@article{xia_li_istook_west_bruner_2024, title={A regression waist level defined for 3D body scans}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2024.2366705}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Xia, Sibei and Li, Jiayin and Istook, Cynthia L. and West, Andre J. and Bruner, David}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{xia_li_istook_west_2022, title={A 2D image body measurement system developed with neural networks and a color-coded measurement garment}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1758-5953"]}, DOI={10.1108/IJCST-08-2021-0114}, abstractNote={PurposeTwo-dimensional (2D) measurement technology has become more popular than before, thanks to the widespread availability of smartphones and smart devices. However, most existing 2D body measurement systems have background constraints and may raise privacy concerns. The purpose of this research was to test the idea of designing a 2D measurement system that works with a color-coded measurement garment for background removal and privacy protection. Clothing consumers can use the proposed system for daily apparel shopping purposes.Design/methodology/approachA 2D body measurement system was designed and tested. The system adopted a close-fitted color-coded measurement garment and used neural network models to detect the color-code in the garment area and remove backgrounds. In total, 78 participants were recruited, and the collected data were split into training and testing sets. The training dataset was used to train the neural network and statistical prediction models for the 2D system. The testing dataset was used to compare the performance of the 2D system with a commercial three-dimensional (3D) body scanner.FindingsThe results showed that the color-coded measurement garment worked well with the neural network models to process the images for measurement extraction. The 2D measurement system worked better at close-fitted areas than loose-fitted areas.Originality/valueThis research combined a color-coded measurement garment with neural network models to solve the privacy and background challenges of the 2D body measurement system. Other researchers have never studied this approach.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLOTHING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Xia, Sibei and Li, Jiayin and Istook, Cynthia L. and West, Andre J.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{li_xia_west_istook_2022, title={Fashionable sportswear working as a body measurement collecting tool}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1758-5953"]}, DOI={10.1108/IJCST-07-2021-0090}, abstractNote={PurposeA two-dimensional (2D) body measurement system was implemented to study the application of sportswear design in measurement garment development. A total of 50 participants were recruited. The basic demographic information and sportswear preference data were collected through a survey to understand consumer preferences and acceptance of the new designs. The body measurements were collected through both the selected 2D measurement system and a commercial three-dimensional scanning booth to evaluate measurement accuracy.Design/methodology/approachFinding the right size has been a long-existing problem for clothing consumers. Size problem is the most common reason for e-commerce returns and adds a high cost for retailers. One possible solution is to offer consumers an easy-to-use method that extracts accurate body measurements to be used for clothing size selection. The purpose of this research is to apply sportswear design elements on measurement garments to see if consumers’ interest in using the 2D measurement system can be increased without influencing the measurement accuracy.FindingsThe results showed that the added design features increased consumers’ interest in using 2D body measuring technology without significantly influencing measurement accuracy.Originality/valueThis research applied sportswear elements to convert a 2D measurement bodysuit to a fashionable clothing product. The solution resolved users’ privacy concerns and increased their acceptance and use of the technology. Other studies have not focused on using aesthetic features to improve the 2D measurement technology.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLOTHING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Li, Jiayin and Xia, Sibei and West, Andre J. and Istook, Cynthia L.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{guo_istook_2021, title={An exploratory study of participants' fit perceptions of customized garments}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1560-6074"]}, DOI={10.1108/RJTA-04-2021-0041}, abstractNote={
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore participants’ fit perceptions of customized garments and investigate the factors that affected the customized fit.


Design/methodology/approach
Because different patternmaking methods generate varied fit results, eight customized dresses were developed for four fit models aged 18–25 using two different made-to-measure (MTM) systems (Gerber AccuMark and Telestia Creator). The authors designed a questionnaire to assess the fit of the final garments on each of the four models. A total of 12 participants (four fit models and eight experts) attended a live evaluation meeting and completed the questionnaire. The quantitative and qualitative data of the participants’ fit perceptions were collected and analyzed.


Findings
The authors compared the fit outputs of the two MTM systems and determined the fit issues from the participants’ perceptions. The results showed that the participants evaluated the customized fit mainly according to the ease, seam placement and wrinkle occurrence. The majority of fit models and experts preferred Dress B created using Telestia Creator to Dress A developed using Gerber AccuMark. The participants’ fit perceptions also revealed that many factors, such as the MTM systems, participants’ fit preferences, models’ body characteristics, fabric and ease, impacted the fit results. In addition, the experts perceived more fit issues than the models.


Originality/value
The fit output comparison of the two MTM systems could be valuable for pattern makers to use the systems. The research results would also be useful for apparel companies to conduct a fit evaluation and improve their customization processes.
}, journal={RESEARCH JOURNAL OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL}, author={Guo, Siming and Istook, Cynthia L.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{guo_istook_2021, title={Evaluation of 2D CAD Technology for Garments Customized for Body Shape}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1756-9389"]}, DOI={10.1080/17569370.2021.1987647}, abstractNote={Abstract Computer-aided-design (CAD) software packages have been applied to apparel product development and have their specific uses. In this study, we want to explore a more economical and efficient solution for made-to-measure (MTM) and investigate factors that affect the fit outputs of the MTM systems. Gerber AccuMark and Telestia Creator were evaluated for this purpose. Four body shapes were selected for customized garment development. A [TC]2 3 D body scanner was utilized to extract five selected models’ measurements. The results showed that Gerber AccuMark is more suitable for an industry customization process, while it requires adequate patternmaking knowledge. In contrast, Telestia Creator could fit for more style changes and less quantity of garments because the process is more focused on the customized approach. Telestia Creator could also be an affordable solution for the product development of small and medium-sized companies. Moreover, we discovered the factors that impacted the customized fit. Even though the garments were customized for the four body shapes, specific measurements – which include the back-waist length and bust length – influenced the customized fit more than the body shapes did. Other factors, such as alteration selection, measurement accuracy, and fabric, also affected the fit result.}, journal={FASHION PRACTICE-THE JOURNAL OF DESIGN CREATIVE PROCESS & THE FASHION INDUSTRY}, author={Guo, Siming and Istook, Cynthia L.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{xia_istook_west_li_2018, title={Acquiring accurate body measurements on a smartphone from supplied colored garments for online apparel purchasing platforms and e-retailer}, url={https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/itaa_proceedings/2018/presentations/24}, author={Xia, S. and Istook, C. and West, A. and Li, J.}, year={2018} }
