@article{hajjar_mcginley_charnley_frey_hovis_cubbage_schelhas_kornhauser_2024, title={Characterizing Community Forests in the United States}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvad054}, abstractNote={
 Research on community forests (CFs), primarily governed and managed by local forest users in the United States, is limited, despite their growth in numbers over the past decade. We conducted a survey to inventory CFs in the United States and better understand their ownership and governance structures, management objectives, benefits, and financing. The ninety-eight CFs in our inventory are on private, public, and tribal lands. They had various ways of soliciting input from, or sharing decision-making authority with, local groups, organizations, and citizens. Recreation and environmental services were the most important management goals, but timber production occurred on more than two-thirds of CFs, contributing to income on many CFs, along with a diversity of other income sources to fund operations. We discuss the difficulties in creating a comprehensive CF inventory and typology given the diversity of models that exist, reflecting local social and environmental conditions and the bottom-up nature of community forestry in the United States.
 Study Implications: Despite their small footprint in the United States, community forests are a rapidly developing model of forest ownership, governance, and management that helps protect forestlands and open space and demonstrates how market and nonmarket forest goods and services can be produced for broad and enduring community benefits. This study inventories and characterizes community forests in the United States to increase understanding of this model, its prevalence, and its potential. It provides a baseline of information that serves as a foundation for further exploration and research on the impacts and contributions of community forests.}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Hajjar, Reem and McGinley, Kathleen and Charnley, Susan and Frey, Gregory E. and Hovis, Meredith and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Schelhas, John and Kornhauser, Kailey}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{smith_cubbage_2024, title={Land Fragmentation and Heirs Property: Current Issues and Policy Responses}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040459}, DOI={10.3390/land13040459}, abstractNote={Land fragmentation continues to be a challenge throughout the world, the United States, and particularly in the rapidly growing Southeast, as well as every state with a metropolitan area that abuts rural lands. With a United States population expected to grow to more than 500 million by 2060, it will present exceptional challenges for planners and policy makers to preserve important agricultural lands for farms and forests to provide both food and fiber, as well as to provide a host of ecosystem services and enhance the quality of life for our growing population. These issues of fragmentation are extremely substantial for African American, other minority, and limited-income landowners in the U.S. South, who often lack wills and have lands that are broken up into small parcels, or have divided ownership rights in one parcel, when passed on to heirs. Existing efforts can be expanded to provide tools and incentives for the owners of hiers property and other working lands to preserve them, and state and municipal planners will need to promote development plans and practices thoughtfully and strategically in order to prevent the projected loss of nearly 18 million acres of working lands by the year 2040.}, journal={Land}, author={Smith, Kurt and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{cubbage_2023, title={Book review: “Forest Resource Economics and Finance, 2nd Edition”. 2022. By W. David Klemperer, Steven H. Bullard, Stephen C. Grado, Marcus K. Measells, and Thomas J. Straka.}, url={https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.27}, DOI={10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.27}, abstractNote={Overall, Klemperer et al. will be a seminal textbook on forest resource economics and finance, with sound theory, comprehensive coverage, good examples, and excellent style and substance. This textbook is clear, logical, and well presented for modern times. At a cost of less than $100, the book provides an exceptionally sound investment. Professors, students, and professionals can use it as a comprehensive and timeless reference for their classes and careers.}, journal={Journal of Forest Business Research}, author={Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{hovis_cubbage_smith_zuniga-teran_varady_shear_chizmar_lupek_baldwin_fox_et al._2023, title={Estimating landowners' willingness to accept payments for nature-based solutions in eastern North Carolina for flood hazard mitigation using the contingent valuation method}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jSWC.2023.00131}, abstractNote={FloodWise is a pilot program that proposes nature-based solutions (NBS) for flood hazard mitigation (risk reduction) in eastern North Carolina to control stormwater runoff for brief periods of time. The program would provide financial incentives and technical assistance to rural landowners to adopt NBS on their properties. In this study, we assessed landowners’ willingness to accept (WTA) payments for adopting NBS on their properties using a payment card contingent valuation method (CVM) via a mail survey. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) incentivize landowners to participate in conservation efforts, as well as provide additional opportunities for revenue. Factors such as income, age, contract term length, revenue lost from previous storm events, and size of farm operation influenced one’s willingness to accept payments. The payment levels required for traditional farm conservation practices and NBS flood control practices were not significantly different, indicating that past program methods could help guide new FloodWise or similar NBS efforts. These results can help guide new NBS program development and funding deliberations in North Carolina, and perhaps other rural locations in the US Southeast.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={Hovis, M. and Cubbage, F. and Smith, G. and Zuniga-Teran, A. and Varady, R. and Shear, T. and Chizmar, S. and Lupek, M. and Baldwin, M. and Fox, A. and et al.}, year={2023}, pages={500–514} }
 @article{siry_chudy_mei_cubbage_2023, title={Journal of Forest Business Research: a leading platform for advancing forest business and investment science research}, url={https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i2.47}, DOI={10.62320/jfbr.v2i2.47}, abstractNote={The Journal of Forest Business Research (JFBR), an international peer-reviewed and open-access journal, has been developed to offer a novel publication avenue for forest business research contributions. This effort has been motivated by the realization that there were no dedicated forest business scientific journals in existence and the need to have a scientific journal to support growing volume of forest business research. The journal aims to effectively meet the needs of contributors and readers by bringing together academic and professional business research in forestry. The following section describes why there is a need for the JFBR and what makes this journal a leading platform for advancing forest business and investment science research. Then, we summarize all the papers included in our two issues in 2023. This year, we delivered to hands of our readers over 340 pages of high-quality forest business and investment science research. The articles published in 2023 discussed, among others, forest carbon and its contribution to total timberland investment returns, capital investment and annual expenditures related to forests in the United States (U.S.), wood pellet manufacturing industry from residents’ perspectives in the U.S. South, discount rates in forest management decisions, the effect of various COVID-19 policies on standing timber prices in the U.S. South, the relationships between innovation constructs and demographic and management attributes of wood furniture firms in Kenya, the economic feasibility of silviculture investments to reduce butt rot and ungulate browse damage in Canada, the sustainability of the production, processing, and exporting systems of frankincense (Boswellia papyrifera) in Ethiopia, and the development of the Iranian wood products industry over the past two decades. All these articles truly show the international character of forest business research. In the final section, we indicate what types of articles we are seeking and how you can support our efforts.}, journal={Journal of Forest Business Research}, author={Siry, Jacek and Chudy, Rafał and Mei, Bin and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{chudy_cubbage_mei_shy_2023, title={The Journal of Forest Business Research to Support Sustainable Forest Investments for Economic, Social, and Environmental Benefits}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.18.3.4373-4376}, abstractNote={The forest sector plays an important role in sustainable development for market and nonmarket goods and services. Investors and policy makers are increasingly seeking to rely on forests to provide both commercial forest products and nature-based solutions that will meet consumer demands and contribute to bioenergy, climate change amelioration, and biodiversity. To meet the expectations of climate and energy policies, forecasts estimate that more than US$70 billion of investments are needed annually by 2050. To achieve this level of investments, these increasing demands for investments in forests must be based on scientific research, reliable data, and credible business applications. In the era of information overload, access to peer-reviewed open-access journals has never been more critical than it is now. We summarize the role of our new Journal of Forest Business Research in providing improved applied research for practitioners seeking to achieve better outcomes relative to investment, finance, and economic goals for sustainable development.}, number={3}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Chudy, Rafal and Cubbage, Frederick and Mei, Bin and Shy, Jacek}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={4373–4376} }
 @article{chudy_cubbage_siry_chudy_2023, title={The profitability of artificial and natural regeneration: A forest investment comparison of Poland and the U.S. South}, url={https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v1i1.5}, DOI={10.62320/jfbr.v1i1.5}, abstractNote={The historical development of silviculture has been closely related to an increasing need for timber, which resulted in more planted forests and artificial regeneration over time. The idea of natural regeneration through shelterwood cutting was often not accepted by forest owners as a management practice because of inadequate financial returns and less certain outcomes. Despite the evolving dominance of planted forests, questions remain if the lower costs of natural regeneration may still provide sufficient profitability of forest investments. In this paper, the profitability of planted versus natural forest management in Poland and the U.S. South was examined. A discounted cash flow model was developed to evaluate the profitability of artificial and natural regeneration in hypothetical Scots and loblolly pine stands in Poland and the U.S. South, respectively, and hardwood stands (dominated by oak spp.) in both countries. The results have shown that for both countries and species, natural regeneration regimes produce higher internal rates of return (IRR), largely due to less expensive establishment costs. The largest difference in returns is observed for hardwood in the US South (97 basis points, bps, or almost 1 percentage point), followed by pine in the US South (84 bps) and pine and hardwood in Poland (both ca. 70 bps).  Southern pines in the U.S. South may have larger net present values (NPV) at moderate discount rates, as well as provide more certain wood production outcomes, which have contributed to their pervasive adoption.  We conclude that natural stand forest management, in addition to better rates of return, may bring other non-financial benefits (e.g., genetic diversity, resilience), which may support forest owners and the environment, especially under changing climate conditions. Nevertheless, the regeneration method and its feasibility and profitability should be carefully considered on a case-by-case basis for each forest investment.}, journal={Journal of Forest Business Research}, author={Chudy, Rafał and Cubbage, Frederick and Siry, Jacek and Chudy, Jacek}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{cubbage_rubilar_donagh_silva_bussoni_morales_balmelli_hoeflich_hernández_zhang_et al._2022, title={Comparative global timber investment costs, returns, and applications, 2020}, url={https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v1i1.16}, DOI={10.62320/jfbr.v1i1.16}, abstractNote={We estimated stand level timber investment returns for a range of 16 countries and 47 planted species/management regimes in 2020, using capital budgeting criteria, at a real discount rate of 8%, without land costs. Plantation management financial returns were estimated for the principal plantation countries in the Americas—Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Mexico, and the United States—as well as for China, Vietnam, Laos, Spain, New Zealand, Finland, and Poland. South American, New Zealand, and Spain plantation growth rates and their concomitant investment returns were generally greater, with the exception of some pulpwood regimes, with real Internal Rates of Return (IRRs) of more than 11%. Southeast Asia had the highest timber prices and highest calculated stand-level IRRs in the world, at more than 20%. Temperate forest plantations in the U.S. and Europe returned less, from 3% to 7%, but those countries have less financial risk, better timber markets, and more infrastructure. These timberland benchmarking research efforts can be used by the private sector for considering timber investments in different countries and regions in the world, or by government and nongovernment organizations to estimate their management costs and returns, or for providing government incentives for the provision of ecosystem services such as forest carbon storage.}, journal={Journal of Forest Business Research}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Rubilar, Rafael and Donagh, Patricio Mac and Silva, Bruno Kanieski Da and Bussoni, Adriana and Morales, Virginia and Balmelli, Gustavo and Hoeflich, Vitor Afonso and Hernández, Carmelo and Zhang, Pu and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{cubbage_cubbage_2022, title={Conservation Leaders from Ding Darling to Greta Thunberg}, ISBN={["978-0-367-69300-8", "978-0-367-69297-1"]}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297-3}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Cubbage, F}, year={2022}, pages={28–43} }
 @article{cubbage_cubbage_2022, title={Environmental Activism to Stop the Hofmann Forest Sale}, ISBN={["978-0-367-69300-8", "978-0-367-69297-1"]}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297-7}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Cubbage, F}, year={2022}, pages={104–121} }
 @article{baldwin_fox_klondike_hovis_shear_joca_hester_cubbage_2022, title={Geospatial Analysis and Land Suitability for "FloodWise" Practices: Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation in Eastern, Rural North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2073-445X"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/9/1504}, DOI={10.3390/land11091504}, abstractNote={As the global climate continues to change, extreme weather events such as hurricanes and heavy rainfall are becoming more frequent. Subsequently, flooding and standing water disrupt and negatively impact many communities. The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) is an innovative and sustainable approach to flood mitigation. Geospatial research and applications have developed rapidly to identify and map broad regions in the world, as well as specific locations for NBS. We conducted a geospatial analysis in ArcGIS Pro to identify areas where NBS, referred to as “FloodWise” practices in this study, could be sited in the North Carolina Coastal Plain to strategically reduce flooding and provide water quality and habitat improvement. The study provides a spatially explicit application of integrated remote sensing, scientific and professional knowledge, and extant databases to screen diverse variables and identify potential specific NBS opportunities and sites. The practices modeled in this study are wetland restoration, afforestation, agroforestry, “water farming” (which uses a combination of dry dams and berms), and stream restoration. Maps of specific areas and tracts in the county for the NBS practices in Robeson County, North Carolina were developed based on the land ownership size, biophysical characteristics, current land uses, and water management opportunities. Land suitability locations revealed in these maps can be used in future resilience planning initiatives to reduce floodwaters on North Carolina’s rural landscapes. The geospatial analysis methodologies employed in this study can be followed to model NBS locations for flood reduction and water storage opportunities in other counties in Eastern North Carolina or other regions with similar topographies and land-type characteristics.}, number={9}, journal={LAND}, author={Baldwin, Madalyn and Fox, Andrew and Klondike, Travis and Hovis, Meredith and Shear, Theodore and Joca, Lauren and Hester, Megan and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{garcia-montiel_cubbage_rojo-alboreca_mirelle morones-esquivel_lujan-alvarez_montiel-antuna_marcelo lopez-serrano_perez-rodriguez_javier corral-rivas_2022, title={Hierarchical Analysis of Factors Determining the Impact of Forest Certification in Mexico}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/12/2093}, DOI={10.3390/f13122093}, abstractNote={Forest certification is a private, voluntary and market-driven instrument designed to promote responsible forest management. This paper focused on the FSC and the NOM NMX-AA-143-SCFI-2008 schemes used in Mexico for the certification of sustainable forest management. In this paper we used the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) to study the factors that determine the main impacts of forest certification in México. A panel of 30 experts was selected as decision-makers to find which principles, criteria and indicators are considered as the most relevant while implementing forest certification. For decision-makers, the environmental principle occupied the first place with 40.26% of importance in the implementation of forest certification, followed by the social principle, and the economic principle with 32.15% and 27.59% of importance, respectively. Regarding the criteria, forest management and production, biodiversity, and forest protection were considered to be the most relevant. Regarding the indicators, the results indicated that forest certification in Mexico can have a positive impact on the existence of educational institutions, community services such as water, energy, medical services and drainage, the quality of the forest management plans, investment in forest management, machinery and equipment, environmental services, recreation, tourism, research, development and community education, planning for the conservation of biological diversity, and planning for biodiversity conservation.}, number={12}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Garcia-Montiel, Emily and Cubbage, Frederick and Rojo-Alboreca, Alberto and Mirelle Morones-Esquivel, Miriam and Lujan-Alvarez, Concepcion and Montiel-Antuna, Eusebio and Marcelo Lopez-Serrano, Pablito and Perez-Rodriguez, Fernando and Javier Corral-Rivas, Jose}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{chudy_mei_cubbage_siry_2022, title={Journal of Forest Business Research: an online scientific journal devoted to the science and practice of sustainable business in the forest sector}, url={https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v1i1.21}, DOI={10.62320/jfbr.v1i1.21}, abstractNote={On behalf of our authors, reviewers, editors, scientific board members, and supporting institutions – we warmly welcome you to the inaugural issue of The Journal of Forest Business Research (JFBR). Establishing a new journal that addresses serious issues in academic publishing requires some explanation and justification. In this editorial feature, we describe the purpose and focus of the JFBR; and discuss the benefits of being a Journal reader; reviewer; and prospective author of scholarly research articles, review articles, and opinion pieces. Our goal is to accelerate scientific and practical discourse around local and global forest business issues by creating a unique platform for exchanging ideas supported by high standards of the peer-review process. Since we committed to doing a lot of hard work to make this Journal a success, we hope that our efforts will contribute to the further development of the bioeconomy based on science-based management and the use of forest resources in meeting global society goals. Our goal for the JFBR is to become the premier applied scientific journal that covers forest investments, finance, and economics. This would be a unique applied forest investment journal in the modern era, drawing from broader approaches such as U.S. journals of applied forestry, European forest economics journals, and classical business management and case study journals. JFBR would be dedicated to the application of forest finance and business management to investments in forests for traditional commodity markets to new emerging objectives such as nature-based solutions, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) components, carbon offsets, or net zero market development. The next section describes why we decided to open a new journal. Then we summarize all the papers included in our first inaugural issue. Finally, we indicate how you can support our efforts.}, journal={Journal of Forest Business Research}, author={Chudy, Rafał and Mei, Bin and Cubbage, Frederick and Siry, Jacek}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{cubbage_cubbage_2022, title={Key Leadership Tools and Approaches in the Management Cycle}, ISBN={["978-0-367-69300-8", "978-0-367-69297-1"]}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297-5}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Cubbage, F}, year={2022}, pages={60–79} }
