@article{astell-burt_hipp_gatersleben_adlakha_marselle_olcon_pappas_kondo_booth_bacon_et al._2023, title={Need and Interest in Nature Prescriptions to Protect Cardiovascular and Mental Health: A Nationally-Representative Study With Insights for Future Randomised Trials}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1444-2892"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.hlc.2022.11.008}, abstractNote={"Nature prescriptions" are increasingly being adopted by health sectors as an adjunct to standard care to attend to health and social needs. We investigated levels of need and interest in nature prescriptions in adults with cardiovascular diseases, psychological distress and concomitants (e.g. physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, obesity, loneliness, burn-out).A nationally-representative survey of 3,319 adults across all states and territories of Australia was completed in February 2021 (response 84.0%). Participants were classified across 15 target groups using validated health indicators and surveyed on (1) time and frequency of visits to green and blue spaces (nature spaces), (2) interest in a nature prescription, and (3) potential confounders (e.g. age, income). Analyses were done using weighted logistic regressions.The sample was 50.5% female, 52.0% were aged ≥45 years, 15.2% were living alone and 19.3% were born overseas in non-English-speaking countries. Two-thirds of the sample spent 2 hours or more a week in nature, but these levels were generally lower in target groups (e.g. 57.7% in adults with type 2 diabetes). Most participants (81.9%) were interested in a nature prescription, even among those spending fewer than 2 hours a week in nature (76.4%). For example, 2 hours a week or more in nature was lowest among sedentary adults (36.9%) yet interest in nature prescriptions in this group was still high (74.0%). Lower levels of nature contact in target groups was not explained by differences in access to or preference for local nature spaces.High levels of interest in nature prescriptions amid low levels of nature contact in many target health groups provides impetus for developing randomised trials of interventions that enable people to spend more time in nature. These findings can inform intervention co-design processes with a wide range of community stakeholders, end-users in target health groups, and the health professionals who support them.}, number={1}, journal={HEART LUNG AND CIRCULATION}, author={Astell-Burt, Thomas and Hipp, J. Aaron and Gatersleben, Birgitta and Adlakha, Deepti and Marselle, Melissa and Olcon, Katarzyna and Pappas, Evangelos and Kondo, Michelle and Booth, Gillian and Bacon, Simon and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={114–123} }
 @article{sallis_adlakha_oyeyemi_salvo_2023, title={Public health research on physical activity and COVID-19: Progress and updated priorities}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2213-2961"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jshs.2023.04.002}, abstractNote={• Research produced during the pandemic showed pre-diagnosis physical activity was associated with substantially lower risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. • Pandemic restrictions on common places for physical activity were associated with decreased physical activity and increased sedentary behavior. • There were few studies of interventions to increase physical activity during the pandemic, the role of physical activity in COVID-19 inequities, and built environment contributions to COVID-19 outcomes. • Emerging research priorities include physical activity and long COVID and physical activity as a vaccine adjuvant. • Except for recommendations from the World Health Organization, physical activity was widely ignored in public health guidance.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE}, author={Sallis, James F. and Adlakha, Deepti and Oyeyemi, Adewale and Salvo, Deborah}, year={2023}, month={Sep}, pages={553–556} }
 @article{ramirez varela_hallal_mejia grueso_pedisic_salvo_nguyen_klepac_bauman_siefken_hinckson_et al._2023, title={Status and Trends of Physical Activity Surveillance, Policy, and Research in 164 Countries: Findings From the Global Observatory for Physical Activity-GoPA! 2015 and 2020 Surveys}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2022-0464}, abstractNote={Background: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. Methods: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. Results: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world’s population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world’s population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Conclusion: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Ramirez Varela, Andrea and Hallal, Pedro C. and Mejia Grueso, Juliana and Pedisic, Zeljko and Salvo, Deborah and Nguyen, Anita and Klepac, Bojana and Bauman, Adrian and Siefken, Katja and Hinckson, Erica and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={112–128} }
 @article{meenar_heckert_adlakha_2022, title={"Green Enough Ain't Good Enough:" Public Perceptions and Emotions Related to Green Infrastructure in Environmental Justice Communities}, volume={19}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph19031448}, abstractNote={The concept of biophilic urban planning has inspired neighborhood greening projects in many older urban communities in the USA and beyond. The strengths (e.g., environmental management, biodiversity, heat island mitigation) and challenges (e.g., greenwashing, green gentrification) of such projects are well-documented. Additional research on the relationship between these projects and various social factors (e.g., public perceptions, feelings, and mental health and well-being) is necessary to better understand how people adapt to said projects while struggling to navigate other more pressing socioeconomic issues, especially in communities facing environmental injustice and health inequity. In this article, we focus on one aspect of biophilic urban planning—green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) (e.g., rain gardens, bio-swales, pervious pavements, and wildflower meadows)—in Waterfront South, a post-industrial neighborhood in Camden, NJ, USA, where residents have faced environmental injustices for decades. Our qualitative analysis of in-depth semi-structured interviews of sixteen residents offered a thorough insight into their perceptions and emotions regarding different types of urban GSI projects. Residents acknowledge the many benefits that GSI offers to combat the neighborhood’s social and environmental injustices, but they are cautious about the possibility of some projects prompting new issues and concerns within the community. Our findings reveal potential implications in GSI planning, research, and practice in this neighborhood and similar urban places elsewhere that have yet to undergo gentrification.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, author={Meenar, Mahbubur and Heckert, Megan and Adlakha, Deepti}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={1448} }
 @inproceedings{giles-corti_boeing_adlakha_cerin_lowe_higgs_moudon_arundel_hinckson_salvo_et al._2022, title={Are urban design and transport policies creating healthy, active cities across the world?}, author={Giles-Corti, B. and Boeing, G. and Adlakha, D. and Cerin, E. and Lowe, M. and Higgs, C. and Moudon, A.V. and Arundel, J, and Hinckson, E. and Salvo, D. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{adlakha_tully_mansour_2022, title={Assessing the Impact of a New Urban Greenway Using Mobile, Wearable Technology-Elicited Walk- and Bike-Along Interviews}, volume={14}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/3/1873}, DOI={10.3390/su14031873}, abstractNote={Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, causing an estimated 3.3 million deaths worldwide. Characteristics of the built environment, including buildings, public spaces, pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, transportation networks, parks, trails and green spaces can facilitate or constrain physical activity. However, objective study of built environment interventions on physical activity remains challenging due to methodological limitations and research gaps. Existing methods such as direct observations or surveys are time and labour intensive, and only provide a static, cross-sectional view of physical activity at a specific point in time. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for objectively and inexpensively assessing how built environment changes may influence physical activity. We used a novel, unobtrusive method to capture real-time, in situ data from a convenience sample of 25 adults along a newly constructed urban greenway in an area of high deprivation in Belfast, UK. Walk/bike-along interviews were conducted with participants using a body-worn or bicycle-mounted portable digital video camera (GoPro HERO 3+ camera) to record their self-determined journeys along the greenway. This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable sensors to capture participants’ responses to the built environment in real-time during their walking and cycling journeys. These findings contribute to our understanding of the impact of real-world environmental interventions on physical activity and the importance of precise, accurate and objective measurements of environments where the activity occurs.}, number={3}, journal={Sustainability}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Tully, Mark A. and Mansour, Perla}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={1873} }