 @article{xia_guo_li_istook_2018, title={Comparison of different body measurement techniques: 3D stationary scanner, 3D handheld scanner, and tape measurement}, volume={12}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2018.1541437}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2018.1541437}, abstractNote={Abstract Body measurements play an import role in pattern generation and size determination. Traditionally, body measurements were captured with tape measures. The tape measure technique is often time-consuming. Nowadays, three-dimensional (3D) stationary whole-body scanners are widely used in the apparel industry to collect body measurements. The stationary scanner has good performance on efficiency, validity, and reliability. However, it is not suitable for home use due to its high cost. Occipital’s Structure Sensor, as a representation for low-price handheld 3D scanners, is a 3D scanner for mobile devices. This research focused on studying whether the Structure Sensor could be used to capture body measurements for the apparel industry or not. Its performance was compared to a whole-body stationary scanner and the tape measurement. It was found that the Structure Sensor could be used to collect body measurements data with relatively low reliability if corresponding measurement extraction software was developed.}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Xia, Sibei and Guo, Siming and Li, Jiayin and Istook, Cynthia}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{gu_istook_ruan_gert_liu_2018, title={Customized 3D digital human model rebuilding by orthographic images-based modelling method through open-source software}, volume={110}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2018.1548079}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2018.1548079}, abstractNote={Abstract Customized 3D digital human model (DHM) is required in many fields. In the clothing industry, there are many professional technologies, such as high-resolution body scanners and commercial 3D modelling software. As e-commerce opportunities have grown, non-professional users, such as fashion designers and consumers, have begun to access the technology of 3D DHM. Thus, a low-cost modelling process, which requires few professional skills, is needed. A customized 3D DHM rebuild method was presented based on orthographic body images using an open-source 3D modelling software, Blender. The research was composed of three parts: body cross-section contours template establishment, body rebuilding process programming, and tests of the methodology with evaluation. Finally, a group of seven subdivided templates and an easy-operating body mesh rebuilding program were developed. By testing with 74 scanned body models, highly accurate torso models were obtained. The method is license-free and has potential to be extended for customized garment modelling.}, number={5}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Gu, Liwen and Istook, Cynthia and Ruan, Yanwen and Gert, Godfree and Liu, Xiaogang}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={740–755} }
 @article{liu_istook_liu_wang_2018, title={Innovative method for creating fitted brassiere wire prototype based on transformation matrix algorithm}, volume={109}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Textile Institute}, author={Liu, Y. and Istook, C. L. and Liu, K. X. and Wang, J. P.}, year={2018}, pages={73–78} }
 @article{liu_istook_liu_wang_2018, title={Innovative method for creating fitted brassiere wire prototype based on transformation matrix algorithm}, volume={109}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Textile Institute}, author={Liu, Y. and Istook, C. L. and Liu, K. X. and Wang, J. P.}, year={2018}, pages={73–78} }
 @article{xia_istook_2017, title={A Method to Create Body Sizing Systems}, volume={35}, ISSN={0887-302X 1940-2473}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302X17713298}, DOI={10.1177/0887302x17713298}, abstractNote={ Literature reviews show that consumers are not satisfied with the fit of garments sold in stores, primarily due to outdated sizing systems used by companies and the limited number of sizes being produced. The purpose of this article is to present a sizing system creation method, which can be applied on body measurement data to improve the overall fit of garments. Data from the SizeUSA study was used. The sizing system creation process included natural log-transformation, principle component analysis, multivariate linear regression, size range determination, and measurements calculation. The created sizing system was then compared with ASTM D5585-11e1. Analysis of the results showed that the method used to create the sizing system was reliable and repeatable. This was an important research effort for apparel manufactures, as it demonstrated a method to create a sizing system that is flexible and can be altered to fit target consumer groups! }, number={4}, journal={Clothing and Textiles Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Xia, Sibei and Istook, Cynthia}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={235–248} }
 @article{west_istook_porterfield_ghosh_2017, title={A Service Learning Collaborative to Build a Sustainable Enterprise for Underprivileged Women (SEuW)}, volume={5}, ISSN={2051-1787 2051-1795}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20511787.2017.1362144}, DOI={10.1080/20511787.2017.1362144}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT India is a country with a rich heritage of handicrafts that operate as a labor intensive cottage industry, with little opportunity for organized operation and impact in the global marketplace. Service-learning is the systematic approach to teaching and learning where students use academic knowledge and developed class skills to address community needs. The goal of this ongoing service-learning project was to develop practices that might aid the development of a sustainable enterprise, leveraging traditional Indian handicrafts in the Western marketplace. To this end, a class assignment was developed to engage textile and fashion students in a real-world production experience while learning about the design and manufacturing process, as well as culture through their activities. The skills and knowledge that the students are developing can go far beyond the traditional manufacturing to retail outcome objectives, touching and influencing people’s lives with a global sustainable perspective. At the same time, utilizing and building their own skills by learning the fundamental craft of local artists helps students develop a sense of global awareness. The products were developed to support the handicraft industry of India and are based on historically localized skills. The outcome objective is for the students, with the help of outside entities, to have creative input in the development of updated Indian handicraft products that can be sold in the United States of America with a much broader appeal to Western taste than is currently being offered.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile Design Research and Practice}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={West, Andre and Istook, Cynthia and Porterfield, Anne and Ghosh, Tushar}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={3–16} }
 @article{yim_istook_2017, title={Design aesthetics of Ralph Rucci}, volume={21}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Fashion Business}, author={Yim, E.H. and Istook, C.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{liu_istook_liu_wang_2017, title={Innovative method for creating fitted brassiere wire prototype based on transformation matrix algorithm}, volume={5}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2017.1326366}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2017.1326366}, abstractNote={Abstract It has been difficult to obtain the fitted bra wire shape for women’s breasts, since the under breast root shape extracted from 3D bodyscan breast images is three dimensional. A detailed matrix algorithm for the geometric relation is firstly introduced and presented for transferring the 3D bra wire shape to one that is 2D to create a fitted bra underwire shape prototype. In this paper, the under breast root shape was extracted from a medium average avatar, then the curve line was exported as a point format. Points were taken as research subject, then the transformation matrix algorithm was applied to the spatial coordinates of the points to fulfill the transformation. Thereby a detailed program was operated in MATLAB for obtaining the coordinates of points to create the contour for the 2D wire shape. The matrix algorithm method was a useful, simple and straightforward method to implement. In addition, it works well for various kinds of breast shapes.}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Liu, Yu and Istook, Cynthia L. and Liu, Kaixuan and Wang, Jianping}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1–6} }
 @inproceedings{gu_ruan_istook_liu_2017, title={Study of development on apparel additive manufacturing technology}, booktitle={Textile bioengineering and informatics symposium proceedings, 2016, vol. 1}, author={Gu, L. W. and Ruan, Y. W. and Istook, C. and Liu, X. G.}, year={2017}, pages={240–247} }
 @article{yim_istook_2017, title={Typology of Dress in Contemporary Fashion}, volume={41}, ISSN={1225-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2017.41.1.98}, DOI={10.5850/JKSCT.2017.41.1.98}, abstractNote={This study categorizes the formative aspects of dress and their implications according to the extent of revealing or concealing corporeality based on body perceptions. By considering the notion of dress as bodily practice to be a theoretical and methodological framework, this study combines a literature survey and case analysis to analyze and classify the forms of women`s dress since the 1920s when contemporary fashion took hold. As examined in this study, the typology of dress was categorized as body-consciousness, deformation, transformation, and formlessness. Body-consciousness that is achieved through tailoring, bias cutting, and stretchy fabric displays corporeality focusing on the structure and function of the body as an internalized corset. Deformations in dress are categorized into two different subcategories. One is the expansion or reduction of bodily features based on the vertical or horizontal grids of the body, which visualizes the anachronistic restraint of the body through an innerwear as outerwear strategy. The other is exaggerations of the bodily features irrelevant to the grid, which break from the limitations and constraints of the body as well as traditional notions of the body. Transformations of the body refer to as follows. First, the deconstruction and restructuring of the body that deconstruct the stereotypes in garment construction. Second, the abstraction of the body that emphasizes the geometrical and architectural shapes. Third, transformable designs which pursue the expansion and multiplicity of function. Formlessness in dress denies the perception of three-dimensionality of the body through the plan-arization of the body.}, number={01}, journal={Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, publisher={The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, author={Yim, Eunhyuk and Istook, Cynthia}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={98–115} }
 @article{liu_wang_istook_2016, title={Study of optimum parameters for Chinese female underwire bra size system by 3D virtual anthropometric measurement}, volume={108}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.1195954}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2016.1195954}, abstractNote={Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the optimum parameters for Chinese female underwire bra size system. Raw data was collected for 275 subjects using a 3D scanner, and 108 measurement values were extracted by reverse engineering software Polyworks. Analysis of data was conducted by integrating the entropy weight method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods. It was determined that the value of breast breadth (straight distance from inner most point to outer most point on the breast) should be added to the pivotal parameters and compared to previous research to classify the breast shape and to create a totally new size system for the underwire bra. This information can provide the value width for the pattern maker and help in choosing the right sized & shaped wire for the underwire bra. When compared to former research, more breast shapes were defined than when only the depth width ratio and under-bust girth were used as parameters.}, number={6}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Liu, Yu and Wang, Jianping and Istook, Cynthia L.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={877–882} }
 @article{newcomb-hopfer_istook_2016, title={The importance of apparel attributes among young Mexican-American female consumers}, volume={10}, url={http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/JTATM/article/view/8380}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Newcomb-Hopfer, E. and Istook, C.}, year={2016}, pages={1–15} }
 @inproceedings{xia_istook_2014, title={Application of body shape factor in sizing design using SizeUSA data}, author={Xia, S. and Istook, C.}, year={2014} }
 @article{yi_istook_2013, title={A Korean-American Comparative Study of 3D Scanned Female Anthropometric Data}, volume={17}, DOI={10.12940/jfb.2013.17.3.74}, abstractNote={The purpose of this research is to provide useable data for application in American and Korean apparel company. This data was developed by analyzing information of Korean and American body sizes obtained from "Size USA Project" and "Size Korea Project". The Subjects were 6,306 American females and 1,988 Korean females over 18 years old. 30 measurements and 14 computed values were chosen that were considered critical in making garments. And descriptive analysis, percentile analysis and t-test were used as statistical methods for analyzing measurements and computed value between the two countries. The results were as follows. It was determined that American women were larger and bigger than Korean women in all measurements and computed values, except for Shoulder Slope. Based on BMI values, we determined that American women had a distinct tendency towards being overweight. Through the comparison of drop values (i.e. the difference between Hip and Bust Girths or Hip and Waist Girths), ratio values (i.e. waist height divided by height) and Body Mass Index (BMI) between the two countries, we determined that American women's figures were shapelier than Korean women's. American women had higher hip heights and longer leg lengths for their height compared to Korean woman. Furthermore, the back shapes of Korean women were flatter than American women and BMI values indicated American women were relatively more overweight than Korean women.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Fashion Business (패션비즈니스)}, publisher={한국패션비즈니스학회}, author={Yi, Kyong-Hwa and Istook, C.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={74–84} }
 @inproceedings{mclendon_istook_2013, title={An Investigation of Sizing and Fit of Commercial Sewing Patterns. Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference, 2013.}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-864}, DOI={10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-864}, abstractNote={The development and marketing of patterns for the home sewer in the United States is a highly concentrated market. A few large firms dominate the pattern-making industry today, which began more than 150 years ago. Prior to the availability of mass-produced ready-to-wear (RTW) apparel, commercial sewing patterns were first created as a way to assist people in sewing their own clothing at home.}, publisher={Iowa State University, Digital Repository}, author={McLendon, Debra and Istook, Cynthia}, year={2013} }
 @article{lim_istook_2012, title={Automatic pattern generation methods for made-to-measure}, volume={7}, url={http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/JTATM/article/view/2465}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management}, author={Lim, H. and Istook, C.}, year={2012}, pages={1–11} }
 @inproceedings{ray_istook_2012, title={Flight of the Weaver}, url={http://www.itaaonline.org}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference Proceedings}, author={Ray, Sheryl and Istook, C.}, year={2012}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{chen_istook_2012, title={Pelagic—Manta Ray}, url={https://itaaonline.org/page/2012Proceedings}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference Proceedings}, author={Chen, Sandy and Istook, C.}, year={2012}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{shin_fowler_istook_2012, title={Teen Size Study Reveals Varied Figures and Fit Problems in Juniors Category}, url={http://www.itaaonline.org}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Shin, S.J.H. and Fowler, D. and Istook, C.}, year={2012}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{hwang- shin_istook_lee_2011, title={An Analysis of Size USA Men’s Body Shapes for Developing Menswear Sizing Systems}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2011 Fall Conference of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, author={Hwang- Shin, S.J. and Istook, C. and Lee, J.H.}, year={2011}, month={Oct} }
 @article{istook_lim_suk_2011, title={Comparative Analysis of Body Measurement and Fit Evaluation between 2D Direct Body Measuring and 3D Body Scan Measuring}, volume={19}, ISSN={1226-0401}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.29049/rjcc.2011.19.6.1347}, DOI={10.29049/rjcc.2011.19.6.1347}, abstractNote={This study purposed to analyze differences in body measurement between the 2D direct body measuring method and the 3D body scan measuring method and to perform the appearance evaluation and cross-sectional evaluation of the fit of pants to which body measurements obtained by each measuring method were applied. Body measuring was conducted in 10 women in their 20s-30s using 2D direct body measuring and 3D automatic measuring with Hamamatsu body scanner. Among the 10 women, 3 participated in experimental garment wearing. Experimental pants were made using their 2D direct body measurements and 3D automatic measurements, and wearing tests were performed through expert evaluation and cross-sectional evaluation. The results of the experiment were as follows. According to the results of comparative analysis on differences between 2D direct body measurements and 3D scan measurements, 3D automatic measurements were significantly larger in bust circumference, ankle circumference, armscye circumference, shoulder length, scye depth, and arm length. As circumferences measured with the 3D body scanner were somewhat larger than directly measured ones, it is suggested to adjust ease when using existing pattern making methods. We prepared experimental garments by the same pattern making method through applying body measurements obtained with the two measuring methods, and assessed the fit of the garment comparatively through expert evaluation and 3D scan cross-sectional evaluation. According to the results, 2D-pants using 2D direct body measurements was slightly tighter than 3D-pants using 3D measurements in waist circumference, hip circumference, and abdominal circumference. In the results of comparing appearance in terms of the fit of the experimental garment in each subject, significant difference was observed in most of the compared items. This result suggests that 3D automatic body measuring data may show different accuracy according to body shape and therefore it is necessary to examine difference between 2D direct body measurements and 3D automatic measurements according to body shape.}, number={6}, journal={The Research Journal of the Costume Culture}, publisher={The Research Journal of the Costume Culture}, author={Istook, Cynthia L. and Lim, Hosun and Suk, Chun Jong}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1347–1358} }