 @article{cubbage_cubbage_2022, title={Natural Resource Context Goods and Services, Professionals, and Careers}, ISBN={["978-0-367-69300-8", "978-0-367-69297-1"]}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297-4}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Cubbage, F}, year={2022}, pages={44–59} }
 @article{cubbage_cubbage_2022, title={Natural Resource Leadership Principles}, ISBN={["978-0-367-69300-8", "978-0-367-69297-1"]}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297-2}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Cubbage, F}, year={2022}, pages={12–27} }
 @article{cubbage_cubbage_2022, title={Natural Resource Leadership and Management A Practical Guide for Professionals Conclusion}, ISBN={["978-0-367-69300-8", "978-0-367-69297-1"]}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297-8}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Cubbage, F}, year={2022}, pages={122–128} }
 @article{hovis_frey_mcginley_cubbage_han_lupek_2022, title={Ownership, Governance, Uses, and Ecosystem Services of Community Forests in the Eastern United States}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/10/1577}, DOI={10.3390/f13101577}, abstractNote={Over time, community forests (CFs) have been established across the globe to meet various social, economic, and ecological needs. Benefits of CFs include conserving resilient forests and natural resources and ecosystem services, enhancing social and economic capital, and leveraging local and indigenous knowledge in forest and natural resource management and decision-making. Research on CFs in the U.S. is quite limited, and cases that have been assessed show a wide spectrum in terms of CF ownership, organizational structure, governance, property rights, and uses. Through an exploratory research approach, this study enhances the understanding of the characteristics of CFs in the U.S. and the ecosystem services and other benefits that they provide. Through online web searches, we compiled one of the first comprehensive lists of CFs in the Eastern U.S. Prior to this study, there was no publicly available comprehensive database or list of CFs in the country. Subsequently, we conducted comparative case study research, which included semi-structured in-person interviews with key stakeholders from four CFs in the Eastern U.S. to understand CF ownership, governance, uses, and benefits. CFs benefits frequently included cultural services, such as recreation and education, and regulating and supporting services, such as water quality and wildlife habitat. Much less common was a focus on provisioning services such as timber or non-timber forest products. Maintaining collaboration and funding for CF efforts in the long run without significant CF revenues remains a challenge for most forests. Overall, this research sheds lights on CF characteristics and capacities in the Eastern U.S. and identifies potential opportunities and needs for the U.S. in the future. CFs researchers, managers, and community members.}, number={10}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Hovis, Meredith and Frey, Gregory and McGinley, Kathleen and Cubbage, Frederick and Han, Xue and Lupek, Megan}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{silva_tanger_marufuzzaman_cubbage_2022, title={Perfect assumptions in an imperfect world: Managing timberland in an oligopoly market}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102691}, abstractNote={We built a game-theoretic supply model where forest landowners respond to each other's decisions using two market assumptions: (i) Perfect cartel, (ii) Cournot competition (simultaneous moves) and (iii) Stackelberg competition (sequential moves). Our findings indicate that the initial forest structure is instrumental in determining forest composition outcomes among suppliers. The solutions in the Cournot model, landowners with the same initial forest structure have uniform outcomes with increased variation in financial performance arising with different initial endowments of pulpwood and sawtimber and establishment costs. Alternatively, Stackelberg leadership has profound financial benefits to leaders even under similar initial conditions, that remain regardless of scenario. However, while terminal overall forest composition was similar regardless of scenario under Cournot outcomes, the same is not true under Stackelberg. We find that Stackelberg outcomes led to the follower being unable to harvest younger age classes over time, which resulted in accumulation of older age class stands. Our results elucidate the importance of diversification and policies that reduce landownership land concentration.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Silva, Bruno Kanieski and Tanger, Shaun and Marufuzzaman, Mohammad and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{hildt_bussoni_morales olmos_mac donagh_cubbage_2022, title={Pine Log Price Changes in South America: A Comparison of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay Markets}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1618-1530"]}, DOI={10.1561/112.00000555}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOREST ECONOMICS}, author={Hildt, Eduardo and Bussoni, Adriana and Morales Olmos, Virginia and Mac Donagh, Patricio M. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2022}, pages={217–236} }
 @article{chudy_mei_cubbage_2022, title={Special Issue on The Economics of Global Forest Investments}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1618-1530"]}, DOI={10.1561/112.00000554}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOREST ECONOMICS}, author={Chudy, Rafal and Mei, Bin and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2022}, pages={167–168} }
 @article{cubbage_cubbage_2022, title={The Leadership and Management Cycle in Natural Resources}, ISBN={["978-0-367-69300-8", "978-0-367-69297-1"]}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297-1}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Cubbage, F}, year={2022}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{cubbage_cubbage_2022, title={Two Leadership Cases from Government and Nongovernment Organizations}, ISBN={["978-0-367-69300-8", "978-0-367-69297-1"]}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297-6}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Cubbage, F}, year={2022}, pages={80–103} }
 @article{dunn_unruh snyder_mccarter_frey_idassi_schnake_cubbage_2021, title={Bioeconomic Assessment of an Alley Cropping Field Trial in North Carolina, US: Tree Density, Timber Production, and Forage Relationships}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011465}, DOI={10.3390/su132011465}, abstractNote={Silvopasture, the combination of trees, forage, and livestock, is a management practice that is gaining interest throughout the southeastern U.S. This research analyzed a hay-based alley cropping field trial that is transitioning into a silvopasture system. We planted four different tree spacings—2.4 × 2.4 m, 2.4 × 3.0 m, 3.0 × 3.0 m, and 1.8 × 3.0 m (8 × 8 ft, 8 × 10 ft, 10 × 10ft, and 6 × 10 ft)—of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and used secondary data for the possible planting of two different grass species—big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Tree inventories, forage samples, biometric modeling, and economic analysis of forage and timber monocultures and mixed systems were analyzed with discounted cash flow and capital budgeting analyses. Tree growth on the pasture site was exceptionally fast, generating high projected returns for timber monocultures, which exceeded returns for monoculture grass crops. Projected timber stand returns had the greatest Net Present Values (NPV) at the 4% discount rate, ranging between USD 3196 and USD 3552 per ha (USD 1294 and USD 1438 per ac) for a 2.4 × 3.0 m or 2.4 × 2.4 m tree spacing yield. Representative grass yields were obtained from secondary sources and had lower productivity, with switchgrass having the highest returns at USD 2581 per ha (USD 1045 per ac). Optimal NPVs for mixed silvopasture stands ranged between about USD 1500 per ha and USD 3500 per ha (USD 600/ac and USD 1400/ac), depending on the tree spacing within bands, the alley spacing, and the degree of competition between trees and grasses.}, number={20}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Dunn, Kenneth and Unruh Snyder, Lori and McCarter, James and Frey, Gregory and Idassi, Joshua and Schnake, David and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{fargione_haase_burney_kildisheva_edge_cook-patton_chapman_rempel_hurteau_davis_et al._2021, title={Challenges to the Reforestation Pipeline in the United States}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2624-893X"]}, DOI={10.3389/ffgc.2021.629198}, abstractNote={Large-scale global reforestation goals have been proposed to help mitigate climate change and provide other ecosystem services. To explore reforestation potential in the United States, we used GIS analyses, surveys of nursery managers and foresters, and literature synthesis to assess the opportunities and challenges associated with meeting proposed reforestation goals. We considered a scenario where 26 million hectares (64 million acres) of natural and agricultural lands are reforested by 2040 with 30 billion trees at an estimated cost of $33 ($24–$53) billion USD. Cost per hectare will vary by region, site conditions, and other factors. This scenario would require increasing the number of tree seedlings produced each year by 1.7 billion, a 2.3-fold increase over current nursery production levels. Additional investment (not included in the reforestation cost estimate) will be needed to expand capacity for seed collection, seedling production, workforce development, and improvements in pre- and post-planting practices. Achieving this scenario will require public support for investing in these activities and incentives for landowners.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE}, author={Fargione, Joseph and Haase, Diane L. and Burney, Owen T. and Kildisheva, Olga A. and Edge, Greg and Cook-Patton, Susan C. and Chapman, Teresa and Rempel, Austin and Hurteau, Matthew D. and Davis, Kimberley T. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{kruchelski_trautenmueller_deiss_trevisan_cubbage_porfirio-da-silva_moraes_2021, title={Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage growth and wood density in integrated crop-livestock systems}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1572-9680"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00672-0}, DOI={10.1007/s10457-021-00672-0}, journal={AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS}, author={Kruchelski, Silvano and Trautenmueller, Jonathan William and Deiss, Leonardo and Trevisan, Romulo and Cubbage, Frederick and Porfirio-da-Silva, Vanderley and Moraes, Anibal}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hovis_hollinger_cubbage_shear_doll_kurki-fox_line_fox_baldwin_klondike_et al._2021, title={Natural Infrastructure Practices as Potential Flood Storage and Reduction for Farms and Rural Communities in the North Carolina Coastal Plain}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/16/9309}, DOI={10.3390/su13169309}, abstractNote={Increased global temperatures resulting from anthropogenically induced climate changes have increased the frequency and severity of adverse weather events, including extreme rainfall events, floods, and droughts. In recent years, nature-based solutions (NBS) have been proposed to retain storm runoff temporarily and mitigate flood damages. These practices may help rural farm and forest lands to store runoff and reduce flooding on farms and downstream communities and could be incorporated into a conservation program to provide payments for these efforts, which would supplement traditional farm incomes. Despite their potential, there have been very few methodical assessments and detailed summaries of NBS to date. We identified and summarized potential flood reduction practices for the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. These include agricultural practices of (1) cover cropping/no-till farming; (2) hardpan breakup; (3) pine or (4) hardwood afforestation, and (5) agroforestry; establishing the wetland and stream practices of (6) grass and sedge wetlands and earthen retention structures, (7) forest wetland banks, and (8) stream channel restoration; and establishing new structural solutions of (9) dry dams and berms (water farming) and (10) tile drainage and water retention. These practices offer different water holding and storage capacities and costs. A mixture of practices at the farm and landscape level can be implemented for floodwater retention and attenuation and damage reduction, as well as for providing additional farm and forest ecosystem services.}, number={16}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Hovis, Meredith and Hollinger, Joseph Chris and Cubbage, Frederick and Shear, Theodore and Doll, Barbara and Kurki-Fox, J. Jack and Line, Daniel and Fox, Andrew and Baldwin, Madalyn and Klondike, Travis and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cubbage_2021, title={Natural Resource Leadership and Management}, ISBN={9781003141297}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003141297}, DOI={10.4324/9781003141297}, abstractNote={This book examines leadership and management in natural resources, drawing on literature, principles, and the author’s own experiences as a leader and activist. Developing a general framework summarizing the leadership and management cycle in natural resources for practitioners, the book provides a synthesis of leadership theory and practice stemming from the personal and spiritual values of work, and the key principle of aligning organizational resources and actions with stated intentions. It discusses the somewhat unique context of natural resources, comprised of private and public goods and services and complex societal values. Key strategies that enable natural resource professionals to be leaders at all stages and positions in their career, including vision and sustainability, proficient human resources management, fairness and merit, and transparency and openness are analyzed. Case studies of famous natural resource leaders and activists, including Ding Darling, David Attenborough, Wangari Maathai, Marina de Silva, Greta Thunberg, Bob Brown, and Christina Koch, are included. The book examines their values, training, and principles and how they influenced national or global natural resource management. Drawing on the author’s own experiences as a leader and activist, including his role as Department Head at North Carolina State University, as an elected officer in the Society of American Foresters, and as an activist opposing the sale of the Hofmann Forest, the book provides practical examples and guidelines that professionals can consider and use in their careers. This book will be of great interest to natural resource managers and professionals as well as students studying environmental management and natural resource governance and to practitioners who are looking to develop broader leadership and management skills.}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{korhonen_nepal_prestemon_cubbage_2021, title={Projecting global and regional outlooks for planted forests under the shared socio-economic pathways}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-020-09789-z}, abstractNote={Abstract There is rising global interest in growing more trees in order to meet growing population, climate change, and wood energy needs. Using recently published data on planted forests by country, we estimated relationships between per capita income and planted forest area that are useful for understanding prospective planted forest area futures through 2100 under various United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-inspired Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). Under all SSPs, projections indicate increasing global planted forest area trends for the next three to four decades and declining trends thereafter, commensurate with the quadratic functions employed. Our projections indicate somewhat less total future planted forest area than prior linear forecasts. Compared to 293 million ha (Mha) of planted forests globally in 2015, SSP5 (a vision of a wealthier world) projects the largest increase (to 334 Mha, a 14% gain) by 2055, followed by SSP2 (a continuation of historical socio-economic trends, to 327 Mha, or an 11% gain), and SSP3 (a vision of a poorer world, to 319 Mha, a 9% gain). The projected trends for major world regions differ from global trends, consistent with differing socio-economic development trajectories in those regions. Our projections based on empirical FAO data for the past 25 years, as well as those by other researchers, suggest that achieving the much more ambitious global planted forest targets proposed recently will require exceptional forest land and investment supply shifts.}, number={2}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Korhonen, Jaana and Nepal, Prakash and Prestemon, Jeffrey P. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={197–216} }
 @article{bussoni_cubbage_giambruno_2021, title={Silvopastoral systems and multi-criteria optimization for compatible economic and environmental outcomes}, volume={190}, ISSN={["1873-2267"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103118}, abstractNote={Forestry production can provide a valuable commodity and environmental services to complement cattle farming through the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG) from meat production, allowing more intensive use of natural resources. This study addressed the long-term integration of forestry and cattle farming to achieve productive, economic and environmental benefits. It was applied Goal Programming and empirical field, cattle, and timber production data and farmer interviews of priorities were used to analyze integrated forestry production of Eucalyptus plantations and cattle breeding and rearing. The preemptive criteria applied were max Forest Net Present Value (NPV), max Cattle NPV, and Carbon Balance. Additionally goals were to minimize the deviation of a normal forest, among others. A Type I lexicographical multi-criteria model was developed in three hierarchical models for a 408 ha model farm. Model M1 results in the higher combined NPV Cattle (302,935 US$) and NPV Forest (556,578 US$); Model M2, where NPV Cattle is prioritized at the first level, achieved the target of 317,307 US$ but the least success in achieving carbon positive balance with a negative balance of −20,160 tons of CO2-e released. Comparing the results of model M3, where minimizing the negative carbon balance, a positive carbon balance of +6788 tons CO2-e, in a scenario where the environmental goal would be imposed. The difference of NPV cattle between M2 and M3 is −24,609 US$. The environmental criterion must be allocated to higher hierarchical levels in order to achieve a positive balance and obtain profits from forest and cattle. This also allows quantification of how far removed a system is from achieving a goal of integrated and sustainable production. The lexicographical methodology allowed quantification of results as a function of the hierarchical allocation of various goals within different integration models through studying efficient subgroups. It is shown that environmental and productive objectives can be integrated, even considering harvest of trees in the system achieving economic, environmental and productive goals in the medium or long term, with deviations that the decision maker can accept; plans can also be established with results that can serve as a policy guide, that provide for the incorporation of environmental services. Variations in the models showed the final solution is highly dependent on the preferences order in the higher level; the environmental goal is achievable if it is prioritized at a higher hierarchical level.}, journal={AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS}, author={Bussoni, Adriana and Cubbage, Frederick and Giambruno, Jorge Alvarez}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @misc{chizmar_parajuli_bardon_cubbage_2021, title={State Cost-Share Programs for Forest Landowners in the Southern United States: A Review}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa054}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvaa054}, abstractNote={
 
 
 The largest concentration of state-level forest cost-share programs in the United States can be found in the southern states. Since the inception of the first programs in the 1970s, the state-level forest cost-share programs in the US South have acted as models for the rest of the country. Cost-share programs compensate landowners through direct reimbursements to address barriers such as limited owner capital and cash flow in the initial years of investment. Through a review of the literature and progress reports from southern state forestry agencies, we qualitatively assessed state-level cost-share programs and their status in the southern states. We identified the common themes in the literature related to cost-share programs: market, nonmarket, and landowners’ perceptions and knowledge. Many of the programs enacted between the 1970s and 1980s aimed to ensure a sustainable timber supply, a market good, from private forestlands. A few of the programs enacted more recently compensate landowners for nonmarket benefits such as forest health or soil and water conservation. Two of the nine available programs are practically inactive in recent years because of a lack of funding. We discuss current prospects regarding funding, partnerships, and broadening the focus of incentives to cover forest-based ecosystem services.
 
 
 
 Regionally, cost-share programs in the US South differ in eligibility criteria, funding source and status, and resource management objectives. The majority of state-level cost-share programs in the US South were enacted 30 to 50 years ago. The first cost-share programs were designed to support a continued timber supply from private forestlands, but a few recent programs have expanded their objectives to protect forest health and soil and water quality. Forest-based ecosystem service markets, specifically reforestation to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide and provide clean air and water, have become more prevalent in recent years. Funding for forest commodity incentive programs is a continual challenge. New funding sources and new programs are crucial to meet demands for incentives for landowners to provide both timber and ecosystem services outputs.
}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie J. and Parajuli, Rajan and Bardon, Robert and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={177–195} }
 @article{hovis_cubbage_rashash_2020, title={Designing a Citizen Science Project for Forest Landscapes: A Case from Hofmann Forest in Eastern North Carolina}, volume={10}, ISSN={2163-0429 2163-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2020.102013}, DOI={10.4236/ojf.2020.102013}, abstractNote={Citizen science is a participatory research design that utilizes both non-professional researchers and professional researchers to collect, analyze, and disperse data. Citizen scientists seek to discover answers and draw solutions to scientific questions. The Hofmann Open Water Laboratory (HOWL) project, established in 2016, focuses its collaborative-based efforts in eastern North Carolina. HOWL citizen scientists monitor water quality, and quantity, that flows on and off the Hofmann Forest. HOWL provides opportunities to citizen scientists and gathers data to meet the project outcomes, which include understanding the importance of Hofmann Forest in the inner coastal plain of North Carolina, building science education skills for citizen science participants, and enhancing community relationships between the forest and citizens. This article outlines several approaches for developing citizen science projects in a forest context, drawing on experiences from HOWL. The paradigm can be used to meet the needs of any forest landscape’s research and management goals, while employing a participatory research approach. The guidelines present suggestions for productive and enduring processes for citizen engagement and project sustainability. Each project will need participants to set goals, build a diverse collaboration, and establish on-going evaluation processes to determine successful and failed components that ensures the project moves forward effectively. The citizen science efforts near the Hofmann Forest in Eastern North Carolina provided an excellent case study of the development of citizen science on the forest and adjacent lands. HOWL attempts to meet participant and socio-ecological outcomes, such as encouraging public action in natural resource and forest management, as well as enhancing scientific knowledge and skills. The project helps synthesize our experiences in this effort and the social science literature, providing reasonable guidelines for those seeking to establish their own citizen science efforts within a forest context.}, number={02}, journal={Open Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.}, author={Hovis, Meredith and Cubbage, Frederick and Rashash, Diana}, year={2020}, pages={187–203} }
 @inbook{cubbage_sills_2020, place={Cambridge, United Kingdom}, title={Forest certification and forest use: A comprehensive analysis}, DOI={10.1017/9781108684439}, abstractNote={Book summary page views Book summary page views help Close Book summary page views help Book summary views reflect the number of visits to the book and chapter landing pages. Total views: 0 * Loading metrics...}, booktitle={The Wicked Problem of Forest Policy}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Cubbage, Frederick W. and Sills, Erin O.}, editor={Nikolakis, William and Innes, JohnEditors}, year={2020} }
 @article{cubbage_kanieski_rubilar_bussoni_olmos_balmelli_donagh_lord_hernández_zhang_et al._2020, title={Global timber investments, 2005 to 2017}, volume={112}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102082}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102082}, abstractNote={We estimated timber investment returns for 22 countries and 54 species/management regimes in 2017, for a range of global timber plantation species and countries at the stand level, using capital budgeting criteria, without land costs, at a real discount rate of 8%. Returns were estimated for the principal plantation countries in the Americas—Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay, Mexico, and the United States—as well as New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, China, Vietnam, Laos, Spain, Finland, Poland, Scotland, and France. South American plantation growth rates and their concomitant returns were generally greater, at more than 12% Internal Rates of Return (IRRs), as were those in China, Vietnam, and Laos. These IRRs were followed by those for plantations in southern hemisphere countries of Australia and New Zealand and in Mexico, with IRRs around 8%. Temperate forest plantations in the U.S. and Europe returned less, from 4% to 8%, but those countries have less financial risk, better timber markets, and more infrastructure. Returns to most planted species in all countries except Asia have decreased from 2005 to 2017. If land costs were included in calculating the overall timberland investment returns, the IRRs would decrease from 3 percentage points less for loblolly pine in the U.S. South to 8 percentage points less for eucalypts in Brazil.}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Kanieski, Bruno and Rubilar, Rafael and Bussoni, Adriana and Olmos, Virginia Morales and Balmelli, Gustavo and Donagh, Patricio Mac and Lord, Roger and Hernández, Carmelo and Zhang, Pu and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={102082} }
 @article{chudy_chudy_kanieski da silva_cubbage_rubilar_lord_2020, title={Profitability and risk sources in global timberland investments}, volume={111}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102037}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102037}, abstractNote={As a long-term investment, timberland investments offer financial benefits including portfolio diversification, attractive risk/return profile, an inflation hedge, and the potential of cash flow. Based on interviews with experts regarding ranges of input parameters used in single-hectare financial models and Monte Carlo simulation method, we examine what are the main factors that influence internal rates of returns (IRRs) in several global timber plantation investment opportunities: loblolly pine on the U.S. Atlantic coastal plain; Douglas-fir plantations in the western U.S.; loblolly pine and eucalyptus plantations in Brazil; radiata pine and eucalyptus plantations in Chile; and pine and oak stands in Poland. The results show that excluding the price of land, biological growth and timber prices were the most influential variables that impacted the IRRs across global timberland investments. In addition, some country-specific factors, such as planting costs (Chile) and management costs (Poland and the U.S.), were identified as crucial when considering timberland investments in these countries. Investments in South America’s pine plantations are characterized by the same level of returns as eucalyptus opportunities, but with lower risk. The same was found for Douglas-fir investments in the Pacific Northwest compared to loblolly pine in the U.S. South. If Poland were an investable alternative, which is not the case so far, any investments in oak and pine stands are not recommended yet, given that for the same level of risk, better returns may be achieved in Douglas-fir plantations in the U.S. PNW. The Monte Carlo method utilized provides easily interpretable representation of the robustness of timberland investment estimates in selected regions and should become standard practice in forest-business decision making. However, more accurate probability density functions need to be determined in further research, using, for instance, historical data and kernel density estimation, rather than “lack of information” (triangular) distributions.}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chudy, R.P. and Chudy, K.A. and Kanieski da Silva, B. and Cubbage, F.W. and Rubilar, R. and Lord, R.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={102037} }
 @article{chudy_cubbage_2020, title={Research trends: Forest investments as a financial asset class}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102273}, abstractNote={This paper serves as an introduction to a Special Issue (SI) of the Journal of Forest Policy and Economics dedicated to forest investment and finance. The Special Issue stemmed from an International Forest Business Conference (IFBC2018) held in Poland on 6–8 June 2018. It includes papers based on speeches at that conference, as well as others on similar topics not presented at the conference. Topics addressed in this Special Issue include timberland investments, forest finance, intensively managed plantations, risk, uncertainty and decision-making, business structures and investment strategy, timber prices and forecasts, forestry contractors, and taxes. Details papers on these subjects follow in this Special Issue. Our finance research overview here provides a historical background and summary of forest investments and finance, focusing on forest equity investments made by institutional investors and in forestry real estate investment trusts, not including public lands or individual small private forest landowners. Forest assets as an investment class have expanded due to analytical advances, ownership changes, globalized markets, and sustainable forestry factors. Key components affecting forestry investments are expected asset returns, portfolio diversification, inflation hedge, and liquidity and natural risks. Topics detailed in this Special Issue include timberland investments, forest finance, intensively managed plantations, risk, uncertainty and decision-making, business structures and investment strategy, timber prices and forecasts, forestry contractors, and taxes. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps regarding forest investments for future research.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Chudy, R. P. and Cubbage, F. W.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{silva_schons_cubbage_parajuli_2020, title={Spatial and cross-product price linkages in the Brazilian pine timber markets}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102186}, abstractNote={The South of Brazil is one of the most attractive regions for timberland investments in the world. High productivity and relatively attractive timber prices have gained attention from timberland investors. However, as in most emerging countries, it is not very clear how prices are transmitted across products and markets. Having this information is essential to strategic planning as well as understand the market structure. We investigate market linkages of the stumpage price of five products (fuelwood, pulpwood, sawtimber, veneer, and special veneer) in the three main pine producing states in Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul). We use linear and regime shifting models and check the effect of external shocks on price transmission. The nonlinear process is observed main on high-grade timber (veneer and special veneer), possibly driven by their price recovery after the recession. Our results show that the spatial and between product price ratio converges back the market equilibrium within 10 months in the pine stumpage market in Brazil. This outcome indicates this market is efficient with small opportunities for arbritage profits.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Silva, Bruno Kanieski and Schons, Stella Z. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{zhang_he_feng_de la torre_jia_tang_cubbage_2019, title={An analysis of potential investment returns of planted forests in South China}, volume={50}, ISSN={0169-4286 1573-5095}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11056-019-09708-X}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-019-09708-x}, abstractNote={Financial returns of forest plantations are an important concern around the world. In this research, we focused on South China's timber investments, collected data from the Pingxiang, Guangxi Province, China, which is the demonstration zone of Fast-growing and High-yielding Timber Plantation Base Construction Program and National Timber Strategic Storage and Production Bases Construction Program, and used capital budgeting analysis method and sensitivity analysis to compare different scenarios of planted forest management. The results showed that excluding land costs, (1) the financial returns of Eucalyptus forest managed by small business were excellent, having an IRR of 28% per year and a LEV of $7555 per ha, but it had a high risk with fluctuations of cost, timber price and timber yield; (2) the results for the Experimental Center of Tropical Forests indicate that the Eucalyptus forest and Castanopsis hystrix forest returns were greater than those for Cunninghamia lanceolata forest and Pinus massoniana forest, with having IRRs of 24%, 21%, 13% and 10% per year respectively. The mixed planted forest of Castanopsis hystrix × Eucalyptus and Castanopsis hystrix × Pinus massoniana had the features of high profits and low risks; (3) the forest farmers had lower levels of returns for Eucalyptus forest management in South China, but were still in the middle rank of global comparisons. This study gave a view of China's timber investment and provided more options of improving the economic returns of planted forest management to both small businesses and forest farmers in South China.}, number={6}, journal={New Forests}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Zhang, Pu and He, Youjun and Feng, Yiming and De La Torre, Rafael and Jia, Hongyan and Tang, Jixin and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={943–968} }
 @article{silva_cubbage_gonzalez_abt_2019, title={Assessing market power in the US pulp and paper industry}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85063393559&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2019.03.009}, abstractNote={This paper assesses the market power of pulpwood mills in different regions of the U.S. We estimated the conjectural elasticity, elasticities of substitution and price elasticities for the delivered price at the mill in Southeast and North U.S. and the stumpage in the Southeast. We assembled data composed of price and quantity of Labor, Energy, Chemical Products and Wood at firms' level from Q4/2016 to Q4/2017, and applied a variety of econometric models that measure the influence of firms and resource characteristics on market competition. The results indicate moderate levels of oligopsony power in all markets, with the highest effect at the mill in the North, and lowest in the stumpage market in the South. Market power in the pulpwood market is strongly driven by industry concentration and local company size, and decreases as the estimated wood procurement radius from a mill increases in size.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Silva, Bruno Kanieski and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Gonzalez, Ronalds and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={138–150} }
 @article{frey_cubbage_holmes_reyes-retana_davis_megevand_rodríguez-paredes_kraus-elsin_hernández-toro_chemor-salas_2019, title={Competitiveness, certification, and support of timber harvest by community forest enterprises in Mexico}, volume={107}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.009}, abstractNote={Local communities own approximately 45% of Mexico's forests and have relative autonomy to manage them. Some of these communities have established community forest enterprises (CFEs) in order to generate benefits, such as jobs. However, if CFEs focus mainly on community benefits, and lose sight of financial competitiveness and ecological sustainability, they may fail in the long run. Government support programs and forest certification mechanisms have been established to address these concerns, but little is known about improvements in financial competitiveness. A detailed 2011 survey of the financial inputs and outputs of 27 CFEs in the predominately pine (Pinus spp.) and fir (Abies spp.) forests of Mexico was used to create statistical timber harvest production functions. The production functions showed that the CFEs generally fit the model of competitive firms, indicating that they have not lost sight of the importance of financial viability; however, there is also some evidence that CFEs may balance this with the objective of providing community income (employment and other community payments). Participation in capacity development support programs and forest certification jointly have a positive impact on productivity, but the individual impact of each was not possible to parse.}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Frey, Gregory E. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Holmes, Thomas P. and Reyes-Retana, Graciela and Davis, Robert R. and Megevand, Carole and Rodríguez-Paredes, Diana and Kraus-Elsin, Yoanna and Hernández-Toro, Berenice and Chemor-Salas, Diana Nacibe}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={101923} }
 @article{bussoni_alvarez_cubbage_ferreira_picasso_2019, title={Diverse strategies for integration of forestry and livestock production}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1572-9680"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10457-017-0092-7}, abstractNote={Global changes in land use and increased forestry plantations have reduced the livestock area in Uruguay, and silvopastoral systems have recently emerged. This paper aimed to quantify these new systems, and to identify the diversity of patterns of integration of forestry and livestock production. Based on detailed data from the 2011 Uruguay Census of Agriculture a multi dimensional scaling analysis was performed on land tenure, land use, livestock management, and socio-economic continuous and categorical variables, followed by a cluster analysis, which resulted in seven groups. The first four groups were primarily livestock farmers, with forests providing services to livestock farming, and timber production coming second in economic importance. These groups differ mainly in cattle orientation, land ownership and farm size. The other three groups were primarily foresters, with livestock grazing in their lands. These groups differ in the legal organization (individual foresters vs corporations), farm size, and integration with livestock. The identification of these contrasting strategies for integration can inform future research and policies for the sustainability of silvopastoral systems in the region.}, number={1}, journal={AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS}, author={Bussoni, Adriana and Alvarez, Jorge and Cubbage, Frederick and Ferreira, Gustavo and Picasso, Valentin}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={333–344} }
 @article{foster_peterson_cubbage_mcmahon_2019, title={Evaluating natural resource planning for longleaf pine ecosystems in the Southeast United States}, volume={100}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.11.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2018.11.008}, abstractNote={Natural resource plans play a critical role in guiding the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. However, little is known about the quality of management plans. In this study, we evaluated and compared the quality of 35 management plans from federal, state, and nongovernment groups managing longleaf pine ecosystems in the Southeast United States. We developed a plan evaluation tool consisted of five components: (1) Problem and Objective Statement, (2) Fact Base, (3) Actions and Implementation, (4) Integration with Other Plans, and (5) Stakeholder Participation, to examine to what extent plans incorporated planning best practices. We tested a hypothetical model for understanding the relationship among plan components, and our results suggested stakeholder participation predicted clear problem statements, better integration with other plans, and better actions and implementation protocols. The Fact Base component scored highest across most plans while the Actions and Implementation component scored lowest. Newer plans scored modestly higher than older plans, suggesting agencies may be learning to develop better plans over time and indicating older plans should be prioritized for revision. Plans from federal and state agencies scored higher than plans from nongovernmental organizations. Our findings suggest planners should consider incorporating more stakeholder participation, which was positively related to better actions and implementation and improved problem and objective statements.}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Foster, Michaela and Peterson, M. Nils and Cubbage, Frederick and McMahon, Gerard}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={142–153} }
 @article{mcginley_guldin_cubbage_2019, title={Forest Sector Research and Development Capacity}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvz030}, abstractNote={
 Current trends in the nation’s forest-sector research capacity were analyzed in terms of funding and number of scientists, and compared with prior data in the National Research Council’s 2002 report, National Capacity in Forestry Research. The total number of professors at institutions with academic programs accredited by the Society of American Foresters, research scientists at the USDA Forest Service, and forest researchers in forest industry decreased approximately 12 percent since 2002. In 2016, there were an estimated 1,224 professors and 540 Forest Service research scientists, for a total of 1,764 scientists. Total estimated research funding in 2015 for universities, private sector, and USDA Forest Service, including appropriations from federal grant programs from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture, National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Department of Energy was US$598 million—a nominal increase over 2002, but a decrease when accounting for inflation. The proportion of reported scientists’ disciplines shifted notably from production subjects to broader ecosystem services and forest health subjects, as well as from more applied to more fundamental or basic research. The data indicated that the nation’s forest research capacity continues to erode, leading to declines in research development and innovation, and putting at increasing risk the future health and productivity of America’s forests.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={McGinley, Kathleen A. and Guldin, Richard W. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={443–461} }
 @article{mac donagh_velazco_botta_schlichter_cubbage_2019, title={Logging Contractors’ Growth in the Southern Cone: An Analysis of Contractor Business Strategies, Innovation, and Mechanization}, volume={10}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010069}, DOI={10.3390/f10010069}, abstractNote={Forest plantations have increased in South America for several decades. Harvesting is performed mainly through contractor companies. Our hypothesis is that logging contractors that innovate, grow more than others. We analyzed logging contractors through production and innovation, working in Argentina (22), Brazil (35) and Uruguay (10), through surveys between 2008 and 2012. Factors that affected firm growth were analyzed with linear mixed effect models. In all three countries there was a preponderance of logging contractors with cellulose companies. Our results show that logging firms that had mutualistic supply chain relations with the contracting organizations had better production indicators and lower cost per ton than other independent harvesting contractors. In the last 10 years, mechanization increased significantly, reducing the number of employees. Innovation was the most significant variable in enhanced logging production. For the period from 10 to 5 years before the survey period, the number of employees and type of contracting company were most significant on loggers’ growth. During the last 5-year period before the survey period, the number of employees and innovation were significant. Thus, during the last 10 years, logging companies shifted from growth based on type of the firm to the amount of innovation by firms, and contracting companies.}, number={1}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Mac Donagh, Patricio and Velazco, Santiago and Botta, Guido and Schlichter, Tomas and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={69} }
 @article{bruck_bishaw_cushing_cubbage_2019, title={Modeling the Financial Potential of Silvopasture Agroforestry in Eastern North Carolina and Northeastern Oregon}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvy065}, abstractNote={Affiliations: Sonia R. Bruck (sonia.bruck@oregonstate.edu) and Badege Bishaw (badege.bishaw@oregonstate.edu), Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3180 SW Jefferson Way, 208 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330. Tamara L. Cushing (tamara.cushing@oregonstate.edu), Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, 3180 SW Jefferson Way, 216 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330. Frederick W. Cubbage (fred_cubbage@ncsu.edu), Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University, Box 8008, 2800 Faucette Blvd, Raleigh, NC 27695.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Bruck, Sonia R. and Bishaw, Badege and Cushing, Tamara L. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={13–20} }
