching the generation is essential to the efficient operations of a power system. As an approximation to the nonconvex AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) problem, the convex DC optimal power flow (DCOPF) problem is used in many studies. In this paper, the DCOPF with transmission line losses (DCOPFL) is formulated to better approximate the ACOPF problem. A Cooperative Distributed Optimal Dispatch (CDOD) algorithm is proposed to solve the DCOPFL problem in a distributed manner. The convergence and correctness of the CDOD algorithm are verified through two representative case studies. The DCOPFL is also verified to have the smallest approximation error comparing with DCOPF and economic dispatch considering transmission losses (EDL) by taking ACOPF solution as reference.}, booktitle={2015 north american power symposium (naps)}, author={Zhang, Y. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{deng_yang_hou_chow_chen_2015, title={Distributed real-time demand response in multiseller"Cmultibuyer smart distribution grid}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286260}, abstractNote={Demand response is a key solution in smart grid to address the ever-increasing peak energy consumption. With multiple utility companies, users will decide from which utility company to buy electricity and how much to buy. Consequently, how to devise distributed real-time demand response in the multiseller̈Cmultibuyer environment emerges as a critical problem in future smart grid. In this paper, we focus on the real-time interactions among multiple utility companies and multiple users. We propose a distributed real-time demand response algorithm to determine each user's demand and each utility company's supply simultaneously. By applying dual decomposition, the original problem is firstly decoupled into single-seller̈Cmultibuyer subsystems; then, the demand response problem in each subsystem can be distributively solved. The major advantage of this approach is that each utility company and user locally solve subproblems to perform energy allocation, instead of requiring a central controller or any third party. Therefore, privacy is guaranteed because no entity needs to reveal or exchange private information. Numerical results are presented to verify efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.}, booktitle={2015 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Deng, R. L. and Yang, Z. Y. and Hou, F. and Chow, M. Y. and Chen, J. M.}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{zeng_gibeau_chow_2015, title={Economic benefits of plug-in electric vehicles using V2G for grid performance-based regulation service}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2015.7392772}, abstractNote={With advancement of the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are able to connect to the electric grid and participate in the grid regulation markets. Thus the large-scale PEV penetration into transportation systems will play an essential role for the grid support in the future. In this paper, a comprehensive daily economic benefit model for the PEV is formulated to analyze its costs and revenues of adopting unidirectional and bidirectional V2G technologies to provide grid performance-based regulation (PBR) services. Case studies considering three different types of PEVs with different charging rates and V2G capabilities are discussed. The simulation results quantitatively demonstrate the economic profit of PEVs to participate in the grid regulation service market. The sensitivities of the profit to battery sizes and charging rates are also analyzed.}, booktitle={Iecon 2015 - 41st annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Zeng, W. and Gibeau, J. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015}, pages={4322–4327} }
 @inproceedings{duan_zeng_chow_2015, title={Economic impact of data integrity attacks on distributed DC optimal power flow algorithm}, DOI={10.1109/naps.2015.7335167}, abstractNote={A variety of distributed energy management algorithms are being developed for DC optimal power flow (DCOPF) application owing to their flexibility and scalability in the presence of high distributed Energy Resources (DERs) penetration. However, these algorithms are vulnerable to malicious cyber attacks due to the absence of control centers. In this paper, we study and analyze the economic impact of the data integrity attack to distributed DC-OPF algorithms. In particular, we demonstrate how a malicious generator could gain more economic profit by compromising the distributed controller of its bus, modifying the information sent to neighboring buses and manipulating the power dispatch commands. To our best knowledge, this is the first paper to show the economic impact of malicious attacks in distributed DC-OPF. By revealing such potential financial risks, this paper conveys the message that besides the efforts of designing novel distributed energy management algorithms to address the DERs integration challenges, it is equally important to protect the distributed energy management algorithms from possible malicious attacks to avoid potential economic loss. The economic impact of the data integrity attack is illustrated in the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system.}, booktitle={2015 north american power symposium (naps)}, author={Duan, J. and Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{becerra_zeng_chow_rodriiuez-andina_2015, title={Green city: A low-cost testbed for distributed control algorithms in smart grid}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2015.7392385}, abstractNote={As a type of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), Smart Grid has been adding more communication and control capabilities to improve power efficiency and availability. Especially, more and more distributed control algorithms have been developed for Smart Grids because of their flexibility and robustness. In order to deploy them in real electric power systems, distributed control algorithms must be tested, not only in theoretical simulations, but also in testbeds subject to real world constraints that can provide feedback to make the algorithm robust. Implementations of these algorithms in a Smart Grid environment are facing many cyber-physical challenges such as possible communication failures or imperfections, noisy signals, etc. These challenges can lead to increasing economical expenditure or cause failure of the power system. There exist different approaches for testing distributed control algorithms, from using state-of-the-art facilities to software or hardware-in-the-loop simulations. To better emulate real-world electric grid operation scenarios with low capital investment, in this paper the Green City (GC) testbed is proposed as a suitable platform for both control theory researchers in Smart Grid, and for engineering education, allowing students to learn through hands-on experiences. GC has been conceived as a multi-agent networked CPS with the following main features: 1- Smart Grid environment emulation with low-cost physical elements; 2- Fast prototyping capability of distributed control algorithms for Smart Grid.}, booktitle={Iecon 2015 - 41st annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Becerra, A. C. and Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y. and Rodriiuez-Andina, J. J.}, year={2015}, pages={1948–1953} }
 @article{yang_chow_hu_zhang_2015, title={Guest Editorial New Trends of Demand Response in Smart Grids}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2015.2490623}, abstractNote={The papers in this special section focus on technological and system developments in designing power grids. The power grid is a large interconnected infrastructure for delivering electricity from power plants to end users. Now, traditional grids are facing kinds of challenges, and the world is proposing to modernize legacy and make strides toward smart grid. It is widely recognized that demand response is the core feature of smart grid, which can be formally defined as “changes in electric use by demand-side resources from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity, or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized. With the support of the advanced information and communication technologies, demand response is able to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of power generation, distribution, and utilization.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Yang, Zaiyue and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Hu, Guoqiang and Zhang, Yan}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={1505–1508} }
 @inproceedings{rahimi-eichi_jeon_chow_yeo_2015, title={Incorporating big data analysis in speed profile classification for range estimation}, DOI={10.1109/indin.2015.7281921}, abstractNote={Incorporation of data from multiple resources and various structures is necessary for accurate estimation of the driving range for electric vehicles. In addition to the parameters of the vehicle model, states of the battery, weather information, and road grade, the driving behavior of the driver in different regions is a critical factor in predicting the speed/acceleration profile of the vehicle. Following our previously proposed big data analysis framework for range estimation, in this paper we implement and compare different techniques for speed profile generation. Moreover we add the big data analysis classification results to especially improve the performance of the Markov Chain approach. The quantitative results show the significant influence of considering the big data analysis results on range estimation.}, booktitle={Proceedings 2015 ieee international conference on industrial informatics (indin)}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, H. and Jeon, P. B. and Chow, M. Y. and Yeo, T. J.}, year={2015}, pages={1290–1295} }
 @article{yang_long_you_chow_2015, title={Joint Scheduling of Large-Scale Appliances and Batteries Via Distributed Mixed Optimization}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2354071}, abstractNote={This paper investigates joint scheduling problem of large-scale smart appliances and batteries (e.g., in a smart building), to minimize electricity payment, user's dissatisfaction and battery loss under kinds of constraints. Due to the binary nature of charge and discharge states of battery, this problem is formulated as a constrained mixed-integer nonlinear program. In order to solve it efficiently, a distributed mixed optimization approach is proposed. First, Lagrangian relaxation is applied to decompose the original problem into two sets of subproblems, each of which corresponds to scheduling on appliance/battery. Then, the battery scheduling subproblem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program and tackled by Benders decomposition. The main advantages of the proposed approach are the distributed implementation and low computational complexity, as shown by simulations.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Yang, Zaiyue and Long, Keyu and You, Pengcheng and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={2031–2040} }
 @inproceedings{yang_long_you_chow_2015, title={Joint scheduling of large-scale appliances and batteries via distributed mixed optimization}, booktitle={2015 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Yang, Z. Y. and Long, K. Y. and You, P. C. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{deng_yang_chen_chow_2015, title={Load scheduling with price uncertainty and temporally-coupled constraints in smart grids}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286257}, abstractNote={Recent years have witnessed the significant growth in electricity consumption. The emerging smart grid aims to address the ever-increasing load through appropriate scheduling, i.e., to shift the energy demand from peak to off-peak periods by pricing tariffs as incentives. Under the real-time pricing environment, due to the uncertainty of future prices, load scheduling is formulated as an optimization problem with expectation and temporally-coupled constraints. Instead of resorting to stochastic dynamic programming that is generally prohibitive to be explicitly solved, we propose dual decomposition and stochastic gradient to solve the problem. That is, the primal problem is firstly dually decomposed into a series of separable subproblems, and then the price uncertainty in each subproblem is addressed by stochastic gradient based on the statistical knowledge of future prices. In addition, we propose an online approach to further alleviate the impact of price prediction error. Numerical results are provided to validate our theoretical analysis.}, number={6}, booktitle={2015 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Deng, R. L. and Yang, Z. Y. and Chen, J. M. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015}, pages={2823–2834} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_asr_chow_2015, title={Online convergence factor tuning for robust cooperative distributed economic dispatch}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2015.7285652}, abstractNote={Solving economic dispatch problem (EDP) in a distributed way has attracted lots of attention in recent years due to its scalability and robustness to single points of failure. Robust distributed system Incremental Cost Estimation (RICE) algorithm has been proposed to solve the classic EDP in a distributed way considering communications information losses. However, assuring the stability of the algorithm without knowing the global information of the system is a challenging issue. This paper provides a distributed online approach to tune a certain parameter of the algorithm called “convergence factor” using only local information to assure the algorithm is stable. To do this, a local energy function is defined for each agent. As the algorithm proceeds, each agent uses a decaying mechanism to tune its convergence factor to ensure that its local energy function is within a certain bound. The summation of local energy functions represents an energy function for the entire network. Therefore, if each agent uses the tuning mechanism, the energy of the system would be forced to be constrained and the system will become stable. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified through several case studies.}, booktitle={2015 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Zhang, Y. and Asr, N. R. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{balagopal_chow_2015, title={The state of the art approaches to estimate the state of health (SOH) and state of function (SOF) of lithium ion batteries}, DOI={10.1109/indin.2015.7281923}, abstractNote={This paper discusses the commonly used techniques to estimate the state of health (SOH) and state of function (SOF) of lithium ion batteries and their limitations. Factors affecting the health and SOF of the battery are discussed in this paper. The SOH of the battery is mainly represented by the capacity degradation and the increase in the internal resistance. The other indices that could represent the battery's health are also briefly discussed. The different techniques that are used to estimate the capacity and internal resistance of the battery are discussed along with their limitations. The concept of SOF and its relationship with SOC, SOH and temperature are discussed along with the commonly used techniques to estimate the SOF of the battery. This paper also discusses the limitations in the definition and estimation of the SOF.}, booktitle={Proceedings 2015 ieee international conference on industrial informatics (indin)}, author={Balagopal, B. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2015}, pages={1302–1307} }
 @article{zeng_chow_2014, title={A Reputation-Based Secure Distributed Control Methodology in D-NCS}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2014.2311405}, abstractNote={Distributed networked control systems (D-NCSs) are more vulnerable to malicious attacks with the adoption of distributed control strategies. The misbehaving agents in the D-NCS can disrupt the distributed control algorithms and gradually compromise the entire system. In this paper, a multirobot system using the linear consensus algorithm for formation control is studied where parts of the robots are compromised. A reputation-based secure distributed control methodology with built-in defense is proposed to achieve accurate consensus computation in the presence of misbehaving robots. It embeds four phases (i.e., detection, mitigation, identification, and update) into the distributed control process. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through simulation analysis and experimental results.}, number={11}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Zeng, Wente and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={6294–6303} }
 @article{davoudi_guerrero_lewis_balog_johnson_weaver_wang_edrington_blasco-gimenez_dominguez-garcia_et al._2014, title={Advanced distributed control of energy conversion devices and systems}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1109/tec.2014.2364751}, abstractNote={The papers in this special issue on advanced distributed control of energy conversion devices and systems are loosely grouped into three categories: 1) ac energy conversion systems; 2) dc energy conversion systems; and 3) optimization and standards.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion}, author={Davoudi, A. and Guerrero, J. M. and Lewis, F. and Balog, R. and Johnson, B. and Weaver, W. and Wang, L. W. and Edrington, C. and Blasco-Gimenez, R. and Dominguez-Garcia, A. and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={819–822} }
 @article{rahbari-asr_chow_2014, title={Cooperative Distributed Demand Management for Community Charging of PHEV/PEVs Based on KKT Conditions and Consensus Networks}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2014.2304412}, abstractNote={Efficient and reliable demand side management techniques for community charging of plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electrical vehicles (PEVs) are needed, as large numbers of these vehicles are being introduced to the power grid. To avoid overloads and maximize customer preferences in terms of time and cost of charging, a constrained nonlinear optimization problem can be formulated. In this paper, we have developed a novel cooperative distributed algorithm for charging control of PHEVs/PEVs that solves the constrained nonlinear optimization problem using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and consensus networks in a distributed fashion. In our design, the global optimal power allocation under all local and global constraints is reached through peer-to-peer coordination of charging stations. Therefore, the need for a central control unit is eliminated. In this way, single-node congestion is avoided when the size of the problem is increased and the system gains robustness against single-link/node failures. Furthermore, via Monte Carlo simulations, we have demonstrated that the proposed distributed method is scalable with the number of charging points and returns solutions, which are comparable to centralized optimization algorithms with a maximum of 2% sub-optimality. Thus, the main advantages of our approach are eliminating the need for a central energy management/coordination unit, gaining robustness against single-link/node failures, and being scalable in terms of single-node computations.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Rahbari-Asr, Navid and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1907–1916} }
