@article{kehiaian_williams_bird_2021, title={Financial, demographic, and psychological differences between Chapter 13 bankruptcy filers and non-filers. }, volume={29}, number={1}, journal={Financial Services Review}, author={Kehiaian, S.E. and Williams, A.A. and Bird, C.L.}, year={2021}, pages={67–84} }
 @article{bird_chandler_barrett-rivera_berry_2020, title={SNAP Policy and the realities of rural working families: Implications for practitioners}, volume={23}, url={https://www.theforumjournal.org/2021/03/01/snap-policy-and-the-realities-of-rural-working-families-implications-for-practitioners/}, number={1}, journal={The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues}, author={Bird, C.L. and Chandler, K. and Barrett-Rivera, B. and Berry, A.}, year={2020} }
 @article{bird_mcclelland_2018, title={Changing Attitudes and Knowledge Toward SNAP Application}, volume={32}, ISSN={["2168-6602"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890117117709793}, abstractNote={Purpose: To examine effectiveness of an educational intervention on attitude and knowledge related to accessing and qualifying for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Community sites (38) in North Carolina. Participants: Low-income adult participants who provided data (n = 558). Intervention: Participants completed pre- and postsurveys for the 45-minute program. Measures: Theoretically based surveys measured knowledge requisite to the decision to apply for SNAP benefits. Analysis: Paired sample t tests tested the hypothesis of “no difference” in postintervention knowledge. Results: Knowledge gains were statistically significant on all questions (P < .01) including the amount of food a minimum benefit could purchase, how to apply for SNAP, how the electronic benefit transfer card and benefits work, eligibility restrictions, and how to receive application assistance. Subsequent percentage change analyses revealed the strongest intervention effects to be how to apply and accessing application assistance. Conclusion: Effective theory-based programs can improve knowledge and dispel myths concerning SNAP participation among low-income participants.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION}, author={Bird, Carolyn L. and McClelland, Jacquelyn W.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={312–314} }
 @article{walsh_john_peritore_morris_bird_ceraso_eichberger_novotny_stephenson_stluka_et al._2018, title={Health in all policies: Working across sectors in Cooperative Extension to promote health for all}, volume={6}, url={https://www.jhseonline.com/article/view/718}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Human Sciences and Extension}, author={Walsh, M. and John, D. and Peritore, N. and Morris, A. and Bird, C. and Ceraso, M. and Eichberger, S. and Novotny, R. and Stephenson, L. and Stluka, S. and et al.}, year={2018}, pages={37–56} }
 @article{mammen_berry_bird_chandler_2018, title={Rural Low-Income Families' Quest for Economic Security: It Takes More Than a Paycheck}, volume={22}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.26536/fsr.2018.22.01.01}, DOI={10.26536/fsr.2018.22.01.01}, abstractNote={Rural, low-income families face a multitude of challenges in their quest for economic security. This paper presents the major findings from two studies, Rural Families Speak and Rural Families Speak about Health, that highlight factors that contribute to the economic well-being of these families. These factors included employment challenges as well as the role of various types of support, such as public assistance programs, social and family networks, resource management skills, and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Policymakers should pay special attention to income needs of vulnerable families in the context of unique challenges of living in rural areas. Economically secure rural families are better prepared to play important roles in the viability and vitality of their communities. Policy implications and recommendations to improve families’ economic well-being are provided with this perspective in mind. Direct correspondence to Sheila Mammen at smammen@resecon.umass.edu RURAL, LOW-INCOME FAMILIES’ QUEST FOR ECONOMIC SECURITY 10 Family Science Review, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2018 © 2018 Family Science Association. All rights reserved. Rural, Low-Income Families’ Quest for Economic Security: It Takes More Than a Paycheck The population of rural (non-metro) counties represents 14% (46.2 million) of US residents (Economic Research Service [ERS], 2016). Since poverty rates were first recorded in the 1960s, rural poverty has been higher than urban poverty; there also seems to be a positive association between the degree of poverty and the degree of rurality (ERS, 2015). Along with unemployment, the poverty rate, which rose throughout the recent Great Recession (2007-2009) has now fallen modestly; the poverty rate stands at 17.2% in