 @article{nepal_korhonen_prestemon_cubbage_2019, title={Projecting Global and Regional Forest Area under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Using an Updated Environmental Kuznets Curve Model}, volume={10}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050387}, DOI={10.3390/f10050387}, abstractNote={Forest resources are critical to environmental, economic, and social development, and there is substantial interest in understanding how global forest area will evolve in the future. Using an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model of total forest area that we updated using more recent data sets, we projected forest area through 2100 in 168 countries using variables including income, rural population density, and the size of the labor force under different world visions drawn from alternative Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Results provided support for the existence of an EKC for total forest area, with rural population density negatively affecting forest area and labor force size positively affecting forest area. The projections showed modest and continuous increases in global forest area in all the SSPs, but varying trends for major world regions, which is consistent with the projected trends from the explanatory variables in each country. Aggregate global forest area is projected to increase by 7% as of 2100 relative to 2015 levels in SSP3, which predicts a future with the lowest rate of economic growth, and by 36% in SSP5, which is a future with the highest rate of economic growth and greater economic equality across countries. The results show how projections driven only by income produce biased results compared to the projections made with an EKC that includes rural population density and labor force variables.}, number={5}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Nepal, P. and Korhonen, J. and Prestemon, J. and Cubbage, F.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={387} }
 @article{nepal_korhonen_prestemon_cubbage_2019, title={Projecting global planted forest area developments and the associated impacts on global forest product markets}, volume={240}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.126}, abstractNote={Planted forests are a rising share of total forests globally and an increasingly important source of timber product output, affecting national and global markets. We estimated econometric models of planted forest area by OECD and non-OECD country groups that control for economic, institutional and environmental policies likely to influence future changes in planted forest area. The models are then used to project planted forest area over next 55 years for 180 countries under five alternative scenarios of global socio-economic changes, represented in shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), adjunct products emerging from the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). By embedding key features of the SSP projections into a global forest sector model, we evaluate how planted forests lead to different global forest product market outcomes for each SSP, compared to corresponding outcomes where planted forests are not considered separately. Projected global planted forest area in 2070 ranges from 379 million ha (Mha) for SSP3 (a relatively poor and unequal world) to 475 Mha under SSP5 (a relatively wealthier and more equal world), representing respective increases of 46% and 66% compared to 2015. SSPs with the highest planted forest area increases have the lowest product prices (down by 12% by 2070, compared to SSP5 without planted forests) and higher global forest products production and consumption quantities (by as much as 3.3% by 2070, compared to SSP5 without planted forests). However, production does not increase in all countries by similar amounts, due to changes in relative advantages in production brought about by reduced product prices.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Korhonen, Jaana and Prestemon, Jeffrey P. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={421–430} }
 @article{kanieski da silva_cubbage_abt_2019, title={Structural Changes on Pulpwood Market in the US South: Wood Pellets Investments and Price Dynamics}, volume={65}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz043}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxz043}, abstractNote={We investigated the impact of wood pellet mills on pulpwood price structure in the US South. Rather than focusing exclusively on price elasticities, we progress by examining how wood pellet production has affected the spatial transmission of pulpwood prices. Pairwise price ratios were modeled using smooth transition regression to identify changes in the cointegration (linkage) between markets over time. A logistic model was fitted to estimate market linkages as a function of market distances, industry concentration, and capacity of pellet wood production. Results show that the US South is not composed of market clusters, but each market pair has a particular relation. Distance and wood pellet production capacity are the only factors driving market linkages; the pulp and paper industries did not affect market structure changes. Our research suggests spatial price transmission varies over time, and pellet mills have caused a structural change in the pulpwood prices in the US South.}, number={6}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kanieski da Silva, Bruno and Cubbage, Frederick W and Abt, Robert C}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={675–687} }
 @article{parajuli_tanger_abt_cubbage_2019, title={Subregional Timber Supply Projections with Chip-n-Saw Stumpage: Implications for Southern Stumpage Markets}, volume={65}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz044}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxz044}, abstractNote={
 Softwood chip-n-saw (CNS), an intermediate stumpage product between sawtimber and pulpwood, has become a mainstay in southern timber markets in recent years. Most of the previous studies in southern timber markets primarily focused on pulpwood and sawtimber markets, and often overlooked CNS as a standalone timber product. Using the Subregional Timber Supply model, this study examines the dynamics of sawtimber- and pulpwood-dominated softwood stumpage markets with growing CNS markets in the US South. Results suggest that South-wide CNS inventory increases over the short run but begins to decrease by 2024, which leads to CNS prices rising over the years. The projected trends vary widely from one wood basket to another. This study provides additional nuance to future prospects of southern timber markets.}, number={6}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Tanger, Shaun and Abt, Robert and Cubbage, Fred}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={665–669} }
 @inbook{mac donagh_roll_hahn_cubbage_2019, title={Timber Harvesting Production, Costs, Innovation, and Capacity in the Southern Cone and the U.S. South}, ISBN={9781789238815 9781789238822}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85412}, DOI={10.5772/intechopen.85412}, abstractNote={We performed research in the Southern Cone of South America and in North Carolina USA that examined logging production, costs, innovation, and capacity. We compare the findings of this timber harvesting research up until 2015 between South America and the U.S. South, and draw conclusions regarding comparative forestry sector economic advantages. Logging production rates per firm have increased, reaching as much as 200,000 tons per year in the U.S. South, and more than 300,000 tons per year in the Southern Cone. Average total costs for logging were generally less in the Southern Cone, at less than $10 per ton for cut and load at roadside for transport, and more than $12.50 per ton for cut and load in the U.S. South. Logging firm innovation usually led to greater production and reduced costs, and focused mostly on improved timber harvesting systems and processes and use of firm performance monitoring, software, and training. Logging sector capacity was a concern in the U.S. South given aging owners and workers, and most likely to come from expansion by existing firms. The Southern Cone had better prospects to expand logging operations due to higher production rates and more favorable rural worker attitudes toward logging employment. Overall, logging production rates will increase; average total costs are apt to remain relatively stable; innovation will focus on system improvements and management skills such as measurement and monitoring; but capacity for sufficient in the woods and transport workforce will be a continuing issue.}, booktitle={Timber Buildings and Sustainability}, publisher={IntechOpen}, author={Mac Donagh, Patricio and Roll, Joshua and Hahn, George and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{siry_cubbage_potter_mcginley_2018, title={Current Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management: North America}, volume={4}, ISSN={2198-6436}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S40725-018-0079-2}, DOI={10.1007/S40725-018-0079-2}, number={3}, journal={Current Forestry Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Siry, Jacek P. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Potter, Kevin M. and McGinley, Kathleen}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={138–149} }
 @article{clark_chin_peterson_lackstrom_dow_foster_cubbage_2018, title={Evaluating climate change planning for longleaf pine ecosystems in the Southeast United States}, volume={5}, journal={Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies}, author={Clark, K.E. and Chin, E. and Peterson, M.N. and Lackstrom, K. and Dow, K. and Foster, M. and Cubbage, F.}, year={2018}, pages={160–168} }
 @article{frey_cubbage_ha_davis_carle_thon_dzung_2018, title={Financial analysis and comparison of smallholder forest and state forest enterprise plantations in Central Vietnam}, volume={20}, ISSN={1465-5489}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554818823767582}, DOI={10.1505/146554818823767582}, abstractNote={SUMMARY State forest enterprises (SFEs) in Vietnam for decades were the main source of industrial wood production, but smallholder forest plantations have become common. Smallholders need positive financial returns to be viable. Likewise, financial returns are an important consideration of proposals to turn SFEs into joint ventures, because the potentially involved private companies would seek reasonable returns on investment. Financial analyses of smallholder and SFE forest plantations were undertaken to evaluate their competitiveness and profitability, and to assess opportunities and challenges for the sector. It was found that forest plantations in Vietnam, under current market conditions, can be profitable. Smallholders who received technical assistance and financial support could generate average land expectation values (LEVs) of about US$ 5 100/ha at 8% discount rate. Even without financial support, and assuming smallholders pay for the cost of technical assistance, average LEVs were about US$ 4 600/ha. Smallholders participating in a Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification pilot had higher LEVs, assuming price premiums for certified wood. Positive LEVs were robust to lower wood price and higher discount rates. SFEs, on the other hand, had poorer returns because of lower growth and yield of wood, which may be due to differences in sites and management. Vietnamese wood producers are competitive internationally, and have opportunities to tap domestic and international markets.}, number={2}, journal={International Forestry Review}, publisher={Commonwealth Forestry Association}, author={Frey, G.E. and Cubbage, F.W. and Ha, T.T.T. and Davis, R.R. and Carle, J.B. and Thon, V.X. and Dzung, N.V.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={181–198} }
 @article{cubbage_abt_sheffield_flather_wickham_2018, title={Forest Wetland Area and the Forest Sector Economy in the U.S. South}, volume={08}, ISSN={2163-0429 2163-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2018.83026}, DOI={10.4236/ojf.2018.83026}, abstractNote={This article reviews current data on forest wetlands and their economic contributions in the South, ranging from Texas to Virginia. Based on USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data, the wetland category comprised 17.7% of timber land area on all private and public lands in the South. This included 4.25 million ha of hydric sites; 0.77 million ha mesic wet; 9.55 million ha mesic, with only seasonal access; for a total of 14.57 million ha. The Natural Resource Inventory (NRI) for 2012 on private lands estimated that there were 14.71 million ha forested wetlands, which comprised 17.7% of all forested private forest area. The 2015 National Land Cover Data for the South estimated that there were 17.8 million ha of woody wetlands, which comprised 8% to 12% of the southern land area, and there were also 4.45 million ha of emergent herbaceous sites. About 10% of the southern timber forest sector would be based on harvests from wetland forests economy ($455 million per year), while the 17.7% of wetland land area would provide a proportional share of the annual nontimber forest products ($44 million) and payments for ecosystem services ($134 million). Wetlands also provide important nontimber forest products, and ecosystem services, which are beginning to develop active private and public markets.}, number={03}, journal={Open Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Abt, Robert and Sheffield, Ray and Flather, Curt and Wickham, James}, year={2018}, pages={409–428} }
 @article{bashari_sills_peterson_cubbage_2018, title={Hunting in Afghanistan: variation in motivations across species}, volume={52}, ISSN={0030-6053 1365-3008}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316001174}, DOI={10.1017/S0030605316001174}, abstractNote={Abstract Illegal hunting is a widespread problem, with motivations varying across regions. We investigated the patterns and reasons for hunting in Afghanistan, where it is generally illegal but pervasive in the wake of decades of civil war. To assess motivations for hunting, firstly we conducted a systematic review of the literature, extracting information from 32 studies that discuss the relative importance of various reasons for hunting in Afghanistan; we analysed findings from these studies using the meta-analytic method of vote-counting. Secondly, using face-to-face interviews or a web-based questionnaire, we surveyed key informants in Afghanistan about the motivations identified in the literature. We obtained responses from 57 people familiar with hunting, including government officials, vendors in wildlife markets, and hunters. Findings from the meta-analysis and the survey were broadly consistent, both identifying the market for fur and other by-products as one of the most important motivations for hunting. However, much of the published literature focuses on hunting of carnivores, and emphasizes retaliation as a motivation for hunting. Key informants were more likely to cite subsistence consumption and to suggest that providing education and livelihood alternatives would reduce hunting. Our results highlight the importance of a multi-pronged policy response that recognizes variation in motivations for hunting different species.}, number={3}, journal={Oryx}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Bashari, Mujtaba and Sills, Erin and Peterson, Markus and Cubbage, Fred}, year={2018}, pages={526–536} }
 @article{han_frey_geng_cubbage_zhang_2018, title={Reform and efficiency of state-owned forest enterprises in Northeast China as “social firms”}, volume={32}, ISSN={1104-6899}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2018.02.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.jfe.2018.02.002}, abstractNote={Abstract State-owned forest enterprises (SOFEs) in northeast China have experienced past economic loss and environmental degradation, causing government to seek reforms. Measurement of technical efficiency allows us to evaluate overall trends and how reforms affect production of social and environmental goods. Previous assessments have used small samples, short time periods, and viewed SOFEs as if they were profit-maximizers. We compared a traditional profit-maximization framework to an alternative “social firms” framework for SOFEs to classify inputs and outputs, and data envelopment analysis to measure the efficiency of 86 SOFEs from 2003 to 2009. We argue that the social firm framework is more appropriate for SOFEs given their stated objectives. We found no overall trend in pure technical efficiency over time for the social firm framework; however, there was an increase in pure technical efficiency for the profit maximization framework, consistent with past literature. At the same time, there were decreases in scale efficiency primarily due to higher levels of government investment. We compared groups of SOFEs that underwent a specific pilot forest tenure reform to those that did not, and we found no evidence to support that tenure reform improved technical efficiency.}, journal={Journal of Forest Economics}, publisher={Now Publishers}, author={Han, Xue and Frey, Gregory E. and Geng, Yude and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Zhang, Zhaohui}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={18–33} }
 @article{rodriguez_peterson_cubbage_sills_bondell_2018, title={What is Private Land Stewardship? Lessons from Agricultural Opinion Leaders in North Carolina}, volume={10}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020297}, DOI={10.3390/su10020297}, abstractNote={The development of private land is a significant conservation concern globally. To conserve the ecosystem services associated with private lands, conservationists must understand landowner conceptions of stewardship and its role in decisions about land and natural resources. We began addressing this need with a survey of North Carolina Farm Bureau county advisory board members in North Carolina (n = 735). Nearly all respondents self-identified as stewards of the land (97%). More respondents indicated their stewardship responsibility was owed to future generations (87%) and family (77%), rather than to the community (41%) or society (26%). Respondents associated stewardship more with using natural resources wisely (78%) than leaving natural resources untouched (31%). Plans to bequeath land to relatives, the importance of soil conservation, and past participation in conservation programs were the most consistent predictors of how respondents viewed stewardship. Our results suggest that stewardship may be more effective when framed more as a benefit to family and future generations than to society and the community. Similarly, stewardship may be more effective for achieving conservation as opposed to the preservation of natural resources.}, number={2}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Rodriguez, Shari and Peterson, M. and Cubbage, Frederick and Sills, Erin and Bondell, Howard}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={297} }
 @article{garcía-montiel_cubbage_rojo-alboreca_lujan-álvarez_montiel-antuna_corral-rivas_2017, title={An Analysis of Non-State and State Approaches for Forest Certification in Mexico}, volume={8}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f8080290}, DOI={10.3390/f8080290}, abstractNote={Mexico has had a non-state forest certification system under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) since it was initiated in 1993, and developed a new state-sponsored Mexican Forest Certification System (MFCS) that began in 2008. Several analyses have been made of FSC forest certification in Mexico, but none have summarized the new MFCS system or compared its standards with FSC. We compare the implementation of the non-state FSC market forest certification with the state-sponsored MFCS system in Mexico, and review literature on forest certification, focusing on all studies in Mexico. MFCS has had substantial enrollment of more than 902,802 ha by 2016, compared to 900,388 ha for the more-established FSC program. MFCS can be acceptable for stand-alone forest certification, and might be viewed as a stepwise path to FSC certification. The merits of both systems are analyzed in terms of standard content, likely sustainable forestry practices, access to markets, and community forestry enterprises.}, number={8}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={García-Montiel, Emily and Cubbage, Frederick and Rojo-Alboreca, Alberto and Lujan-Álvarez, Concepción and Montiel-Antuna, Eusebio and Corral-Rivas, José}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={290} }
 @article{blackman_raimondi_cubbage_2017, title={Does forest certification in developing countries have environmental benefits? Insights from Mexican corrective action requests}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1505/146554817821865072}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Among other objectives, certification aims to improve environmental outcomes in developing country forests. Yet little is known about whether and how it actually generates such benefits. To shed light on these questions, an analysis was conducted of 1 162 corrective action requests (CARs) issued after third-party inspections of 35 forests in Mexico certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. CARs detail the changes in procedures and on-the-ground conditions that forest managers must make to obtain or retain certification. Based mainly on simple summary statistics, the findings are mixed. On one hand, most forest managers quickly complied with CARs and received fewer over time— results suggesting that certification generated environmental benefits. But most CARs addressed minor procedural issues and focused on social, economic and legal issues rather than on-the-ground environmental changes—results indicating the opposite. Follow-on research comparing the environmental performance of certified and similar uncertified forests would help resolve this uncertainty.}, number={3}, journal={International Forestry Review}, author={Blackman, A. and Raimondi, A. and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2017}, pages={247–264} }
 @article{mcginley_cubbage_2017, title={Examining forest governance in the United States through the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators Framework}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1505/146554817821255123}, abstractNote={SUMMARY This paper examines laws, policies, organizations and other governance elements and arrangements that influence forest conservation and sustainable resource management in the U.S. through a set of 10 Indicators associated with Criterion Seven of the Montréal Process Criteria and Indicators Framework. The applicability and utility of these indicators as a measure of forest governance at the national level is examined and associated quantitative and qualitative data are presented and discussed. In the U.S., a broad range of laws governs public lands, dictating management processes and practices. Federal and state laws protect wildlife and endangered species on all public and private lands, and foster a range of prescribed and voluntary forest practices to protect water, air, and other public goods and services on private lands. Federal and state laws also provide for technical and financial assistance, research, education, and planning on private forest lands. Market based mechanisms increasingly are used to advance forest sustainability, as are policies, programs, and partnerships that link related policy networks, purposes, and desired outcomes across an expanding range of sectors. Nevertheless, challenges in advancing forest sustainability in the U.S. remain, particularly where incentives for sustainable forest management are low and pressures for development and agriculture are high. Furthermore, while such multilateral agreements help identify common forest goals, develop metrics, and report individual country status, they by no means enforce specific forest practices or ensure good forest governance.}, number={2}, journal={International Forestry Review}, author={Mcginley, K. A. and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2017}, pages={192–208} }
 @article{regino maldonado_wen_cubbage_regino maldonado_2017, title={Forest Resources in the Performance of Mexican Community Forest Enterprises in a Vertical Integration System}, volume={3}, ISSN={2305-3925 2410-4477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijsci.1163}, DOI={10.18483/ijsci.1163}, abstractNote={The objective of the research was to analyze the relationship between the use and control of forest resources as measured by volume sold (m3/year), volume harvested (m3/ha), and timber production area under forest management (ha) and the performance as measured by profits ($/m3) of community forest enterprises in Mexico under a vertical integration system, from perspectives theory of the firm and new institutional economics. The study is based on an analysis of data from a sampling of 30 enterprises in 12 states in the country in 2011. The research hypothesis states that the use and control of forest resources is positively associated with the profits of the enterprises. The study used linear regression to test the hypothesis. The study concludes that for the sample, the volume harvested m3/ha, was associated positively and significantly with harvesting profits $/m3. Whereas, the timber production area (ha) and volume sold m3/year were associated positively, but not significantly with profits $/m3 of enterprises. At the group level, the volume harvested m3/ha was positively associated with harvesting profits ($/m3) of type III (timber growing and harvesting) enterprises, while volume sold (m3/year) was associated positively with harvesting profits ($/m3) of type IV (vertically integrated timber growing through sawmilling) enterprises. The statistical results were not significant. This suggests no definite conclusions can be made on the general and by size, use and control of forest resources regression results. However, the results are a first approach to understanding the performance of enterprises vertically integrated under a structure of communal government.}, number={09}, journal={International Journal of Sciences}, publisher={Alkhaer Publications}, author={Regino Maldonado, Juan and Wen, Yali and Cubbage, Frederick and Regino Maldonado, Patricia}, year={2017}, pages={1–15} }
 @article{franzluebbers_chappell_shi_cubbage_2017, title={Greenhouse gas emissions in an agroforestry system of the southeastern USA}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1573-0867"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10705-016-9809-7}, number={1}, journal={NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS}, author={Franzluebbers, Alan J. and Chappell, Janet C. and Shi, Wei and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={85–100} }