 @article{lim_istook_2011, title={Comparative Assessment of Virtual Garments using Direct and Manual Avatars}, volume={19}, ISSN={1226-0401}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.29049/rjcc.2011.19.6.1359}, DOI={10.29049/rjcc.2011.19.6.1359}, abstractNote={The purpose of this paper is to compare two avatars made using direct and manual methods and to evaluate the fit and appearance of two virtual garments on the direct and manual avatars. In this study, two subjects were measured by (TC) 2 body scanner and the avatars and virtual garments were created by OptiTex software. The direct avatar was made by the direct importation of 3D body scan data and the manual avatar was made by manual input from extracted body measurement. Two virtual garments in a tank-top were evaluated by distance, transparency, and stretch maps. In the results of comparing difference of the direct and manual avatars, the bust and back of the manual avatar are protruded slightly more than that of the direct avatar and the manual avatar is slightly larger dimensions at the bust, waist, abdomen, and hip area in the side view in case of subject 1 and 2. In the results of comparing difference of the fit and appearance of two virtual garments on the direct and manual avatars, in case of subject 1 and 2, the back of the virtual garment on the manual avatar are protruded more than that of the direct avatar. Also, the ease in the bust area of the virtual garment on the manual avatar with a projected bust area was smaller than that of the virtual garment on the direct avatar and the stretch of that of the manual avatar was also high in the bust area. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic information in the apparel industry using virtual try-on technology.}, number={6}, journal={The Research Journal of the Costume Culture}, publisher={The Costume Culture Association}, author={Lim, H. and Istook, C.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1359–1371} }
 @article{newcomb_istook_2011, title={Confronting stereotypes: apparel fit preferences of Mexican‐American women}, volume={15}, ISSN={1361-2026}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13612021111169915}, DOI={10.1108/13612021111169915}, abstractNote={PurposeThis study aims to investigate the apparel fit preferences of Mexican‐American women between the ages of 18 and 25 years old from the Southwestern USA. The study also seeks to analyze the effect of body shape perception, body mass index, and clothing size on apparel fit preferences.Design/methodology/approachData were collected in an online survey using an original fit preference assessment scale. Sampling was restricted in terms of gender, age, subculture, and geography to control for the variability that exists in apparel preferences and the Hispanic market due to these factors. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the sample's fit preferences for casual pants, tops, skirts, and dresses and to determine whether physical body characteristics impact these preferences.FindingsOverall, young Mexican‐American women preferred semi‐fitted apparel across all garment categories studied. Physical body characteristics tended to impact on the sample's preferences for close and loose‐fitting garments, with respondents who had narrower waists and smaller body sizes more likely to prefer close‐fitting garments. Respondents who had less defined waists and larger body sizes were more likely to prefer loose‐fitting garments.Originality/valueMany apparel firms wish to create targeted products for the Hispanic consumer, given the substantial growth in the size and purchasing power of this market. However, firms have frequently had to rely on cultural stereotypes due to a lack of information. The study documented in the paper developed an original fit preference scale to obtain important information that can be used to impact on apparel product development for this consumer.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Newcomb, Elizabeth and Istook, Cynthia}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={389–411} }
 @article{lim_istook_2011, title={Drape simulation of three-dimensional virtual garment enabling fabric properties}, volume={12}, ISSN={1229-9197 1875-0052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-011-1077-1}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-011-1077-1}, number={8}, journal={Fibers and Polymers}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Lim, Hosun and Istook, Cynthia L.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1077–1082} }
 @inbook{istook_newcomb_lim_2011, title={Three-dimensional (3D) technologies for apparel and textile design}, ISBN={9781845697297}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857093608.3.296}, DOI={10.1533/9780857093608.3.296}, abstractNote={Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of the technologies used for 3D apparel CAD systems. The apparel industry can benefit immensely from the development of integrated 3D CAD systems, in which body models play a critical role. While significant advancements have been made in computer technologies and approaches that improve 3D modeling, research continues in the development of more realistic and mechanically accurate models. Completed models may be integrated with 3D garment design and visualization and 3D fabric modeling systems to create a truly interactive 3D product development and marketing tool.}, booktitle={Computer Technology for Textiles and Apparel}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Istook, C.L. and Newcomb, E.A. and Lim, H.}, year={2011}, pages={296–325} }
 @article{hwangshin_istook_lee_2011, title={Various Men's Body Shapes and Drops for Developing Menswear Sizing Systems in the United States}, volume={35}, ISSN={1225-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2011.35.12.1454}, DOI={10.5850/jksct.2011.35.12.1454}, abstractNote={Menswear body types are often labeled on garments (to indicate how the garments are designed to fit) with indicators of a size category such as regular, portly, and stout, athletic, or big and tall. A drop (relationships between the chest and waist girths) is related to the fit of a tailored suit. However, current standards are not designed for various drops or body types. There is not enough information of categorizing men`s body shapes for the apparel sizing systems. In this article, a set of men`s data from SizeUSA sizing survey was analyzed to investigate men`s body shapes and drops. Factor analysis and a cluster analysis method were used to categorize men`s body shapes. In the results, twenty-five variables were selected through the factor analysis and found four factors: girth factor, height factor, torso girth factor, and slope degree factor. According to the factor and cluster analysis, various body shapes were found: Slim Shape (SS - tall ectomorphy), Heavy Shape (HS - athletic, big & tall, endomorphy and mesomorphy), Slant Inverted Triangle Shape (SITS - regular, slight ectomorphy and slight mesomorphy weight range from normal to slightly overweight), Short Round Top Shape (SRTS - portly and stout, endomorphy). Body shapes were related to fitting categories. SS and HS were related to big & tall fitting category. SITS was related to regular. SRTS was related to portly and stout. Shape 1 (31%) and Shape 2 (26%) were related to current big & tall category. Shape 3 (34%) were related to regular. Shape 4 (9%) were in portly and stout category. ASTM D 6240 standard was the only available standard that presented a regular fitting category. Various drops were found within a same chest size group; however, this study revealed great variances of drops by body shape.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, publisher={The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, author={HwangShin, Su-Jeong and Istook, Cynthia L. and Lee, Jin-Hee}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1454–1465} }
 @article{lim_istook_2010, title={A comparative study on virtual try-on systems using body measurement input}, volume={13}, number={12}, journal={The International Journal of Costume Culture}, author={Lim, H. and Istook, C.}, year={2010}, pages={118–129} }