 @inproceedings{higgs_alderton_rozek_adlakha_badland_boeing_both_cerin_chandrabose_de gruyter_et al._2022, title={Calculation of policy-relevant spatial indicators of urban liveability: experiences of scaling a research programme from local to global}, url={https://apo.org.au/node/316387}, DOI={10.25916/jbnk-hp52}, booktitle={UBLISHER 10th State of Australasian Cities National Conference, 1-3 December 2021, Melbourne, Australia}, author={Higgs, Carl and Alderton, Amanda and Rozek, Julianna and Adlakha, D. and Badland, H. and Boeing, G. and Both, A. and Cerin, E. and Chandrabose, M. and De Gruyter, C. and et al.}, year={2022} }
 @article{adlakha_john_2022, title={Case study from Asia Push for pedal power: urban mobility and the rise of bicycling in Indian cities}, ISBN={["978-1-032-11484-2", "978-0-367-36223-2"]}, DOI={10.4324/9780429344732-13}, abstractNote={In traffic-clogged streets of urban India, where cars have traditionally been regarded as a status symbol, the humble bicycle is enjoying a new lease of life. However, cycling to work is still a distant dream for the vast majority of India’s urban population. Barriers include socio-cultural, psychological, and environmental factors and a lack of prioritization of cycling infrastructure (e.g., cycle lanes, bicycle parking, and lock-friendly bike racks) in planning policy. This chapter calls attention to the misguided policies leading to the decline of cycling and the emergence of India’s motor dominant society. There is an urgent need to recognize cycling as a multi-pronged solution to address acute, 21st-century problems such as housing affordability, non-communicable diseases, traffic congestion, health inequities, and the climate crisis.}, journal={PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and John, Felix}, year={2022}, pages={217–224} }
 @article{lowe_adlakha_sallis_salvo_cerin_moudon_higgs_hinckson_arundel_boeing_et al._2022, title={City planning policies to support health and sustainability: an international comparison of policy indicators for 25 cities}, volume={10}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00069-9}, DOI={10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00069-9}, abstractNote={City planning policies influence urban lifestyles, health, and sustainability. We assessed policy frameworks for city planning for 25 cities across 19 lower-middle-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and high-income countries to identify whether these policies supported the creation of healthy and sustainable cities. We systematically collected policy data for evidence-informed indicators related to integrated city planning, air pollution, destination accessibility, distribution of employment, demand management, design, density, distance to public transport, and transport infrastructure investment. Content analysis identified strengths, limitations, and gaps in policies, allowing us to draw comparisons between cities. We found that despite common policy rhetoric endorsing healthy and sustainable cities, there was a paucity of measurable policy targets in place to achieve these aspirations. Some policies were inconsistent with public health evidence, which sets up barriers to achieving healthy and sustainable urban environments. There is an urgent need to build capacity for health-enhancing city planning policy and governance, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.}, number={6}, journal={The Lancet Global Health}, author={Lowe, M. and Adlakha, D. and Sallis, J.F. and Salvo, D. and Cerin, E. and Moudon, A.V. and Higgs, C. and Hinckson, E. and Arundel, J. and Boeing, G. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={E882–E894} }
 @article{giles-corti_moudon_lowe_adlakha_cerin_boeing_higgs_arundel_liu_hinckson_et al._2022, title={Creating healthy and sustainable cities: what gets measured, gets done}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2214-109X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00070-5}, DOI={10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00070-5}, abstractNote={Since the first Lancet Series on urban design, transport, and health (Series 1) was published in 2016, the urgency to make the transition to healthy and sustainable cities worldwide has intensified. That year, the UN's Sustainable Development Goals1 for promoting prosperity while protecting the planet and ensuring equity came into force. WHO also released its Shanghai Declaration on promoting health in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At WHO Global Conference on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in 2017, heads of states reiterated their commitment to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by a third by 2030.}, number={6}, journal={The Lancet Global Health}, author={Giles-Corti, B. and Moudon, A.V. and Lowe, M. and Adlakha, D. and Cerin, E. and Boeing, G. and Higgs, C. and Arundel, J. and Liu, S. and Hinckson, E. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={E782–E785} }
