@article{youn_knowles_mills_mathur_2024, title={Comparative study of physical and virtual fabric parameters: physical versus virtual drape test using commercial 3D garment software}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2024.2314273}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2024.2314273}, abstractNote={The adoption of three-dimensional (3D) fabric simulator technology is rising in the apparel and textile supply chains. However, a standard virtual fabric test method has not yet been developed. This paper aims to investigate fabric simulation parameters, including digitized physical properties and particle distance that influence drape simulation. To achieve this goal, the paper consists of three phases. The first phase focuses on developing a reliable virtual drape test setup compatible with the Cusick drape tester by adjusting different variables, such as the cylinder’s height and ring diameters. The second phase investigates the drape coefficient (DC) influencing parameters using the devised drape test method, specifically focusing on digitized physical properties obtained from standard testing equipment or a simplified fabric kit. The last phase investigates the effect of particle distances on virtualized fabric. By understanding the simulation parameters that affect the virtualized fabric, the study suggests approaches to minimize the gap and optimize the ability of simulator technology.}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Youn, Seonyoung and Knowles, Caitlin G. and Mills, Amanda C. and Mathur, Kavita}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{schoeppner_millar_kuhar_doughty_cherry_hall_knowles_williams_huseth_2023, title={Optimization of 13-tetradecenyl acetate sex pheromone for trapping <i>Melanotus communis</i> (Coleoptera: Elateridae)}, volume={5}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad086}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toad086}, abstractNote={Corn wireworm, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Elateridae), is an economically important larval pest of root and tuber crops in the United States. Previous work to estimate field-level abundance of M. communis has focused on grain-based larval baits placed in soil. However, this sampling method is labor intensive and may not estimate population size accurately. Recent discovery of the M. communis sex pheromone, 13-tetradecenyl acetate, provides a new method to monitor this pest during the adult stage. Early studies with this pheromone showed that different trapping methods might enhance catch and improve trap servicing. We hypothesized that placing lures on elevated traps would increase M. communis capture relative to the in-ground pitfall trapping that is currently used. We had 2 objectives for this study: (a) to compare pheromone captures among in-ground pitfall traps, on-ground pitfalls, elevated pitfalls (1 m), or elevated sticky cards (1 m) and (b) test lure longevity by aging the lures outdoors at 8-, 6-, 4-, 2-, and 0-wk intervals prior to trap deployment in the field. Experiments were conducted in North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida during the 2021 and 2022 field seasons. Results highlight large variation in M. communis abundance across the 4 states. We showed that 1 m elevated pheromone traps caught the most beetles. The age of the lure prior to deployment had a significant effect on trap catch. The lures that were aged for fewer weeks attracted significantly more beetles, with 0- and 2-wk-old lures capturing the greatest numbers. Graphical Abstract}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Schoeppner, Emma and Millar, Jocelyn G and Kuhar, Thomas P and Doughty, Hélène and Cherry, Ronald H and Hall, Grace and Knowles, Caitlin G and Williams, Livy, III and Huseth, Anders S}, editor={Puche, HelenaEditor}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{knowles_ju_sennik_mills_jur_2023, title={Simulation techniques for smart textile predictive design}, volume={1266}, ISBN={["*****************"]}, ISSN={["1757-8981"]}, DOI={10.1088/1757-899X/1266/1/012008}, abstractNote={Smart textiles must combine both textile and electronic systems into one product. This presents challenges as each industry has their own design and evaluation standards that are not compatible with one another. As such, smart textile designers tend to rely heavily on the production and iteration of physical prototypes to create a product that meets the specified design criteria. One emerging tool in the apparel industry that has potential to shorten the prototyping cycle is 3D CAD for textiles, also known as 3D garment simulation. While typically used for apparel design and e-commerce, this work presents two case studies that demonstrate how 3D garment simulation can be used as a tool for predictive design of smart textile products. In particular, how strain-dependent properties such as resistance and contact pressure can be predicted and how designs can be optimized to achieve certain performance metrics.}, journal={8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TEXTILES & MASS CUSTOMISATION}, author={Knowles, Caitlin G. and Ju, Beomjun and Sennik, Busra and Mills, Amanda C. and Jur, Jesse S.}, year={2023} }