non-metro and 14.7% in metro areas (ERS, 2016). The rural poverty rate is highest in the South (21.7%) and among female-headed households (45%), children (26.7%), African-Americans (33.8%), and the fastest-growing rural group, Hispanics (25.9%) (ERS, 2014; ERS, 2016). The Rural Families Speak (RFS), 1998-2008, and Rural Families Speak about Health (RFSH), 2008-2019, 1 studies have provided a significant body of knowledge regarding economic security of rural low-income families before and after the Great Recession. Table 1 shows the vulnerability and dependence of rural families as measured by employment status and receipt of public assistance during the two periods covered by RFS and RFSH. RFSH mothers and spouses/partners were less likely to be employed (mothers: 34%, spouses/partners: 66%) than were RFS mothers and spouses/partners (mothers: 51%, spouses/partners: 83%). There was a concomitant rise in participation among RFSH households in three of the major assistance programs (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 2 [TANF]: 25%, RFSH; 20%, RFS; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 3 [SNAP]: 70%, RFSH; 54%, RFS; Medicaid: 88%, RFSH; 72%, RFS). Rural families generally face multiple challenges that affect their economic well-being. They engage in multiple strategies to become financially secure. Most families rely on a mix of income from employment, public assistance programs, social and family supports, and resource management skills, all of which are crucial to their economic security. Findings from RFS/RFSH that describe rural families’ use of these strategies are presented in this paper, which is organized around two major themes: (a) the economic well-being of rural low-income families with special emphasis on the role of family and social supports, receipt of public assistance, and resource management skills; and (b) the landscape of rural employment, including barriers to mothers’ employment and use of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Implications for policy and future research are then discussed. 1 The objective of the Rural Families Speak (RFS) project (1998-2008) was to study the well-being of rural, lowincome families in the context of the 1996 federal welfare reform legislation. The overall goal of the Rural Families Speak about Health (RFSH) study (2008-2019) was to identify the factors that influence physical and mental health among vulnerable, rural families. While there were different samples in RFS and RFSH, the participants in both studies were rural female caregivers, 18 years of age or older, with at least one child under the age of 13. For a complete description of RFS/RFSH studies, please see “Rural, Low-Income Families and their Well-Being: Findings from 20 Years of Research” (Family Science Review, issue 1, 2018). 2 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) was formerly Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program (AFDC). 3 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) was formerly Food Stamps Program. RURAL, LOW-INCOME FAMILIES’ QUEST FOR ECONOMIC SECURITY 11 Family Science Review, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2018 © 2018 Family Science Association. All rights reserved. The Economic Well-being of Rural Families The US government measures economic well-being primarily through personal or household income, an objective indicator. Studies (Cummins, 2000; Kahneman & Deaton, 2010; Veenhoven, 2002) have shown, however, that individuals’ subjective assessment of their income, referred to as income adequacy, 4 was more likely to affect their life satisfaction than was actual income. Investigations by Mammen, Bauer, and Lass (2009) have corroborated this finding. As shown in Table 1, half (49%) of the rural families in the RFS study described their incomes as inadequate (i.e., either not at all adequate or can only meet necessities). A decade later, perhaps as a result of the Great Recession coupled with wage stagnation of the last few decades, twothirds (66%) of RFSH families described their incomes as inadequate. Additional measures to determine economic well-being include possession of consumer durables, housing and neighborhood conditions, and support systems that households have when problems occur (Siebens, 2013). Even when mothers and spouses/partners were employed, the household incomes of rural families did not enable them to achieve economic self-sufficiency (Bauer & Braun, 2002). With an average monthly income of $791 (Bauer & Braun, 2002), many of the families did not earn enough income to keep them out of poverty (Bauer, Braun, & Dyk, 2003). The Family Economic Well-Being Scale, developed by Bauer, Braun, and Olsen (2000), places families into four categories based on economic well-being: (a) in crisis; (b) at risk; (c) safe; and, (d) thriving. Incrisis families are unable to meet even the most basic needs. At-risk families cannot fully meet their needs with current incomes and require a variety of public assistance to do so. Families who are safe are able to meet most needs with their incomes. Finally, thriving families have incomes sufficient to meet their needs as well as afford some wants. Over one-half (55%) of rural families were found to be “in crisis” mode (Bauer, Braun, & Olson, 2000). Mammen, Dolan, and Seiling (2015) further explained rural families’ economic situation through the Economic Well-Being Continuum (EWC), a comprehensive measure describing circumstances of low-income families in eight specific dimensions to establish their levels of economic functioning. These dimensions include families’ child care options, employability, food security, health care security, housing security, transportation availability, reliance on assistance programs, and their capabilities. Health issues and relationship changes were significant trigger events that established or altered economic functioning of rural families. The Role of Family and Social Supports Rural families juggled resources to make ends meet and relied upon various types of supports for their financial needs. Most (91%) were at risk of economic crisis and were unlikely to become financially self-sufficient even though they had earned income (Braun, 2003). Families who lived in communities with higher rates of poverty were more likely to be at an economic disadvantage and used informal and formal supports to make ends meet (Wasberg, 4 Income adequacy is measured using a Likert-type scale: “can afford about everything we want and still save money”; “can afford about everything we want”; “can afford some of the things we want”; “can meet necessities only”; “not at all adequate.” RURAL, LOW-INCOME FAMILIES’ QUEST FOR ECONOMIC SECURITY 12 Family Science Review, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2018 © 2018 Family Science Association. All rights reserved. 2007). Reliance on family and social support as well as government assistance was a recurring and consistent theme in the findings. Social support mitigated rural families’ hardships (Mammen, Dolan, & Seiling, 2015) and buffered them against economic challenges (Kohler, Anderson, Oravecz, & Braun, 2004). Although needs were high and resources were few, mothers used various support networks to meet their needs (Seiling, Manoogian, & Son, 2011). Many mothers shared information on how family, friends, and churches supported them in times of need. Such support included giving objective opinions, being there when needed, and sending help when asked (Kohler, Anderson, Oravecz, & Braun, 2004). Simmons, Braun, Wright, and Miller (2007) reported that a model of economic well-being that included both social support and human capital provided a better fit for the data, as social support was a key contributor to long-term success of rural families. The most well-adjusted mothers were those who found a mix of supports that worked effectively and efficiently for them and their families (Sero-Lynn, 2010). For some mothers, however, borrowing money from family or friends increased economic strain (Bird, 2006). Receipt of Public Assistance Public assistance programs played an important role in rural families’ income security. Help is extended to qualified families through a variety of programs including Medicaid, TANF, SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Program for W}, number={01}, journal={Family Science Review}, publisher={Family Science Association}, author={Mammen, Sheila and Berry, Ann and Bird, Carolyn and Chandler, Kelly}, year={2018} }
 @article{williams_kehiaian_bird_2017, title={Differences in financial actions between Chapter 13 bankruptcy filers and non-filers}, volume={19}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Applied Business and Economics}, author={Williams, A.A. and Kehiaian, S.E. and Bird, C.L.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={136–155} }
 @article{bird_mcclelland_2016, title={Educating limited resource older adults for better choices to lower risk of food insecurity}, volume={41}, ISSN={1470-6423}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12333}, DOI={10.1111/ijcs.12333}, abstractNote={United States (U.S.) national and North Carolina state data on older adult food insecurity in combination with associated poor nutrition-related health outcomes point to a critical need for interventions to improve their food security. Nearly 8% of North Carolinians aged 60 and older and 11% of those aged 50–59 are food insecure, placing North Carolina in the top ten states in the U.S. for food insecurity for both age groups. Therefore, the Better Choices intervention was designed to educate limited-income older adults in ways to manage their meager resources to purchase more and healthier foods. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Better Choices intervention in improving the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of participants concerning their food money resource management. Older adults (n = 453) with ages ranging from 59 to over 90 years participated in 8 weeks of educational programming delivered by educators in 15 participating North Carolina counties. In a cross-over program design participating counties were randomly assigned to two groups, to create a control for the food money resource management treatment. A three-points-in-time survey supported longitudinal measurement. Independent samples t-tests showed no significant differences between groups at baseline. Paired sample t-test results show the intervention was effective with statistically significant improvement of participants' knowledge regarding preparing a healthy meal on a budget, beans as a low-cost alternative to meat, and the use of unit pricing to compare products to identify the best value. Participant-developed action plans reflected planned behavior change. Study results show this group of older adults were capable of and willing to adopt new behaviors for a healthier lifestyle. While not a representative sample, the broad applicability of adult learning and planned behavior theories underpinning the program lead us to conclude that the methods and theories applied in this intervention should be of use to educators and practitioners serving limited-resource older adult populations.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Consumer Studies}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bird, Carolyn L. and McClelland, Jacquelyn W.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={225–233} }
 @article{mcclelland_jayaratne_bird_2015, title={Use of Song as an Effective Teaching Strategy for Nutrition Education in Older Adults}, volume={34}, ISSN={2155-1197 2155-1200}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2014.998327}, DOI={10.1080/21551197.2014.998327}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to explore whether singing an educational song would be effective in improving older adults' knowledge about nutrition. We used a randomized controlled design to determine whether singing an educational song would result in increased nutrition knowledge in a low-income population of older adults compared to a control group of similar adults who did not sing the song. Eighteen congregate nutrition sites were randomly assigned to the treatment or control group. Analysis via independent samples t-test showed the knowledge gain mean scores for the treatment group were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those of the control group. This study supports a unique new approach to increasing nutrition knowledge of older adults by using music.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={McClelland, Jacquelyn W. and Jayaratne, K. S. U. and Bird, Carolyn}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={22–33} }
 @article{bird_şener_coşkuner_2014, title={Visualizing financial success: planning is key}, volume={38}, ISSN={1470-6423}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12141}, DOI={10.1111/ijcs.12141}, abstractNote={Recent economic troubles in the US and abroad highlight the importance of family financial capability, including an understanding of financial markets. Financial capability is the foundation for desired financial behaviours, such as saving, budgeting, using credit wisely and planning. Study participants, a subsample of respondents to a Turkish university financial literacy survey (n = 374), who reported uninterrupted income for a 3-year period were grouped as ‘planners’ and ‘non-planners’. These groupings allowed examination of the relationships between planning, financial management decisions, and differential outcomes in daily household financial well-being. The practice of preferred financial management behaviours was predictive of debt. This research makes a unique contribution to the literature, demonstrating the importance of uninterrupted income over income amount in support of the planning process. Findings of this study have implications for professionals in the family and consumer sciences field and other practitioners assisting consumers with improving financial management outcomes.}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Consumer Studies}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bird, Carolyn L. and Şener, Arzu and Coşkuner, Selda}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={684–691} }
 @article{copur_bird_2013, title={An International Study of College Students’ Personal Financial Wellness Perceptions}, volume={18}, number={3}, journal={The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues}, author={Copur, Z. and Bird, C.}, year={2013} }
 @article{jayaratne_bird_mcclelland_2013, title={Application of Crossover Design for Conducting Rigorous Extension Evaluations}, volume={51}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Jayaratne, K.S.U. and Bird, C.L. and McClelland, J.W.}, year={2013} }