 @article{lim_istook_2010, title={Comparison of Virtual Avatars by Using Automatic and Manual Method}, volume={34}, ISSN={1225-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2010.34.12.1968}, DOI={10.5850/jksct.2010.34.12.1968}, abstractNote={New technology that includes 3D body scanning, digital virtual human, and digital virtual garments has had a significant impact on the current apparel industry. Virtual simulation technology enables the visualization of a 3D virtual garment on a virtual avatar so that consumers can try on garments with their virtual avatars before purchasing. However, the manual virtual avatar provided for online apparel shopping currently has revealed limitations on the different body sizes and shapes of customers. This study analyzes the process of designing the automatic virtual avatar and the manual virtual avatar using OptiTex software; in addition, the study compares the practicality of the automatic virtual avatar with that of the manual virtual avatar. Data was examined by evaluating how much each virtual avatar is similar to the real body and how well it matched the needs of the current apparel industry. In the study, Avatar 1 was automatically created from three-dimensional body scan data and Avatar 2 was manually created from body measurements. The virtual avatar images laid over a real body image and the results were evaluated by comparing the simulated sizes of virtual avatars with those of a real body. Consequently, Avatar 1 was evaluated as more similar to the real body than Avatar 2 in all five body shapes. This study illustrates that an automatic virtual avatar might solve the fit problem that is the most common reason for a high return rate for online shopping. The results show that future virtual simulation technology needs to be improved for the practicality of the virtual avatars.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, publisher={The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, author={Lim, Ho-Sun and Istook, Cynthia L.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1968–1979} }
 @article{lim_istook_cassill_2009, title={Advanced mass customization in apparel}, volume={6}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management}, author={Lim, H. and Istook, C. and Cassill, N.}, year={2009}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{yi_istook_2008, title={Comparison of 3D Scanned Anthropometric Data between Korean and American Adults by using Ratios and Indices}, volume={32}, ISSN={1225-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2008.32.6.959}, DOI={10.5850/jksct.2008.32.6.959}, abstractNote={The body measurement ratios and indices used in this study are all 3D female measurement data of the two countries were obtained from Size Korea Project and SizeUSA Project. The purpose of the study is to compare and analyze body measurement data between two countries. The results of this research are helpful for the clothing manufacturer and company to trade with America. The samples were 1,988 Korean and 6,306 American females. Thirty-five body measurement ratios and indices were chosen as the principal measurements in making garments. The conclusion of this research was as follow; First, U.S. females have measurements that exceed Korean women, except for crotch length total and shoulder slope. Second, the correlation coefficients of height and weight are relatively higher than other measurements in the two countries` body measurements. Finally, American women`s height ratios are significantly bigger than Korean women`s in most height ratios. On the other hand, Korean are significantly bigger than American in weight ratios. The drop values of Korean females are also smaller than those of American. It was recognized that American women are much bigger, wider and more obese than Korean according to the results by utilizing the girth ratios. BMI, Rohrer and Vervaeck index.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, publisher={The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, author={Yi, Kyong-Hwa and Istook, Cynthia}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={959–967} }
 @inproceedings{newcomb_istook_2008, title={Human body modeling in 3D CAD systems}, url={http://www.itaaonline.org}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Newcomb, E.A. and Istook, C.}, year={2008}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2008, title={Retro 2}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2008}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{hwang- shin_istook_2008, title={Sizing systems for children’s wear in the United States}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Hwang- Shin, S.J. and Istook, C.}, year={2008}, month={Nov} }
 @inbook{istook_2008, title={Three-dimensional body scanning to improve fit}, ISBN={9781845692957}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845694463.1.94}, DOI={10.1533/9781845694463.1.94}, booktitle={Advances in Apparel Production}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Istook, C.L.}, year={2008}, pages={94–116} }
 @inproceedings{hwang- shin_istook_2007, title={An analysis of SizeUSA 3D scan data for developing menswear sizing systems}, url={https://itaaonline.org/page/2007Proceedings}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Hwang- Shin, S.J. and Istook, C.}, year={2007}, month={Nov} }
 @article{yi_istook_kang_choi_2007, title={Comparative Analysis of Korean and American Body Sizes & Shapes using 3D Scanned Anthropometric Data}, volume={31}, ISSN={1225-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2007.31.6.892}, DOI={10.5850/jksct.2007.31.6.892}, abstractNote={This research is the initial step for establishing a convertible body sizing table applicable to the Korean and American female apparel industry. All 3D female measurement data of the two countries were obtained from Size Korea Project and SizeUSA Project. The sample subjects used in this study were 1,988 Korean and 6,306 American females. Thirty-four(34) variables were chosen as the principal measurements in making garments. The conclusion of this research was as follow: First, it was determined that American women were larger and longer than Korean women in all measurement except shoulder slope measurement. Second, according to the differences analysis of the each age group in Korean Females, all measurements except hip girth had significant differences among the age groups. In case of American females, all measurements except arm length(shoulder to wrist) had significant differences among the age groups. Third, in the comparison of differences between the age groups of the two countries` women, some dimensions varied significantly with age, while others did not show any statistical significance among the age groups. Fourth, according to the t-tests of same age groups between Korean & American female measurements, American female measurements were larger and longer than Korean in all measurements except crotch length total, shoulder slope, hip girth-bust girth and hip girth-waist girth.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, publisher={The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles}, author={Yi, Kyong-Hwa and Istook, Cynthia and Kang, Yeo-Sun and Choi, Hei-Sun}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={892–901} }
 @article{lee_istook_nam_park_2007, title={Comparison of body shape between USA and Korean women}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1758-5953"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220710819555}, DOI={10.1108/09556220710819555}, abstractNote={PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare body shape between USA and Korean women. It aims to analyze the distribution and proportion of body shapes of two countries and compare the differences of body shape according to age.Design/methodology/approachSizeUSA and SizeKorea measurement data were evaluated using the Female Figure Identification Technique for apparel system developed at North Carolina State University. Once the samples were defined by shape, comparisons were made of the distribution according to age and country through statistical analysis.FindingsThe paper finds that the largest shape category was the rectangle shape in both countries, but the distribution within each shape category for Korean women was different from that of USA women. More body shape categories were found in the USA women than in Korean women. In addition, most body shape categories had different body proportions when comparing the USA women and Korean women. The USA women had the higher measurements in the waist, high hip, and hips height and the larger measurements in the bust, waist, high hip, and hips circumference.Research limitations/implicationsOf the over 6,300 US female subjects in this study, only five failed to be identified by the seven shapes identified. These subjects had over 50.2 in. of hip circumference, over 10 in. larger hips than bust circumference, and over 15.5 in. larger hips than waist circumference. Further refinement of the mathematical definitions or a second group of criteria may be required for sorting the women that have no shape as defined by this study.Originality/valueThe opportunity to compare the body shapes between two very different countries, using national anthropometric survey data, is very rare, indeed. This comparison allows the opportunity to discover ways to improve the sizing systems of each country, as well as impact the development of international sizing standards that could have a significant impact on brands producing product for a variety of international consumers.}, number={5}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLOTHING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lee, Jeong Yim and Istook, Cynthia L. and Nam, Yun Ja and Park, Sun Mi}, year={2007}, pages={374–391} }