 @article{mac donagh_botta_schlichter_cubbage_2017, title={Harvesting contractor production and costs in forest plantations of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay}, volume={28}, ISSN={1494-2119 1913-2220}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2017.1360657}, DOI={10.1080/14942119.2017.1360657}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Timber production from forest plantations has increased substantially in South America in the last few decades. The timber harvesting process is carried out mainly through logging contractors. This research developed production and cost 'functions for logging contractors working in Misiones and Corrientes (Argentina), Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Uruguay. Data were obtained from surveys: 22 in Argentina, 35 in Brazil and 10 in Uruguay between 2008 and 2012. When considered as a share of the total production region, we sampled a weighted average of 21% of the firms, which means an annual production of 17.7 million cubic meters. Regressions of the variables species, operations, contractors and mechanization indicated that the logging costs per ton were higher in Uruguay, as were logging contract prices. The contract prices paid for thinning were significantly higher than those of clearcutting, but average logging costs did not differ significantly. A large amount of capital was needed to begin operations, but there was an inflection in the average cost curves at 50,000 tons/month, and average costs were asymptotic at 100,000 tons/month. Logging contractors working for pulp companies have significantly higher capital value and the largest payroll. The fully mechanized logging firms had the highest capital costs. The Cobb-Douglas function was best to estimate production and cost models. Last, the size of the logging firms in these three countries was larger than those reported for southeastern USA and for Scandinavia. However, average costs were not as low as reported in those countries.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Forest Engineering}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Mac Donagh, Patricio and Botta, Guido and Schlichter, Thomas and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={157–168} }
 @book{cubbage_o'laughlin_peterson_2017, place={Long Grove, IL}, title={Natural Resource Policy}, publisher={Waveland Press}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and O'Laughlin, Jay and Peterson, Nils}, year={2017} }
 @article{korhonen_toppinen_kuuluvainen_prestemon_cubbage_2017, title={Recycling, Certification, and International Trade of Paper and Paperboard: Demand in Germany and the United States}, volume={63}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/FS-2016-073R2}, DOI={10.5849/fs-2016-073r2}, abstractNote={On the basis of data from 2000 to 2010, we investigated the separate effects of the uptake of forest certification and the usage of recycled paper on imports of paper and paperboard into Germany and the United States. Using panel data methods and based on a conventional Armington trade model, we find that the effects of two main forest certification schemes—the Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)—differ between markets. In Germany, the PEFC was negatively related to imports. In the United States, imports were preferred from PEFC-dominated countries. The recycled paper utilization rate interacted negatively with imports, irrespective of import country. We also found that price and income elasticities of demand for both countries were within ranges found by other authors: the long-term relative price elasticity of total import demand ranged from –0.70 to –0.78 for Germany and from –0.78 to –0.89 for the United States. The elasticity of demand for economic activity was also smaller (between 0.74 and 0.87) for Germany than for the United States (between 0.87 and 0.97).}, number={5}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Korhonen, Jaana and Toppinen, Anne and Kuuluvainen, Jari and Prestemon, Jeffrey P. and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={449–458} }
 @article{deiss_franzluebbers_amoozegar_hesterberg_polizzotto_cubbage_2017, title={Soil Carbon Fractions from an Alluvial Soil Texture Gradient in North Carolina}, volume={81}, ISSN={0361-5995}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2016.09.0304}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2016.09.0304}, abstractNote={Core Ideas Total, mineral‐associated, and mineralizable C fractions varied along a soil texture gradient. Specific surface area and Fe oxyhydroxides were positively associated with clay concentration. Soil C fractions were positively associated with surface area and Fe oxides. Aluminum oxide was not related to clay concentration or specific surface area. Mineralizable C had the most complex relationship with clay concentration. Soil texture is known to affect soil organic C (SOC) concentration and microbial activity, but these relationships are not always straightforward. We characterized total, mineral‐associated, and mineralizable C fractions along a gradient of soil texture within a flood plain field in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. Soil was collected from 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, and 15‐ to 30‐cm depth intervals at 204 locations within a 7‐ha area. Samples were analyzed for soil particle size distribution, specific surface area (SSA), oxalate‐extractable Al and Fe to estimate short‐range‐ordered (i.e., poorly crystalline) oxyhydroxides, and soil C fractions. Overall, relationships among soil C fractions, textural classes, and depths were complex. Both SOC (0.4–13.9 g kg –1 soil) and mineral‐associated organic C (0–12 g kg –1 soil) increased as soil clay concentration increased (73–430 g kg –1 soil), but having two distinct slopes in each relationship with an inflection point of ∼150 g clay kg –1 soil at 0 to 5 and 5 to 15 cm and an inflection point of ∼250 g clay kg –1 soil at 15 to 30 cm. As clay concentration increased, SSA (12–76 m 2 g –1 soil) and oxalate‐extractable Fe (0.45–5.9 g kg –1 soil) also increased. A weaker relationship was observed between oxalate‐extractable Al (0.38–1.5 g kg –1 soil) and either SSA or mineral‐associated organic C. Mineralizable C increased with increasing clay concentration up until 143 ± 3, 152 ± 5, and 161 ± 11 g kg –1 (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm, respectively), but decreased (0–5 and 5–15 cm) or stayed constant (15–30 cm) at higher clay concentrations. On the basis of untested observations, we surmise that binding of C to oxalate‐extractable Fe contributed to the accumulation of SOC and suppression of mineralizable C as the clay concentration increased. These results suggest that complex soil texture–physicochemical interactions underlie the inherent fertility of floodplain soils.}, number={5}, journal={Soil Science Society of America Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Deiss, Leonardo and Franzluebbers, Alan J. and Amoozegar, Aziz and Hesterberg, Dean and Polizzotto, Matthew and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1096–1106} }
 @article{kanieski da silva_cubbage_estraviz_singleton_2017, title={Timberland Investment Management Organizations: Business Strategies in Forest Plantations in Brazil}, volume={115}, ISSN={0022-1201}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.2016-050}, DOI={10.5849/jof.2016-050}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kanieski da Silva, Bruno and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Estraviz, Luiz Carlos Rodriguez and Singleton, Christopher N.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={95–102} }
 @misc{singh_cubbage_gonzalez_abt_2016, title={Locational determinants for wood pellet plants: A review and case study of North and South America}, volume={11}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Singh, D. and Cubbage, F. and Gonzalez, R. and Abt, R.}, year={2016}, pages={7928–7952} }
 @article{foster_peterson_cubbage_mcmahon_2016, title={Meta-analysis of natural resources conservation plan evaluations}, volume={3}, url={http://www.seafwa.org/publications/journal/?id=402065}, journal={Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies}, author={Foster, M. and Peterson, M.N. and Cubbage, F. and McMahon, G.}, year={2016}, pages={296–302} }
 @article{serenari_peterson_moorman_cubbage_jervis_2015, title={Application of Choice Experiments to Determine Stakeholder Preferences for Woody Biomass Harvesting Guidelines}, volume={34}, ISSN={1054-9811 1540-756X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2015.1007511}, DOI={10.1080/10549811.2015.1007511}, abstractNote={Biomass harvesting guidelines (BHGs) have been developed to address concerns about the sustainability of harvesting woody biomass. Assessing preferences among BHG stakeholders is important for designing operationally feasible and socially acceptable standards in different contexts. We used choice modeling to determine how foresters, loggers, and landowners perceived the relative importance of stumpage price, wildlife habitat quality, percentage of coarse woody debris (CWD) remaining, and distribution of CWD in their choices of BHG scenarios. Responses (N = 718) indicated stumpage price was nearly double the importance of wildlife habitat quality, and three times more important than debris distribution and debris remaining.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Serenari, Christopher and Peterson, M. Nils and Moorman, Christopher E. and Cubbage, Frederick and Jervis, Suzanne}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={343–357} }
 @article{cubbage_davis_rodríguez paredes_mollenhauer_kraus elsin_frey_gonzález hernández_albarrán hurtado_cruz_salas_2015, title={Community Forestry Enterprises in Mexico: Sustainability and Competitiveness}, volume={34}, ISSN={1054-9811 1540-756X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2015.1040514}, DOI={10.1080/10549811.2015.1040514}, abstractNote={Community-based forest management, such as Community Forest Enterprises (CFEs), has the potential to generate positive socioenvironmental and economic outcomes. We performed a detailed survey of financial and production parameters for 30 of the approximately 992 CFEs in Mexico in order to estimate costs, income, profits, and sustainability of harvest levels for forest management, harvest, and sawmilling. Fourteen of the 30 CFEs harvested more timber than they grew in 2011, suggesting issues with sustainability, but only two of these had harvest far above annual growth, and five of those were only a fraction more than annual growth. All of the 30 CFEs except one made profits in forest management and timber growing. For timber harvesting, 22 of 30 CFEs made profits, but the losses were small for the other CFEs. For the 23 CFEs with sawmills, 18 made profits and five had losses; the greatest returns for the CFEs accrued to those with sawmills for lumber production. On average, the CFEs surveyed had high costs of production relative to other countries, but the CFEs were still profitable in national lumber markets. If Mexico were to begin importing large amounts of lumber from lower cost countries, this could pose a threat to CFE profitability.}, number={6-7}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Cubbage, Frederick W. and Davis, Robert R. and Rodríguez Paredes, Diana and Mollenhauer, Ramon and Kraus Elsin, Yoanna and Frey, Gregory E. and González Hernández, Ignacio A. and Albarrán Hurtado, Humberto and Cruz, Anita Mercedes Salazar and Salas, Diana Nacibe Chemor}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={623–650} }
 @inbook{cubbage_davis_frey_behr_sills_2015, title={Financial and Economic Evaluation Guidelines for International Forestry Projects}, ISBN={9783642415548}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_68-2}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_68-2}, booktitle={Tropical Forestry Handbook}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Davis, Robert and Frey, Gregory and Behr, Diji Chandrasekharan and Sills, Erin}, year={2015}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{siry_mcginley_cubbage_bettinger_2015, title={Forest Tenure and Sustainable Forest Management}, volume={05}, ISSN={2163-0429 2163-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2015.55046}, DOI={10.4236/ojf.2015.55046}, abstractNote={We reviewed the principles and key literature related to forest tenure and sustainable forest management, and then examined the status of sustainable forestry and land ownership at the aggregate national level for major forested countries. The institutional design principles suggested by Ostrom are well accepted for applications to public, communal, and private lands. The analyses of countries as a whole suggest that problems of forest land loss and sustainable forest management are related to the amount of public lands owned, as well as the difference between developed and developing countries. Developed countries have largely achieved a stable level of land use and resource extraction after centuries of exploitation of forests and natural resources. Many developed countries do have greater amounts of private forest land than developing countries, which have occurred as the countries transfer lands to private owners in the course of development. Public lands and management approaches require diligence, but can be developed to meet the design criteria suggested by tenure rights theorists. Private or communal ownership is often considered superior, but also must meet the criteria suggested above in order to foster sustainable forest management in poor countries.}, number={05}, journal={Open Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.}, author={Siry, Jacek P. and McGinley, Kathleen and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Bettinger, Pete}, year={2015}, pages={526–545} }
 @article{bussoni_juan_fernandez_boscana_cubbage_bentancur_2015, title={Integrated beef and wood production in Uruguay: potential and limitations}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1572-9680"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10457-015-9839-1}, number={6}, journal={AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS}, author={Bussoni, Adriana and Juan, Cabris and Fernandez, Emilio and Boscana, Mariana and Cubbage, Frederick and Bentancur, Oscar}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={1107–1118} }
 @article{lee jenni_peterson_katz jameson_cubbage_2015, title={Military Perspectives on Public Relations Related to Environmental Issues}, volume={27}, ISSN={1062-726X 1532-754X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2015.1027770}, DOI={10.1080/1062726x.2015.1027770}, abstractNote={Environmental management decisions on United States military lands are becoming increasingly important. We used qualitative methods to explore military perceptions on building and maintaining relationships with their local communities related to environmental issues. Informants believed that 2-way public relations (PR) were effective ways to build, improve, and manage relationships, but practiced 1-way PR. Perceived barriers to 2-way PR included lack of public interest, leadership turnover, and security concerns, which were considered unique to military contexts. We highlight how these findings contribute to scholarship on environmental public participation and relational models of PR, and offer recommendations for improving military conservation efforts and the relationships between installations and communities.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Public Relations Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lee Jenni, Grace D. and Peterson, M. Nils and Katz Jameson, Jessica and Cubbage, Fred W.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={353–369} }
 @inbook{cubbage_davis_paredes_elsin_mollenhauer_frey_2015, title={Timber Production Cost and Profit Functions for Community Forests in Mexico}, ISBN={9783642415548}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_222-2}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_222-2}, booktitle={Tropical Forestry Handbook}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Davis, Robert and Paredes, Diana Rodríguez and Elsin, Yoanna Kraus and Mollenhauer, Ramon and Frey, Gregory}, year={2015}, pages={1–19} }
 @article{jeuck_cubbage_abt_bardon_mccarter_coulston_renkow_2014, title={Assessing Independent Variables Used in Econometric Modeling Forest Land Use or Land Cover Change: A Meta-Analysis}, volume={5}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f5071532}, DOI={10.3390/f5071532}, abstractNote={We conducted a meta-analysis on 64 econometric models from 47 studies predicting forestland conversion to agriculture (F2A), forestland to development (F2D), forestland to non-forested (F2NF) and undeveloped (including forestland) to developed (U2D) land. Over 250 independent econometric variables were identified from 21 F2A models, 21 F2D models, 12 F2NF models, and 10 U2D models. These variables were organized into a hierarchy of 119 independent variable groups, 15 categories, and 4 econometric drivers suitable for conducting simple vote count statistics. Vote counts were summarized at the independent variable group level and formed into ratios estimating the predictive success of each variable group. Two ratios estimates were developed based on (1) proportion of times the independent variables had statistical significance and (2) proportion of times independent variables met the original study authors’ expectations. In F2D models, we confirmed the success of popular independent variables such as population, income, and urban proximity estimates but found timber rents and site productivity variables less successful. In F2A models, we confirmed success of popular explanatory variables such as forest and agricultural rents and costs, governmental programs, and site quality, but we found population, income, and urban proximity estimates less successful. In U2D models, successful independent variables found were urban rents and costs, zoning issues concerning forestland loss, site quality, urban proximity, population, and income. In F2NF models, we found poor success using timber rents but high success using agricultural rents, site quality, population, and income. Success ratios and discussion of new or less popular, but promising, variables was also included. This meta-analysis provided insight into the general success of econometric independent variables for future forest-use or -cover change research.}, number={7}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Jeuck, James and Cubbage, Frederick and Abt, Robert and Bardon, Robert and McCarter, James and Coulston, John and Renkow, Mitch}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={1532–1564} }
 @article{korhonen_toppinen_cubbage_kuuluvainen_2014, title={Factors driving investment in planted forests: a comparison between OECD and non-OECD countries}, volume={16}, ISSN={["2053-7778"]}, DOI={10.1505/146554814811031314}, abstractNote={SUMMARY The area of planted forests has increased in the past two decades in parallel with forest industry internationalization and shift of industrial capacity to the global south. This study analysed the relationship of planted forest area with macro-economic, institutional, and forest sector factors that were associated with country-level competiveness using panel data from 1990–2010 for 19 countries from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) region and 20 countries from the non-OECD region. In the OECD countries the most significant determinants of planted forest area were market size, tariffs, and industrial capacity; whereas in non-OECD countries, they were market size, level of corruption, and industrial production capacity. La surface des plantations de forêts s'est accrue durant les deux dernières décénnies, parallèlement à une internationalisation de l'industrie forestière et à une avancée de la capacité industrielle vers le sud global. Cette étude a analysé la relation de la surface des plantations avec des facteurs de secteur forestier macro économiques institutionnels et associés à la compétition au niveau national, en utilisant la base de données de 1990 à 2010, pour les 19 pays de la région OCDE (Organisation de coopération pour le développement économique) et pour 20 pays n'en faisant pas partie. Dans les pays de l'OCDE, les facteurs déterminants les plus significatifs du secteur des plantations étaient l'envergure du marché, les taxes et la capacité industrielle; alors que dans les autres, ils étaient l'envergure du marché, le niveau de corruption et la capacité de production industrielle. El área de plantaciones forestales ha aumentado en las últimas dos décadas, en paralelo a la internacionalización de la industria forestal y un cierto traslado de la capacidad industrial hacia el Sur Global. Este estudio analiza la relación entre la superficie forestal plantada y los factores macro-económicos, institucionales y del sector forestal asociados a la competitividad a nivel nacional, por medio de datos de panel del período 1990–2010 para 19 países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y 20 países no pertenecientes a la OCDE. Se encontró que, en los países de la OCDE, los determinantes más importantes de la superficie forestal plantada fueron el tamaño del mercado, los aranceles y la capacidad industrial, mientras que en los países no pertenecientes a la OCDE, fueron el tamaño del mercado, el nivel de corrupción y la capacidad de producción industrial.}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW}, author={Korhonen, J. and Toppinen, A. and Cubbage, F. and Kuuluvainen, J.}, year={2014}, pages={67–77} }
 @article{cubbage_mac donagh_balmelli_morales olmos_bussoni_rubilar_de la torre_lord_huang_afonso hoeflich_et al._2014, title={Global timber investments and trends, 2005-2011}, volume={44}, ISSN={1179-5395}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1179-5395-44-s1-s7}, DOI={10.1186/1179-5395-44-s1-s7}, abstractNote={Prior research in 2005 and 2008 estimated planted forest investment returns for a set of countries and included some natural forest species in a few countries. This research has extended those analyses to a larger set of countries and focused on plantation species, for seven years. This research serves as a "benchmarking" exercise that helps identify comparative advantages among countries for timber investment returns, as well as other institutional, forestry, and policy factors that affect investments. Furthermore, it extends the analyses to examine the effects of land prices, environmental regulations, and increased productivity on timber investment returns, as well as comparing timber returns with traditional stock market returns. We estimated financial returns in 2005, 2008, and 2011 for a range of global timber plantation species and countries, using net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and Land Expectation Value (LEV)--or the Faustmann Formula--as criteria. Per the Faustmann approach, we excluded land costs initially, using a common real discount rate of 8% for all species in all countries to make equivalent comparisons. Returns for exotic plantations in almost all of South America--Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Paraguay--were substantial, as well as in China. In 2011, returns for Eucalyptus species were generally greater than those for Pinus species in each country, with most having IRRs of 14% per year or more. The IRRs for Pinus species in South America were slightly less, ranging from 8% to 12%, except for Brazil, where they were 19% to 23%. Internal rates of return ranged from 5% to 12% for plantations of coniferous or deciduous species in China, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Mexico, and the United States. Although lower than returns from South America, these would still be attractive to forest investors. Land costs and environmental regulations reduced plantation investment returns for all the countries studied, but the largest reductions were observed in South America. However, net returns these remained greater than for plantations in temperate forests. Trend analyses indicated that Brazil had the greatest increase in timber investment returns during the period examined; returns in other southern hemisphere countries remained fairly stable; and the US South had substantial decreases in returns. New Zealand, Australia, the United States, Chile, and Mexico had the best rankings regarding risk from political, commercial, or government actions and for the ease of doing business. Conversely, Venezuela, Colombia, and Argentina had high risk ratings, and Brazil and Venezuela were ranked as more difficult countries for ease of business. Recent government actions in several countries in South America, except Colombia, have discouraged foreign investments in agricultural land, which has adversely affected forestry as well. Timber-land investments fared well in comparison to USA equity or debt annual returns from 2000 to 2011. Past timber-land investors appear to making excellent returns now based on cheap land costs decades ago; new investments in most countries and plantation species will have smaller rates of return, but still compare favourably with traditional asset classes.}, number={Suppl 1}, journal={New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science}, publisher={Scion}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Mac Donagh, Patricio and Balmelli, Gustavo and Morales Olmos, Virginia and Bussoni, Adriana and Rubilar, Rafael and De La Torre, Rafael and Lord, Roger and Huang, Jin and Afonso Hoeflich, Vitor and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={S7} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_abt_2014, title={Global timber investments and trends, 2005-2011}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Planted Forests}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Abt, Robert}, year={2014} }
 @inbook{mercer_frey_cubbage_2014, title={The economics of agroforestry}, booktitle={Handbook of Forest Resource Economics}, publisher={Earthscan Publishers}, author={Mercer, D.Evan and Frey, Gregory E. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, editor={Kant, Shashi and Alavalapati, JanakiEditors}, year={2014}, pages={188–209} }
 @inbook{toppinen_cubbage_moore_2014, place={New York}, title={The economics of forest certification and corporate social responsibility}, booktitle={Handbook of Forest Resource Economics}, publisher={Earthscan Publishers}, author={Toppinen, Anne and Cubbage, Frederick and Moore, Susan}, editor={Kant, Shashi and Alavalapati, JanakiEditors}, year={2014}, pages={444–458} }
 @article{frey_mercer_cubbage_abt_2013, title={A real options model to assess the role of flexibility in forestry and agroforestry adoption and disadoption in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1574-0862"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00633.x}, abstractNote={Efforts to restore the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley's forests have not achieved desired levels of ecosystem services production. We examined how the variability of returns and the flexibility to change or postpone decisions (option value) affects the economic potential of forestry and agroforestry systems to keep private land in production while still providing ecosystem services. A real options analysis examined the impact of flexibility in decision making under agriculture, forestry, and agroforestry and demonstrated that adoption of forestry or agroforestry systems is less feasible than would be predicted by deterministic capital budgeting models.}, number={1}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Frey, Gregory E. and Mercer, D. Evan and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={73–91} }
 @article{rafal_abt_jonsson_prestemon_cubbage_2013, title={Modeling the impacts of EU bioenergy demand on the forest sector of the Southeast U.S}, volume={7}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Energy and Power Engineering}, author={Rafal, Chudy and Abt, Robert C. and Jonsson, Ragnar and Prestemon, Jeffrey P. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2013}, pages={1073–1081} }
 @article{frey_fassola_pachas_colcombet_lacorte_renkow_perez_cubbage_2012, title={A Within-Farm Efficiency Comparison of Silvopasture Systems with Conventional Pasture and Forestry in Northeast Argentina}, volume={88}, ISSN={0023-7639 1543-8325}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.88.4.639}, DOI={10.3368/le.88.4.639}, abstractNote={Agroforestry, which has multiple inputs and outputs, would benefit from scrutiny of economic efficiency because levels of adoption have not met expectations. Previous literature estimated the efficiency of agricultural systems using data envelopment analysis; however, the vast variability between farms makes comparing systems difficult. This study uses paired, within-farm comparisons of silvopasture, a combination of planted trees and pasture, to conventional cattle-ranching and plantation forestry, to evaluate the relative technical efficiency. Silvopasture proves to be more efficient than conventional cattle-ranching. Forestry demonstrated increasing returns to scale, cattle-raising demonstrated decreasing returns to scale for large-scale farmers, and silvopasture was intermediate. (JEL D24, O13)}, number={4}, journal={Land Economics}, publisher={University of Wisconsin Press}, author={Frey, G. E. and Fassola, H. E. and Pachas, A. N. and Colcombet, L. and Lacorte, S. M. and Renkow, M. and Perez, O. and Cubbage, F. W.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={639–657} }
 @article{jenni_peterson_cubbage_jameson_2012, title={Assessing biodiversity conservation conflict on military installations}, volume={153}, ISSN={["0006-3207"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2012.05.010}, abstractNote={Conflict over endangered species conservation on military lands is becoming increasingly important as militaries attempt to balance an increased operational tempo with endangered species conservation. Successfully managing this conflict has major implications for biodiversity conservation given the US military alone manages over 12 million ha of land providing habitat to hundreds of at risk species, 24 of which are endemic to military installations. This paper provides the first assessment of this issue with a qualitative study of military trainers and civilian natural resource professionals who are employed by the Department of Defense (DoD) at the interface of endangered species conservation and troop training on installations throughout the Southeastern US. Emerging conflicts over endangered species conservation on DoD lands differed from non-military contexts because military structure forced interactions into strict protocols allowing avoidance, but not direct contention. Although all informants officially stated nothing impacted training, training area supervisors described endangered species conservation the greatest threat to training they faced. Despite pointed efforts to avoid engagement and official denial that conflict existed, interactions between the groups were characterized by deindividualization and communication breakdown, residues typically associated with highly escalated conflicts. These findings suggest suppressing conflict may create the same negative outcomes typically associated with prolonged direct conflict, by denying parties the ability to resolve differences. These negative outcomes can be addressed by both acknowledging biodiversity conservation conflict exists and allowing dissent during decision-making. Improved cooperation between TASU and NRECM can help reduce impacts of warfare on wildlife conservation, while ensuring sustainability of military training on lands critical to biodiversity conservation.}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}, author={Jenni, Grace D. Lee and Peterson, M. Nils and Cubbage, Fred W. and Jameson, Jessica Katz}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={127–133} }
 @article{cubbage_balmelli_bussoni_noellemeyer_pachas_fassola_colcombet_rossner_frey_dube_et al._2012, title={Comparing silvopastoral systems and prospects in eight regions of the world}, volume={86}, ISSN={0167-4366 1572-9680}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10457-012-9482-Z}, DOI={10.1007/S10457-012-9482-Z}, abstractNote={Silvopasture systems combine trees, forage, and livestock in a variety of different species and management regimes, depending on the biophysical, economic, cultural, and market factors in a region. We describe and compare actual farm practices and current research trials of silvopastoral systems in eight regions within seven countries of the world: Misiones and Corrientes provinces, Argentina; La Pampa province, Argentina; northwestern Minas Gerais, Brazil; the Aysén region of Patagonia, Chile; the North Island of New Zealand; the Southeast United States; Paraguay; and Uruguay. Some countries use native trees and existing forests; some use plantations, particularly of exotic species. Natural forest silvopasture systems generally add livestock in extensive systems, to capture the benefits of shade, forage, and income diversification without much added inputs. Plantation forest systems are more purposive and intensive, with more focus on joint production and profits, for small owners, large ranches, and timber companies. Trends suggest that more active management of both natural and planted silvopastoral systems will be required to enhance joint production of timber and livestock, achieve income diversification and reduce financial risk, make more profit, improve environmental benefits, and realize more resilience to adapt to climate change.}, number={3}, journal={Agroforestry Systems}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Balmelli, Gustavo and Bussoni, Adriana and Noellemeyer, Elke and Pachas, Anibal N. and Fassola, Hugo and Colcombet, Luis and Rossner, Belén and Frey, Gregory and Dube, Francis and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={303–314} }
 @article{cubbage_glenn_paul mueller_robison_myers_luginbuhl_myers_2012, title={Early tree growth, crop yields and estimated returns for an agroforestry trial in Goldsboro, North Carolina}, volume={86}, ISSN={0167-4366 1572-9680}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10457-012-9481-0}, DOI={10.1007/S10457-012-9481-0}, number={3}, journal={Agroforestry Systems}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Glenn, Viola and Paul Mueller, J. and Robison, Daniel and Myers, Russell and Luginbuhl, Jean-Marie and Myers, Ron}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={323–334} }
 @article{mcginley_cubbage_2012, title={Governmental Forest Policy for Sustainable Forest Management in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua: Regulation, Implementation, and Impact}, volume={31}, ISSN={1054-9811 1540-756X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2011.588467}, DOI={10.1080/10549811.2011.588467}, abstractNote={We evaluated how governmental forest regulation in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua has succeeded or failed in fostering changes in forest owner and user behavior that enhance the sustainability of tropical forest management. As expected, sufficient resources and capacity for forest policy implementation are crucial for attaining governmental forest policy objectives, but innovative arrangements for promoting, enforcing, and verifying policy compliance can compensate for limited regulatory resources and processes. The findings also indicate that: the level of governmental commitment to sustainable forest management (SFM) was as important as total funding levels; a mix of government rules and incentives enhanced adoption of SFM; the incorporation of professional forest regents offset limited agency capacity; and forest certification enhanced SFM on forest concessions. Local level inducements and constraints that enhance or impede governmental forest policy adoption and compliance also were identified.}, number={4-5}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={McGinley, Kathleen A. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={355–375} }
 @article{moore_cubbage_eicheldinger_2012, title={Impacts of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) Forest Certification in North America}, volume={110}, ISSN={["0022-1201"]}, DOI={10.5849/jof.10-050}, abstractNote={We conducted e-mail surveys of organizations that had received forest management certification under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in the United States and Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) in the United States and Canada to determine if forest certification has changed forest management practices and if the changes are practically and statistically different between systems. The results indicate that forest certification prompted substantial changes in practices. On average, firms implemented 13‐14 changes in forestry, environmental, social, and economic/system practices to obtain or maintain forest certification. Although there was no statistical difference between systems in the total number of changes, there were many differences in the implementation of specific forest practices, with FSC firms required to make more environmental/forest management changes and SFI firms required to make more economic/system changes. Forest managers believed that the benefits of forest certification were greater than the disadvantages. SFI managers rated the benefits of forest certification higher than FSC managers, but also rated the disadvantages higher. Most organizations felt certification accomplished their objectives and were likely to recertify, thus indicating their endorsement of the process.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Moore, Susan E. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Eicheldinger, Celia}, year={2012}, pages={79–88} }
 @inbook{cubbage_mcginley_moffat_lin_robertson_2012, title={Implementation of the U.S. Legal, Institutional, and Economic Criterion and Indicators for the 2010 Montreal Process for Sustainable Forest Management}, ISBN={978-953-307-668-3.}, booktitle={Sustainable Forest Management}, publisher={InTech Press}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and McGinley, Kathleem and Moffat, Steverson and Lin, Liwei and Robertson, Guy}, year={2012}, pages={287–304} }
 @article{fielding_cubbage_peterson_hazel_gugelmann_moorman_2012, title={Opinions of Forest Managers, Loggers, and Forest Landowners in North Carolina regarding Biomass Harvesting Guidelines}, volume={2012}, ISSN={1687-9368 1687-9376}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/256141}, DOI={10.1155/2012/256141}, abstractNote={Woody biomass has been identified as an important renewable energy source capable of offsetting fossil fuel use. The potential environmental impacts associated with using woody biomass for energy have spurred development of biomass harvesting guidelines (BHGs) in some states and proposals for BHGs in others. We examined stakeholder opinions about BHGs through 60 semistructured interviews with key participants in the North Carolina, USA, forest business sector—forest managers, loggers, and forest landowners. Respondents generally opposed requirements for new BHGs because guidelines added to best management practices (BMPs). Most respondents believed North Carolina’s current BMPs have been successful and sufficient in protecting forest health; biomass harvesting is only an additional component to harvesting with little or no modification to conventional harvesting operations; and scientific research does not support claims that biomass harvesting negatively impacts soil, water quality, timber productivity, or wildlife habitat. Some respondents recognized possible benefits from the implementation of BHGs, which included reduced site preparation costs and increases in proactive forest management, soil quality, and wildlife habitat. Some scientific literature suggests that biomass harvests may have adverse site impacts that require amelioration. The results suggest BHGs will need to be better justified for practitioners based on the scientific literature or linked to demand from new profitable uses or subsidies to offset stakeholder perceptions that they create unnecessary costs.}, journal={International Journal of Forestry Research}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Fielding, Diane and Cubbage, Frederick and Peterson, M. Nils and Hazel, Dennis and Gugelmann, Brunell and Moorman, Christopher}, year={2012}, pages={1–15} }
 @article{frey_fassola_pachas_colcombet_lacorte_pérez_renkow_warren_cubbage_2012, title={Perceptions of silvopasture systems among adopters in northeast Argentina}, volume={105}, ISSN={0308-521X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.09.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.agsy.2011.09.001}, abstractNote={Farmers’ perceptions over time of an agroforestry technology can have an important impact on adoption and disadoption. Their perceptions, in turn, may be influenced by the type and scale of farm they own and the social networks they create. We examined the factors underlying producers’ perceptions of silvopasture systems at the time of adoption and perceptions following several years of experience, and the factors explaining discontinuance of systems in Argentina. We found that while most adopters indicated that other people influenced their decision about whether or not to adopt silvopasture, the type of person that influenced them (professionals vs. other farmers) did not affect adopters’ perceptions of the relative benefits and challenges of the system. However, farm scale and farm type did explain farmers’ perceptions to a good degree. Smaller-scale farmers were less likely to see costs and returns as benefits of the system, but more likely to see cash flow properties as important advantages. Farmers’ perceptions after experiencing the system were good predictors of likely discontinuance, but influential people, farm scales, farm type, and perceptions at the time of adoption were not.}, number={1}, journal={Agricultural Systems}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Frey, Gregory E. and Fassola, Hugo E. and Pachas, A. Nahuel and Colcombet, Luis and Lacorte, Santiago M. and Pérez, Oscar and Renkow, Mitch and Warren, Sarah T. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={21–32} }
 @article{rodriguez_peterson_cubbage_sills_bondell_2012, title={Private landowner interest in market-based incentive programs for endangered species habitat conservation}, volume={36}, ISSN={1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.159}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.159}, abstractNote={More than 75% of endangered species in the United States rely on private lands for habitat. Although this habitat has long been regulated under the Endangered Species Act, there is now broad agreement that economic incentives are also needed for effective protection on private land. Many different mechanisms for incentive programs have been proposed and tested. For example, recovery credit systems use term-duration market-based contracts to engage landowners in endangered species conservation. We examined how market-mechanism design influences interest in endangered species habitat conservation using a survey of North Carolina Farm Bureau county advisory board members in 93 of the 100 North Carolina counties (n = 735) in 2009. Respondents preferred contracts (57% were interested) over easements (39% were interested). Endangered species conservation ranked low in importance relative to other conservation issues, but 45% of respondents were interested in contracts to conserve endangered species habitat on their property. The preferred contract duration was 10 years, and respondents preferred state- and agricultural-related organizations over federal and wildlife conservation-related organizations for managing contracts. Younger respondents, respondents who had previously participated in conservation programs, respondents who perceived endangered species conservation as important, and respondents who had lower property-rights orientation scores, were most likely to be interested in contracts to restore and maintain endangered species habitat on their lands. Our results suggest that market mechanisms could drive down costs and drive up durations for endangered species habitat conservation contracts. Further, term contracts may prove critical for endangered species conservation efforts that require high levels of landowner support and spatial flexibility within relatively short-time frames. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.}, number={3}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rodriguez, Shari L. and Peterson, M. Nils and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Sills, Erin O. and Bondell, Howard D.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={469–476} }
 @article{mcginley_alvarado_cubbage_diaz_donoso_jacovine_de silva_macintyre_zalazar_2012, title={Regulating the Sustainability of Forest Management in the Americas: Cross-Country Comparisons of Forest Legislation}, volume={3}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f3030467}, DOI={10.3390/f3030467}, abstractNote={Based on theoretical underpinnings and an empirical review of forest laws and regulations of selected countries throughout the Americas, we examine key components of natural forest management and how they are addressed in the legal frameworks of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the U.S. We consider forest policy directives in terms of legislative, planning, operational,}, number={3}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={McGinley, Kathleen and Alvarado, Raquel and Cubbage, Frederick and Diaz, Diana and Donoso, Pablo J. and Jacovine, Laércio Antônio Gonçalves and de Silva, Fabiano Luiz and MacIntyre, Charles and Zalazar, Elizabeth Monges}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={467–505} }
 @article{shellabarger_peterson_sills_cubbage_2012, title={The Influence of Place Meanings on Conservation and Human Rights in the Arizona Sonora Borderlands}, volume={6}, ISSN={1752-4032 1752-4040}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2012.688059}, DOI={10.1080/17524032.2012.688059}, abstractNote={Conservation and human rights are currently threatened by direct and indirect effects of border enforcement practices on the US–Mexico border. Increased border enforcement in urban areas has pushed migrants into remote conservation areas where thousands have died. Migration, smuggling, border enforcement, and aid provisioning contribute to ecological degradation of protected areas on the border. In this study we explore the discursively created physical, social, and cultural dimensions of place among land management personnel and humanitarian aid volunteers who were attempting to address the socio-ecological crises wrought by border enforcement in the Altar Valley region of southern Arizona. Land managers described physical place as an eroding ecosystem whereas humanitarians described physical place as a fragmenting system. Land managers saw crime as the defining social process while humanitarians pointed to social injustice. Finally, land managers viewed uncertainty as the primary cultural meaning, but humanitarians described empathy as the primary cultural meaning. We describe how these differences explain counterproductive conflict between humanitarian and land management groups, how viable local conservation solutions can emerge from an understanding of place, and how challenges arise as these solutions are scaled up to regional and national level policy. We suggest that the concept of culturescape integrated with place allows for an analysis of discourse that is especially local, and can be used to understand and improve upon natural resource conflicts that stem from attachments to place.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Communication}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Shellabarger, Rachel and Peterson, M. Nils and Sills, Erin and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={383–402} }
 @article{haynes_cubbage_mercer_sills_2012, title={The Search for Value and Meaning in the Cocoa Supply Chain in Costa Rica}, volume={4}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4071466}, DOI={10.3390/su4071466}, abstractNote={Qualitative interviews with participants in the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) supply chain in Costa Rica and the United States were conducted and supplemented with an analysis of the marketing literature to examine the prospects of organic and Fairtrade certification for enhancing environmentally and socially responsible trade of cocoa from Costa Rica. Respondents were familiar with both systems, and most had traded at least organic cocoa for some period. However, most individuals said that they were seeking better product differentiation and marketing than has been achieved under the organic and Fairtrade systems. Many suggested that more direct recognition of individual growers and the unique value of their cocoa throughout the production chain would be more helpful than certification for small companies in the cocoa supply chain. These findings suggest new marketing techniques that convey an integration of meaning into the cocoa and chocolate supply chain as a differentiation strategy. This involves integration of the story of producers' commitment and dedication; shared producer and consumer values of social and environmental responsibility; and personal relationships between producers and consumers. This marketing approach could enhance the ability of smaller companies to successfully vie with their larger competitors and to produce cocoa in a more environmentally and socially acceptable manner.}, number={7}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Haynes, Jessica and Cubbage, Frederick and Mercer, Evan and Sills, Erin}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={1466–1487} }
 @article{mcginley_cubbage_2011, title={Governmental regulation and nongovernmental certification of forests in the tropics: Policy, execution, uptake, and overlap in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2010.10.002}, abstractNote={We analyzed how and why governmental forest regulation and nongovernmental forest certification in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua and their execution lead to, or fail to produce desired changes in forest owner and user behavior toward the enhanced sustainability of tropical forests. The findings confirmed not only that sufficient resources and capacity for forest policy execution are crucial for attaining policy objectives, but also that innovative arrangements for promoting, verifying, and enforcing policy compliance can compensate for limited resources and processes. Such arrangements incorporate a mixture of policy tools and actors that go beyond the traditional command-and-control approach, including the establishment of positive fiscal incentives for sustainable forest management, provision of technical assistance, participation of private-sector forest stewards, and support from nongovernmental organizations. The results also shed light on the mitigating effects of local-level inducements and constraints to governmental and nongovernmental forest policy adoption and compliance, such as forest size and composition, available resources, technical capacity, and attitudes toward forest policy and implementers.}, number={3}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={McGinley, Kathleen and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={206–220} }
 @inbook{cashore_galloway_cubbage_humphreys_katila_levin_maryudi_mcdermott_mcginley_kengen_et al._2010, series={IUFRO World Series}, title={Ability of Institutions to Address New Challenges.}, volume={25}, booktitle={Forests and Society – Responding to Global Drivers of Change}, author={Cashore, Benjamin and Galloway, Glenn and Cubbage, Frederick and Humphreys, David and Katila, Pia and Levin, Kelly and Maryudi, Ahmad and McDermott, Constance and McGinley, Kathleen and Kengen, Sebastião and et al.}, editor={Merry, Gerardo and Katila, Pia and Galloway, Glenn and Alfaro, Rene I. and Kanninen, Markku and Lobovikov, Maxim and Varjo, JariEditors}, year={2010}, pages={441–486}, collection={IUFRO World Series} }
 @inbook{cashore_galloway_cubbage_humphreys_katila_levin_maryudi_mcdermott_mcginley_kengen_et al._2010, title={Ability of institutions to address new challenges}, ISBN={9783901347931}, booktitle={Forests and society : responding to global drivers of change}, publisher={Vienna :  International Union of Forest Research Organizations}, author={Cashore, B. and Galloway, G. and Cubbage, F. and Humphreys, D. and Katila, P. and Levin, K. and Maryudi, A. and McDermott, C. and McGinley, K. and Kengen, S. and et al.}, year={2010} }
 @article{frey_mercer_cubbage_abt_2010, title={Economic potential of agroforestry and forestry in the lower mississippi alluvial valley with incentive programs and carbon payments}, volume={34}, number={4}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Frey, G. E. and Mercer, D. E. and Cubbage, F. W. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2010}, pages={176–185} }
 @article{lopez_de la torre_cubbage_2010, title={Effect of land prices, transportation costs, and site productivity on timber investment returns for pine plantations in Colombia}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-009-9173-4}, number={3}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Lopez, Juan and De La Torre, Rafael and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={313–328} }
 @article{abt_abt_cubbage_henderson_2010, title={Effect of policy-based bioenergy demand on southern timber markets: A case study of North Carolina}, volume={34}, ISSN={0961-9534}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.007}, abstractNote={Key factors driving renewable energy demand are state and federal policies requiring the use of renewable feedstocks to produce energy (renewable portfolio standards) and liquid fuels (renewable fuel standards). However, over the next decade, the infrastructure for renewable energy supplies is unlikely to develop as fast as both policy- and market-motivated renewable energy demands. This will favor the use of existing wood as a feedstock in the first wave of bioenergy production. The ability to supply wood over the next decade is a function of the residual utilization, age class structure, and competition from traditional wood users. Using the North Carolina Renewable Portfolio Standard as a case study, combined with assumptions regarding energy efficiency, logging residual utilization, and traditional wood demands over time, we simulate the impacts of increased woody biomass demand on timber markets. We focus on the dynamics resulting from the interaction of short-run demand changes and long-term supply responses. We conclude that logging residuals alone may be unable to meet bioenergy demands from North Carolina’s Renewable Portfolio Standard. Thus, small roundwood (pulpwood) may be used to meet remaining bioenergy demands, resulting in increased timber prices and removals; displacement of traditional products; higher forest landowner incomes; and changes in the structure of the forest resource.}, number={12}, journal={Biomass and Bioenergy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Abt, Robert C. and Abt, Karen L. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Henderson, Jesse D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1679–1686} }
 @article{siry_cubbage_newman_izlar_2010, title={Forest ownership and management outcomes in the US, in global context}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2053-7778"]}, DOI={10.1505/ifor.12.1.38}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Land is of critical importance for provision of wood and nonwood forest products and environmental services. Ownership is a key factor influencing forest land management and protection. Most forests in the world, 86%, are in public ownership which accounts for a commensurate share of forest degradation. U.S. forest land ownership is dominated by private owners, and this has largely worked well for production and for provision of environmental services. International comparisons of forest land ownership and corresponding management outcomes indicate that private forests provide proportionally more market based goods such as wood, and that their environmental performance in terms of forest management plans, forest certification, and compliance with forest regulations appears to be similar to that of public forests. In fact, private lands have increased environmental conformance with regulations and adopted forest certification for many high production lands. Both public and private lands should more closely link tenure rights and conservation and management control. Government ownership and incentives must evolve for both private and public lands to produce forest goods and services more efficiently and equitably.}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW}, author={Siry, J. and Cubbage, F. and Newman, D. and Izlar, R.}, year={2010}, pages={38–48} }
 @article{cubbage_koesbandana_mac donagh_rubilar_balmelli_morales olmos_de la torre_murara_hoeflich_kotze_et al._2010, title={Global timber investments, wood costs, regulation, and risk}, volume={34}, ISSN={0961-9534}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.008}, abstractNote={We estimated financial returns and wood production costs in 2008 for the primary timber plantation species. Excluding land costs, returns for exotic plantations in almost all of South America – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Paraguay – were substantial. Eucalyptus species returns were generally greater than those for Pinus species in each country, with most having Internal Rates of Return (IRRs) of 20% per year or more, as did teak. Pinus species in South America were generally closer to 15%, except in Argentina, where they were 20%. IRRs were less, but still attractive for plantations of coniferous or deciduous species in China, South Africa, New Zealand, Indonesia, and the United States, ranging from 7% to 12%. Costs of wood production at the cost of capital of 8% per year were generally cheapest for countries with high rates of return and for pulpwood fiber production, which would favor vertically integrated firms in Latin America. But wood costs at stumpage market prices were much greater, making net wood costs for open market wood more similar among countries. In the Americas, Chile and Brazil had the most regulatory components of sustainable forest management, followed by Misiones, Argentina and Oregon in the U.S. New Zealand, the United States, and Chile had the best rankings regarding risk from political, commercial, war, or government actions and for the ease of doing business. Conversely, Venezuela, Indonesia, Colombia, and Argentina had high risk ratings, and Brazil, Indonesia, and Venezuela were ranked as more difficult countries for ease of business.}, number={12}, journal={Biomass and Bioenergy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Koesbandana, Sadharga and Mac Donagh, Patricio and Rubilar, Rafael and Balmelli, Gustavo and Morales Olmos, Virginia and De La Torre, Rafael and Murara, Mauro and Hoeflich, Vitor Afonso and Kotze, Heynz and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1667–1678} }
 @article{cubbage_diaz_yapura_dube_2010, title={Impacts of forest management certification in Argentina and Chile}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1389-9341"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2010.06.004}, abstractNote={Individuals at ten firms in Argentina and Chile that had received Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or Sistema Chileno de Certificación Forestal (CERTFOR) forest management certification were interviewed to determine the management, environmental, social, and economic impacts of certification. All firms improved many practices in forest management, environmental protection, community relations, public affairs, economic, and environmental management systems in order to receive certification, with an average of 27 changes reported per firm that received forest certification. The amount of changes were fairly evenly distributed among forest management practices, social and legal aspects, and economic and system impacts. Most firms certified by FSC received several conditions or corrective action requests, but these represented only about one-third of the 27 changes those firms made to receive or maintain certification. Certification appeared to prompt similar changes in Argentina and Chile, and with FSC and CERTFOR. Certified firms usually hired only one or two new employees for certification, but did shift job responsibilities so that about 5% to 10% of personnel time was spent on certification. Individuals at interviewed firms were generally very satisfied with certification and all firms except one intended to re-certify. A fin de determinar los impactos de la certificación sobre el manejo forestal en relación a aspectos ecológicos, económicos y sociales fueron entrevistadas con diez empresas en Argentina y Chile que recibieron la certificación de Manejo Forestal Sustentable del Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) o Sistema Chileno de Certificación Forestal (CERTFOR). Todas las empresas mejoraron sus prácticas de manejo forestal, de protección ambiental, sus relaciones con la comunidad y con el público, su economía y sus sistemas de manejo ambiental a fin de recibir la certificación forestal, con un promedio de 27 cambios informados por cada firma que obtuvo la certificación. La cantidad de cambios estuvo uniformemente distribuida entre las prácticas de manejo forestal, los aspectos sociales y legales, y los aspectos económicos y de planificación. La mayoría de las firmas certificadas por FSC recibieron también varias solicitudes de acciones correctivas, pero éstas representan sólo un tercio del total de 27 cambios realizados por estas empresas para recibir o mantener la certificación. La certificación parece haber generado similar número de cambios en Argentina y Chile, ya sea FSC o CERTFOR. Alrededor 5% hasta 10% del tiempo de los empleados fue ganado con certificación forestal. Las personas entrevistadas en las empresas se encontraban por lo general satisfechas con la certificación y excepto una de las empresas, el resto de ellas proyectaban renovar la certificación forestal.}, number={7}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Diaz, Diana and Yapura, Pablo and Dube, Francis}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={497–504} }
 @article{arriagada_sills_pattanayak_cubbage_gonzalez_2010, title={Modeling fertilizer externalities around Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0169-5150"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00472.x}, abstractNote={Irrigated rice farming in Costa Rica involves use of agrochemicals that pollute important wetlands ecosystems, such as the Palo Verde National Park in the northeastern province of Guanacaste. We characterize rice farming in this region, apply duality theory to estimate conditional factor demand for fertilizer, and then simulate the impacts of alternative policies on fertilizer use. Using a normalized profit function, we also estimate policy impacts on farmer profits. As expected, prices of rice seeds and fertilizer significantly affect use of fertilizer. Price incentives or taxes could encourage farming practices that reduce the threat to downstream ecosystems.}, number={6}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Arriagada, Rodrigo A. and Sills, Erin O. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Gonzalez, Eugenio}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={567–575} }
 @inbook{cubbage_moore_henderson_m._2009, title={Costs and benefits of forest certification in the Americas}, ISBN={9781604569827}, booktitle={Natural resources: Management, economic development and protection}, publisher={New York :  Nova Science Publishers}, author={Cubbage, F. and Moore, S. and Henderson, T. and M., Araujo}, year={2009} }
 @article{bauch_sills_rodriguez_mcginley_cubbage_2009, title={Forest policy reform in Brazil}, volume={107}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Bauch, S. and Sills, E. and Rodriguez, L. C. E. and McGinley, K. and Cubbage, F.}, year={2009}, pages={132–138} }
 @book{cubbage_2009, place={Bethseda, MD}, title={Forests and Forestry in the Americas: An Encyclopedia}, url={http://encyclopediaofforestry.org/index.php/Main_Page.}, publisher={Society of American Foresters and the International Society of Tropical Foresters}, year={2009} }
 @article{abt_cubbage_abt_2009, title={Projecting southern timber supply for multiple products by subregion}, volume={59}, number={7-8}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Abt, R. C. and Cubbage, F. W. and Abt, K. L.}, year={2009}, pages={7–16} }
 @article{chen_bloomfield_cubbage_2008, title={COMPARING FORECASTING MODELS IN TOURISM}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1557-7554"]}, DOI={10.1177/1096348007309566}, abstractNote={This study uses three major U.S. national parks as applications of statistically selecting appropriate methods to forecast attendance. Forecasting methods assessed include Naïve 1, Naïve 2, single moving average (SMA), single exponential smoothing (SES), Brown's, Holt's, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), derived time series cross-section regression (TSCSREG), and time series analysis with explanatory variable models. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is used to measure the accuracy of forecasting methods. Based on the MAPE values, SMA produces the most accurate forecasting, followed closely by ARIMA, Brown's, and Naïve 1 models. Holt's and TSCSREG models produce the next most accurate forecasting, followed by SES, time series analysis with explanatory variable model, and Naïve 2. Methods used in this article are readily transferable to other hospitality and tourism data sets with annual visitation figures. Merits and limits of the proposed forecasting methods are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM RESEARCH}, author={Chen, Rachel J. C. and Bloomfield, Peter and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={3–21} }
 @inbook{cubbage_moore_henderson_araujo_2008, title={Costs and benefits of forest certification in the Americas}, ISBN={1604566493}, booktitle={Natural resources: Economics, management, and policy}, publisher={Nova Science Publishers}, author={Cubbage, F. W. and Moore, S. and Henderson, T. and Araujo, M.}, editor={White, J. R. and Robinson, W. H.Editors}, year={2008} }
 @article{arriagada_cubbage_abt_huggett_2008, title={Estimating harvest costs for fuel treatments in the West}, volume={58}, number={7-8}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Arriagada, R. A. and Cubbage, F. W. and Abt, K. L. and Huggett, R. J.}, year={2008}, pages={24–30} }
 @article{gonzalez_saloni_dasmohapatra_cubbage_2008, title={South America: Industrial roundwood supply potential}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Gonzalez, R. W. and Saloni, D. and Dasmohapatra, S. and Cubbage, F.}, year={2008}, pages={255–269} }
 @article{soloviy_cubbage_2007, title={Forest policy in aroused society: Ukrainian post-Orange Revolution challenges}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2007.05.003}, abstractNote={With the collapse of the communist regime the market changes were introduced in Ukraine, as in other Central and Eastern European Countries, including forestry sector. Reform was not as radical as in other sectors of economy, nor in the forestry sector as in some other countries of region. Ukraine is involved in international forest policy dialogue, particularly Intergovernmental and Pan-European processes of the forest sector development on the principles of sustainability, but implementation of international agreements needs to be sounder in practice. This paper discusses the current situation in forest sector and achievements and failures in economic, environmental, and social aspects of forest sector development. Policy and institutional mechanisms to develop the sustainable forest management (SFM) approaches are discussed. We analyze preconditions for institutional building (legislature, institutions, policy actors) looking at both the existing potential and the constraints in the realization of urgent tasks that arise in the economy in a period of transition. Specific attention is given to the national forest policy conception and forest sector development prospects.}, number={1-2}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Soloviy, Ihor P. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={60–69} }
 @article{cubbage_harou_sills_2007, title={Policy instruments to enhance multi-functional forest management}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2006.03.010}, abstractNote={Sustainable forest management has become the salient cross-cutting theme in forestry throughout the world today. This paradigm recognizes that forests are managed for a wide variety of ecological, economic, and social benefits. This explicit recognition of many outputs and services as management objectives has recast our economic analyses on the values of forests. Similarly, our policy tools must adapt to achieve the goals of multi-functional forestry across a broad range of ownerships and values. We review factors that affect forest policy selection, including the nature of goods and services, social values, and economic values. We then discuss traditional and newly developing natural resource policy tools in this context and discuss their applications in meeting the objectives of forest landowners and society in achieving multi-functional sustainable forestry goals in the future.}, number={7}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Harou, Palrice and Sills, Erin}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={833–851} }
 @article{cubbage_mac donagh_sawinski junior_rubilar_donoso_ferreira_hoeflich_olmos_ferreira_balmelli_et al._2007, title={Timber investment returns for selected plantations and native forests in South America and the Southern United States}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-006-9025-4}, number={3}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Mac Donagh, Patricio and Sawinski Junior, Jose and Rubilar, Rafael and Donoso, Pablo and Ferreira, Arnaldo and Hoeflich, Vitor and Olmos, Virginia Morales and Ferreira, Gustavo and Balmelli, Gustavo and et al.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={237–255} }
 @article{snider_cubbage_2006, title={Economic analyses of wood chip mill expansion in north Carolina: Implications for nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) management}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Snider, A. G. and Cubbage, F. W.}, year={2006}, pages={102–108} }
 @inbook{cubbage_wear_bennadji_2006, title={Economic prospects and policy framework of biotechnology in the southern USA and Latin America}, ISBN={9781402038686}, booktitle={Landscapes, genomics and transgenic conifers}, publisher={Dordrecht :  Springer}, author={Cubbage, F. W. and Wear, D.N. and Bennadji, Z.}, year={2006} }
 @misc{cubbage_newman_2006, title={Forest policy reformed: A United States perspective}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2005.07.008}, abstractNote={It appears that United States federal forest policy in the last three decades has been relatively static, with only modest changes in laws being made by Congress, and most federal policy-making occurring through budgetary allocation decisions. However, more fundamental forest policy shifts have occurred in international forestry, in environmental nongovernment organizations (ENGOs), and in the private sector. In the 1990s, the executive branch and state and local governments have become more important; international agreements have had significant impacts at defining the policy agenda; and environmental nongovernment organizations (ENGOs) have become more powerful, both at influencing agency implementation and as land managers themselves. In addition, corporations have actively pursued proactive environmental agendas and voluntarily adopted forest practice guidelines that often exceed those that could have been achieved by government mandates. Government programs have renewed purchases of forest land or of conservation easements. However, state forestry and development interest groups, market pressures, and limited government budgets continue to limit regulatory expansion. The tension between commodity and preservation interests has not waned, and forest policy responses have become more dynamic, extending beyond the traditional views of strictly government policy-making. The breadth of the public policy responses has increased, and the introduction of important new private and corporate forest policies and programs has greatly changed the impact on private forest land management.}, number={3}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Cubbage, Frederick W. and Newman, David H.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={261–273} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_cox_moore_edeburn_richter_chesnutt_rohr_henderson_2006, title={Long-term management impacts and costs of forest certification in North Carolina: the experience of the Southern Center for Sustainable Forests Partners}, booktitle={Proceedings, Southern Forest Economics Workers (SOFEW) Annual Meeting}, author={Cubbage, F. and Cox, J. and Moore, S. E. and Edeburn, J. and Richter, D. and Chesnutt, M. and Rohr, H. and Henderson, T.}, year={2006}, pages={159–170} }
 @article{schaberg_aruna_cubbage_hess_abt_richter_warren_gregory_snider_sherling_et al._2005, title={Economic and ecological impacts of wood chip production in North Carolina: an integrated assessment and subsequent applications}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00029-7}, abstractNote={The North Carolina Wood Chip Mill Study represents an integrated assessment of the economic and ecological impacts associated with production of wood chips at satellite chip mills in the state of North Carolina (NC), USA. Mandated by the Governor of NC, the study was attended by a high degree of public scrutiny. We report principal findings, and describe the processes by which we dealt with uncertainty resulting from limited data availability, methods used to foster public involvement and efforts to reconcile public concerns over forest harvests with our narrower mandate to examine chip mills. We considered the hypotheses that chip mills fostered widespread industrial clearcutting, increased utilization of previously noncommercial timber (especially small hardwoods), depleted future growing stocks of sawtimber, and might create adverse ecological consequences or impair aesthetics important to recreational forest users. NC wood-based industries are a major component of the state's economy, but lagged the state in economic growth from 1977 to 1996. Over the same period, the nature-based tourism sector grew rapidly. Forest land losses in North Carolina from 1982 to 1997 totaled more than one million acres. We used an econometric model to adjust timber land base and project timber supply dynamics to 2020. The simulation indicated that softwood removals exceeded growth from 1990 onward. Hardwood removals exceed growth by 2005, causing inventory levels to decline slightly by the end of the projection period. Wood chip mills processed approximately 27% of the state's chipwood harvest and 12% of the state's total timber harvest. They were statistically correlated with increased timber harvests in the state, especially in the Piedmont and the Mountains. Chip mills have effective storm water management plans and do not show visible signs of adversely affecting water quality. Higher levels of timber harvest alter forest structures in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, generally creating less habitat for bird, amphibian and reptile species of conservation concern. Fewer species are adversely affected in the Mountains. Public opinion about chip mills is polarized, and controversy exists principally in the western portion of the state. Overall, public acceptance of study findings was favorable, and selected elements of the research findings have been used to support a variety of advocacy positions.}, number={2}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Schaberg, RH and Aruna, PB and Cubbage, FW and Hess, GR and Abt, RC and Richter, DD and Warren, ST and Gregory, JD and Snider, AG and Sherling, S and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={157–174} }
 @article{cubbage_siry_abt_2005, title={Fast-grown plantations, forest certification, and the U.S. South: Environmental benefits and economic sustainability}, volume={35}, ISBN={0048-0134}, number={2}, journal={New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science}, author={Cubbage, F. W. and Siry, J. P. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2005}, pages={266} }
 @article{potter_cubbage_schaberg_2005, title={Multiple-scale landscape predictors of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in North Carolina}, volume={71}, ISSN={0169-2046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(04)00028-3}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.02.001}, abstractNote={Both riparian zone characteristics and watershed-wide landscape attributes affect the water quality of streams and rivers. Understanding the relative importance of these factors is significant for determining management and monitoring actions that adequately protect water quality and the ecological integrity of aquatic communities. In this study, we analyzed Geographic Information System-derived data to: (1) determine whether North Carolina benthic macroinvertebrate community structure is more closely correlated with landscape characteristics at the scale of riparian zones or entire watersheds; (2) understand which landscape attributes are correlated with aquatic invertebrate communities that reflect degraded stream conditions; (3) investigate whether the importance of streamside forest varies with watershed size. Watershed characteristics explained a greater amount of variability in macrobenthic community structure (69.5–75.4%) than riparian attributes (57.4–65.2%). While topographic complexity was the most important variable at all scales, different land cover characteristics were of secondary importance at both scales: developed land cover for watersheds, and forest cover at the riparian scale. The amount of riparian zone and watershed-wide forest cover accounted for more variability in small watersheds than in large watersheds.}, number={2-4}, journal={Landscape and Urban Planning}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Potter, K and Cubbage, F and Schaberg, R}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={77–90} }
 @article{siry_cubbage_ahmed_2005, title={Sustainable forest management: global trends and opportunities}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2003.09.003}, abstractNote={Data are reviewed on the extent of global forests, management, protection, certification and ownership, as well as implications for sustainable forest management as defined by the Montreal Process criteria. According to FAO, as of 2000, the world had 3.9 billion hectares (ha) of forests with 187 million ha (5%) in forest plantations. Drawing on additional surveys and our research, we estimate that there were approximately 204 million ha of planted forests as of 2002. Public ownership comprised 87% of the world's total forest area, with the US having the largest share of privately owned forests and almost all forests in Africa being publicly owned. Approximately 1.7 billion ha of forests (43%) were reported to be covered by forest management plans, and 477 million ha (12%) were under formal forest protection decrees or laws. However, the degree of management intensity and forest protection actually realized by these reported data is moot. Forest certification includes 121 million ha (3%) of forests, with 93% of the certification occurring in the Northern Hemisphere, but most of the deforestation occurring in the Southern Hemisphere. The data provide evidence that many countries in the world are trying to achieve sustainable forest management, and certainly are trying to report data that suggest that they are moving toward sustainable forest management goals. The empirical evidence that forests are actually well managed and protected, however, is often lacking. Enhanced sustainable forest management will require better reporting and verification, more areas covered and enhanced implementation of sustainable forest management criteria and indicators in the future.}, number={4}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Siry, JP and Cubbage, FW and Ahmed, MR}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={551–561} }
 @article{potter_cubbage_blank_schaberg_2004, title={A Watershed-Scale Model for Predicting Nonpoint Pollution Risk in North Carolina}, volume={34}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0117-7}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-004-0117-7}, abstractNote={The Southeastern United States is a global center of freshwater biotic diversity, but much of the region's aquatic biodiversity is at risk from stream degradation. Nonpoint pollution sources are responsible for 70% of that degradation, and controlling nonpoint pollution from agriculture, urbanization, and silviculture is considered critical to maintaining water quality and aquatic biodiversity in the Southeast. We used an ecological risk assessment framework to develop vulnerability models that can help policymakers and natural resource managers understand the impact of land cover changes on water quality in North Carolina. Additionally, we determined which landscape characteristics are most closely associated with macroinvertebrate community tolerance of stream degradation, and therefore with lower-quality water. The results will allow managers and policymakers to weigh the risks of management and policy decisions to a given watershed or set of watersheds, including whether streamside buffer protection zones are ecologically effective in achieving water quality standards. Regression analyses revealed that landscape variables explained up to 56.3% of the variability in benthic macroinvertebrate index scores. The resulting vulnerability models indicate that North Carolina watersheds with less forest cover are at most risk for degraded water quality and steam habitat conditions. The importance of forest cover, at both the watershed and riparian zone scale, in predicting macrobenthic invertebrate community assemblage varies by geographic region of the state.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Potter, Kevin M. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Blank, Gary B. and Schaberg, Rex H.}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={62–74} }
 @article{cubbage_2004, title={Costs of forestry best management practices in the south: A review}, volume={4}, ISSN={1567-7230}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:WAFO.0000012822.20500.ae}, DOI={10.1023/B:WAFO.0000012822.20500.ae}, number={1}, journal={Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2004}, pages={131–142} }
 @article{siry_robison_cubbage_2004, title={Economic returns model for silvicultural investments in young hardwood stands}, volume={28}, number={4}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Siry, J. P. and Robison, D. J. and Cubbage, F. W.}, year={2004}, pages={179–184} }
 @article{siry_robison_cubbage_2004, title={Economics of hardwood management}, volume={63}, number={2}, journal={Forest Landowner}, author={Siry, J. and Robison, D. and Cubbage, F.}, year={2004}, pages={32–34} }
 @article{pattanayak_abt_sommer_cubbage_murray_yang_wear_alm_2004, title={Forest forecasts: does individual heterogeneity matter for market and landscape outcomes?}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2004.03.017}, abstractNote={Recent econometric analyses have shown that timber supply choices reflect heterogeneous preferences for amenities and management of forests in the US South. However, this evidence is insufficient to determine whether timber market models that rely on conventional timber supply specifications will suffer from significant forecasting biases. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the nature and extent of such bias by (a) modifying the Sub-Regional Timber Supply (SRTS) model to reflect landowner heterogeneity; and (b) using estimated parameters to tie timber markets to heterogeneous individual supply choices. We find that conventional models will underestimate the ending period inventory volume in the younger age classes of all forest management types, except planted pines. These aggregate results mask interesting sub-regional patterns, as exemplified by mixed-pine forests of Virginia mountains, Florida panhandle, and North Carolina mountains, and natural pine forests of North Carolina piedmont. Compared to empirically valid models, conventional models will also estimate (a) lower timber prices, higher harvests and substantially higher inventory for softwood species; and (b) higher prices, lower harvests, and higher inventory for hardwood species. A case study from North Carolina also indicates significant differences in habitat forecasts for 61 species of birds, amphibians, and reptiles. We conclude with a synthesis of the key underlying forces that supplement or mitigate the heterogeneity impact, and a discussion of the bias-vs.-efficiency tradeoffs confronting policy makers and policy analysts who rely on forest sector projection models.}, number={3-4}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Pattanayak, SK and Abt, RC and Sommer, AJ and Cubbage, F and Murray, BC and Yang, JC and Wear, D and Alm, S}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={243–260} }
 @inproceedings{siry_robison_cubbage_2003, title={Economic returns model for silvicultural investments in young hardwood stands}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2002 Southern Forest Economics Workshop : March 17-19, Ramada Plaza Resort, Virginia Beach, Virginia}, publisher={Virginia Beach, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, author={Siry, J. P. and Robison, D. J. and Cubbage, F. W.}, year={2003}, pages={245–251} }
 @inbook{zinkhan_cubbage_2003, title={Financial analysis of timber investments}, ISBN={1402010281}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_6}, abstractNote={Timber is part of the investment portfolio of a wide range of investors. Traditional forestry investors include farmers who own forest land and the large forest products firms that have purchased forest land to grow timber, usually to supply large pulp and paper mills. Over the last few decades, many new investors have inherited, purchased, or otherwise acquired timberland. These are often passive investors, not actively involved in timber management. However, like all economic actors, they are either directly or indirectly concerned with the returns to timber production. Both passive and active timberland investors have alternative investment vehicles for their scarce capital. Common analytical frameworks can be applied to timber and nontimber assets to help investors assess these alternative asset classes.}, booktitle={Forests in a market economy}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Zinkhan, F. C. and Cubbage, Frederick}, editor={E. O. Sills and Abt, K. L.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{marsinko_cubbage_cox_moore_2003, title={Forest Stewardship Council certification conditions, management impacts, and costs for NC State University college forests}, booktitle={Proceedings, Southern Forest Economics Workshop (SOFEW)}, publisher={Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech}, author={Marsinko, A. and Cubbage, F. and Cox, J. and Moore, S. E.}, editor={G. S. Amacher and Sullivan, J.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={95–105} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_richter_thompson_moore_edeburn_chesnutt_cox_boyette_2003, title={Forest certification costs and benefits: the experience of the Southern Center for Sustainable Forests}, booktitle={Proceedings, 2002 Society of American Foresters Annual Convention}, publisher={Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters}, author={Cubbage, F. and Richter, D. and Thompson, M. and Moore, S. E. and Edeburn, J. and Chesnutt, M. and Cox, J. and Boyette, W.}, year={2003}, pages={236–242} }
 @article{cubbage_moore_cox_jervis_edeburn_richter_boyette_thompson_chesnutt_2003, title={Forest certification of state and university lands in North Carolina - A comparison}, volume={101}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Cubbage, F. and Moore, S. and Cox, J. and Jervis, L. and Edeburn, J. and Richter, D. and Boyette, W. and Thompson, M. and Chesnutt, M.}, year={2003}, pages={26–31} }
 @inbook{siry_cubbage_sills_2003, title={Forest production}, ISBN={1402010281}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_5}, abstractNote={Basic production economics involves the estimation of production functions, calculation of various types of production costs, comparison of costs with product prices, and determination of profit-maximizing mixes of input use and levels of production. Relationships among inputs, technology, and multiple products determine the productivity and efficiency of firms or organizations.}, booktitle={Forests in a market economy}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Siry, J. P. and Cubbage, Frederick and Sills, Erin}, editor={E. O. Sills and Abt, K. L.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{siry_cubbage_2003, title={Global forests}, ISBN={1402010281}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_2}, abstractNote={Data on the extent of different forest types provide the basis for monitoring the status of the world’s forests, as well as analyzing the effects of markets and government on those forests. Estimates of the total area of the world’s forests depend on how one defines forests, the year data were collected, the source of the data, and the organization compiling the information. This chapter summarizes data on world forest extent, plantation extent, and forest management and ownership. Forest types and ownership determine how forests grow, are altered by management, and are allocated in markets or by government.}, booktitle={Forests in a market economy}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Siry, J. P. and Cubbage, Frederick}, editor={E. O. Sills and Abt, K. L.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{cubbage_snider_abt_moulton_2003, title={Nonindustrial private forests}, ISBN={9781402010286}, booktitle={Forests in a Market Economy}, publisher={Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Cubbage, F. and Snider, A. and Abt, K.L. and Moulton, R.}, editor={Sills, Erin O. and Abt, Karen LeeEditors}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{cubbage_snider_abt_moulton_2003, title={Private forests}, ISBN={1402010281}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_3}, abstractNote={This chapter discusses privately owned forests and timber management in a market economy, including private property rights and tenure, landowner objectives and characteristics, markets, and government policies. Private forest land ownership and management—whether it be industrial or nonindustrial—is often assumed to represent the classic model of atomistic competition in a free market, private enterprise system. Private stumpage markets for timber are perhaps the best example of how this kind of market competition allocates scarce inputs such as land, capital, and labor for efficient production of wood fiber outputs, for example, pulpwood and sawtimber. Where strong private markets for timber exist, there are usually many private forest landowners (producers) and a moderate number of timber buyers (consumers).}, booktitle={Forests in a market economy}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Snider, A. G. and Abt, K. L. and Moulton, R. J.}, editor={E. O. Sills and Abt, K. L.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{siry_cubbage_sills_2003, title={Production economics: timber harvesting}, ISBN={9781402010286}, booktitle={Forests in a Market Economy}, publisher={Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Siry, J. and Cubbage, F. and Sills, E.O.}, editor={Sills, Erin O. and Abt, Karen LeeEditors}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{moore_cubbage_edeburn_richter_2003, title={Southern Center for Sustainable Forests: delivery of an educational outreach program}, booktitle={Proceedings, 2003 Society of American Foresters Annual Convention}, publisher={Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters}, author={Moore, S. E. and Cubbage, F. and Edeburn, J. and Richter, D.}, year={2003} }
 @article{chhabra_sills_cubbage_2003, title={The significance of festivals to rural economies: estimating the economic impacts of Scottish Highland Games in North Carolina}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1177/0047287503041004012}, abstractNote={Festivals are often part of the economic development strategy of rural areas. This study estimates the economic impacts of visitor expenditures at two Scottish festivals in rural North Carolina, using tourist survey data and an input-output model. While local restaurants and lodging and festival vendors and sponsors benefit from substantial visitor expenditures, the multipliers are relatively small, and hence the total economic impact of the festivals represents only a small percentage of economic activity in the two regions considered. Lodging expenditures have the greatest impact on the region with a multiple-day festival, while expenditures on food and beverage have the greatest impact on the region with a single-day festival. The magnitude of the economic impact depends on characteristics of both the festival (number of days) and the local economy (other attractions and linkages).}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Chhabra, D. and Sills, Erin and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2003}, pages={421–427} }
 @inbook{siry_cubbage_2003, title={World forests: forest area, ownership, and management}, ISBN={9781402010286}, booktitle={Forests in a Market Economy}, publisher={Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Siry, J. and Cubbage, F.}, editor={Sills, Erin O. and Abt, Karen LeeEditors}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_scott_pressley_moore_2002, title={Costs of forestry best management practices in the South: a review}, booktitle={Abstracts and Presentations, Conference Forestry Best Management Practices in the South [CD-ROM]}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: NCASI}, author={Cubbage, F. and Scott, J. and Pressley, T. and Moore, S. E.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_moore_cox_jervis_edeburn_richter_boyette_thompson_chesnutt_2002, title={Implementing forest certification in North Carolina: systems, costs, and forest management implications}, volume={32}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2002 Southern Forest Economics Workshop : March 17-19, Ramada Plaza Resort, Virginia Beach, Virginia}, publisher={Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech}, author={Cubbage, F. and Moore, S. E. and Cox, J. and Jervis, L. and Edeburn, J. and Richter, D. and Boyette, W. and Thompson, M. and Chesnutt, M.}, editor={G. S. Amacher and Sullivan, J.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={137–156} }
 @book{cubbage_brown_crow_gordon_humke_mccullough_sederoff_2002, place={Washington, D.C}, title={National Capacity in Forestry Research}, publisher={National Academy of Science Press}, author={Cubbage, Frederick W. and Brown, Perry J. and Crow, Thomas R. and Gordon, John C. and Humke, John W. and McCullough, Rex B. and Sederoff, Ronald R.}, year={2002} }
 @book{cubbage_brown_crow_gordon_mccullough_r.b._sederoff_2002, title={National capacity in forestry research}, ISBN={9780309084567}, DOI={10.17226/10384}, publisher={Washington, D.C. :  National Academy Press}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Brown, P.J. and Crow, T.R. and Gordon, J.C. Humke and McCullough, J.W. and R.B. and Sederoff, R.R.}, year={2002} }
 @article{dodrill_cubbage_schaberg_abt_2002, title={Wood chip mill harvest volume and area impacts in North Carolina}, volume={52}, number={11-12}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Dodrill, J. D. and Cubbage, F. W. and Schaberg, R. H. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2002}, pages={29–37} }
 @article{moffat_cubbage_holmes_e o'sullivan_2001, title={Characterizing the sustainable forestry issue network in the United States}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1389-9341"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1389-9341(01)00033-8}, abstractNote={Issue network analysis techniques were applied to the issue of sustainable forestry in the United States to identify potential public and private outcomes for the issue. A quantitative approach based on work by Laumann and Knoke [The Organizational State (1987)] was utilized in conjunction with the Delphi method. Results suggest that the parity in the distribution of influence among network sectors means that moving the issue of sustainable forestry onto the formal policy agenda will require more consensus on problems and solutions than exists at the present time. Accordingly, broad policy actions resulting from the expansion of the issue of sustainable forestry are unlikely in the short-term. However, experts on the Delphi panel anticipate that changes will occur in response to sustainability issues. At the federal and state level, this is likely to result in changes to public forest management and to the objectives assigned to the USDA Forest Service and to the state forestry agencies. States are projected to draft new and to change old private forest practices regulations as a result of sustainable forestry concerns. In the private sector, the trend of applying criteria and indicator-based sustainable forestry management standards and certification programs will continue. Non-industrial private forest owners are projected to make the fewest direct accommodations. Finally, where directly comparable, the Delphi study's results were not significantly different from the quantitative approach, suggesting that Delphi has promise for network research applications.}, number={3-4}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Moffat, SO and Cubbage, FW and Holmes, TP and E O'Sullivan}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={307–318} }
 @article{moore_cubbage_siry_2001, title={Forest recreation: Challenges and opportunities}, volume={5}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the Korean Institute of Forest Recreation}, author={Moore, R. L. and Cubbage, F. and Siry, J.}, year={2001}, pages={1–10} }
 @inproceedings{murthy_sills_cubbage_2001, title={Market and nonmarket values of forests in North Carolina}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, author={Murthy, A. and Sills, E. and Cubbage, F. W.}, editor={Zhang, D. and Mehmood, S.Editors}, year={2001} }
 @article{siry_cubbage_malmquist_2001, title={Potential impacts of increased management intensities on planted pine growth and yield and timber supply modeling in the South}, volume={51}, number={3}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Siry, J. P. and Cubbage, F. W. and Malmquist, A. J.}, year={2001}, pages={42–48} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_moore_siry_2001, title={The role of forests and forestry in global conservation}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the College of Agriculture}, publisher={Chungbuk National University, College of Agriculture}, author={Cubbage, F. and Moore, R. L. and Siry, J.}, year={2001}, pages={106–119} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_siry_moffat_wear_abt_2000, title={Southern forest resource assessment and linkages to the National RPA}, booktitle={Portland '99, pioneering new trails: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters 1999 National Convention, Portland, Oregon, September 11-15, 1999}, publisher={Bethesda, Maryland: Society of American Foresters}, author={Cubbage, F. and Siry, J. and Moffat, S. and Wear, D. and Abt, R.}, year={2000}, pages={344–349} }
 @article{abt_cubbage_pacheco_2000, title={Southern forest resource assessment using the subregional timber supply (SRTS) model}, volume={50}, number={4}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Abt, R. C. and Cubbage, F. W. and Pacheco, G.}, year={2000}, pages={25–33} }
 @article{cubbage_jervis_smith_1999, title={Employment and education in forestry: national perspectives, North Carolina trends}, volume={97}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Cubbage, F. W. and Jervis, L. G. and Smith, P. G.}, year={1999}, pages={24–28} }
 @article{aruna_laarman_araman_cubbage_1997, title={An analysis of wood pellets for export: A case study of Sweden as an importer}, volume={47}, number={6}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Aruna, P. B. and Laarman, J. G. and Araman, P. and Cubbage, F. W.}, year={1997}, pages={49–52} }
 @article{aruna_cubbage_lee_redmond_1997, title={Regional economic contributions of the forest based industries in the South}, volume={47}, number={7-8}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Aruna, P. B. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Lee, K. J. and Redmond, C.}, year={1997}, pages={35–45} }
 @article{aruna_laarman_araman_coulter_cubbage_1997, title={Used pallets as a source of pellet fuel: current industry status}, volume={47}, number={9}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Aruna, P. B. and Laarman, J. G. and Araman, P. and Coulter, E. and Cubbage, F. W.}, year={1997}, pages={51–56} }
 @article{cubbage_cortner_burke_1996, title={Evolution of the study of forest policy in the United States}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forest Economics}, author={Cubbage, F. W. and Cortner, H. J. and Burke, S.}, year={1996}, pages={233} }
 @inbook{cubbage_andriguetto-filho_sills_motta_muller_1996, title={Protection of the Atlantic coastal forests in the Northern Littoral region of the state of Parana: legal and administrative frameworks}, number={16}, booktitle={Contributions of the IUFRO Working Group on Forest Law and Environmental Legislation}, author={Cubbage, F. W. and Andriguetto-Filho, J. M. and Sills, E. O. and Motta, M. and Muller, M. V. Y.}, year={1996}, pages={24–41} }
 @article{cubbage_1995, title={Forest resources, ecosystem management, and social science education: Promises, problems, and prospects}, volume={24}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education}, author={Cubbage, F. W.}, year={1995}, pages={116} }
 @article{cubbage_1995, title={Regulation of private forest practices: What rights, which policies?}, volume={93}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Cubbage, F. W.}, year={1995}, pages={14} }
 @book{cubbage_o'laughlin_bullock_1993, place={New York, NY}, title={Forest Resource Policy}, publisher={John Wiley, Inc.}, author={Cubbage, Frederick W. and O'Laughlin, Jay and Bullock, Charles S., III}, year={1993} }
 @book{forest resource policy_1993, ISBN={9780471622451}, publisher={New York :  John Wiley & Sons}, year={1993} }
 @book{cubbage_lickwar_1991, title={Estimating the costs of water quality protection on private forest lands in Georgia}, number={86}, journal={Estimating the costs of water quality protection on private forest lands in Georgia}, publisher={Georgia : Research Division, Georgia Forestry Commission}, author={Cubbage, F. and Lickwar, P.}, year={1991}, pages={11} }