 @misc{adlakha_sledge_2022, title={Design for all ages}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sledge, B.}, year={2022} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2022, title={Designing for outdoor play and healthy childhoods: A call to action}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2022} }
 @article{cerin_sallis_salvo_hinckson_conway_owen_van dyck_lowe_higgs_moudon_et al._2022, title={Determining thresholds for spatial urban design and transport features that support walking to create healthy and sustainable cities: findings from the IPEN Adult study}, volume={10}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00068-7}, DOI={10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00068-7}, abstractNote={An essential characteristic of a healthy and sustainable city is a physically active population. Effective policies for healthy and sustainable cities require evidence-informed quantitative targets. We aimed to identify the minimum thresholds for urban design and transport features associated with two physical activity criteria: at least 80% probability of engaging in any walking for transport and WHO's target of at least 15% relative reduction in insufficient physical activity through walking. The International Physical Activity and the Environment Network Adult (known as IPEN) study (N=11 615; 14 cities across ten countries) provided data on local urban design and transport features linked to walking. Associations of these features with the probability of engaging in any walking for transport and sufficient physical activity (≥150 min/week) by walking were estimated, and thresholds associated with the physical activity criteria were determined. Curvilinear associations of population, street intersection, and public transport densities with walking were found. Neighbourhoods exceeding around 5700 people per km2, 100 intersections per km2, and 25 public transport stops per km2 were associated with meeting one or both physical activity criteria. Shorter distances to the nearest park were associated with more physical activity. We use the results to suggest specific target values for each feature as benchmarks for progression towards creating healthy and sustainable cities.}, number={6}, journal={The Lancet Global Health}, author={Cerin, E. and Sallis, J.F. and Salvo, D. and Hinckson, E. and Conway, T.L. and Owen, N. and van Dyck, D. and Lowe, M. and Higgs, C. and Moudon, A.V. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={E895–E906} }
 @misc{higgs_liu_boeing_arundel_lowe_adlakha_cerin_hinckson_sallis_salvo_et al._2022, title={Global Healthy and Sustainable City Indicator Study Collaboration - 25 Cities spatial indicators datasets}, url={https://rmit.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Global_Healthy_and_Sustainable_City_Indicator_Study_Collaboration_-_25_Cities_spatial_indicators_datasets/15072009}, DOI={10.25439/rmt.15072009}, publisher={RMIT University}, author={Higgs, Carl and Liu, Shiqin and Boeing, Geoff and Arundel, Jonathan and Lowe, Melanie and Adlakha, Deepti and Cerin, Ester and Hinckson, Erica and Sallis, James F. and Salvo, Deborah and et al.}, year={2022} }
 @article{higgs_lowe_adlakha_arundel_boeing_cerin_hinckson_liu_moudon_sallis_et al._2022, title={Healthy and Sustainable City Indicators Report Series: Comparisons with 25 cities internationally}, url={https://rmit.figshare.com/collections/Healthy_and_Sustainable_City_Indicators_Report_Series_Comparisons_with_25_cities_internationally/6012649/1}, DOI={10.25439/rmt.c.6012649.v1}, publisher={RMIT University}, author={Higgs, Carl and Lowe, Melanie and Adlakha, Deepti and Arundel, Jonathan and Boeing, Geoff and Cerin, Ester and Hinckson, Erica and Liu, Shiqin and Moudon, Anne Vernez and Sallis, James F. and et al.}, year={2022} }
 @misc{adlakha_sledge_2022, title={Policies and practices connecting children to nature}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sledge, B.}, year={2022} }
 @article{higgs_alderton_rozek_adlakha_badland_boeing_both_cerin_chandrabose_de gruyter_et al._2022, title={Policy-Relevant Spatial Inidicators of Urban Liveability And Sustainability: Scaling From Local to Global}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1476-7244"]}, DOI={10.1080/08111146.2022.2076215}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Urban liveability is a global priority for creating healthy, sustainable cities. Measurement of policy-relevant spatial indicators of the built and natural environment supports city planning at all levels of government. Analysis of their spatial distribution within cities, and impacts on individuals and communities, is crucial to ensure planning decisions are effective and equitable. This paper outlines challenges and lessons from a 5-year collaborative research program, scaling up a software workflow for calculating a composite indicator of urban liveability for residential address points across Melbourne, to Australia’s 21 largest cities, and further extension to 25 global cities in diverse contexts.