 @article{mcclelland_bird_2013, title={Best practices: Motivating Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Application}, volume={18}, url={https://www.theforumjournal.org/2013/09/03/best-practices-motivating-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap-application/}, number={2}, journal={The Forum on Family and Consumer Issues}, author={McClelland, J.W. and Bird, C.L.}, year={2013} }
 @article{mcclelland_jayaratne_bird_2013, title={Nutrition education brings behavior and knowledge change in limited resource older adults}, volume={51}, url={https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol51/iss2/19}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={McClelland, J.W. and Jayaratne, K.S.U. and Bird, C.L.}, year={2013}, pages={19} }
 @article{bearon_bird_2012, title={Delivering programs at worksites: Lessons learned by Extension educators}, volume={50}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Bearon, L.B. and Bird, C.L.}, year={2012} }
 @article{bird_berry_2011, title={A model: Educating caregivers for financial success}, volume={16}, number={2}, journal={The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues}, author={Bird, C.L. and Berry, A.A.}, year={2011} }
 @article{bird_berry_2011, title={Potential later life economic impacts associated with family caregiving}, volume={16}, number={2}, journal={The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues}, author={Bird, C.L. and Berry, A.A.}, year={2011} }
 @inbook{bird_dolan_seiling_2011, place={New York}, series={International Series on Consumer Science}, title={Resources as the Key to Rural Employment}, ISBN={9781461403814 9781461403821}, ISSN={2191-5660 2191-5679}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0382-1_8}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4614-0382-1_8}, abstractNote={This chapter focuses on the role of resources to promote and sustain employment for rural low-income families, whether individual resources, or public and/or private resources available in the community. The ecological model (Fig. 8.1) offers a visual representation of resources and of the selection and use of nonpersonal resources to achieve goals such as employment, satisfaction of needs, and quality of life-supporting services. Education and transportation are highlighted as facilitating resources for employment and well-being. The Rural Families Speak study narratives are used to illustrate some of the resource use by rural low-income families.}, booktitle={Rural Families and Work}, publisher={Springer}, author={Bird, Carolyn L. and Dolan, Elizabeth M. and Seiling, Sharon B.}, editor={Bauer, Jean W. and Dolan, Elizabeth M.Editors}, year={2011}, pages={137–156}, collection={International Series on Consumer Science} }
 @article{bird_2011, title={The economic impact of Extension Educators and SHIIP volunteers}, volume={28}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Volunteer Administration}, author={Bird, C.L.}, year={2011}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bird_mcclelland_2010, title={Have you used clickers in programming?}, volume={48}, url={https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol48/iss5/31}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Bird, C.L. and McClelland, J.W.}, year={2010}, pages={31} }
 @article{bird_mcclelland_2010, title={Practical application of theory-driven intervention to extension programming}, volume={48}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Bird, C.L. and McClelland, J.W.}, year={2010} }
 @article{turner_wallace_anderson_bird_2004, title={THE LAST MILE OF THE WAY: UNDERSTANDING CAREGIVING IN AFRICAN AMERICAN FAMILIES AT THE END‐OF‐LIFE}, volume={30}, ISSN={0194-472X 1752-0606}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01253.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01253.x}, abstractNote={This research is based on in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups with 88 African American family caregivers from various regions of the United States during a stressful time in their family development--caregiving at the end-of-life--and the grieving during the aftermath. The study employed a stratified purposeful sampling strategy. Subjects were African Americans from the Northern, Southern, and Midwestern United States. Formal care is complicated by the distrust that many African Americans hold toward the health care system, which has resulted from years of exclusion, racism and discrimination. The findings highlight the importance of hearing from African American families to gain an understanding of what services, including family therapy and other psychotherapy, they will need during this process.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Marital and Family Therapy}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Turner, William L. and Wallace, Beverly R. and Anderson, Jared R. and Bird, Carolyn}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={427–438} }