 @article{rodriguez-araujo_rodriguez-andina_farina_chow_2014, title={Field-Programmable System-on-Chip for Localization of UGVs in an Indoor iSpace}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2013.2294112}, abstractNote={The ability to perform accurate localization is a fundamental requirement of the navigation systems intended to guide unmanned ground vehicles in a given environment. Currently, the use of vision-based systems is a very suitable alternative for some indoor applications. This paper presents a novel distributed FPGA-based embedded image processing system for accurate and fast simultaneous estimation of the position and orientation of remotely controlled vehicles in indoor spaces. It is based on a network of distributed image processing nodes, which minimize the amount of data to be transmitted through communication networks and hence allow dynamic response to be improved, providing a simple, flexible, low-cost, and very efficient solution. The proposed system works properly under variable or nonhomogeneous illumination conditions, which simplifies the deployment. Experimental results on a real scenario are presented and discussed. They demonstrate that the system clearly outperforms the existing solutions of similar complexity. Only much more complex and expensive systems achieve similar performance.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Rodriguez-Araujo, Jorge and Rodriguez-Andina, Juan J. and Farina, Jose and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={1033–1043} }
 @article{chow_baronti_williamson_ma_2014, title={Guest Editorial: Special Section on Information and Control Technologies in the Electrification of Transportation}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2014.2336176}, abstractNote={E CONOMIC and environmental incentives, as well as advances in information and control technologies, are reshaping the traditional view of transportation systems. The emergence of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has shown that electrification is a clear trend to improve performance, efficiency, and sustainability of transportation systems since electricity is becoming cleaner, greener, and more affordable through the introduction of renewable sources. With the introduction of advanced electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation systems, there is an in-depth need to address the potential communication and control challenges posed by the penetration of these vehicles to the electricity grid, maintaining battery performance and managing the interaction between the battery and combustion engine in HEVs. Currently, the electrification of transportation is increasingly taking advantage of the opportunities afforded by advancement of information and control technologies to offer new and original functions and solutions. This Special Section on “Information and Control Technologies in the Electrification of Transportation” is focused on the development, adoption, and application of information and control technologies for transportation electrification. Topics that were announced to be addressed in this section included, but were not limited to, the following research areas and technologies: 1) information and control technologies for PHEVs and PEVs; 2) vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicleto-home (V2H) interface, communication, and applications; 3) energy management systems for controlling the charging process of plug-in vehicles; 4) charge/depletion control for hybrid plug-in vehicles; 5) energy/battery management systems; 6) charging stations; level I, II, and III charging; wireless charging; fast and opportunity charging; 7) energy storage; hybrid battery/ultra-capacitor energy storage systems (ESSs); 8) network integration in transportation systems (heterogeneous networks and wired/wireless); 9) mass transit/public transportation electrification: standards; modeling, and simulations; 10) vehicle-grid communication and control; 11) security, reliability, and availability of electrified transportation systems. We received many papers from different research groups and variety of perspectives for this section. After a thorough evaluation of the papers by reviewers, the editorial board chose seven papers to appear in this section. These papers, as will be explained in more details in the following, are well-written}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Chow, Mo-Yuen and Baronti, Federico and Williamson, Sheldon S. and Ma, Chengbin}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1904–1906} }
 @article{rahbari-asr_ojha_zhang_chow_2014, title={Incremental Welfare Consensus Algorithm for Cooperative Distributed Generation/Demand Response in Smart Grid}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, DOI={10.1109/tsg.2014.2346511}, abstractNote={In this paper, we introduce the incremental welfare consensus algorithm for solving the energy management problem in a smart grid environment populated with distributed generators and responsive demands. The proposed algorithm is distributed and cooperative such that it eliminates the need for a central energy-management unit, central price coordinator, or leader. The optimum energy solution is found through local peer-to-peer communications among smart devices. Each distributed generation unit is connected to a local price regulator, as is each consumer unit. In response to the price of energy proposed by the local price regulators, the power regulator on each generation/consumer unit determines the level of generation/consumption power needed to optimize the benefit of the device. The consensus-based coordination among price regulators drives the behavior of the overall system toward the global optimum, despite the greedy behavior of each unit. The primary advantages of the proposed approach are: 1) convergence to the global optimum without requiring a central controller/coordinator or leader, despite the greedy behavior at the individual level and limited communications; and 2) scalability in terms of per-node computation and communications burden.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, author={Rahbari-Asr, Navid and Ojha, Unnati and Zhang, Ziang and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={2836–2845} }
 @article{rahimi-eichi_baronti_chow_2014, title={Online Adaptive Parameter Identification and State-of-Charge Coestimation for Lithium-Polymer Battery Cells}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2013.2263774}, abstractNote={Real-time estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is a crucial need in the growing fields of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and smart grid applications. The accuracy of the estimation algorithm directly depends on the accuracy of the model used to describe the characteristics of the battery. Considering a resistance-capacitance (RC)-equivalent circuit to model the battery dynamics, we use a piecewise linear approximation with varying coefficients to describe the inherently nonlinear relationship between the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and the SOC of the battery. Several experimental test results on lithium (Li)-polymer batteries show that not only do the VOC-SOC relationship coefficients vary with the SOC and charging/discharging rates but also the RC parameters vary with them as well. The moving window least squares parameter-identification technique was validated by both data obtained from a simulated battery model and experimental data. The necessity of updating the parameters is evaluated using observers with updating and nonupdating parameters. Finally, the SOC coestimation method is compared with the existing well-known SOC estimation approaches in terms of performance and accuracy of estimation.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, Habiballah and Baronti, Federico and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={2053–2061} }
 @article{deng_yang_chen_asr_chow_2014, title={Residential Energy Consumption Scheduling: A Coupled-Constraint Game Approach}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, DOI={10.1109/tsg.2013.2287494}, abstractNote={This paper investigates the residential energy consumption scheduling problem, which is formulated as a coupled-constraint game by taking the interaction among users and the temporally-coupled constraint into consideration. The proposed solution consists of two parts. Firstly, dual decomposition is applied to transform the original coupled-constraint game into a decoupled one. Then, Nash equilibrium of the decoupled game is proven to be achievable via best response, which is computed by gradient projection. The proposed solution is also extended to an online version, which is able to alleviate the impact of the price prediction error. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively shift the peak-hour demand to off-peak hours, enhance the welfare of each user, and minimize the peak-to-average ratio. The scalability of the approach and the impact of the user number are also investigated.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, author={Deng, Ruilong and Yang, Zaiyue and Chen, Jiming and Asr, Navid Rahbari and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={1340–1350} }
 @article{zeng_chow_2014, title={Resilient Distributed Control in the Presence of Misbehaving Agents in Networked Control Systems}, volume={44}, ISSN={["2168-2275"]}, DOI={10.1109/tcyb.2014.2301434}, abstractNote={In this paper, we study the problem of reaching a consensus among all the agents in the networked control systems (NCS) in the presence of misbehaving agents. A reputation-based resilient distributed control algorithm is first proposed for the leader-follower consensus network. The proposed algorithm embeds a resilience mechanism that includes four phases (detection, mitigation, identification, and update), into the control process in a distributed manner. At each phase, every agent only uses local and one-hop neighbors' information to identify and isolate the misbehaving agents, and even compensate their effect on the system. We then extend the proposed algorithm to the leaderless consensus network by introducing and adding two recovery schemes (rollback and excitation recovery) into the current framework to guarantee the accurate convergence of the well-behaving agents in NCS. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through case studies in multirobot formation control and wireless sensor networks.}, number={11}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS}, author={Zeng, Wente and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={2038–2049} }
 @inproceedings{rahimi-eichi_chow_2013, title={Adaptive online battery parameters/SOC/capacity co-estimation}, DOI={10.1109/itec.2013.6574502}, abstractNote={Total capacity is one of the most important parameters to characterize the performance and application of a battery. Although the nominal capacity is provided by the manufacturer, the actual capacity is subject to change with cycling effect, temperature and even storage ageing of the battery. Following our previous publications in which we developed an online adaptive parameters/state of charge (SOC) co-estimation algorithm to identify the parameters of the dynamic model of the battery and accordingly design an observer to estimate the SOC. In this paper, first we show that the parameters identification and SOC estimation results are not dependent on the correct approximation of the capacity. Afterwards, using the estimated SOC, we design another observer to estimate the actual capacity of the battery.}, booktitle={2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, H. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2013} }
 @inbook{rahimi-eichi_chow_2013, place={Singapore}, title={Batteries}, booktitle={The World Scientific Handbook of Energy}, publisher={World Scientific Publishing Company Inc. and Imperial College Press}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, H. and Chow, M.-Y.}, editor={Crawley, G.M.Editor}, year={2013}, pages={405–426} }
 @article{rahimi-eichi_ojha_baronti_chow_2013, title={Battery Management System An Overview of Its Application in the Smart Grid and Electric Vehicles}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1941-0115"]}, DOI={10.1109/mie.2013.2250351}, abstractNote={With the rapidly evolving technology of the smart grid and electric vehicles (EVs), the battery has emerged as the most prominent energy storage device, attracting a significant amount of attention. The very recent discussions about the performance of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in the Boeing 787 have confirmed so far that, while battery technology is growing very quickly, developing cells with higher power and energy densities, it is equally important to improve the performance of the battery management system (BMS) to make the battery a safe, reliable, and cost-efficient solution. The specific characteristics and needs of the smart grid and EVs, such as deep charge/discharge protection and accurate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimation, intensify the need for a more efficient BMS. The BMS should contain accurate algorithms to measure and estimate the functional status of the battery and, at the same time, be equipped with state-of-the-art mechanisms to protect the battery from hazardous and inefficient operating conditions.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, Habiballah and Ojha, Unnati and Baronti, Federico and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={4–16} }
 @inproceedings{asr_zhang_chow_2013, title={Consensus-based distributed energy management with real-time pricing}, DOI={10.1109/pesmg.2013.6672511}, abstractNote={Energy management is becoming a crucial issue in the future power grid system as more controllable energy resources and responsive loads with communications abilities are being introduced into the smart grid. This paper proposes a novel distributed approach to deal with energy management in the smart grid under dispatchable distributed generators and responsive loads using real-time pricing (RTP) and consensus networks to maximize the social welfare. In our algorithm, each distributed generation/consumer unit, in response to the local price of energy, decides on its optimal power generation/ consumption level to maximize its benefit at the device level. However, the consensus-based coordination of price among local retailers drives the behavior of the overall system toward the global optimum, despite the greedy behavior of the generation and consumer units. The main features of our algorithm are computational and communicational scalability, as well as privacy of information.}, booktitle={2013 ieee power and energy society general meeting (pes)}, author={Asr, N. R. and Zhang, Z. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2013} }
 @inproceedings{zeng_chow_2013, title={Convergence and recovery analysis of the secure distributed control methodology for D-NCS}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2013.6563743}, abstractNote={Distributed control algorithms (e.g., consensus algorithms) are vulnerable to the misbehaving agent compromised by cyber attacks in the Distributed Networked Control Systems (D-NCS). In this paper we continue our work on a proposed secure distributed control methodology that is capable of performing a secure consensus computation in D-NCS in the presence of misbehaving agents. The methodology is introduced first and proven to be effective through convergence analysis. Then, we extend our secure distributed control methodology to the leaderless consensus network by introducing and adding two recovery schemes into the current secure distributed control framework to guarantee accurate convergence in the presence of misbehaving agents. All phases of our method are distributed. That is, at each step of the detection, mitigation, identification, update, and recovery, each agent only uses local and one-hop neighbors' information. The simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.}, booktitle={2013 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)}, author={Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2013} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_zhang_chow_2013, title={Distributed energy management under smart grid plug-and-play operations}, DOI={10.1109/pesmg.2013.6672509}, abstractNote={With the increasing penetration of distributed generation, the plug-and-play energy resources or energy storage devices will become a required functionality of future power systems. Effective distributed control algorithms could be embedded in distributed controllers to allocate energy among the generating systems economically when a plug-and-play operation is performed. The Incremental Cost Consensus (ICC) algorithm can solve this kind of Economic Dispatch Problem (EDP) in a distributed fashion. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the performance of the ICC algorithm under smart grid plug-and-play operations.}, booktitle={2013 ieee power and energy society general meeting (pes)}, author={Zhang, Z. and Zhang, Y. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2013} }
 @article{zeng_chow_2013, title={Modeling and Optimizing the Performance-Security Tradeoff on D-NCS Using the Coevolutionary Paradigm}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2012.2209662}, abstractNote={Distributed networked control systems (D-NCS) are vulnerable to various network attacks when the network is not secured; thus, D-NCS must be well protected with security mechanisms (e.g., cryptography), which may adversely affect the dynamic performance of the D-NCS because of limited system resources. This paper addresses the tradeoff between D-NCS security and its real-time performance and uses the Intelligent Space (iSpace) for illustration. A tradeoff model for a system's dynamic performance and its security is presented. This model can be used to allocate system resources to provide sufficient protection and to satisfy the D-NCS's real-time dynamic performance requirements simultaneously. Then, the paper proposes a paradigm of the performance-security tradeoff optimization based on the coevolutionary genetic algorithm (CGA) for D-NCS. A Simulink-based test-bed is implemented to illustrate the effectiveness of this paradigm. The results of the simulation show that the CGA can efficiently find the optimal values in a performance-security tradeoff model for D-NCS.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Zeng, Wente and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={394–402} }
 @inproceedings{rahbari-asr_chow_yang_chen_2013, title={Network cooperative distributed pricing control system for large-scale optimal charging of PHEVs/PEVs}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2013.6700146}, abstractNote={Efficient demand management policies at the grid side are required for large scale charging of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Electric vehicles (PHEVs/PEVs). The SoC level and Charging Cost should be optimized while the aggregate load is kept under a safety limit to avoid overloads. Conventionally, optimal managing of the charging rates requires gathering and processing data in a center. However, as the scale of the problem increases to consider thousands of charging stations distributed over a vast geographical area, the central approach suffers from vulnerability to single node/link failures as well as scalability. This paper introduces a novel decentralized network cooperative approach for controlling the PHEV/PEV charging rates. In this approach, each charging station acts as a local retailer of energy, selling the power to the plugged in vehicle while coordinating the price with its neighbors. In response to the offered price, the Smart-Charger of the vehicle adjusts the charging current to maximize the utility of the PHEV/PEV user. By iteratively repeating this process, the convergence to the global optimum is attained without the requirement for any central unit. Robustness to single link/node failures is another advantage of our method.}, booktitle={39th annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society (iecon 2013)}, author={Rahbari-Asr, N. and Chow, M. Y. and Yang, Z. Y. and Chen, J. M.}, year={2013}, pages={6148–6153} }
 @inproceedings{asr_chow_2013, title={Network coordinated distributed demand management for optimal large-scale charging of PHEVs/PEVs}, DOI={10.1109/pesmg.2013.6672367}, abstractNote={Designing efficient demand management policies for charging Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEVs) and Plug-in Electrical Vehicles (PEVs) is becoming a vital issue as increasing numbers of these vehicles are being introduced to the power grid. In order to avoid overloads and satisfy customer preferences in terms of the time and cost of charging, a distribution-level charging algorithm can be formulated to solve a constrained optimization problem. In this paper, we have developed a novel network distributed algorithm for optimal charging of PHEVs/PEVs within a consensus algorithm framework. In our design, the global optimal power allocation under all local and global constraints is reached by peer-to-peer coordination of charging stations. Therefore, the need for a central control unit is eliminated. In this way, the single node congestion is avoided when the size of the problem is increased, and the system gains robustness against single link/node failures.}, booktitle={2013 ieee power and energy society general meeting (pes)}, author={Asr, N. R. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2013} }
 @inproceedings{rahimi-eichi_balagopal_chow_yeo_2013, title={Sensitivity Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Model to Battery Parameters}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2013.6700257}, abstractNote={Different models have been proposed so far to represent the dynamic characteristics of batteries. These models contain a number of parameters and each of them represents an internal characteristic of the battery. Since the battery is an entity that works based on many electrochemical reactions, the battery parameters are subject to change due to different conditions of state of charge (SOC), C-rate, temperature and ageing. Referring to our previous work on online identification of the battery parameters, the change in the parameters even during one charging cycle is an experimental fact at least for many lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, the terminal voltage is used as the output to investigate the effect of changes in the parameters on the battery model. Therefore, we analyze the sensitivity of the model to the parameters and validate the analysis by comparing it with the simulation results. Since the output of the model is one of the main components in estimation of the state of charge (SOC), the sensitivity analysis determines the need to update each of the battery parameters in the SOC estimation structure.}, booktitle={39th annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society (iecon 2013)}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, H. and Balagopal, B. and Chow, M. Y. and Yeo, T. J.}, year={2013}, pages={6794–6799} }
 @article{su_rahimi-eichi_zeng_chow_2012, title={A Survey on the Electrification of Transportation in a Smart Grid Environment}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1941-0050"]}, DOI={10.1109/tii.2011.2172454}, abstractNote={Economics and environmental incentives, as well as advances in technology, are reshaping the traditional view of industrial systems. The anticipation of a large penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the market brings up many technical problems that are highly related to industrial information technologies within the next ten years. There is a need for an in-depth understanding of the electrification of transportation in the industrial environment. It is important to consolidate the practical and the conceptual knowledge of industrial informatics in order to support the emerging electric vehicle (EV) technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the electrification of transportation in an industrial environment. In addition, it provides a comprehensive survey of the EVs in the field of industrial informatics systems, namely: 1) charging infrastructure and PHEV/PEV batteries; 2) intelligent energy management; 3) vehicle-to-grid; and 4) communication requirements. Moreover, this paper presents a future perspective of industrial information technologies to accelerate the market introduction and penetration of advanced electric drive vehicles.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS}, author={Su, Wencong and Rahimi-Eichi, Habiballah and Zeng, Wente and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={1–10} }
 @inproceedings{rahimi-eichi_chow_2012, title={Adaptive Parameter Identification and State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2012.6389248}, abstractNote={Estimation of the State of Charge (SOC) is a fundamental need for the battery, which is the most important energy storage in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the Smart Grid. Regarding those applications, the SOC estimation algorithm is expected to be accurate and easy to implement. In this paper, after considering a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit-equivalent model for the battery, the nonlinear relationship between the Open Circuit Voltage (VOC) and the SOC is described in a lookup table obtained from experimental tests. Assuming piecewise linearity for the VOC-SOC curve in small time steps, a parameter identification technique is applied to the real current and voltage data to estimate and update the parameters of the battery at each step. Subsequently, a reduced-order linear observer is designed for this continuously updating model to estimate the SOC as one of the states of the battery system. In designing the observer, a mixture of Coulomb counting and VOC algorithm is combined with the adaptive parameter-updating approach and increases the accuracy to less than 5% error. This paper also investigates the correlation between the SOC estimation error and the observability criterion for the battery model, which is directly related to the slope of the VOC- SOC curve.}, booktitle={38th annual conference on ieee industrial electronics society (iecon 2012)}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, H. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2012}, pages={4012–4017} }
 @inproceedings{rahimi-eichi_chow_2012, title={Auction-based energy management system of a large-scale PHEV municipal parking deck}, DOI={10.1109/ecce.2012.6342592}, abstractNote={The Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is becoming the most significant component of the future advanced transportation system and an important part of the smart grid. The energy management issue of charging a large number of PHEVs parked in a municipal parking lot with a limited amount of power available from the grid can be formulated as an optimization problem. Since the problem is basically a scalable resource allocation problem, a proportional allocation mechanism in auction theory is used to address the issue as a market-based tool. Also, a decentralized algorithm based on auction theory is developed that furnishes an updating rule to the vehicles as bidders to make the optimal decision about their next bid. This decision considers their previous bids and the price they have received from the market manager as a feedback. In this paper, considering PHEVs as price-taker bidders, we apply the auction theory method to solve the PHEV parking lot optimization problem for 10 vehicles, as a small example, and then for a large number of vehicles. The results are presented for both cases and compared to the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as a well-known population-based optimization method.}, booktitle={2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, H. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2012}, pages={1811–1818} }
 @inproceedings{zeng_chow_2012, title={CGA based performance-security trade-off optimization in a networked DC motor system}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2012.6237371}, abstractNote={There are increasing concerns about the protection of the Networked Control Systems (NCS) security because of the growing threats of cyber attacks. However, security requirements often conflict with other performance requirements, like realtime dynamic performance due to limited system resources. We investigate the problem of the trade-off between NCS security and the NCS real-time performance in this paper. We first present a trade-off model for performance and security on NCS using a networked DC Motor system as an example. Then, a framework of performance-security trade-off optimization based on Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithm (CGA) for this networked DC motor system is proposed. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed CGA framework is an effective approach for performance-security trade-off analysis and optimization on NCS.}, booktitle={2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)}, author={Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2012}, pages={1834–1839} }
 @article{su_chow_2012, title={Computational intelligence-based energy management for a large-scale PHEV/PEV enabled municipal parking deck}, volume={96}, ISSN={0306-2619}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.088}, DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.088}, abstractNote={There is a growing need to address the potential problems caused by the emergence of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) within the next 10 years. In the near future, a large number of PHEVs/PEVs in our society will add a large-scale energy load to our power grids, as well as add substantial energy resources that can be utilized. The large penetration of these vehicles into the marketplace poses a potential threat to the existing power grid. The existing parking infrastructure is not ready for the large penetration of plug-in vehicles and the high demand of electricity. Nowadays, the advanced computational intelligence methods can be applied to solve large-scale optimization problems in a Smart Grid environment. In this paper, authors propose and implement a suite of computational intelligence-based algorithms (e.g., Estimation of Distribution Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization) for optimally managing a large number of PHEVs/PEVs charging at a municipal parking station. Authors characterize the performance of the proposed methods using a Matlab simulation, and compare it with other optimization techniques.}, journal={Applied Energy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Su, Wencong and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={171–182} }
 @article{zhang_chow_2012, title={Convergence Analysis of the Incremental Cost Consensus Algorithm Under Different Communication Network Topologies in a Smart Grid}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrs.2012.2188912}, abstractNote={In a smart grid, effective distributed control algorithms could be embedded in distributed controllers to properly allocate electrical power among connected buses autonomously. By selecting the incremental cost of each generation unit as the consensus variable, the incremental cost consensus (ICC) algorithm is able to solve the conventional centralized economic dispatch problem in a distributed manner. The mathematical formulation of the algorithm has been presented in this paper. The results of several case studies have also been presented to show that the difference between network topologies will influence the convergence rate of the ICC algorithm.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Zhang, Ziang and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={1761–1768} }
 @inproceedings{su_wang_zhang_chow_2012, title={Framework for Investigating the Impact of PHEV Charging on Power Distribution System and Transportation Network}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2012.6389482}, abstractNote={Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have received increasing attention because of their low pollution emissions, petroleum independence, and high fuel economy. The large market penetration of these vehicles is dramatically changing the view of the power distribution system. Unlike other power loads, these vehicles can be connected to power grids anywhere and anytime, which brings more spatial and temporal diversity and uncertainty. There is an urgent need to investigate the impact of PHEV/PEV charging on the power distribution system considering multidisciplinary complexities (e.g., driving behavior, route and departure time choice, charging station location, engineering, policy, economic, environment, technology, and social impact). This paper consolidates the modeling and simulation of power distribution system and transportation network in order to assess the emerging electric vehicle technologies. Moreover, this paper proposes a comprehensive co-modeling/simulation framework for investigating the impact of the electrification of transportation in the real world.}, booktitle={38th annual conference on ieee industrial electronics society (iecon 2012)}, author={Su, W. C. and Wang, J. H. and Zhang, K. L. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2012}, pages={4735–4740} }
 @inproceedings{ojha_asr_chow_2012, title={Gene library for real-time monitoring of large scale time-sensitive systems}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2012.6237319}, abstractNote={For time-sensitive applications with hard real-time constraint, the utility of a decision goes to zero if the deadline is missed thus it is very important to use methodologies that can deliver solutions within their time limit. For large scale monitoring and prediction systems with small time periods this problem renders conservative optimization techniques to be useless especially because of the time they take to calculate optimal values. In order to make real-time decisions, we need to introduce methods that are computationally light and can still maintain accuracy that is close to results given by optimization methods. A gene library was formulated that stored (i) the regulatory proteins in order to select the relevant features that determined the system behavior and (ii) computationally simple mappings that mapped these relevant features to the desired system state. The proposed method was implemented in an Intelligent Transportation System scenario to determine the rollover risk. A gene library was created that eliminated the need to perform heavy computations (solving second order differential equation) while still maintaining the accuracy of prediction to +/- 4% of the actual value in the normal operating range.}, booktitle={2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)}, author={Ojha, U. and Asr, N. R. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2012}, pages={1535–1540} }
 @inproceedings{eichi_chow_2012, title={Modeling and analysis of battery hysteresis effects}, DOI={10.1109/ecce.2012.6342212}, abstractNote={Battery state estimation is an essential step in providing an optimal management system for the battery. With an accurate relaxation-effect model, the battery's open circuit voltage (VOC) can be obtained from direct measurements of the terminal voltage and load current. The battery's state-of-charge (SOC), thereby, can be accurately estimated if a precise model for the VOC-SOC relationship with hysteresis effect is considered. This paper proposes a novel battery hysteresis effect dynamics model that provides a compact and accurate description of a family of the battery VOC-SOC trajectories over a large operating range and charging/discharging control strategies such as those used in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). The battery hysteresis loops are modeled as responses to a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) four-state system with various initial conditions. Experimental validations demonstrate that the proposed model can provide accurate descriptions of the battery hysteresis loops. The proposed hysteresis effect modeling method can be used as the basis for the VOC-based battery SOC estimation.}, booktitle={2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, author={Eichi, H. R. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2012}, pages={4479–4486} }
 @inproceedings{rahimi-eichi_baronti_chow_2012, title={Modeling and online parameter identification of Li-polymer battery cells for SOC estimation}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2012.6237284}, abstractNote={Finding an accurate and easily to implement model of batteries is an essential step in properly estimating the state of charge (SOC) of the battery in real-time. In this paper, an equivalent circuit based battery model with nonlinear relationship between the open circuit voltage (VOC) and the SOC is projected into several piece-wise linear functions. Moving window Least Squares (LS) parameter identification technique is then utilized to estimate and update the parameters of the battery model in each sampling time. The continuously updated parameters are fed to a linear observer to estimate the SOC of the battery. The effectiveness of the proposed modeling and estimation approach are verified experimentally on Lithium Polymer batteries.}, booktitle={2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)}, author={Rahimi-Eichi, H. and Baronti, F. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2012}, pages={1336–1341} }
 @article{zeng_chow_2012, title={Optimal Tradeoff Between Performance and Security in Networked Control Systems Based on Coevolutionary Algorithms}, volume={59}, ISSN={0278-0046 1557-9948}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2011.2178216}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2011.2178216}, abstractNote={Networked control systems (NCS) have to be well protected with security mechanisms from malicious attackers on the network (e.g., Internet). However, the additional security mechanism might sacrifice the performance of the NCS due to limited system resources. This paper addresses the issue of the tradeoff between NCS security and the NCS real-time performance. Using a networked DC motor system as an example, a tradeoff model for performance and security on NCS is presented. This paper also presents a framework of performance-security tradeoff optimization based on coevolutionary genetic algorithm (CGA) for the networked DC motor system. Experiments show that CGA is highly efficient in finding the Nash equilibrium for the tradeoff model on NCS. The framework presented in this paper is also demonstrated to be an effective approach for performance-security tradeoff analysis and optimization on NCS.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Zeng, Wente and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={3016–3025} }
 @inproceedings{ying_chow_2012, title={Sampling Rate Selection Influences on Incremental Cost Consensus Algorithm in Decentralized Economic Dispatch}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2012.6388566}, abstractNote={In a smart grid, distributed control algorithms can be embedded in the distributed controllers of generators to solve energy management problems without the presence of a central controller. Incremental Cost Consensus (ICC) algorithm is such a distributed algorithm that solves the economic dispatch problem (EDP) in a distributed manner. This paper considers the sampling rate selection of a system that consists of the ICC algorithm and generator dynamics. The mathematical formulation of the hybrid system is presented and the selection of a proper sampling rate is discussed. In addition, the results of the case studies are presented to show the convergence performance of a hybrid system under different sampling rate choices.}, booktitle={38th annual conference on ieee industrial electronics society (iecon 2012)}, author={Ying, X. C. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2012}, pages={1410–1415} }
 @inproceedings{zeng_chow_ning_2012, title={Secure distributed control in unreliable D-NCS}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2012.6237375}, abstractNote={Distributed Networked Control Systems (D-NCS), such as the electric power system, the transportation system, or almost any large-scale network, are vulnerable to cyber attacks. The compromised nodes in the D-NCS can affect it and cause the distributed control algorithms (e.g., consensus algorithm) to fail. This paper is concerned with the problem of designing a secure distributed control methodology that is capable of performing a secure consensus computation in a D-NCS in the presence of misbehaving nodes. We consider the case of formation control in a multi-robot system using the linear consensus algorithm, and we model the malicious attack as an exogenous input that compromises the behavior of a single robot in this multi-robot system. The proposed secure distributed control methodology includes four phases: (1) Detect the neighbors' misbehaviors relying only on each robot's local observations; (2) Adjust the consensus computation weights according to the neighbors' reputation values; (3) Identify and isolate the compromised robot; and (4) Update the reference state using the adjusted consensus computation weights to ensure the convergence of well-behaving robots. A Simulink-based testbed for multi-robot formation control is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.}, booktitle={2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)}, author={Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y. and Ning, P.}, year={2012}, pages={1858–1863} }
 @inproceedings{zeng_chow_2011, title={A trade-off model for performance and security in secured networked control systems}, DOI={10.1109/isie.2011.5984466}, abstractNote={Networked Control Systems (NCS) is a fast growing technology that integrates distributed sensors, actuators, and computing processors over a communication network for a vast amount of applications. However, the NCS can be vulnerable to various network attacks when the network used is insecure (e.g., Internet). Thus, secure NCS need to have embedded security mechanism to ensure its security operating requirements, which may sacrifice its performance due to limited system resources. This paper addresses the trade-off between NCS security and its real-time performance and use a secured networked DC motor system for illustration. This paper will present a trade-off model for system dynamic performance and system security. This model can be used to adapt security configurations to provide sufficient protection and satisfy real-time dynamic performance requirements of the NCS simultaneously. The construction of this model includes the development of a set of metrics to quantitatively measure the performance and security levels of NCS and the development of a trade-off objective function incorporating performance and security. A Simulink based test-bed implemented to control the speed of the DC motor is used to illustrate the effectiveness of this model.}, booktitle={2011 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)}, author={Zeng, W. T. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2011} }
 @article{cai_chow_2011, title={Cause-Effect Modeling and Spatial-Temporal Simulation of Power Distribution Fault Events}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrs.2010.2055899}, abstractNote={Modeling and simulation are important tools in the study of power distribution faults due to the limited amount of actual data and the high cost of experimentation. Although a number of software packages are available to simulate the electrical signals, approaches for simulating fault events in different environments have not been well developed. In this paper, we propose a framework for modeling and simulating fault events in power distribution systems based on environmental factors and the cause-effect relationships among them. The spatial and temporal aspects of significant environmental factors leading to various faults are modeled as raster maps and probability functions, respectively. The cause-effect relationships are expressed as fuzzy rules and a hierarchical fuzzy inference system is built to infer the probability of faults in the simulated environments. A test case simulating a part of a typical city's power distribution systems demonstrates the effectiveness of the framework in generating realistic distribution faults. This work is helpful in fault diagnosis for different local systems and provides a configurable data source to other researchers and engineers in similar areas as well.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Cai, Yixin and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={794–801} }
 @article{li_sun_chow_sun_2011, title={Gain-Scheduling-Based State Feedback Integral Control for Networked Control Systems}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2010.2066533}, abstractNote={This paper presents a new controller design method for networked control systems (NCSs), which is motivated by that static state feedback control (SSFC) shows an offset in the plant output when there is nonzero disturbance. Different from the existing SSFC results, the proposed method constructs a gain-scheduling-based state feedback integral controller, where an integral action is introduced to address the nonzero disturbance issue, and most especially, a gain scheduling strategy is employed to improve the control performance of NCSs. Moreover, the obtained results are also extended to the output feedback case. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Li, HongBo and Sun, ZengQi and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Sun, FuChun}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={2465–2472} }
 @inproceedings{ojha_chow_2011, title={Gene libraries for a next generation warning system in intelligent transportation}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2011.6119681}, abstractNote={Driver warning systems are the first step towards Intelligent Transportation System. There is a need for next generation warning systems that can integrate the information that is currently available in the vehicles with the information about the environment that the vehicles are operating in order to make more informed and accurate decisions. Integration of data from such different sources implies higher complexity of computation which is difficult to implement in real-time. Thus it is necessary to develop new methods that can integrate huge amount of data while meeting the hard real-time constraints of Intelligent Transportation Systems. In this paper, we introduce gene libraries that are based on the processes involved in gene expression. It is shown that gene libraries are capable of reducing the complexity of the problem by storing only the relevant information. A formulation for next generation warning system within the framework of gene libraries is proposed and simulations are presented that compare this approach with fuzzy inference system. Results show that gene library based approach is at least 23 times faster and 3.85 times more space efficient than fuzzy inference systems based approach.}, booktitle={Iecon 2011: 37th annual conference on ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Ojha, U. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2011}, pages={2376–2381} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_chow_2011, title={Incremental cost consensus algorithm in a smart grid environment}, DOI={10.1109/pes.2011.6039422}, abstractNote={In a next generation power system, effective distributed control algorithms could be embedded in distributed controllers to properly allocate electrical power among connected buses autonomously. In this paper, we present a novel approach to solve the economic dispatch problem. By selecting the incremental cost of each generation unit as the consensus variable, the algorithm is able to solve the conventional centralized control problem in a distributed manner. The row-stochastic matrices have been used to indicate the different topologies of distribution systems and their configuration properties, such as convergence speeds. The simulation results of several case studies are provided to verify the algorithm.}, booktitle={2011 ieee power and energy society general meeting}, author={Zhang, Z. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{su_chow_2011, title={Performance evaluation of A PHEV parking station using particle swarm optimization}, DOI={10.1109/pes.2011.6038937}, abstractNote={There is expected to be a large penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) into the market in the near future. As a result, many technical problems related to the impact of this technology on the power grid need to be addressed. The anticipating large penetration of PHEV into our societies will add a substantial energy load to power grids, as well as add substantial energy resources that can be utilized. There is also a need for in-depth study on PHEVs in term of Smart Grid environment. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for optimally managing a large number of PHEVs (i.e., 500) charging at a municipal parking station. We used Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to intelligently allocate energy to the PHEVs. We considered constraints such as energy price, remaining battery capacity, and remaining charging time. A mathematical framework for the objective function (i.e., maximizing the average State-of-Charge at the next time step) is also given. We characterized the performance of our PSO algorithm using a MATLAB simulation, and compared it with other techniques.}, booktitle={2011 ieee power and energy society general meeting}, author={Su, W. C. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{su_chow_2011, title={Sensitivity analysis on battery modeling to large-scale PHEV/PEV charging algorithms}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2011.6119831}, abstractNote={An in-depth need exists to address the potential problems caused by the emergence of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) within in the next 20 years. The large penetration of these vehicles into the marketplace poses a potential threat to the existing power grid. A large number of PHEVs/ PEVs may cause serious system instability without a sophisticated control strategy. Energy storage is the key enabling technology for PHEVs/PEVs. The battery state information is critical to ensure optimal utilization of the available energy. It enables optimal control over the battery's charging and discharging process, thereby reducing the risk of overcharge or undercharge and prolonging battery life. In this paper, we first simulate real-world parking deck scenarios and implement four types of battery models (i.e., the linear model, relaxation model, hysteresis model, and combined model). We then evaluate optimal performance of the proposed large-scale PHEV/PEV charging algorithms under certain operating conditions. We characterize system performance and illustrate the importance of battery modeling to large-scale charging algorithms. The simulation results provide a general overview of the impact of battery modeling on optimal performance.}, booktitle={Iecon 2011: 37th annual conference on ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Su, W. C. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_chow_2011, title={The leader election criterion for decentralized economic dispatch using incremental cost consensus algorithm}, DOI={10.1109/iecon.2011.6119743}, abstractNote={In a smart grid, effective distributed control algorithms could be embedded in distributed controllers to properly allocate electrical power among connected buses autonomously. By selecting the incremental cost of each generation unit as the consensus variable, the Incremental Cost Consensus (ICC) algorithm is able to solve the conventional centralized economic dispatch problem in a distributed manner. The mathematical formulation of the algorithm is presented in this paper. The results of several case studies are also presented to show that the difference between network topologies will influence the convergence rate of the ICC algorithm.}, booktitle={Iecon 2011: 37th annual conference on ieee industrial electronics society}, author={Zhang, Z. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2011} }
 @article{gupta_masoud_chow_2010, title={A Delay-Tolerant Potential-Field-Based Network Implementation of an Integrated Navigation System}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2026764}, DOI={10.1109/TIE.2009.2026764}, abstractNote={Network controllers (NCs) are devices that are capable of converting dynamic, spatially extended, and functionally specialized modules into a taskable goal-oriented group called networked control system. This paper examines the practical aspects of designing and building an NC that uses the Internet as a communication medium. It focuses on finding compatible controller components that can be integrated via a host structure in a manner that makes it possible to network, in real-time, a webcam, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), and a remote computer server along with the necessary operator software interface. The aim is to deskill the UGV navigation process and yet maintain a robust performance. The structure of the suggested controller, its components, and the manner in which they are interfaced are described. Thorough experimental results along with performance assessment and comparisons to a previously implemented NC are provided.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Gupta, Rachana Ashok and Masoud, Ahmad A. and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={769–783} }
 @article{zhang_chow_2010, title={Comprehensive Dynamic Battery Modeling for PHEV Applications}, ISSN={["1944-9925"]}, DOI={10.1109/pes.2010.5590108}, abstractNote={With the increasing demand in PHEV safety, performance, etc., the PHEV applications require a battery model which can accurately reflect and predict the battery performance under different dynamic loads, environmental conditions, and battery conditions. An accurate battery model is the basis of the precise battery state (state of charge, state of health and state of function) estimation. And the precise battery state information can be used to enable the optimal control over the battery's charging/discharging process, therefore to manage the battery to its optimal usage, prolong the battery life, and enable vehicle to grid and vehicle to home applications fitting into the future smart grid scenario. One of the challenges in constructing such a model is to accurately reflect the highly nonlinear battery I-V performance, such as the battery's relaxation effect and the hysteresis effect. This paper will mainly focus on the relaxation effect modeling. The relaxation effect will be modeled through series connected RC circuits. Accuracy analysis demonstrates that with more RC circuit the battery model gives better accuracy, yet increases the total computational time. Therefore, to select an appropriate battery model for a certain PHEV application is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem balancing between the model accuracy and the computational complexity within the constraints set by the minimum accuracy required and the maximum computational time allowed. This multi-objective optimization problem is mapped into a weighted optimization problem to solve.}, journal={IEEE POWER AND ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING 2010}, author={Zhang, Hanlei and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{cai_chow_lu_li_2010, title={Evaluation of distribution fault diagnosis algorithms using ROC curves}, DOI={10.1109/pes.2010.5588154}, abstractNote={In power distribution fault data, the percentage of faults with different causes could be very different and varies from region to region. This data imbalance issue seriously affects the performance evaluation of fault diagnosis algorithms. Due to the limitations of conventional accuracy (ACC) and geometric mean (G-mean) measures, this paper discusses the application of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in evaluating distribution fault diagnosis performance. After introducing how to obtain ROC curves, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Artificial Immune Recognition Systems (AIRS), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm are compared using ROC curves and Area Under the Curve (AUC) on real-world fault datasets from Progress Energy Carolinas. Experimental results show that AIRS performs best most of the time and ANN is potentially a good algorithm with a proper decision threshold.}, booktitle={Ieee power and energy soceity general meeting 2010}, author={Cai, Y. X. and Chow, M. Y. and Lu, W. B. and Li, L. X.}, year={2010} }
 @article{gao_ovaska_wang_chow_2010, title={MULTI-LEVEL OPTIMIZATION OF NEGATIVE SELECTION ALGORITHM DETECTORS WITH APPLICATION IN MOTOR FAULT DETECTION}, volume={16}, ISSN={["2326-005X"]}, DOI={10.1080/10798587.2010.10643086}, abstractNote={Abstract This paper proposes amulti-level optimization strategy for the Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA) detectors, based on both the Genetic Algorithms (GA) and clonal selection principle. The NSA is a natural immune response-inspired pattern discrimination method In our hierazchical optimization scheme, the NSA detectors are fast optimized by the GA to occupy the maximal coverage of the nonself space. Next, these detectors are further fine-tuned and optimized using the Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA) so as to achieve the best fault detection performance. This novel NSA detectors optimization approach is also examined with artificial data and a practical motor fault detection example.}, number={3}, journal={INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION AND SOFT COMPUTING}, author={Gao, X. Z. and Ovaska, S. J. and Wang, X. and Chow, M. -Y.}, year={2010}, pages={353–375} }
 @inproceedings{su_yuan_chow_2010, title={Microgrid planning and operation: solar energy and wind energy}, DOI={10.1109/pes.2010.5589391}, abstractNote={Economic, technology and environmental incentives are changing the features of electricity generation and transmission. Centralized power systems are giving way to local scale distributed generations. At present, there is a need to assess the effects of large numbers of distributed generators and short-term storage in Microgrid. To accommodate the high demand of renewable energy and the environment policy, the planning and operation of Micro-source generators has been studied using HOMER. Simulation results show a case study of an optimal microgrid configuration on Ontario area in Canada. Sensitivity variables are specified to examine the effect of uncertainties (e.g. diesel price and average wind speed), especially in a long-term planning. The effect of air emission penalties on Microgrid planning is also well presented.}, booktitle={Ieee power and energy soceity general meeting 2010}, author={Su, W. C. and Yuan, Z. Y. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2010} }
 @article{gupta_chow_2010, title={Networked Control System: Overview and Research Trends}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2009.2035462}, abstractNote={Networked control systems (NCSs) have been one of the main research focuses in academia as well as in industry for many decades and have become a multidisciplinary area. With these growing research trends, it is important to consolidate the latest knowledge and information to keep up with the research needs. In this paper, the NCS and its different forms are introduced and discussed. The beginning of this paper discusses the history and evolution of NCSs. The next part of this paper focuses on different fields and research arenas such as networking technology, network delay, network resource allocation, scheduling, network security in real-time NCSs, integration of components on a network, fault tolerance, etc. A brief literature survey and possible future direction concerning each topic is included.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Gupta, Rachana Ashok and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={2527–2535} }
 @article{gao_chow_pelta_timmis_2010, title={Special Issue on Artificial Immune Systems: Theory and Applications}, volume={19}, ISSN={0941-0643 1433-3058}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-007-0136-4}, DOI={10.1007/s00521-007-0136-4}, abstractNote={Natural immune systems are sophisticated and complex defense and maintenance systems with remarkable capabilities, such as learning, memory, and adaptation. The immune system can be viewed in two parts: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is inherited from birth, and endows on the host non-specific recognition of pathogenic material. The adaptive (or acquired) immune system is afforded by the specific recognition of pathogenic material, and adapts over the lifetime of the host through a process of cloning, mutation, and selection. During the past decade, numerous novel computational models and algorithms have been developed based on such immunological principles. Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), inspired by the natural immune systems, are an emerging kind of soft computing paradigm. Applied to a wide variety of applications, the AIS have recently gained considerable research interest from different communities. Their successful industry applications include robotics, optimization, fault tolerance, process control, etc. This special issue focuses on presenting the latest work in the theory and applications of artificial immune systems. The topics of interest for this special issue include, but are not limited to: Immunological modeling Population and network based immune algorithms Architectures and frameworks inspired by immune systems Novel developments in AIS, such as danger theory and cognitive immune paradigm Applications of AIS (including industrial employment of artificial immune algorithms) Hardware implementation of AIS Immunoinformatics Fusion of artificial immune systems and other soft computing methods Theoretical analysis of AIS Prospective authors are invited to submit their full papers to the guest editors before the deadline.}, number={4}, journal={Neural Computing and Applications}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Gao, Xiao-Zhi and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Pelta, David and Timmis, Jon}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={647–647} }
 @article{cai_chow_lu_li_2010, title={Statistical Feature Selection From Massive Data in Distribution Fault Diagnosis}, volume={25}, ISSN={0885-8950 1558-0679}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036924}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036924}, abstractNote={Selecting proper features to identify the root cause is a critical step in distribution fault diagnosis. Power engineers usually select features based on experience. However, engineers cannot be familiar with every local system, especially in fast growing regions. With the advancing information technologies and more powerful sensors, utilities can collect much more data on their systems than before. The phenomenon will be even more substantial for the anticipating Smart Grid environments. To help power engineers select features based on the massive data collected, this paper reviews two popular feature selection methods: 1) hypothesis test, 2) stepwise regression, and introduces another two: 3) stepwise selection by Akaike's Information Criterion, and 4) LASSO/ALASSO. These four methods are compared in terms of their model requirements, data assumptions, and computational cost. With real-world datasets from Progress Energy Carolinas, this paper also evaluates these methods and compares fault diagnosis performance by accuracy, probability of detection and false alarm ratio. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of each method for distribution fault diagnosis as well.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Cai, Yixin and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Lu, Wenbin and Li, Lexin}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={642–648} }
 @article{gao_chow_pelta_timmis_2010, title={Theory and applications of artificial immune systems}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0941-0643"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00521-010-0388-2}, abstractNote={For many years, biology has served as inspiration for the development of novel solutions to computer science and engineering problems. One of the more recent developments in this area is the use of the immune system as inspiration to solve such problems. The area of artificial immune systems (AIS) arose from the inter-disciplinary workings of immunologists and computer scientists to develop solutions to such problems as distributed control and computer security. The field has developed significantly over the recent years, with the development of solutions to a wide variety of problems ranging from document analysis, optimization, dynamic error detection, intrusion detection, robot control and bioinformatics. Within the AIS, there are common, well-understood algorithms, based on specific aspects of immunology. Clonal selection algorithms are the most widely employed and take their inspiration from how cells of the adaptive immune system (specifically, cells called B cell) interact with ‘antigen’ (something that causes an immune response) and then undergo a process of cloning, mutation and selection. This process has some similarities with the basic concept of evolution, and it is no surprise that the algorithms inspired by clonal selection have much in common with well-known evolutionary algorithms and have been applied in a similar manner. Negative selection algorithms, based on how immune cells (known as T cells) are matured in a gland called the thymus, are also very popular. This process allows for the filtering of non-reactive cells in the immune system and has been used as inspiration for building computer security systems, where there is some knowledge of what normal or self is. Finally, immune network algorithms are based on a theory regarding how immune cells (in this case B cells) are maintained as memory in the immune system over time. These B cells interact with each other in a stimulatory and inhibitory way to maintain the memory. This has been used as a metaphor to create dynamic learning algorithms and optimization methods. The special issue on the AIS is dedicated to the latest work in the theory and applications in this exciting area. Our aim is to provide several case studies of the AIS in solving typical real-world problems. After a detailed review process, a total of three papers were selected for this special issue. The first paper entitled ‘An immune-inspired multiobjective approach to the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees’ by Guilherme P. Coelho, Ana Estela A. da Silva, and Fernando J. Von Zuben proposes a new multi-objective optimization technique, namely omni-aiNet, in the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. This work is based on the immune network metaphor. The phylogenetic trees are often used to represent the relationship among different species, whose construction can be considered as a difficult multi-objective optimization problem of simultaneously minimizing two criteria: minimum evolution and meansquared error. In this paper, the immune algorithm is X.-Z. Gao (&) Aalto University, Aalto, Finland e-mail: gao@cc.hut.fi}, number={8}, journal={NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS}, author={Gao, Xiao-Zhi and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Pelta, David and Timmis, Jon}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={1101–1102} }
 @article{gao_ovaska_wang_chow_2009, title={Clonal optimization-based negative selection algorithm with applications in motor fault detection}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1433-3058"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00521-009-0276-9}, number={7}, journal={NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS}, author={Gao, X. Z. and Ovaska, S. J. and Wang, X. and Chow, M. -Y.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={719–729} }
 @article{li_chow_sun_2009, title={EDA-Based Speed Control of a Networked DC Motor System With Time Delays and Packet Losses}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/TIE.2009.2013749}, abstractNote={This paper presents a new controller design method for networked DC motor system in the presence of time delays and packet losses. The sufficient condition under which the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and the necessary condition under which the networked DC motor has zero steady-state tracking error are derived. Based on the obtained conditions, an output tracking controller design method is proposed, where the estimation of distribution algorithm is used to optimize the control parameters to improve the system control performance. The proposed method can be easily applied to various applications, since it is simple and has no assumptions on time delay and packet loss models. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Li, Hongbo and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Sun, Zengqi}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={1727–1735} }
 @inproceedings{kulshrestha_swaminathan_chow_lukic_2009, title={Evaluation of ZigBee communication platform for controlling the charging of PHEVs at a municipal parking deck}, booktitle={2009 ieee vehicle power and propulsion conference, vols 1-3}, author={Kulshrestha, P. and Swaminathan, K. and Chow, M. Y. and Lukic, S.}, year={2009}, pages={1049–1052} }
 @inproceedings{cai_chow_2009, title={Exploratory analysis of massive data for distribution fault diagnosis in smart grids}, booktitle={2009 ieee power & energy society general meeting, vols 1-8}, author={Cai, Y. X. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2009}, pages={2131–2136} }
 @inbook{chow_2009, place={New York}, title={Fuzzy Logic Based Control}, booktitle={IEEE Industrial Electronics Handbook}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Chow, M.-Y.}, year={2009}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{kulshrestha_wang_chow_lukic_2009, title={Intelligent energy management system simulator for PHEVs at municipal parking deck in a smart grid environment}, booktitle={2009 ieee power & energy society general meeting, vols 1-8}, author={Kulshrestha, P. and Wang, L. and Chow, M. Y. and Lukic, S.}, year={2009}, pages={2157–2162} }
 @article{chow_chiaverini_kitts_2009, title={Introduction to the Focused Section on Mechatronics in Multirobot Systems}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1083-4435"]}, DOI={10.1109/tmech.2009.2014462}, abstractNote={This Focused Section includes ten papers that cover advances in mechatronics that are applicable to multirobot systems. The introduction also includes highlights of related articles published in previous issues of the IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS}, author={Chow, Mo-Yuen and Chiaverini, Stefano and Kitts, Christopher}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={133–140} }
 @article{li_chow_sun_2009, title={Optimal Stabilizing Gain Selection for Networked Control Systems With Time Delays and Packet Losses}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1558-0865"]}, DOI={10.1109/TCST.2008.2004346}, abstractNote={This brief addresses the optimal-stabilization problem for networked control systems (NCSs) with time delays and packet losses. The closed-loop NCS is modeled as a discrete-time switched system, and the stability conditions are derived in terms of linear matrix inequality. A controller design method with both system stability and control performance taken into account is proposed, and estimation of distribution algorithm is used to select the optimal stabilizing gain. The proposed method can be easily implemented to various applications, since it has simple structure and has no assumptions on time-delay and packet-loss models. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY}, author={Li, Hongbo and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Sun, Zengqi}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1154–1162} }
 @article{klingenberg_ojha_chow_2009, title={Predictive Constrained Gain Scheduling For UGV Path Tracking in a Networked Control System}, ISBN={["978-1-4244-3803-7"]}, DOI={10.1109/iros.2009.5354413}, abstractNote={This paper presents a predictive gain scheduler for path tracking control in a networked control system with variable delay. The controller uses the plant model to predict future position and find the amount of travel possible with the global path as a constraint. Based on variable network conditions and vehicle trajectory's curvature the vehicle is allowed to travel farther on the current control signal while the vehicle trajectory matches the path constraint. This method uses path specific characteristics to evaluate the effectiveness of each generated control signal. By scheduling the gain on the control signal the vehicle tracking performance is maintained with an increase in network delay. The tracking time is decreased compared to other methods since the proposed control method allows the controller to look ahead and thus evaluate predicted effect of each control signal before scaling it. The proposed method is compared with existing delay compensation methods through simulation.}, journal={2009 IEEE-RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS}, author={Klingenberg, Bryan R. and Ojha, Unnati and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2009}, pages={1935–1940} }
 @article{li_chow_sun_2009, title={State feedback stabilisation of networked control systems}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1751-8652"]}, DOI={10.1049/iet-cta.2008.0260}, abstractNote={This study addresses the state feedback stabilisation problem for networked control systems (NCSs) with time delays and packet losses. By introducing the concept of ‘effective sensor packet’, a new discrete-time switched model is formulated, and the sufficient conditions for the asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system are derived. An iterative algorithm is proposed to design the corresponding stabilising controller, and the synthesis method is also extended to the servo control case. The proposed method can be easily implemented to various applications, since it is simple and has no assumptions on the time delays model and the packet losses model. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.}, number={7}, journal={IET CONTROL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS}, author={Li, H. and Chow, M. -Y. and Sun, Z.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={929–940} }
 @article{gao_ovaska_wang_chow_2008, title={A neural networks-based negative selection algorithm in fault diagnosis}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1433-3058"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00521-007-0092-z}, number={1}, journal={NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS}, author={Gao, X. Z. and Ovaska, S. J. and Wang, X. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={91–98} }
 @article{ayhan_trussell_chow_song_2008, title={On the use of a lower sampling rate for broken rotor bar detection with DTFT and AR-based spectrum methods}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/TIE.2007.896522}, abstractNote={Broken rotor bars in an induction motor create asymmetries and result in abnormal amplitude of the sidebands around the fundamental supply frequency and its harmonics. Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) techniques are applied to inspect the spectrum amplitudes at the broken rotor bar specific frequencies for abnormality and to decide about broken rotor bar fault detection and diagnosis. In this paper, we have demonstrated with experimental results that the use of a lower sampling rate with a digital notch filter is feasible for MCSA in broken rotor bar detection with discrete-time Fourier transform and autoregressive-based spectrum methods. The use of the lower sampling rate does not affect the performance of the fault detection, while requiring much less computation and low cost in implementation, which would make it easier to implement in embedded systems for motor condition monitoring.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Ayhan, Bulent and Trussell, H. Joel and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Song, Myung-Hyun}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={1421–1434} }
 @inbook{gupta_chow_2008, place={London}, title={Overview of Networked Control Systems}, ISBN={9781848002159 9781848002142}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-84800-215-9_1}, booktitle={Networked Control Systems: Theory and Applications}, publisher={Springer-Verlag}, author={Gupta, R.A. and Chow, M.-Y.}, editor={Wang, Fei-Yue and Liu, D.Editors}, year={2008} }
 @inbook{xu_chow_2008, title={Power Distribution System Fault Diagnosis Using Hybrid Algorithm of Fuzzy Classification and Artificial Immune Systems}, ISBN={9783540774648 9783540774655}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77465-5_18}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-540-77465-5_18}, booktitle={Soft Computing Applications in Industry}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Xu, Le and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={357–372} }
 @article{li_sun_liu_chow_2008, title={Predictive observer-based control for networked control systems with network-induced delay and packet dropout}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1002/asjc.065}, number={6}, journal={Asian Journal of Control}, author={Li, H. B. and Sun, Z. Q. and Liu, H. P. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2008}, pages={638–650} }
 @article{li_sun_liu_chow_2008, title={Predictive observer-based control for networked control systems with network-induced delay and packet dropout}, volume={10}, ISSN={1561-8625 1934-6093}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asjc.65}, DOI={10.1002/asjc.65}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Asian Journal of Control}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Li, Hongbo and Sun, Zengqi and Liu, Huaping and Chow, Mo-Yuen}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={638–650} }
 @article{xu_chow_taylor_2007, title={Power distribution fault cause identification with imbalanced data using the data mining-based fuzzy classification E-algorithm}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888990}, abstractNote={Power distribution systems have been significantly affected by many outage-causing events. Good fault cause identification can help expedite the restoration procedure and improve the system reliability. However, the data imbalance issue in many real-world data sets often degrades the fault cause identification performance. In this paper, the E-algorithm, which is extended from the fuzzy classification algorithm by Ishibuchi to alleviate the effect of imbalanced data constitution, is applied to Duke Energy outage data for distribution fault cause identification. Three major outage causes (tree, animal, and lightning) are used as prototypes. The performance of E-algorithm on real-world imbalanced data is compared with artificial neural network. The results show that the E-algorithm can greatly improve the performance when the data are imbalanced}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Xu, Le and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Taylor, Leroy S.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={164–171} }
 @article{xu_chow_timmis_taylor_2007, title={Power distribution outage cause identification with imbalanced data using artificial immune recognition system (AIRS) algorithm}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/TPWRS.2006.889040}, abstractNote={Power distribution systems have been significantly affected by many fault causing events. Effective outage cause identification can help expedite the restoration procedure and improve the system reliability. However, the data imbalance issue in many real-world data often degrades the outage cause identification performance. In this paper, artificial immune recognition system (AIRS), an immune-inspired algorithm for supervised classification task is applied to the Duke Energy outage data for outage cause identification using three major causes (tree, animal, and lightning) as prototypes. The performance of AIRS on these real-world imbalanced data is compared with an artificial neural network (ANN). The results show that AIRS can greatly improve the performance by as much as 163% when the data are imbalanced and achieve comparable performance with ANN for relatively balanced data}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Xu, Le and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Timmis, Jon and Taylor, Leroy S.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={198–204} }
 @article{xu_chow_2006, title={A classification approach for power distribution systems fault cause identification}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1558-0679"]}, DOI={10.1109/TPWRS.2005.861981}, abstractNote={Power distribution systems play an important role in modern society. When distribution system outages occur, fast and proper restorations are crucial to improve the quality of services and customer satisfaction. Proper usages of outage root cause identification tools are often essential for effective outage restorations. This paper reports on the investigation and results of two popular classification methods: logistic regression (LR) and artificial neural network (ANN) applied on power distribution fault cause identification. LR is seldom used in power distribution fault diagnosis, while ANN has been extensively used in power system reliability researches. This paper discusses the practical application problems, including data insufficiency, imbalanced data constitution, and threshold setting that are often faced in power distribution fault cause identification problems. Two major distribution fault types, tree and animal contact, are used to illustrate the characteristics and effectiveness of the investigated techniques.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Xu, L and Chow, MY}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={53–60} }
 @article{ayhan_chow_song_2006, title={Multiple discriminant analysis and neural-network-based monolith and partition fault-detection schemes for broken rotor bar in induction motors}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/TIE.2006.878301}, abstractNote={Broken rotor bars in induction motors can be detected by monitoring any abnormality of the spectrum amplitudes at certain frequencies in the motor-current spectrum. It has been shown that these broken-rotor-bar specific frequencies are located around the fundamental stator current frequency and are termed lower and upper sideband components. Broken-rotor-bar fault-detection schemes should rely on multiple signatures in order to overcome or reduce the effect of any misinterpretation of the signatures that are obscured by factors such as measurement noises and different load conditions. Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) provide appropriate environments to develop such fault-detection schemes because of their multiinput-processing capabilities. This paper describes two fault-detection schemes for a broken-rotor-bar fault detection with a multiple signature processing and demonstrates that the multiple signature processing is more efficient than a single signature processing. The first scheme, which will be named the "monolith scheme," is based on a single large-scale MDA or ANN unit representing the complete operating load-torque region of the motor, while the second scheme, which will be named the "partition scheme," consists of many small-scale MDA or ANN units, each unit representing a particular load-torque operating region. Fault-detection performance comparison between the MDA and the ANN with respect to the two schemes is investigated using the experimental data collected for a healthy and a broken-rotor-bar case. Partition scheme distributes the computational load and complexity of the large-scale single units in a monolith scheme to many smaller units, which results in the increase of the broken-rotor-bar fault-detection performance, as is confirmed with the experimental results}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Ayhan, Bulent and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Song, Myung-Hyun}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={1298–1308} }
 @article{tipsuwan_chow_2005, title={Analysis and Training of Compensation Neural Model for System Dynamics Modeling}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology}, author={Tipsuwan, Y. and Chow, M.-Y.}, year={2005}, pages={28–43} }
 @article{sheik-nainar_kaber_chow_2005, title={Control gain adaptation in virtual reality mediated human-telerobot interaction}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20025}, abstractNote={The Internet connects millions of computers worldwide, and provides a new potential working environment for remote-controlled telerobotic systems. The main limitation of using the Internet in this application is random delays between communicating nodes, which can cause disturbances in human–machine interaction and affect telepresence experiences. This is particularly important in systems integrating virtual reality technology to present interfaces. Telepresence, or the sense of presence in a remote environment, hypothetically is positively related to teleoperation task performance. This research evaluated the effect of constant and random network (communication) delays on remote-controlled telerover performance, operator workload, and telepresence experiences. The research also assessed the effect of using a system gain adaptation algorithm to offset the negative impact of communication delays on the various response measures. It was expected that with gain adaptation, system stability, performance, and user telepresence experiences would improve with a corresponding decrease in workload. Results indicated that gain adaptation had a significant effect on the performance measures. The study demonstrated that gain adaptation could reduce deterioration in telepresence experiences and improve user performance in teleoperated and telerobotic control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 259–274, 2005.}, number={3}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING}, author={Sheik-Nainar, MA and Kaber, DB and Chow, MY}, year={2005}, pages={259–274} }
 @article{ayhan_chow_song_2005, title={Monolith and Partition Schemes with LDA and Neural Networks as Detector Units for Induction Motor Broken Rotor Bar Fault Detection}, volume={5}, number={2}, journal={KIEE International Transactions on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems}, author={Ayhan, B. and Chow, M.-Y. and Song, M.-H.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={103–110} }
 @article{ayhan_chow_song_2005, title={Multiple signature processing-based fault detection schemes for broken rotor bar in induction motors}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0885-8969"]}, DOI={10.1109/TEC.2004.842393}, abstractNote={The existence of broken rotor bars in induction motors can be detected by monitoring any abnormality of the spectrum amplitudes at certain frequencies in the motor current spectrum. It has been shown that these broken rotor bar-specific frequencies are settled around the fundamental stator current frequency and are termed lower and upper sideband components. Broken rotor bar fault detection schemes should depend on multiple signatures in order to overcome or reduce the effect of any misinterpretation of the signatures that are obscured by factors such as measurement noises and different load conditions. Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) provides an appropriate environment to develop such fault detection schemes because of its multi-input processing capabilities. The focus of this paper is to provide a new fault detection methodology for broken rotor bar fault detection and diagnostics in terms of its multiple signature processing feature and the motor operation partitioning concept to improve the overall detection performance. This paper describes two fault detection schemes within this methodology, and demonstrates that multiple signature processing is more efficient than single signature processing. The first scheme, which will be named the "monolith scheme," is based on a single large-scale MDA unit representing the complete operating load torque region of the motor, while the second scheme, which will be named the "partition scheme," consists of many small-scale MDA units, each unit representing a particular load torque operating region.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION}, author={Ayhan, B and Chow, MY and Song, MH}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={336–343} }
 @article{tipsuwan_chow_2004, title={Gain scheduler middleware: A methodology to enable existing controllers for networked control and teleoperation - Part I: Networked control}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/TIE.2004.837866}, abstractNote={Conventionally, in order to control an application over a data network, a specific networked control or teleoperation algorithm to compensate network delay effects is usually required for controller design. Therefore, an existing controller has to be redesigned or replaced by a new controller system. This replacement process is usually costly, inconvenient, and time consuming. In this paper, a novel methodology to enable existing controllers for networked control and teleoperation by middleware is introduced. The proposed methodology uses middleware to modify the output of an existing controller based on a gain scheduling algorithm with respect to the current network traffic conditions. Since the existing controller can still be utilized, this approach could save much time and investment cost. Two examples of the middleware applied for networked control and teleoperation with IP network delays are given in these two companion papers. Part I of these two companion papers introduces the concept of the proposed middleware approach. Formulation, delay modeling, and optimal gain finding based on a cost function for a case study on DC motor speed control with a proportional-integral (PI) controller are also described. Simulation results of the PI controller shows that, with the existence of IP network delays, the middleware can effectively maintain the networked control system performance and stabilize the system. Part II of this paper will cover the use of the proposed middleware concept for a mobile robot teleoperation.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Tipsuwan, Y and Chow, MY}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1218–1227} }
 @article{tipsuwan_chow_2004, title={Gain scheduler middleware: A methodology to enable existing controllers for networked control and teleoperation - Part II: Teleoperation}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/TIE.2004.837865}, abstractNote={This paper is the second of two companion papers. The foundation for the external gain scheduling approach to enable an existing controller via middleware for networked control with a case study on a proportional-integral (PI) controller for dc motor speed control over IP networks was given in Part I. Part II extends the concepts and methods of the middleware called gain scheduler middleware (GSM) in Part I to enable an existing controller for mobile robot path-tracking teleoperation. By identifying network traffic conditions in real-time, the GSM will predict the future tracking performance. If the predicted tracking performance tends to be degraded over a certain tolerance due to network delays, the GSM will modify the path-tracking controller output with respect to the current traffic conditions. The path-tracking controller output is modified so that the robot will move with the fastest possible speed, while the tracking performance is maintained in a certain tolerance. Simulation and experimental results on a mobile robot path-tracking platform show that the GSM approach can significantly maintain the robot path-tracking performance with the existence of IP network delays.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Tipsuwan, Y and Chow, MY}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1228–1237} }
 @article{tipsuwan_chow_2004, title={On the gain scheduling for networked PI controller over IP network}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1941-014X"]}, DOI={10.1109/TMECH.2004.834645}, abstractNote={The potential use of networks for real-time high-performance control and automation is enormous and appealing. Replacing a widely used proportional-integral (PI) controller by a new networked controller for networked control capability can be costly and time-consuming. This paper proposes a methodology based on gain scheduling with respect to real-time IP traffic conditions to enhance the existing PI controller so it can be used over IP networks with a general network protocol like Ethernet. This paper first describes the gain scheduling approach based on constant network delays using a rational function approach. The formulation is extended to random IP network round-trip time (RTT) delays by using the generalized exponential distribution model. Simulation results show that the PI controller with gain scheduling provides significantly better networked control system performance.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS}, author={Tipsuwan, Y and Chow, MY}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={491–498} }
 @article{chow_2004, title={Special section on distributed network-based control systems and applications - Editorial}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/TIE.2004.837890}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Chow, MY}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1126–1126} }
 @article{tipsuwan_chow_2003, title={Control methodologies in networked control systems}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1016/S0967-066190300036-4}, number={10}, journal={Control Engineering Practice}, author={Tipsuwan, Y. and Chow, M. Y.}, year={2003}, pages={1099–1111} }
 @article{chow_tipsuwan_2003, title={Gain adaptation of networked DC motor controllers based on QOS variations}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/TIE.2003.817576}, abstractNote={Connecting a complex control system with various sensors, actuators, and controllers as a networked control system by a shared data network can effectively reduce complicated wiring connections. This system is also easy to install and maintain. The trend is to use networked control systems for time-sensitive applications, such as remote DC motor actuation control. The performance of a networked control system can be improved if the network can guarantee quality-of-service (QoS). Due to time-varying network traffic demands and disturbances, QoS requirements provided by a network may change. In this case, a network has to reallocate its resources and may not be able to provide QoS requirements to a networked control application as needed. Therefore, the application may have to gracefully degrade its performance and perform the task as best as possible with the provided network QoS. This paper proposes a novel approach for networked DC motor control systems using controller gain adaptation to compensate for the changes in QoS requirements. Numerical and experimental simulations, and prototyping, are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed adaptation scheme to handle network QoS variation in a control loop. The effective results show the promising future of the use of gain adaptation in networked control applications.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Chow, MY and Tipsuwan, Y}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={936–943} }
 @article{nelson_chow_2002, title={Characterization of coil faults in an axial flux variable reluctance PM motor}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1558-0059"]}, DOI={10.1109/TEC.2002.801730}, abstractNote={Variable-reluctance (VR) and switch-reluctance (SR) motors have been proposed for use in applications requiring a degree of fault tolerance. A range of topologies, of brushless SR and VR permanent-magnet (PM) motors are not susceptible to some types of faults, such as phase-to-phase shorts, and can often continue to function in the presence of other faults. In particular, coil-winding faults in a single stator coil may have relatively little effect on motor performance but may affect overall motor reliability, availability, and longevity. It is important to distinguish between and characterize various winding faults for maintenance and diagnostic purposes. These fault characterization and analysis results are a necessary first step in the process of motor fault detection and diagnosis for this motor topology. This paper examines rotor velocity damping due to stator winding turn-to-turn short faults in a fault-tolerant axial flux VR PM motor. In this type of motor, turn-to-turn shorts, due to insulation failures, have similar I-V characteristics as coil faults resulting from other problems, such as faulty maintenance or damage due to impact. In order to investigate the effects of these coil faults, a prototype axial flux VR PM motor was constructed. The motor was equipped with experimental fault simulation stator windings capable of simulating these and other types of stator winding faults. This paper focuses on two common types of winding faults and their effects on rotor velocity in this type of motor.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION}, author={Nelson, AL and Chow, MY}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={340–348} }
 @inbook{chow_2000, place={Boca Raton, FL}, edition={2nd}, title={Neural Control}, ISBN={9780849321771}, booktitle={The electrical engineering handbook}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Chow, M.-Y.}, editor={Dorf, R.C.Editor}, year={2000}, month={Jan} }
 @article{li_chow_tipsuwan_hung_2000, title={Neural Network Based Motor Vibration Signal Analysis, Fault Detection, and Diagnosis}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, author={Li, B. and Chow, M.-Y. and Tipsuwan, Y. and Hung, J.C.}, year={2000}, month={Oct} }
 @article{li_chow_tipsuwan_hung_2000, title={Neural-network-based motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.873214}, abstractNote={Motor systems are very important in modern society. They convert almost 60% of the electricity produced in the US into other forms of energy to provide power to other equipment. In the performance of all motor systems, bearings play an important role. Many problems arising in motor operations are linked to bearing faults. In many cases, the accuracy of the instruments and devices used to monitor and control the motor system is highly dependent on the dynamic performance of the motor bearings. Thus, fault diagnosis of a motor system is inseparably related to the diagnosis of the bearing assembly. In this paper, bearing vibration frequency features are discussed for motor bearing fault diagnosis. This paper then presents an approach for motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis using neural networks and time/frequency-domain bearing vibration analysis. Vibration simulation is used to assist in the design of various motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis strategies. Both simulation and real-world testing results obtained indicate that neural networks can be effective agents in the diagnosis of various motor bearing faults through the measurement and interpretation of motor bearing vibration signatures.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Li, B and Chow, MY and Tipsuwan, Y and Hung, JC}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={1060–1069} }
 @article{chow_2000, title={Special section on motor fault detection and diagnosis}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1109/tie.2000.873205}, number={5}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, author={Chow, M.-Y.}, year={2000}, pages={982–983} }
 @article{altug_trussell_chow_1999, title={A "mutual update" training algorithm for fuzzy adaptive logic control/decision network (FALCON)}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1045-9227"]}, DOI={10.1109/72.737508}, abstractNote={The conventional two-stage training algorithm of the fuzzy/neural architecture called FALCON may not provide accurate results for certain type of problems, due to the implicit assumption of independence that this training makes about parameters of the underlying fuzzy inference system. In this correspondence, a training scheme is proposed for this fuzzy/neural architecture, which is based on line search methods that have long been used in iterative optimization problems. This scheme involves synchronous update of the parameters of the architecture corresponding to input and output space partitions and rules defining the underlying mapping; the magnitude and direction of the update at each iteration is determined using the Armijo rule. In our motor fault detection study case, the mutual update algorithm arrived at the steady-state error of the conventional FALCON training algorithm as twice as fast and produced a lower steady-state error by an order of magnitude.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS}, author={Altug, S and Trussell, HJ and Chow, MY}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={196–199} }
 @article{altug_chow_trussell_1999, title={Fuzzy inference systems implemented on neural architectures for motor fault detection and diagnosis}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.807988}, abstractNote={Motor fault detection and diagnosis involves processing a large amount of information of the motor system. With the combined synergy of fuzzy logic and neural networks, a better understanding of the heuristics underlying the motor fault detection/diagnosis process and successful fault detection/diagnosis schemes can be achieved. This paper presents two neural fuzzy (NN/FZ) inference systems, namely, fuzzy adaptive learning control/decision network (FALCON) and adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), with applications to induction motor fault detection/diagnosis problems. The general specifications of the NN/FZ systems are discussed. In addition, the fault detection/diagnosis structures are analyzed and compared with regard to their learning algorithms, initial knowledge requirements, extracted knowledge types, domain partitioning, rule structuring and modifications. Simulated experimental results are presented in terms of motor fault detection accuracy and knowledge extraction feasibility. Results suggest new and promising research areas for using NN/FZ inference systems for incipient fault detection and diagnosis in induction motors.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Altug, S and Chow, MY and Trussell, HJ}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={1069–1079} }
 @article{chow_altug_trussell_1999, title={Heuristic constraints enforcement for training of and knowledge extraction from a fuzzy/neural architecture - Part I: Foundation}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1109/91.755396}, abstractNote={Using fuzzy/neural architectures to extract heuristic information from systems has received increasing attention. A number of fuzzy/neural architectures and knowledge extraction methods have been proposed. Knowledge extraction from systems where the existing knowledge limited is a difficult task. One of the reasons is that there is no ideal rulebase, which can be used to validate the extracted rules. In most of the cases, using output error measures to validate extracted rules is not sufficient as extracted knowledge may not make heuristic sense, even if the output error may meet the specified criteria. The paper proposes a novel method for enforcing heuristic constraints on membership functions for rule extraction from a fuzzy/neural architecture. The proposed method not only ensures that the final membership functions conform to a priori heuristic knowledge, but also reduces the domain of search of the training and improves convergence speed. Although the method is described on a specific fuzzy/neural architecture, it is applicable to other realizations, including adaptive or static fuzzy inference systems. The foundations of the proposed method are given in Part I. The techniques for implementation and integration into the training are given in Part II, together with applications.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems}, author={Chow, M.-Y. and Altug, S. and Trussell, H. J.}, year={1999}, pages={143–150} }
 @article{altug_chow_trussell_1999, title={Heuristic constraints enforcement for training of and rule extraction from a fuzzy/neural architecture - Part II: Implementation and application}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1063-6706"]}, DOI={10.1109/91.755397}, abstractNote={For part I, see ibid., p.143-50. This paper is the second of two companion papers. The foundations of the proposed method of heuristic constraint enforcement on membership functions for knowledge extraction from a fuzzy/neural architecture was given in Part I. Part II develops methods for forming constraint sets using the constraints and techniques for finding acceptable solutions that conform to all available a priori information Moreover, methods of integration of enforcement methods into the training of the fuzzy-neural architecture are discussed. The proposed technique is illustrated on a fuzzy-AND classification problem and a motor fault detection problem. The results indicate that heuristic constraint enforcement on membership functions leads to extraction of heuristically acceptable membership functions in the input and output spaces. Although the method is described on a specific fuzzy/neural architecture, it is applicable to any realization of a fuzzy inference system, including adaptive and/or static fuzzy inference systems.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS}, author={Altug, S and Chow, MY and Trussell, HJ}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={151–159} }
 @inbook{chow_lee_trussell_1999, title={Motor incipient fault detection using artificial neural}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4615-5305-2_12}, booktitle={Computer-aided maintenance: methodologies and practices (Manufacturing systems engineering series ; 5).}, publisher={Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic}, author={Chow, M.-Y. and Lee, Yuan-Shin and Trussell, H. J.}, editor={Lee, J. and Wang, B.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={263–280} }
 @article{zhu_bilbro_chow_1999, title={Phase balancing using simulated annealing}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0885-8950"]}, DOI={10.1109/59.801943}, abstractNote={Deregulation eliminates the boundary of the territory of the monopoly power industry. Competition forces utilities to improve power quality as well as to reduce investment and operation costs. Feeder imbalance describes a situation in which the voltages of a three-phase voltage source are not identical in magnitude, or the phase differences between them are not 120 electrical degrees, or both. It affects motors and other devices that depend upon a well-balanced three-phase voltage source. Phase balancing is to make the voltages balanced at each load point of the feeder. Phase swapping is a direct approach for phase balancing with the minimum cost. Phase balancing can enhance utilities' competitive capability by improving reliability, quality, and reducing costs. Therefore, phase balancing optimization is nowadays receiving more attention in the power industry, especially in today's deregulating environments. The nonlinear effects, such as, voltage drops and energy losses, make the problem difficult to solve. This paper introduces simulated annealing as an effective method to solve a power distribution phase balancing problem with its nonlinear effects.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Zhu, JX and Bilbro, G and Chow, MY}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={1508–1513} }
 @article{teeter_chow_1998, title={Application of functional link neural network to HVAC thermal dynamic system identification}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1557-9948"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.661318}, abstractNote={Recent efforts to incorporate aspects of artificial intelligence into the design and operation of automatic control systems have focused attention on techniques such as fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks and expert systems. The use of computers for direct digital control highlights the recent trend toward more effective and efficient heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) control methodologies. Researchers in the HVAC field have stressed the importance of self-learning in building control systems and have encouraged further studies in the integration of optimal control and other advanced techniques into the formulation of such systems. Artificial neural networks can also be used to emulate the plant dynamics, in order to estimate future plant outputs and obtain plant input/output sensitivity information for online neural control adaptation. This paper describes a functional link neural network approach to performing the HVAC thermal dynamic system identification. Methodologies to reduce inputs of the functional link network to reduce the complexity and speed up the training speed are presented. Analysis and comparison between the functional link network approach and the conventional network approach for the HVAC thermal modeling are also presented.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Teeter, J and Chow, MY}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={170–176} }
 @article{chow_zhu_tram_1998, title={Application of fuzzy multi-objective decision making in spatial load forecasting}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0885-8950"]}, DOI={10.1109/59.709118}, abstractNote={Electric distribution system planning is to provide an economic expansion plan to meet the future demands in its territory. A forecast of the future electric demand and its geographic distribution is a prerequisite for distribution planning. The quality and accuracy of this forecast have a large influence on the quality of the electrical distribution system planning. Spatial load forecasting emerges to provide a more accurate prediction of both the magnitudes and locations of future electric loads. Since the load growth pattern is dominated by its land-use (residential, commercial, or industrial), the land usage study of small area is important to capture the future loads accurately. There are many factors which will affect the customer land-use decision, for example, distance to highway, distance to urban pole, and the costs. The customer's preferences can be estimated based on these objective factors. Then the land utilization and the electricity consumption can be estimated. Since the objectives sometimes are conflicting with each other, it can be cumbersome to use conventional cost function approach to determine the land usage decision. This paper applies a fuzzy multi-objective decision making scheme to the urban redevelopment and spatial load forecasting, which is more naturally and straight forwardly used to handle the spatial load forecasting problem. An example is used to illustrate the proposed methodology.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Chow, MY and Zhu, JX and Tram, H}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={1185–1190} }
 @inbook{chow_li_goddu_1998, place={Boca Raton, FL}, title={Intelligent Motor Fault Detection}, booktitle={Intelligent Techniques in Industry}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Chow, M.-Y. and Li, B. and Goddu, G.}, editor={Jain, L.C.Editor}, year={1998} }
 @article{zhu_chow_zhang_1998, title={Phase balancing using mixed-integer programming}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1109/59.736295}, abstractNote={Unbalanced feeder systems cause deteriorating power quality and increase investment and operating costs. Feeder reconfiguration and phase swapping are two popular methods to balance the systems. For an unbalanced feeder system, feeder reconfiguration is difficult to meet the phase balancing criterion due to the limited number of sectionalizing switches available. Phase swapping is another alternative and direct approach for phase balancing. Phase swapping has not received its deserved attention due to the complexity of feeder systems, the dimension of problems, and totally overlooking the impacts of phase imbalance. Phase swapping can economically and effectively balance the feeder systems to improve power quality and reduce power system total cost. Deregulation arises competition on power quality, service reliability and electricity price. Therefore phase swapping can enhance a utilities' competitive capability. This paper proposes a mixed-integer programming formulation for phase swapping optimization. Single-phase loads are treated differently to three-phase loads. Nodal phase swapping and lateral phase swapping are also introduced. An example is used to illustrate the proposed method.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, author={Zhu, J. and Chow, M. Y. and Zhang, F.}, year={1998}, pages={1487–1492} }
 @article{zhu_chow_1997, title={A review of emerging techniques on generation expansion planning}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0885-8950"]}, DOI={10.1109/59.627882}, abstractNote={Power system generation expansion planning is a challenging problem due to the large-scale, long-term, nonlinear and discrete nature of generation unit size. Since the computation revolution, several emerging techniques have been proposed to solve large scale optimization problems. Many of these techniques have been reported as used in generation expansion planning. This paper describes these emerging optimization techniques (including expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks, analytic hierarchy process, network flow, decomposition method, simulated annealing and genetic algorithms) and their potential usage in solving the challenging generation expansion planning in future competitive environments in the power industry. This paper provides useful information and resources for future generation expansion planning.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Zhu, JX and Chow, MY}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={1722–1728} }
 @article{chow_tram_1997, title={Application of fuzzy logic technology for spatial load forecasting}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0885-8950"]}, DOI={10.1109/59.630482}, abstractNote={Utilities are required to provide reliable power to customers. In the design stages, utilities need to plan ahead for anticipated future load growth under different possible scenarios. Their decisions and designs can affect the gain or loss of millions of dollars for their companies as well as customer satisfaction and future economic growth in their territory. This paper proposes and describe the general methodology to use fuzzy logic to fuse the available information for spatial load forecasting. The proposed scheme can provide distribution planners other alternatives to aggregate their information for spatial load forecasting.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Chow, MY and Tram, H}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={1360–1366} }
 @inbook{chow_1997, place={Boca Raton, FL}, title={Fuzzy Logic Based Control}, ISBN={9780849383434}, booktitle={The Industrial Electronics Handbook}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Chow, M.-Y.}, editor={Irwin, D.Editor}, year={1997}, pages={564–571} }
 @inbook{chow_1997, place={Boca Raton, FL}, title={Fuzzy Systems}, booktitle={The Industrial Electronics Handbook}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Chow, M.-Y.}, editor={Irwin, D.Editor}, year={1997}, pages={1096–1102} }
 @book{chow_1997, title={Methodologies of using neural network and fuzzy logic technologies for motor incipient fault detection}, ISBN={9810232659}, publisher={Singapore; River Edge, NJ: World Scientific}, author={Chow, M.-Y.}, year={1997} }
 @article{chow_tram_1997, title={Methodology of urban re-development considerations in spatial load forecasting}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0885-8950"]}, DOI={10.1109/59.589806}, abstractNote={Load forecasting in power systems is an important subject and has been studied from different points of view in order to achieve better load forecasting results. This paper addresses one of the challenges in the spatial load forecasting area-urban re-development, and presents a theory and methodology to incorporate urban re-development into spatial load forecasting considerations.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS}, author={Chow, MY and Tram, H}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={996–1001} }
 @article{teeter_chow_brickley_1996, title={A novel fuzzy friction compensation approach to improve the performance of a DC motor control system}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.481415}, abstractNote={The compensation of friction nonlinearities for servomotor control has received much attention due to undesirable and disturbing effects that the friction often has on conventional control systems. Compensation methods have generally involved selecting a friction model and then using model parameters to cancel the effects of the nonlinearity. In this paper, a method using fuzzy logic for the compensation of nonlinear friction is developed for the control of a DC motor. The method is unique in that a single fuzzy rule is used to compensate directly for the nonlinearity of the physical system. As a result, the method introduces fewer adjustable parameters than a typical fuzzy logic approach while still incorporating many advantages of using fuzzy logic such as the incorporation of heuristic knowledge, ease of implementation and the lack of a need for an accurate mathematical model. The general approach, analysis and experimental results obtained for an actual DC motor system with nonlinear friction characteristics are presented and the effectiveness of the fuzzy friction compensation control technique is discussed. The smoothness of response, response times and disturbance rejection of a PI control system with and without the proposed fuzzy compensator are analyzed and discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={Teeter, JT and Chow, MY and Brickley, JJ}, year={1996}, month={Feb}, pages={113–120} }
 @article{chow_taylor_chow_1996, title={Time of outage restoration analysis in distribution systems}, volume={11}, ISSN={["0885-8977"]}, DOI={10.1109/61.517530}, abstractNote={This paper presents an approach that uses statistical techniques to analyze and interpret time of outage restoration (TOR) data in distribution systems with respect to several selected factors. The factors an classified into three main categories: (1) time; (2) consequence; and (3) environment. Each category is further broken down into groups and classes for more detailed analysis. Both statistical, quantitative results and field engineering insights are correlated and discussed. The approach taken in this paper can be easily modified for other utilities' TOR analysis. These analyses can provide a better understanding as to how the restoration time is affected by different influential factors. The methodology and general discussion in the paper will be useful for future research and development of the TOR issues in distribution systems, such as model development for customer service improvement, distribution operations, and planning.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY}, author={Chow, MY and Taylor, LS and Chow, MS}, year={1996}, month={Jul}, pages={1652–1658} }
 @article{chow_teeter_1995, title={A knowledge-based approach to improve neural network control design}, volume={5}, ISSN={0957-4158}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-4158(95)00063-b}, DOI={10.1016/0957-4158(95)00063-b}, abstractNote={Control engineers have been investigating and developing different on-line adaptation schemes to fine-tune performance of controllers after off-line design. Artificial neural network technology has shown satisfactory results for many control applications. However, certain types of nonlinear problems are difficult for the neural controller to learn by conventional on-line adaptation schemes, while the nonlinear system can be effectively controlled by incorporating heuristics knowledge. This paper presents an effective approach to incorporate heuristics control knowledge into a neural controller by off-line pre-training, then fine-tune the neural controller performance further by on-line adaptation. Experimental results on a servomotor system with significant nonlinear friction characteristics are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the design approach.}, number={8}, journal={Mechatronics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chow, Mo-Yuen and Teeter, Jason T.}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={949–962} }
 @article{chow_taylor_1995, title={ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION OF ANIMAL-CAUSED FAULTS IN POWER DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0885-8977"]}, DOI={10.1109/61.400829}, abstractNote={The reliability, security and quality of power systems are significantly affected by distribution faults. One of the trends concerning distribution faults is the implementation of more preventive measures instead of reactive measures. In other words, we would like to prevent faults from happening rather than to restore the system after faults occur. Among the different categories of power distribution faults, animal-caused faults are probably the ones that can be prevented most easily and effectively if appropriate control actions are taken. This paper discusses and analyzes animal-caused faults in power distribution systems. The results of an animal fault prevention technique that can effectively reduce these faults is also presented. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY}, author={CHOW, MY and TAYLOR, LS}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={995–1001} }
 @article{goode_chow_1995, title={USING A NEURAL FUZZY SYSTEM TO EXTRACT HEURISTIC KNOWLEDGE OF INCIPIENT FAULTS IN INDUCTION-MOTORS .1. METHODOLOGY}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.370378}, abstractNote={The use of electric motors in industry is extensive. These motors are exposed to a wide variety of environments and conditions which age the motor and make it subject to incipient faults. These incipient faults, if left undetected, contribute to the degradation and eventual failure of the motors. Artificial neural networks have been proposed and have demonstrated the capability of solving the motor monitoring and fault detection problem using an inexpensive, reliable, and noninvasive procedure. However, the major drawback of conventional artificial neural network fault detection is the inherent black box approach that can provide the correct solution, but does not provide heuristic interpretation of the solution. Engineers prefer accurate fault detection as well as the heuristic knowledge behind the fault detection process. Fuzzy logic is a technology that can easily provide heuristic reasoning while being difficult to provide exact solutions. The authors introduce the methodology behind a novel hybrid neural/fuzzy system which merges the neural network and fuzzy logic technologies to solve fault detection problems. They also discuss a training procedure for this neural/fuzzy fault detection system. This procedure is used to determine the correct solutions while providing qualitative, heuristic knowledge about the solutions. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={GOODE, PV and CHOW, M}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={131–138} }
 @article{goode_chow_1995, title={USING A NEURAL FUZZY SYSTEM TO EXTRACT HEURISTIC KNOWLEDGE OF INCIPIENT FAULTS IN INDUCTION-MOTORS .2. APPLICATION}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.370379}, abstractNote={The use of electric motors in industry is extensive. These motors are exposed to a wide variety of environments and conditions which age the motor and make it subject to incipient faults. These incipient faults, if left undetected, contribute to the degradation and eventual failure of the motors. This paper uses a hybrid neural/fuzzy fault detector to solve the motor fault detection problem. As an illustration, the neural/fuzzy fault detector is used to monitor the condition of a motor bearing and stator winding insulation. The initialization and training of this fault detector is in accordance with the procedures outlined in Part I of this paper. Once the neural/fuzzy fault detector is trained, the detector not only can provide accurate fault detector performance, but can also provide the heuristic reasoning behind the fault detection process and the actual motor fault conditions. With better understanding of the heuristics through the use of fuzzy rules and fuzzy membership functions, a better understanding of the fault detection process of the system is available, thus better motor protection systems can be designed. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={GOODE, PV and CHOW, M}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={139–146} }
 @article{sharpe_chow_briggs_windingland_1994, title={A methodology using fuzzy logic to optimize feedforward artificial neural network configurations}, volume={24}, ISSN={0018-9472}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/21.293489}, DOI={10.1109/21.293489}, abstractNote={After a problem has been formulated for solution by using artificial neural network technology, the next step is to determine the appropriate network configuration to be used in achieving a desired level of performance. Due to the real world environment and implementation constraints, different problems require different evaluation criteria such as: accuracy, training time, sensitivity, and the number of neurons used. Tradeoffs exist between these measures, and compromises are needed in order to achieve an acceptable network design. This paper presents a method using fuzzy logic techniques to adapt the current network configuration to one which is close to (if not at) the optimal configuration. The fuzzy logic provides a method of systematically changing the network configuration while simultaneously considering all of the evaluation criteria. The optimal configuration is determined by a cost function based on the evaluation criteria. The proposed methodology is applied to an elementary classifier network as an illustration. The procedure is then used to automatically configure a network used to detect incipient faults in an induction motor as a real world application. >}, number={5}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Sharpe, W.N. and Chow, Mo-Yuen and Briggs, S. and Windingland, L.}, year={1994}, month={May}, pages={760–768} }
 @article{sharpe_chow_1994, title={Relationship between Fuzzy Logic Approach and Steepest Decent Approach to Optimize an Artificial Neural Network Configuration}, volume={5}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Neural Systems}, author={Sharpe, R.N. and Chow, M.-Y.}, year={1994}, pages={299–312} }
 @article{chow_taylor_1993, title={A NOVEL-APPROACH FOR DISTRIBUTION FAULT ANALYSIS}, volume={8}, ISSN={["0885-8977"]}, DOI={10.1109/61.248298}, abstractNote={This paper proposes to use four different measures: actual values, normalized values, relative values, and likelihood values for power systems' distribution faults analysis. This paper also discusses the general and local properties of distribution faults. The likelihood measure, based on the local region properties, provides important information for distribution fault cause identification when the fault cause is not known. Tree faults on the Duke Power System are used in this paper for illustration purposes. The proposed measures' analysis and discussion can be easily generalized for different types of distribution faults in other utility companies. >}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY}, author={CHOW, MY and TAYLOR, LS}, year={1993}, month={Oct}, pages={1882–1889} }
 @article{chow_sharpe_hung_1993, title={ON THE APPLICATION AND DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR MOTOR FAULT-DETECTION .1.}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.222639}, abstractNote={The general design considerations for feedforward artificial neural networks (ANNs) to perform motor fault detection are presented. A few noninvasive fault detection techniques are discussed, including the parameter estimation approach, human expert approach, and ANN approach. A brief overview of feedforward nets and the backpropagation training algorithm, along with its pseudocodes, is given. Some of the neural network design considerations such as network performance, network implementation, size of training data set, assignment of training parameter values, and stopping criteria are discussed. A fuzzy logic approach to configuring the network structure is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={CHOW, MY and SHARPE, RN and HUNG, JC}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={181–188} }
 @article{chow_sharpe_hung_1993, title={ON THE APPLICATION AND DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR MOTOR FAULT-DETECTION .2.}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.222640}, abstractNote={The general design considerations for feedforward artificial neural networks (ANNs) to perform motor fault detection are presented. A few noninvasive fault detection techniques are discussed, including the parameter estimation approach, human expert approach, and ANN approach. A brief overview of feedforward nets and the backpropagation training algorithm, along with its pseudocodes, is given. Some of the neural network design considerations such as network performance, network implementation, size of training data set, assignment of training parameter values, and stopping criteria are discussed. A fuzzy logic approach to configuring the network structure is presented. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={CHOW, MY and SHARPE, RN and HUNG, JC}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={189–196} }
 @article{chow_yee_taylor_1993, title={RECOGNIZING ANIMAL-CAUSED FAULTS IN POWER DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS}, volume={8}, ISSN={["0885-8977"]}, DOI={10.1109/61.252652}, abstractNote={Artificial neural networks are used to recognize the causes of faults in power distribution systems, based on fault currents information collected for each outage. Actual field data are used. The methodology and implementation of neural networks and fuzzy logic for the identification of animal-caused distribution faults are presented. Satisfactory results are obtained, and the developed methodology can be easily generalized and used to identify other causes of faults in power distribution systems. >}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY}, author={CHOW, MY and YEE, SO and TAYLOR, LS}, year={1993}, month={Jul}, pages={1268–1274} }
 @article{chow_yee_1992, title={A Measure of Relative Robustness for Feedforward Neural Networks Subject to Small Input Perturbations}, volume={03}, ISSN={0129-0657 1793-6462}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012906579200022x}, DOI={10.1142/s012906579200022x}, abstractNote={ The relative robustness of artificial neural networks subject to small input perturbations (e.g. measurement noises) is an important issue in real world applications. This paper uses the concept of input-output sensitivity analysis to derive a relative network robustness measure for different feedforward neural network configurations. For illustration purposes, this measure is used to compare different neural network configurations designed for detecting incipient faults in induction motors. Analytical and simulation results are presented to show that the relative network robustness measure derived in this paper is an effective indicator of the relative performance of different feedforward neural network configurations in noisy environments and that this measure should be considered in the design of neural networks for real time applications. The concept of input-output sensitivity analysis and relative network robustness measure presented can be extended to analyze other neural networks designed for on-line applications. }, number={03}, journal={International Journal of Neural Systems}, publisher={World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt}, author={Chow, Mo-Yuen and Yee, Sue Oi}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={291–299} }
 @article{chow_mangum_yee_1991, title={A NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO REAL-TIME CONDITION MONITORING OF INDUCTION-MOTORS}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0278-0046"]}, DOI={10.1109/41.107100}, abstractNote={A neural network-based incipient fault detector for small and medium-size induction motors is developed. The detector avoids the problems associated with traditional incipient fault detection schemes by employing more readily available information such as rotor speed and stator current. The neural network design is evaluated in real time in the laboratory on a 3/4 hp permanent magnet induction motor. The results of this evaluation indicate that the neural-network-based incipient fault detector provides a satisfactory level of accuracy, greater than 95%, which is suitable for real-world applications. >}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS}, author={CHOW, MY and MANGUM, PM and YEE, SO}, year={1991}, month={Dec}, pages={448–453} }
 @article{chow_bilbro_yee_1991, title={Application of learning theory to an artificial neural network that detects incipient faults in single-phase induction motors}, volume={02}, ISSN={0129-0657 1793-6462}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012906579100008x}, DOI={10.1142/s012906579100008x}, abstractNote={ The generalization ability of a neural network in a specific application is of interest to many neural network designers. In this paper, learning theory is applied to a neural network used for incipient fault detection in single-phase induction motors. This paper will show that learning theory can help determine the proper number of training examples needed to reach a specific performance level, so that excessive and unnecessary training examples can be avoided. Comparisons of the results of learning theory and Monte Carlo estimate are presented, showing that learning theory is a useful and reliable tool to obtain information about the training process of a given neural network. }, number={01n02}, journal={International Journal of Neural Systems}, publisher={World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt}, author={Chow, Mo-yuen and Bilbro, Griff and Yee, Sui Oi}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={91–100} }
 @article{chow_thomas_1991, title={Constant Torque Control of a Variable Reluctance Machine}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={The International Journal of Energy Systems}, author={Chow, M.-Y. and Thomas, R.J.}, year={1991}, pages={47–51} }
 @article{chow_yee_1991, title={Using Neural Networks to Detect Incipient Faults in Induction Motors}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Neural Network Computing}, author={Chow, M.-Y. and Yee, S.O.}, year={1991}, pages={26–32} }