 @article{youn_knowles_ju_sennik_mathur_mills_jur_2023, title={Simulation-Based Contact Pressure Prediction Model to Optimize Health Monitoring Using E-Textile Integrated Garment}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2023.3293065}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2023.3293065}, abstractNote={Advancements in wearable technology have integrated textile sensors into garments for long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. However, optimizing biosignal quality, motion artifacts, and wearer comfort in electronic textiles (E-textiles) remains challenging. While designing appropriate contact pressure (CP) is crucial, there is a lack of guidance on proper material selection and sizing for achieving the desired CP. This article presents a novel CP prediction model that utilizes three-dimensional garment simulation (3DGS) to optimize knit textiles for health monitoring. First, a stress test method is devised in the simulator to examine the reliability of simulated stress. Based on understanding the simulated stress mechanism, the CP model is developed using simulation parameters. The model is validated against experimental CP values, exhibiting high accuracy ( ${R}^{{2}}= {0.9}$ ). The effectiveness of the CP model is validated through the demonstration of a customized ECG armband incorporating screen-printed dry electrodes on knit fabrics. Analyzing ECG signals, CP, and applied strains validates the benefits of strategically selected materials and sizing. Specifically, the knit sample with 90% polyester and 10% spandex (S-10) for the 15%–20% range and the knit sample with 85% polyester and 18% spandex (S-18) for the 10%–15% strain range significantly enhance ECG quality, resulting in higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of 33.45 (±1.72) and 34.57 (±0.84)−36.61(±1.81), respectively. These design parameters achieve the desired CP range of 1–1.5 kPa, optimizing the functionality and comfort of the ECG armband. The CP model sets a benchmark for the strategic manufacturing of health monitoring garments by integrating digital technology.}, number={16}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Youn, Seonyoung and Knowles, Caitlin G. and Ju, Beomjun and Sennik, Busra and Mathur, Kavita and Mills, Amanda C. and Jur, Jesse S.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={18316–18324} }
 @article{li_ju_zhou_knowles_rosenberg_flewwellin_kose_jur_2021, title={Airbrushed PVDF-TrFE Fibrous Sensors for E-Textiles}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2637-6113"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.1c00802}, DOI={10.1021/acsaelm.1c00802}, abstractNote={The low-temperature processing, inherent flexibility, and biocompatibility of piezoelectric polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based materials enable the creation of soft wearable sensors, energy harvesters, and actuators. Of the various processing techniques, electrospinning is the most widely adopted process to form PVDF nanofiber scaffolds with enhanced piezoelectric properties such that they do not require further post-processing such as mechanical drawing, electrical poling, or thermal annealing. However, electrospinning requires long periods of time to form sufficiently thick PVDF nanofiber scaffolds and requires extremely high voltages to form scaffolds with enhanced piezoelectric properties, which limits the number of usable substrates, thus restricting the integration and use of electrospun PVDF scaffolds into wearable textile platforms. In this work, we propose a facile processing technique to airbrush PVDF–trifluoroethylene (TrFE) nanofiber scaffolds directly onto textile substrates. We tune the polymer concentration (4, 6, and 8 wt %) and the spray distance (5, 12.5, and 20 cm) to understand their effects on the morphology and crystal structure of the fibrous scaffolds. The characterization results show that increasing the polymer wt % encourages the formation of fibrous morphologies and a β-phase crystal structure. We then demonstrate how the airbrushed PVDF–TrFE scaffolds can be easily integrated onto conductive inkjet-printed nonwoven textile substrates to form airbrushed piezoelectric textile devices (APTDs). The APTDs exhibit maximum open-circuit voltages of 667.1 ± 162.1 mV under tapping and 276.9 ± 59.0 mV under bending deformations. The APTDs also show an areal power density of 0.04 μW/cm2, which is 40× times higher compared to previously reported airbrushed PVDF scaffolds. Lastly, we sew APTDs into wearable textile platforms to create fully textile-integrated devices with applications in sensing a basketball shooting form.}, number={12}, journal={ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Li, Braden M. and Ju, Beomjun and Zhou, Ying and Knowles, Caitlin G. and Rosenberg, Zoe and Flewwellin, Tashana J. and Kose, Furkan and Jur, Jesse S.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={5307–5326} }
 @article{ju_kim_li_knowles_mills_grace_jur_2021, title={Inkjet Printed Textile Force Sensitive Resistors for Wearable and Healthcare Devices}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2192-2659"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100893}, DOI={10.1002/adhm.202100893}, abstractNote={Pressure sensors for wearable healthcare devices, particularly force sensitive resistors (FSRs) are widely used to monitor physiological signals and human motions. However, current FSRs are not suitable for integration into wearable platforms. This work presents a novel technique for developing textile FSRs (TFSRs) using a combination of inkjet printing of metal‐organic decomposition silver inks and heat pressing for facile integration into textiles. The insulating void by a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) membrane between the top and bottom textile electrodes creates an architectured piezoresistive structure. The structure functions as a simple logic switch where under a threshold pressure the electrodes make contact to create conductive paths (on‐state) and without pressure return to the prior insulated condition (off‐state). The TFSR can be controlled by arranging the number of layers and hole diameters of the TPU spacer to specify a wide range of activation pressures from 4.9 kPa to 7.1 MPa. For a use‐case scenario in wearable healthcare technologies, the TFSR connected with a readout circuit and a mobile app shows highly stable signal acquisition from finger movement. According to the on/off state of the TFSR with LED bulbs by different weights, it can be utilized as a textile switch showing tactile feedback.}, journal={ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS}, author={Ju, Beomjun and Kim, Inhwan and Li, Braden M. and Knowles, Caitlin G. and Mills, Amanda and Grace, Landon and Jur, Jesse S.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }