@article{schultz_bocarro_lee_sene-harper_fearn_floyd_2019, title={Whose National Park Service? An Examination of Relevancy, Diversity, and Inclusion Programs from 2005-2016}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9052}, abstractNote={As the U.S. population becomes more diverse, there has been a growing concern about the ability of the National Park Service (NPS) to remain relevant to individuals from different backgrounds, establish deeper connections with future generations, and to address the underrepresentation of diverse groups among national park visitors and in the NPS workforce. Implementing successful diversity and inclusion programs to foster relevancy, diversity and inclusion (RDI) is critical for the agency’s future. As the NPS implements RDI programs system wide, an assessment of current programs and initiatives is timely, providing information on the extent of follow-through, given policy directives and calls for increased focus on diversity in management. Thus, the purpose of this study was to catalogue NPS RDI programs targeting the areas of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, ability, age, economic status, gender, non-English speakers, tribal communities, urban populations, and veteran status, as well as examine some of the key characteristics related to the management and administration of these programs. In fall 2016, NPS employees were invited to participate in a comprehensive online inventory of RDI programs implemented between 2005 and 2016. A total of 161 park units participated, yielding a park unit response rate of 39%. A total of 1,359 RDI programs were reported, resulting in an average of 2.68 diversity aspects per program. Age ( n =662; 17.7%), ethnicity ( n =456; 12.2%), race ( n =434; 11.6%), economic status ( n =391; 10.4%), and urban population ( n =361; 9.6%) were the dominant aspects of diversity reported across the RDI programs and initiates. The majority of the reported RDI programs (61.6%) were located in three regions: Northeast ( n = 364; 26.8%), Midwest ( n = 247; 18.2%), and Intermountain ( n = 225; 16.6%) and concentrated in one of two emphasis areas: Co-creation and Community Engagement ( n =563; 41.4%) and Connecting Youth with Our Mission ( n =251; 18.4%). Nearly half of the identified programs ( n =645; 47.5%) focused on an external audience such as visitors and 497 (36.6%) programs focused on both an external and internal audience. The number of new RDI programs has steadily increased from 16 new programs in 2006 to 256 new programs in 2016. Of the 1,359 RDI programs, 17.7% ( n =240) of reported RDI programs are conducted annually. Internal funding supported 61.7% ( n =838) of the reported RDI programs. For the collaboration structure, 42.8% ( n =581) of programs collaborated internally and 53.9% ( n =733) relied upon external collaborations. These findings were discussed based upon previous NPS management scholarship as well as Stanfield McCown’s (2011, 2012) conceptual model comprised of six connected themes critical to the success of NPS diversity efforts. The discussion also presented several managerial recommendations for the NPS such as refocusing efforts to broaden the amount of diversity aspects represented in RDI programming, creating more repeat programs to ensure youth and community members establish long-term relationships, initiating more RDI programs specifically for internal audiences, increasing external funding sources, and cultivating external partnerships to improve program sustainability. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Schultz, Courtney L. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Sene-Harper, Aby and Fearn, Mickey and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, pages={51–69} }
 @article{schultz_stanis_sayers_thombs_thomas_2017, title={A longitudinal examination of improved access on park use and physical activity in a low-income and majority African American neighborhood park}, volume={95}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, author={Schultz, C. L. and Stanis, S. A. W. and Sayers, S. P. and Thombs, L. A. and Thomas, I. M.}, year={2017}, pages={S95–100} }
 @article{guo_smith_moore_schultz_2017, title={Integrating off-site visitor education into landscape conservation and management: An examination of timing of educational messaging and compliance with low-impact hiking recommendations}, volume={164}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.03.013}, abstractNote={The protection of landscapes from environmentally-damaging recreational impacts requires planning and design for proactive visitor education. We examined how the timing of off-site educational messaging influences individuals’ compliance with, knowledge of, and attitudes towards two low-impact recreation behavioral recommendations (i.e., hiking on muddy or wet trail sections and walking on trail steps rather than around them) using a laboratory-based experiment. The educational message used in the experiment consisted of a video and short summary statements about low-impact hiking recommendations. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: 1) viewing the message at least 24 h before the experiment; 2) viewing the message immediately before the experiment; or 3) not viewing the message at all (control). We assessed participants’ hiking intentions by asking them to draw their intended hiking routes on a large LCD display depicting short sections of the Appalachian Trail in North Carolina and Tennessee. Participants’ intended routes were coded as either complying or not complying with the low-impact hiking recommendations. For participants who received the educational message, knowledge about and attitudes toward low-impact hiking were measured twice, immediately after viewing the message and at the end of the experiment. Our analyses revealed the educational message significantly improved participants’ knowledge levels, attitudes, and intentions to comply with low-impact hiking recommendations. The timing of when the educational message was viewed/read by participants, however, did not influence their knowledge levels, attitudes, or intentions to comply. These findings suggest low-impact recreation behavior can be influenced through educational messages delivered before outdoor recreationists begin their trips.}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Guo, Tian and Smith, Jordan W. and Moore, Roger L. and Schultz, Courtney L.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={25–36} }
 @article{bocarro_floyd_smith_edwards_schultz_baran_moore_cosco_suau_2015, title={Social and Environmental Factors Related to Boys’ and Girls’ Park-Based Physical Activity}, volume={12}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140532}, DOI={10.5888/pcd12.140532}, abstractNote={Introduction Parks provide opportunities for physical activity for children. This study examined sex differences in correlates of park-based physical activity because differences may indicate that a standard environmental intervention to increase activity among children may not equally benefit boys and girls. Methods The System for Observation Play and Recreation in Communities was used to measure physical activity among 2,712 children and adolescents in 20 neighborhood parks in Durham, North Carolina, in 2007. Sedentary activity, walking, vigorous park activity, and energy expenditure were the primary outcome variables. Hierarchical logit regression models of physical activity were estimated separately for boys and girls. Results Type of activity area and presence of other active children were positively associated with boys’ and girls’ physical activity, and presence of a parent was negatively associated. A significant interaction involving number of recreation facilities in combination with formal activities was positively associated with girls’ activity. A significant interaction involving formal park activity and young boys (aged 0–5 y) was negatively associated with park-based physical activity. Conclusion Activity area and social correlates of park-based physical activity were similar for boys and girls; findings for formal park programming, age, and number of facilities were mixed. Results show that girls’ physical activity was more strongly affected by social effects (eg, presence of other active children) whereas boys’ physical activity was more strongly influenced by the availability of park facilities. These results can inform park planning and design. Additional studies are necessary to clarify sex differences in correlates of park-based physical activity.}, number={E97}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Floyd, Myron F. and Smith, William R. and Edwards, Michael B. and Schultz, Courtney L. and Baran, Perver and Moore, Robin A. and Cosco, Nilda and Suau, Luis J.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }