Carolyn Young

A historical perspective on the International Symposium of Grass Microbial Endophytes

Young, C., Hume, D., Young, C., & Hume, D. (2025, December 4). NZGA Research and Practice Series.

An Alternative Self-Splicing Intron Lifecycle Revealed by Dynamic Intron Turnover in Epichloë Endophyte Mitochondrial Genomes

Chan, J., Truglio, M., Schardl, C. L., Cox, M. P., Young, C. A., & Ganley, A. R. D. (2025, March 31). (J. Townsend, Ed.). Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. 42.

Combined analysis of population genetic structures in a living-fossil grass Brachyelytrum erectum, and its endophyte Epichloë brachyelytri.

Schardl, C., Nagabhyru, P., Tapia, A., Calie, P., Florea, S., Moore, N., … Young, C. (2025, December 4). NZGA Research and Practice Series.

Exploring wild Bromus-Epichloë interactions in Uruguay: genetic diversity, eco-geographic distribution, and antiherbivore effects

Meneses, L., Young, C., Iannone, L., Cibils-Stewart, X., & Condón, F. (2025, December 4). NZGA Research and Practice Series.

Population Genetic Diversity and Structure of Venturia carpophila on Peach and Almond in the United States

Bock, C. H., Chen, C., Young, C. A., Charlton, N. D., Schnabel, G., Lalancette, N., … Brannen, P. M. (2025, April 15). Phytopathology, Vol. 115, pp. 891–900.

The dynamics of selfish self-splicing introns in mitochondrial genomes of Epichloë endophytes

Chan, J., Truglio, M., Schardl, C., Cox, M., Young, C., & Ganley, A. (2025, December 4). NZGA Research and Practice Series.

The pyrrolodiazipic acids: a new class of alkaloids produced during the virulent sexual cycle of Epichloë fungi

Berry, D., Grage, K., Schardl, C., Becker, Y., Mace, W., Ram, A., … Scott, B. (2025, December 4). NZGA Research and Practice Series.

The relationships among alkaloid concentration, endophyte mycelial concentration and host genetics in the tall fescue Epichloë symbiosis

Talamantes, D. R., Phillips, C., Young, C., & Wallace, J. G. (2025, December 12). BMC Genomics, Vol. 12.

The relationships among alkaloid production, fungal biomass, and host genetics in the Tall Fescue-Epichloë symbiosis

Talamantes, D. R., Phillips, C., Young, C., & Wallace, J. G. (2025, June 2).

Warming Disrupts Plant–Fungal Endophyte Symbiosis More Severely in Leaves Than Roots

Edwards, J. D., Kazenel, M. R., Luo, Y., Lynn, J. S., McCulley, R. L., Souza, L., … Kivlin, S. N. (2025, April 1). Global Change Biology, Vol. 31.

Warming disrupts plant-fungal endophyte symbiosis more strongly in leaves than roots

Edwards, J. D., Kazenel, M. R., Luo, Y., Lynn, J. S., McCulley, R. L., Souza, L., … Kivlin, S. N. (2025, January 25). (Vol. 1). Vol. 1.

Chemotypic diversity of bioprotective grass endophytes based on genome analyses, with new insights from a Mediterranean-climate region in Isfahan Province, Iran

Schardl, C. L., Florea, S., Nagabhyru, P., Pan, J., Farman, M. L., Young, C. A., … Iannone, L. J. (2024, December 11). Mycologia, Vol. 12.

Factors affecting development of pseudothecia produced by Venturia effusa in vitro

Charlton, N. D., Bock, C. H., Boykin, D., & Young, C. A. (2024, October 3). Plant Pathology, Vol. 10.

Transcriptome profile of pecan scab resistant and susceptible trees from a pecan provenance collection

Brungardt, J., Alarcon, Y., Shiller, J., Young, C., Monteros, M. J., Randall, J. J., & Bock, C. H. (2024, February 15). BMC Genomics, Vol. 25.

195 Fescue Toxicosis: Understanding the Fungal Cause and the Fungal Solution

Young, C. A. (2023, May 1). Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 101.

Cross-species transcriptomics identifies core regulatory changes differentiating the asymptomatic asexual and virulent sexual life cycles of grass-symbiotic Epichloë fungi

Berry, D., Lee, K., Winter, D., Mace, W., Becker, Y., Nagabhyru, P., … Scott, B. (2022, February 22). (J. Dunlap, Ed.). G3 Genes Genomes Genetics.

Population Genetic Characteristics and Mating Type Frequency of Venturia effusa from Pecan in South America

Bock, C. H., Frusso, E., Zoppolo, R., Ortiz, E. R., Shiller, J., Charlton, N. D., … Randall, J. J. (2022, May 21). Phytopathology.

Telomere-to-Telomere Genome Sequences across a Single Genus Reveal Highly Variable Chromosome Rearrangement Rates but Absolute Stasis of Chromosome Number

Quenu, M., Treindl, A. D., Lee, K., Takemoto, D., Thünen, T., Ashrafi, S., … Cox, M. P. (2022, June 25). Journal of Fungi, Vol. 8, p. 670.

The First Genomic Resources for Phymatotrichopsis omnivora, a Soilborne Pezizomycete Pathogen with a Broad Host Range

Mattupalli, C., Shiller, J. B., Kankanala, P., Krom, N., Marek, S. M., Mysore, K. S., & Young, C. A. (2021, March 17). Phytopathology, Vol. 111, pp. 1897–1900.

Correction: Krauss, J., et al. Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 498

Krauss, J., Vikuk, V., Young, C. A., Krischke, M., Mueller, M. J., & Baerenfaller, K. (2020, October 21). Microorganisms.

Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe

Krauss, J., Vikuk, V., Young, C. A., Krischke, M., Mueller, M. J., & Baerenfaller, K. (2020, March 31). Microorganisms, Vol. 8, p. 498.

First description of the sexual stage of Venturia effusa, causal agent of pecan scab

Charlton, N. D., Yi, M., Bock, C. H., Zhang, M., & Young, C. A. (2020, May 29). Mycologia, Vol. 112, pp. 711–721.

Mating Type Idiomorphs, Heterothallism, and High Genetic Diversity in Venturia carpophila, Cause of Peach Scab

Bock, C. H., Young, C. A., Zhang, M., Chen, C., Brannen, P. M., Adaskaveg, J., & Charlton, N. D. (2020, August 4). Phytopathology, Vol. 111, pp. 408–424.

Epichloe novae-zelandiae, a new endophyte from the endemic New Zealand grassPoa matthewsii

Leuchtmann, A., Young, C. A., Stewart, A. V., Simpson, W. R., Hume, D. E., & Scott, B. (2019, August 15). New Zealand Journal of Botany.

Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of Venturia effusa, Causative Agent of Pecan Scab

Winter, D. J., Charlton, N. D., Krom, N., Shiller, J., Bock, C. H., Cox, M. P., & Young, C. A. (2019, October 21). Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol. 33, pp. 149–152.

Chromosome-level genome reference ofVenturia effusa, causative agent of pecan scab

Winter, D. J., Charlton, N. D., Krom, N., Shiller, J., Bock, C. H., Cox, M. P., & Young, C. A. (2019, August 24). BioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Vol. 8.

Digital Imaging to Evaluate Root System Architectural Changes Associated with Soil Biotic Factors

Mattupalli, C., Seethepalli, A., York, L. M., & Young, C. A. (2019, January 1). Phytobiomes Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 102–111.

First description of the sexual stage ofVenturia effusa, causal agent of pecan scab

Charlton, N. D., Yi, M., Bock, C. H., Zhang, M., & Young, C. A. (2019, September 30). BioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Vol. 9.

Infection Rates and Alkaloid Patterns of Different Grass Species with Systemic Epichloë Endophytes

Vikuk, V., Young, C. A., Lee, S. T., Nagabhyru, P., Krischke, M., Mueller, M. J., & Krauss, J. (2019, June 18). (E. R. Master, Ed.). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 85.

A Year of Phytobiomes

Young, C. A., & Kinkel, L. L. (2018, January 1). Phytobiomes Journal, Vol. 2, pp. 53–54.

Digital imaging to evaluate root system architectural changes associated with soil biotic factors

Mattupalli, C., Seethepalli, A., York, L. M., & Young, C. A. (2018, December 23). BioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory).

Evidence for Sexual Reproduction: Identification, Frequency, and Spatial Distribution of Venturia effusa (Pecan Scab) Mating Type Idiomorphs

Young, C. A., Bock, C. H., Charlton, N. D., Mattupalli, C., Krom, N., Bowen, J. K., … Wood, B. W. (2018, January 30). Phytopathology, Vol. 108, pp. 837–846.

Fine-Scale Population Genetic Structure and Within-Tree Distribution of Mating Types of Venturia effusa, Cause of Pecan Scab in the United States

Bock, C. H., Young, C. A., Stevenson, K. L., & Charlton, N. D. (2018, May 17). Phytopathology, Vol. 108, pp. 1326–1336.

Molecular identification and characterization of endophytes from uncultivated barley

Yi, M., Hendricks, W. Q., Kaste, J., Charlton, N. D., Nagabhyru, P., Panaccione, D. G., & Young, C. A. (2018, April 18). Mycologia, Vol. 110, pp. 453–472.

Orthologous peramine and pyrrolopyrazine‐producing biosynthetic gene clusters in Metarhizium rileyi , Metarhizium majus and Cladonia grayi

Berry, D., Mace, W., Rehner, S. A., Grage, K., Dijkwel, P. P., Young, C. A., & Scott, B. (2018, November 19). Environmental Microbiology.

Repeat elements organise 3D genome structure and mediate transcription in the filamentous fungus Epichloë festucae

Winter, D. J., Ganley, A. R. D., Young, C. A., Liachko, I., Schardl, C. L., Dupont, P.-Y., … Cox, M. P. (2018, October 24). (P. M. Richardson, Ed.). PLoS Genetics, Vol. 14, p. e1007467.

Repeat elements organize 3D genome structure and mediate transcription in the filamentous fungusEpichloë festucae

Winter, D. J., Ganley, A. R. D., Young, C. A., Liachko, I., Schardl, C. L., Dupont, P.-Y., … Cox, M. P. (2018, June 4). BioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Vol. 6.

Supervised Classification of RGB Aerial Imagery to Evaluate the Impact of a Root Rot Disease

Mattupalli, C., Moffet, C. A., Shah, K. N., & Young, C. A. (2018, June 10). Remote Sensing.

Variation Among Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) Germplasm for Choke Prevalence Caused by Epichloë typhina

Bushman, B. S., Singh, D., Lamp, R., Young, C. A., Charlton, N. D., Robins, J. G., & Anderson, N. (2018, August 21). Plant Disease, Vol. 103, pp. 324–330.

Disruption of calcineurin catalytic subunit ( cnaA ) in Epichloë festucae induces symbiotic defects and intrahyphal hyphae formation

Mitic, M., Berry, D., Brasell, E., Green, K., Young, C. A., Saikia, S., … Scott, B. (2017, October 9). Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 10.

Interspecific and intraspecific hybridEpichloëspecies symbiotic with the North American native grassPoa alsodes

Shymanovich, T., Charlton, N. D., Musso, A. M., Scheerer, J., Cech, N. B., Faeth, S. H., & Young, C. A. (2017, May 4). Mycologia, Vol. 109, pp. 459–474.

Metabolism or behavior: explaining the performance of aphids on alkaloid-producing fungal endophytes in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

Bastias, D. A., Ueno, A. C., Assefh, C. R. M., Alvarez, A. E., Young, C. A., & Gundel, P. E. (2017, September 6). Oecologia, Vol. 185, pp. 245–256.

Population Genetic Structure of Venturia effusa, Cause of Pecan Scab, in the Southeastern United States

Bock, C. H., Hotchkiss, M. W., Young, C. A., Charlton, N. D., Chakradhar, M., Stevenson, K. L., & Wood, B. W. (2017, February 21). Phytopathology, Vol. 107, pp. 607–619.

Toxin-producing Epichloë bromicola strains symbiotic with the forage grass Elymus dahuricus in China

Shi, C., An, S., Yao, Z., Young, C. A., Panaccione, D. G., Lee, S. T., … Li, C. (2017, November 2). Mycologia, Vol. 1, pp. 1–13.

Variation in the Prevalence and Transmission of Heritable Symbionts Across Host Populations in Heterogeneous Environments

Sneck, M. E., Rudgers, J. A., Young, C. A., & Miller, T. E. X. (2017, March 17). Microbial Ecology, Vol. 74, pp. 640–653.

Welcome to Phytobiomes

Young, C. A., & Kinkel, L. (2017, January 1). Phytobiomes Journal.

Long-term ungulate exclusion reduces fungal symbiont prevalence in native grasslands

Rudgers, J. A., Fletcher, R. A., Olivas, E., Young, C. A., Charlton, N. D., Pearson, D. E., … Oecologia. (2016, April 25). Oecologia, Vol. 181, pp. 1151–1161,

The Effect of Endophytic Fungi on Nematode Populations in Summer-dormant and Summer-active Tall Fescue

Rogers, J. K., Walker, N. R., & Young, C. A. (2016, January 1). Journal of Nematology, Vol. 48, pp. 87–94.

A mutualistic endophyte alters the niche dimensions of its host plant

Kazenel, M. R., Debban, C. L., Ranelli, L., Hendricks, W. Q., Chung, Y. A., Pendergast, T. H., … Rudgers, J. A. (2015, January 19). AoB Plants, Vol. 7, pp. plv005–plv005.

De Novo Assembly and Characterization of Tall Fescue Transcriptome under Water Stress

Talukder, S. K., Azhaguvel, P., Mukherjee, S., Young, C. A., Tang, Y., Krom, N., & Saha, M. C. (2015, March 16). The Plant Genome, Vol. 8, p. 0.

Disparate Independent Genetic Events Disrupt the Secondary Metabolism Gene perA in Certain Symbiotic Epichloë Species

Berry, D., Takach, J. E., Schardl, C. L., Charlton, N. D., Scott, B., & Young, C. A. (2015, February 14). (D. Cullen, Ed.). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 81, pp. 2797–2807.

Endophytic Epichloë species and their grass hosts: from evolution to applications

Saikkonen, K., Young, C. A., Helander, M., & Schardl, C. L. (2015, November 5). Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 90, pp. 665–675.

Genetics, Genomics and Evolution of Ergot Alkaloid Diversity

Young, C., Schardl, C., Panaccione, D., Florea, S., Takach, J., Charlton, N., … Jaromczyk, J. (2015, April 14). Toxins, Vol. 7, pp. 1273–1302.

Two distinctEpichloëspecies symbiotic withAchnatherum inebrians, drunken horse grass

Chen, L., Li, X., Li, C., Swoboda, G. A., Young, C. A., Sugawara, K., … Schardl, C. L. (2015, July 1). Mycologia, Vol. 107, pp. 863–873.

Vegetative Hyphal Fusion and Subsequent Nuclear Behavior in Epichloë Grass Endophytes

Shoji, J.-ya, Charlton, N. D., Yi, M., Young, C. A., & Craven, K. D. (2015, April 2). (E. Kothe, Ed.). PLoS ONE, Vol. 10, p. e0121875.

Alkaloid Genotype Diversity of Tall Fescue Endophytes

Takach, J. E., & Young, C. A. (2014, February 27). Crop Science, Vol. 54, p. 667.

Alkaloid Variation Among Epichloid Endophytes of Sleepygrass (Achnatherum robustum) and Consequences for Resistance to Insect Herbivores

Shymanovich, T., Saari, S., Lovin, M. E., Jarmusch, A. K., Jarmusch, S. A., Musso, A. M., … Faeth, S. H. (2014, December 10). Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 41, pp. 93–104.

Characterization of Epichloë coenophiala within the US: are all tall fescue endophytes created equal?

Young, C. A., Charlton, N. D., Takach, J. E., Swoboda, G. A., Trammell, M. A., Huhman, D. V., & Hopkins, A. A. (2014, November 4). Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 2.

Epichloë Endophytes: Models of an Ecological Strategy

Young, C., & Wilkinson, H. H. (2014, April 30). ASM Press EBooks, pp. 660–675.

Fungal Endophytes of Grasses and Morning Glories, and Their Bioprotective Alkaloids

Schardl, C. L., Chen, L., & Young, C. A. (2014, March 10). Natural Products, pp. 125–145.

Highly Sensitive End-Point PCR and SYBR Green qPCR Detection of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora, Causal Fungus of Cotton Root Rot

Arif, M., Dobhal, S., Garrido, P. A., Orquera, G. K., Espíndola, A. S., Young, C. A., … Garzón, C. D. (2014, February 18). Plant Disease, Vol. 98, pp. 1205–1212.

Interspecific hybridization and bioactive alkaloid variation increases diversity in endophyticEpichloëspecies ofBromus laevipes

Charlton, N. D., Craven, K. D., Afkhami, M. E., Hall, B. A., Ghimire, S. R., & Young, C. A. (2014, July 28). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 90, pp. 276–289.

Stockpiled Forage Yield and Nutritive Value of Summer‐Dormant and Summer‐Active Tall Fescue in a Marginal Environment

Rogers, J. K., Young, C. A., Mosali, J., Norton, S. L., & Hopkins, A. A. (2014, January 1). Forage and Grazinglands, Vol. 12, p. 0.

Currencies of mutualisms: sources of alkaloid genes in vertically transmitted epichloae

Toxins, 6;5(6):1064-88.

Deletion and Gene Expression Analyses Define the Paxilline Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Penicillium paxilli

Scott, B., Young, C., Saikia, S., McMillan, L., Monahan, B., Koulman, A., … Jameson, G. (2013, August 14). Toxins, Vol. 5, pp. 1422–1446.

Ether bridge formation in loline alkaloid biosynthesis

Pan, J., Bhardwaj, M., Faulkner, J. R., Nagabhyru, P., Charlton, N. D., Higashi, R. M., … Schardl, C. L. (2013, December 26). Phytochemistry, Vol. 98, pp. 60–68.

FORAGES AND PASTURES SYMPOSIUM: Fungal endophytes of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass: Pasture friend or foe?12

Young, C. A., Hume, D. E., & McCulley, R. L. (2013, January 11). Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 91, pp. 2379–2394.

Plant-Symbiotic Fungi as Chemical Engineers: Multi-Genome Analysis of the Clavicipitaceae Reveals Dynamics of Alkaloid Loci

Schardl, C. L., Young, C. A., Hesse, U., Amyotte, S. G., Andreeva, K., Calie, P. J., … Zeng, Z. (2013, February 28). (J. Heitman, Ed.). PLoS Genetics, Vol. 9, p. e1003323.

Characterization and Effectiveness of Co‐inoculation of Sinorhizobium Strains on Annual Medics

Singh, R., Interrante, S. M., Butler, T. J., & Young, C. A. (2012, March 1). Crop Science, Vol. 0, p. 1.

Chemotypic diversity of epichloae, fungal symbionts of grasses

Fungal Ecology, 30;5(3):331-44.

Effects of selected endophyte and tall fescue cultivar combinations on steer grazing performance, indicators of fescue toxicosis, feedlot performance, and carcass traits1–3

Parish, J. A., Parish, J. R., Best, T. F., Boland, H. T., & Young, C. A. (2012, October 10). Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 91, pp. 342–355.

Epichloe canadensis, a new interspecific epichloid hybrid symbiotic with Canada wildrye (Elymus canadensis)

Charlton, N. D., Craven, K. D., Mittal, S., Hopkins, A. A., & Young, C. A. (2012, June 6). Mycologia, Vol. 104, pp. 1187–1199.

Genotypic and Chemotypic Diversity of Neotyphodium Endophytes in Tall Fescue from Greece

Takach, J. E., Mittal, S., Swoboda, G. A., Bright, S. K., Trammell, M. A., Hopkins, A. A., & Young, C. A. (2012, June 2). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 78, pp. 5501–5510.

Abundant Degenerate Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements in Genomes of Epichloid Fungal Endophytes of Grasses

Fleetwood, D. J., Khan, A. K., Johnson, R. D., Young, C. A., Mittal, S., Wrenn, R. E., … Scott, B. (2011, January 1). Genome Biology and Evolution, Vol. 3, pp. 1253–1264.

Chemotypic diversity of epichloae, fungal symbionts of grasses

Schardl, C. L., Young, C. A., Faulkner, J. R., Florea, S., & Pan, J. (2011, June 28). Fungal Ecology, Vol. 5, pp. 331–344.

Effectiveness of Sinorhizobium Inoculants on Annual Medics

Interrante, S. M., Singh, R., Islam, M. A., Stein, J. D., Young, C. A., & Butler, T. J. (2011, August 3). Crop Science, Vol. 51, p. 2249.

Endophytes of native grasses from South America: Biodiversity and ecology

Iannone, L. J., Novas, M. V., Young, C. A., Battista, J. P. D., & Schardl, C. L. (2011, August 7). Fungal Ecology, Vol. 5, pp. 357–363.

Mediterranean and Continental Tall Fescue: I. Effects of Endophyte Status on Leaf Extension, Proline, Mono‐ and Disaccharides, Fructan, and Freezing Survivability

Dierking, R. M., Young, C. A., & Kallenbach, R. L. (2011, December 5). Crop Science, Vol. 52, p. 451.

Prevalence of an intraspecificNeotyphodiumhybrid in natural populations of stout wood reed (Cinna arundinaceaL.) from eastern North America

Ghimire, S. R., Rudgers, J. A., Charlton, N. D., Young, C., & Craven, K. D. (2011, January 1). Mycologia, Vol. 103, pp. 75–84.

Agronomic Performance and Lamb Health among Several Tall Fescue Novel Endophyte Combinations in the South‐Central USA

Hopkins, A. A., Young, C. A., Panaccione, D. G., Simpson, W. R., Mittal, S., & Bouton, J. H. (2010, June 8). Crop Science, Vol. 50, p. 1552.

Phymatotrichum (cotton) root rot caused by Phymatotrichopsis omnivora : retrospects and prospects

UPPALAPATI, S. R. I. N. I. V. A. S. A. R. A. O., YOUNG, C. A. R. O. L. Y. N. A., MAREK, S. T. E. P. H. E. N. M., & MYSORE, K. I. R. A. N. K. U. M. A. R. S. (2010, March 23). Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 11, pp. 325–334.

Registration of ‘Texoma’ MaxQ II Tall Fescue

Hopkins, A. A., Young, C. A., Butler, T. J., & Bouton, J. H. (2010, December 3). Journal of Plant Registrations, Vol. 5, p. 14.

Genetic Variation within and among Wildrye (Elymus canadensis and E. virginicus) Populations from the Southern Great Plains

Saha, M. C., Young, C. A., & Hopkins, A. A. (2009, May 1). Crop Science, Vol. 49, p. 913.

Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Haas, B. J., Kamoun, S., Zody, M. C., Jiang, R. H. Y., Handsaker, R. E., Cano, L. M., … Nusbaum, C. (2009, September 1). Nature, Vol. 461, pp. 393–398.