 @inbook{lepechoux_little_istook_2007, place={NY}, edition={2nd}, title={Innovation management in creating new fashion}, booktitle={Fashion marketing: Contemporary issues}, publisher={Random House}, author={LePechoux, B. and Little, T.J. and Istook, C.}, editor={Bruce, M.Editor}, year={2007} }
 @article{simmons_istook_2007, title={Preparing the professoriate program  effective training for future collegiate teaching}, volume={3}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Graduate Education}, author={Simmons, K. P. and Istook, C}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2007, title={Snowdrift}, url={https://itaaonline.org/page/2007Proceedings}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2007}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2007, title={Snowflakes}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2007}, month={Nov} }
 @article{shin_istook_2007, title={The importance of understanding the shape of diverse ethnic female consumers for developing jeans sizing systems}, volume={31}, ISSN={1470-6423 1470-6431}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2006.00581.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1470-6431.2006.00581.x}, abstractNote={AbstractThis study has been conducted to investigate the fit issues related to the current apparel pants and jeans sizing system for diverse consumers, identifying body shape differences among ethnic groups. A total of 1335 women in a certain size range (Misses figure type sizes 2–20) were selected in the study. A Misses figure type size category is commonly used for adult women of average proportion and height. First, the body dimension differences among ethnic groups were examined with a single factor analysis of variance. Second, the fit of pants and jeans for the diverse consumers within the same size category was examined with the current standard sizing system, ASTM D5585 for adult female Misses figure type sizes 2–20. Three cases were programmed within a database: When each consumer selects a size for a pair of jeans based on (1) waist size; (2) hip size; and (3) waist height (usually pants length). And last, the results were analysed with fit comparison plots. Current jean consumers are racially diversified in the US and globally as well. This study revealed that ethnic groups had different fit problems and significant body shape differences. Even within the same figure type size category, a variety of body dimensions existed in each ethnic group. According to the fit problem assessment in this study, consumers within the same body figure type size category could not find the right fit of the pants and jeans within the current sizing system. Half of the female consumers could not find a garment to fit based on waist height (pants length) because the current sizing systems overlooked the effect of diverse consumers. This study will be useful for standardizing organizations to modify current sizing systems for diverse ethnic consumer groups as a demographic factor so that apparel companies could provide better quality of fit for their consumers in the global and local market.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Consumer Studies}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Shin, Su-Jeong Hwang and Istook, Cynthia L.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={135–143} }
 @article{lee_shin_istook_2006, title={Analysis of human head shapes in the United States}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Human Ecology}, author={Lee, J. and Shin, J.H. and Istook, C.}, year={2006}, month={Jun} }
 @article{newcomb_istook_2006, title={Apparel tech conference changing the way apparel companies think about body shape}, volume={5}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Newcomb, B. and Istook, C.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{hwang- shin_istook_2006, title={Developing a missy pants sizing system for mass production and customization}, author={Hwang- Shin, S.J. and Istook, C}, year={2006} }
 @article{dutton_istook_2006, title={INTC 2005 fashion development students wow the industry in conference?s first ever fashion show}, volume={1}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Dutton, K. and Istook, C.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2006, title={Initial analysis of SizeUSA data for development of new sizing systems for the U.S. female population}, url={https://itaaonline.org/page/2006Proceedings}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2006} }
 @article{shin_istook_2006, title={Pattern data format standardization between apparel CAD and 3D body scan with eXtensible Markup Language}, volume={5}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Shin, S. H. and Istook, C}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{newcomb_istook_2006, title={Using SizeUSA to evaluate the effectiveness of U.S. sizing standards}, url={https://itaaonline.org/page/2006Proceedings}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Newcomb, E.A. and Istook, C.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{newcomb_istook_2006, title={Using SizeUSA to improve apparel fit}, author={Newcomb, E.A. and Istook, C}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{dutton_istook_2006, title={Variables Impacting the product selection decision of 15- to 25-year-old females}, booktitle={Proceedings of the the AATCC International Conference and Exhibition in Atlanta, GA}, author={Dutton, K.C. and Istook, C.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{dutton_istook_2006, title={Young adults' intent to purchase based on garment attributes}, url={https://itaaonline.org/page/2006Proceedings}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Dutton, K.C. and Istook, C.}, year={2006} }
 @article{cassill_istook_2005, title={Textile marketing challenges for 2005: Are you ready?}, journal={Guatemala Sourcing Show (trade publication)}, publisher={Trade Publication}, author={Cassill, N. and Istook, C.}, year={2005}, month={May} }
 @article{simmons_istook_devarajan_2004, title={Female figure identification technique (FFIT) for apparel, part I: Describing female shapes}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Simmons, K. P. and Istook, C. and Devarajan, P.}, year={2004} }
 @article{simmons_istook_devarajan_2004, title={Female figure identification technique (FFIT) for apparel, part II: Development of shape sorting software}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Simmons, K. P. and Istook, C. and Devarajan, P.}, year={2004} }
 @article{simmons_istook_2004, title={Preparing the professoriate program:  Effective training for future collegiate teaching}, journal={Journal on Excellence in College Teaching}, author={Simmons, K. P. and Istook, C.}, year={2004} }
 @article{devarajan_istook_2004, title={Validation of female figure identification technique (FFIT) for apparel software}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Devarajan, P. and Istook, C.}, year={2004} }
 @article{simmons_istook_2003, title={Body measurement techniques: comparing 3D body scanning and anthropometric methods for apparel applications}, volume={7}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13612020310484852}, DOI={10.1108/13612020310484852}, abstractNote={With the use of 3D body scanners, body measurement techniques can be non‐contact, instant, and accurate. However, how each scanner establishes landmarks and takes the measurements should be established so that standardization of the data capture can be realized. The purpose of this study was to compare body‐scanning measurement extraction methods and terminology with traditional anthropometric methods. A total of 21 measurements were chosen as being critical to the design of well‐fitting garments. Current body scanners were analyzed for availability of information, willingness of company cooperation, and relevance to applications in the apparel industry. On each of the 21 measurements, standard measurement procedure was identified for three different scanners: [TC]2, Cyberware, and SYMCAD. Of the 21 measures in the study, [TC]2 was the scanner that had the most measures identified for the study and also had the capability of producing many more with specific application for apparel.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management}, author={Simmons, K. P. and Istook, Cynthia}, year={2003}, pages={306–332} }
 @inproceedings{simmons_istook_devarajan_2003, title={Body shape analysis using 3D body scanning}, url={http://www.itaaonline.org}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Simmons, K. and Istook, C. and Devarajan, P.}, year={2003}, month={Nov} }
 @article{simmons_istook_2003, title={Comparison of three-dimensional body scanners}, volume={30}, number={3}, journal={Textiles (Manchester, England)}, author={Simmons, K. P. and Istook, C.}, year={2003}, pages={12–16} }
 @inproceedings{devarajan_istook_simmons_2003, title={Validation of the ‘Female Figure Identification Technique (FFIT) For Apparel methodology}, url={http://www.itaaonline.org}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Devarajan, P. and Istook, C. and Simmons, K.}, year={2003}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{simmons_istook_2002, title={3-D body scanning measurement procedures: Are they the same as traditional physical anthropometric methods?}, ISBN={9789623673518}, booktitle={IFFTI International Conference 2002: fashion and textiles: the new frontiers: design, technology and business: 7-9 November 2002, Hong Kong}, publisher={[Hong Kong: Institute of Textiles and Clothing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University]}, author={Simmons, K.P. and Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{hwang- shin_istook_2002, title={A standardization of the body measurement terminology and method for apparel 3D body scanning systems}, ISBN={9789623673518}, booktitle={IFFTI International Conference 2002: fashion and textiles: the new frontiers: design, technology and business: 7-9 November 2002, Hong Kong}, publisher={[Hong Kong: Institute of Textiles and Clothing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University]}, author={Hwang- Shin, S.J. and Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{simmons_istook_2002, title={Analysis of the current sizing system and body type classification for women's ready-to-wear clothing in the United States}, author={Simmons, K.P. and Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{hwang_istook_2002, title={Body measurement standards for use with 3D body scanning  for apparel development.}, author={Hwang, S. and Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @article{mckinnon_istook_2002, title={Body scanning: The effects of subject respiration and foot positioning on the data integrity of scanned measurements}, volume={6}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management}, author={McKinnon, L. and Istook, C.}, year={2002}, pages={103–121} }
 @article{istook_jones_2002, title={Creative education - teaching the fundamentals and principles of visual merchandise display}, volume={2}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Istook, C. and Jones, M.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{istook_chapman_2002, title={Customized product development and rapid prototyping: Incorporating new technologies in education}, ISBN={9789623673518}, booktitle={IFFTI International Conference 2002: fashion and textiles: the new frontiers: design, technology and business: 7-9 November 2002, Hong Kong}, publisher={[Hong Kong: Institute of Textiles and Clothing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University]}, author={Istook, C. and Chapman, L.P.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{chapman_istook_2002, title={Designing for mass customization}, author={Chapman, L.P. and Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{chapman_istook_2002, title={Designing in 3D for digital printing onto textiles}, author={Chapman, L.P. and Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @article{istook_2002, title={Enabling mass customization: Computer-driven alteration methods for customized garments}, volume={14}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210420345}, DOI={10.1108/09556220210420345}, abstractNote={Manufacturers have been struggling to meet the wants and needs of their customers without sacrificing the efficiencies and profits gained through mass production. Fortunately, developments in information technology have increased the probability of mass customization being adopted as an acceptable business paradigm. Almost every CAD system used in apparel patternmaking has some method that would enable mass customization through automatic alteration of patterns based on individual measurements. Although each has created an interface somewhat differently from all of the others, most have a number of preparatory activities in common that will allow “automatic” alterations to occur. This article outlines the activities involved in setting up CAD systems to automatically customize garments for fit.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology}, author={Istook, Cynthia}, year={2002}, pages={61–76} }
 @inproceedings{istook_simmons_2002, title={Evaluation of sizing standards for applicability to today’s consumer}, url={http://www.itaaonline.org}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference}, author={Istook, C. and Simmons, K.P.}, year={2002}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{istook_simmons_devarajan_2002, title={Female figure identification technique (FFIT) for apparel}, ISBN={9789623673518}, booktitle={IFFTI International Conference 2002: fashion and textiles: the new frontiers: design, technology and business: 7-9 November 2002, Hong Kong}, publisher={[Hong Kong: Institute of Textiles and Clothing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University]}, author={Istook, C. and Simmons, K.P. and Devarajan, P.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{hwang- shin_2002, title={Knowledge management (KM) for mass customization in the apparel industry}, ISBN={9789623673518}, booktitle={IFFTI International Conference 2002: fashion and textiles: the new frontiers: design, technology and business: 7-9 November 2002, Hong Kong}, publisher={[Hong Kong: Institute of Textiles and Clothing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University]}, author={Hwang- Shin, S.J.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2002, title={Mass customization: Implications & implementation}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @article{istook_2002, title={Summer textile exploration program (STEP)}, volume={2}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{devarajan_istook_2002, title={US sizing standards and the US female consumer}, ISBN={9789623673518}, booktitle={IFFTI International Conference 2002: fashion and textiles: the new frontiers: design, technology and business: 7-9 November 2002, Hong Kong}, publisher={[Hong Kong: Institute of Textiles and Clothing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University]}, author={Devarajan, P. and Istook, C.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2001, title={3-D body scanning: Technology, accuracy, & practical application}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2001 Seoul KSCT/ITAA Joint World Conference}, publisher={Seoul, Korea: Korean Society of Clothing & Textiles}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={24–28} }
 @article{istook_hwang_2001, title={3D body scanning systems with application in the apparel industry}, volume={5}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000007283}, DOI={10.1108/eum0000000007283}, abstractNote={The ability to customise garments for fit is directly tied to the availability of a comprehensive, accurate set of measurements. To obtain accurate physical measurements, a basic knowledge and set of skills are required that are not often found in the average salesperson at a retail clothing outlet. The development of three‐dimensional body‐scanning technologies may have significant potential for use in the apparel industry, particularly for customisation or mass customisation strategies to be employed. The purpose of this study was to review all the 3D body scanning systems currently available and to determine the underlying principles that allow these systems to work. Specifications of each system were compared in order to provide some direction for further research into the integration of these systems with current apparel CAD pattern design or pattern generation technologies.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management}, author={Istook, Cynthia and Hwang, S. J.}, year={2001}, pages={120–132} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2001, title={Automating the customization of apparel for fit}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{simmons_istook_2001, title={Body measurement techniques:  A comparison of 3-D body scanning and physical anthropometric methods}, booktitle={Fashion art exhibition: expanding horizons: 2001 KSCT/ITAA joint world conference}, publisher={Seoul, Korea: Korean Society of Clothing & Textiles}, author={Simmons, K.P. and Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{hwang_istook_2001, title={Body measurement terminology used in the apparel industry}, booktitle={Fashion art exhibition: expanding horizons: 2001 KSCT/ITAA joint world conference}, publisher={Seoul, Korea: Korean Society of Clothing & Textiles}, author={Hwang, S. and Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{chapman_istook_2001, title={Butterfly garden}, booktitle={Fashion art exhibition: expanding horizons: 2001 KSCT/ITAA joint world conference}, publisher={Seoul, Korea: Korean Society of Clothing & Textiles}, author={Chapman, L.P. and Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @article{mckinnon_istook_2001, title={Comparative analysis of the image twin system and the 3T6 body scanner}, volume={1}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={McKinnon, L. and Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{istook_simmons_2001, title={Comparison of 3 dimensional body scanners for usage potential}, author={Istook, C. and Simmons, K.}, year={2001} }
 @article{simmons_istook_2001, title={Comparison of 3-dimensional body scanners for use potential}, volume={32}, number={5}, journal={Textile Asia}, author={Simmons, K. P. and Istook, C.}, year={2001}, pages={48–52} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2001, title={Developing product for a market of one}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{mckinnon_istook_2001, title={Digital  printing in the textile complex}, booktitle={Fashion art exhibition: expanding horizons: 2001 KSCT/ITAA joint world conference}, publisher={Seoul, Korea: Korean Society of Clothing & Textiles}, author={McKinnon, L. and Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{istook_2001, title={Digital printing on textiles:  Practical application for rapid prototyping & mass customization}, booktitle={Textiles 2001  : technical innovations for global challenges : AATCC, IC & E, Hyatt Regency, Greenville, SC, October 21-24, 2001}, publisher={Madison, Wis.: OmniPress}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{istook_mckinnon_2001, title={Entering the epoch of mass customization}, author={Istook, C. and McKinnon, L.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{istook_chapman_2001, title={New technologies Integrating fashion and textile design}, author={Istook, C. and Chapman, L.P.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{chapman_istook_2001, title={Teaching product development with off the shelf software}, booktitle={Fashion art exhibition: expanding horizons: 2001 KSCT/ITAA joint world conference}, publisher={Seoul, Korea: Korean Society of Clothing & Textiles}, author={Chapman, L.P. and Istook, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{istook_chapman_2001, title={The development of an interdisciplinary digital design laboratory in support of rapid prototyping and mass customization}, booktitle={Fashion art exhibition: expanding horizons: 2001 KSCT/ITAA joint world conference}, publisher={Seoul, Korea: Korean Society of Clothing & Textiles}, author={Istook, C. and Chapman, L.P.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{lepechoux_istook_little_2000, title={Linking marketing, design, and creativity}, ISBN={9781870372459}, booktitle={Papers presented at the 80th World Conference of the Textile Institute, April 2000}, publisher={Manchester, England: Textile Institute}, author={LePechoux, B. and Istook, C. and Little, T.}, year={2000} }
 @article{istook_2000, title={Rapid prototyping in the textile & apparel industry: A pilot project}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Istook, C.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{mckinnon_istook_2000, title={Relative accuracy and precision of 3d body scan data}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Meeting}, author={McKinnon, L. and Istook, C.}, year={2000}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{lepechoux_istook_ghosh_2000, title={Sizing and fit testing}, ISBN={9781870372459}, booktitle={Papers presented at the 80th World Conference of the Textile Institute, April 2000}, publisher={Manchester, England: Textile Institute}, author={LePechoux, B. and Istook, C. and Ghosh, T.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{istook_mckinnon_2000, title={Technologies supporting mass customization of apparel: A pilot project}, ISBN={9781870372459}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Textile Institute 80th World Conference–Manchester}, publisher={Manchester, England: Textile Institute}, author={Istook, C. and McKinnon, L.}, year={2000}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{mckinnon_istook_2000, title={The accuracy of scanned measurements}, ISBN={9781870372459}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Textile Institute 80th World Conference–Manchester}, publisher={Manchester, England: Textile Institute}, author={McKinnon, L. and Istook, C.}, year={2000}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{lepechoux_istook_1999, title={From a labor intensive to an information intensive business environment}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings}, publisher={Monument, CO: The Association}, author={LePechoux, B. and Istook, C.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{mckinnon_istook_1999, title={How current sizing systems miss the mark: A pilot study}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings}, publisher={Monument, CO: The Association}, author={McKinnon, L. and Istook, C.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{istook_mckinnon_1999, title={Psychological issues concerning body scanning}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings}, publisher={Monument, CO: The Association}, author={Istook, C. and McKinnon, L.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{underwood_istook_1997, title={Cultivating state funds: Seed money for the future}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings: proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Textile & Apparel Association, Inc., November 12-15, 1997, Knoxville, Tennessee}, publisher={Monument, CO: International Textile & Apparel Association}, author={Underwood, S. and Istook, C.}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{istook_1997, title={Just because you built it doesn't mean they'll come: The importance of accurate costing to increase the likelihood of business success}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings: proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Textile & Apparel Association, Inc., November 12-15, 1997, Knoxville, Tennessee}, publisher={Monument, CO: International Textile & Apparel Association}, author={Istook, C.}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{istook_underwood_1997, title={interdisciplinary projects: Providing students with real life experiences to insure future success}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings: proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Textile & Apparel Association, Inc., November 12-15, 1997, Knoxville, Tennessee}, publisher={Monument, CO: International Textile & Apparel Association}, author={Istook, C. and Underwood, S.}, year={1997} }
 @book{underwood_istook_1996, place={Ft. Worth, TX}, title={Apparel design by draping: An evaluation guide to aid in assessment of selected techniques in draping exercises.}, publisher={Ascot Publications}, author={Underwood, S.B. and Istook, C.}, year={1996} }
 @book{underwood_istook_1996, place={Ft. Worth, TX}, edition={2nd}, title={Pattern drafting for apparel using PAD System8 Pattern Version 2.5: A workbook}, publisher={Ascot Publications}, author={Underwood, S.B. and Istook, C.}, year={1996} }
 @book{underwood_istook_1996, place={Ft. Worth, TX}, title={Theory and application of apparel construction techniques}, publisher={Ascot Publications}, author={Underwood, S.B. and Istook, C.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{underwood_istook_1995, title={Four years for the future: Forever prepared? -- an educational model}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings: proceedings of the annual meeting of the International Textile & Apparel Association}, author={Underwood, S. and Istook, C.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{istook_underwood_1995, title={Retail math: Significant predictors of successful learning.}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings: proceedings of the annual meeting of the International Textile & Apparel Association}, author={Istook, C. and Underwood, S.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{istook_underwood_1994, title={A video introduction of apparel design techniques using cad program developed for the Macintosh computer}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings: proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Textile & Apparel Association, Inc., October 19-23, 1994, Minneapolis, MN}, publisher={Monument, CO : International Textile & Apparel Association}, author={Istook, C. and Underwood, S.}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{underwood_istook_1994, title={An introductory-level workbook for designing apparel using the Macintosh computer}, booktitle={ITAA proceedings: proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Textile & Apparel Association, Inc., October 19-23, 1994, Minneapolis, MN}, publisher={Monument, CO : International Textile & Apparel Association}, author={Underwood, S. and Istook, C.}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{istook_underwood_1992, title={Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) in the apparel industry}, booktitle={International Textile and Apparel Association Proceedings}, author={Istook, C.S. and Underwood, S.B.}, year={1992}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{istook_kenner_reed_trimble_romero_riggs_1991, title={Performance of Texcellana cotton/wool fabric}, booktitle={Book of papers: 1991 international Conference & Exhibition, October 8-11, Radisson Plaza Hotel, Charlotte, N.C.}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, N.C. : American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists}, author={Istook, C. and Kenner, J. and Reed, A. and Trimble, J. and Romero, F. and Riggs, C.}, year={1991} }