}, journal={URBAN POLICY AND RESEARCH}, author={Higgs, C. and Alderton, A. and Rozek, J. and Adlakha, D. and Badland, H. and Boeing, G. and Both, A. and Cerin, E. and Chandrabose, M. and De Gruyter, C. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{adlakha_john_2022, title={The future is urban: integrated planning policies can enable healthy and sustainable cities}, volume={10}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00211-X}, DOI={10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00211-X}, abstractNote={The world's urban population has increased drastically during the last century. At the turn of the 20th century, approximately 10% of people lived in cities. By 1950, the world's urban population had grown to 29%.1UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs2018 revision of the world urbanization prospects.https://population.un.org/wup/publications/Files/WUP2018-Methodology.pdfDate: 2018Date accessed: April 1, 2022Google Scholar Today, more than half of the world's population resides in cities. By 2050, it is expected that at least two-thirds of the world's population, or nearly 7 of 10 people, will live in cities.2World BankUrban Development Overview.https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#1Date: 2020Date accessed: April 3, 2022Google Scholar The largest share of this tremendous urban growth will occur in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), in cities already carrying a disproportionate share of the global disease burden. This accelerating pace of urbanisation has exposed the fragile ecological future of our cities. Cities are engines of innovation and economic growth, but many fail to make progress on economic, environmental, societal, and health targets. Urban policies actively shape how people live and move around in cities. Policies determine the form and function of our neighbourhoods and thus the exposures and lifestyles of urban dwellers.3Stevenson M Thompson J de Sá TH et al.Land use, transport, and population health: estimating the health benefits of compact cities.Lancet. 2016; 388: 2925-2935Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (263) Google Scholar Current planning policies exacerbate urban inequities, creating cities that are spatially fragmented, socially divisive, and detrimental to health. Traffic exposure, noise and air pollution, social isolation, low physical activity, and sedentary behaviours are fuelling global epidemics of injuries and chronic diseases.4Giles-Corti B Vernez-Moudon A Reis R et al.(2016). City planning and population health: a global challenge.Lancet. 2016; 388: 2912-2924Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (532) Google Scholar City planning is known to influence physical activity and other health determinants.5Rydin Y Bleahu A Davies M et al.Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century.Lancet. 2012; 379: 2079-2108Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (444) Google Scholar Designing compact, high-density, pedestrian-friendly and cycling-friendly cities with accessible green spaces that enable sustainable mobility and active lifestyles is crucial for public health and the environment.6Nieuwenhuijsen MJ Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; a review of the current evidence.Environment International. 2020; 140105661 Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar These priorities are wholly consistent with the UN Sustainable Development Goals and targets set by WHO and UN-Habitat.7UNTransforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development.https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdfDate: 2015Date accessed: March 25, 2022Google Scholar, 8WHOUrban health initiative a model process for catalysing change.https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HEP-ECH-AQH-2021-1Date: 2021Date accessed: March 20, 2022Google Scholar However, many city governments do not have sufficient data to implement policies and monitor their progress towards achieving these targets. This problem is most acute in LMICs in which policy makers have low access to tools to consider health and sustainability when formulating urban policies.9Smit W Hancock T Kumaresen J Santos-Burgoa C Meneses RSK Friel S Toward a research and action agenda on urban planning/design and health equity in cities in low and middle-income countries.J Urban Health. 2011; 88: 875-885Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar Governments in LMICs generally do not have the requisite financial resources to generate locally relevant data, conduct statistical analyses, develop and implement policies, track performance, facilitate stakeholder engagement, and build capacity to strengthen management and governance. In many LMICs, planning policies have ignored the large numbers of people living in informal settlements. Rampant, poorly managed, ad-hoc urban growth, population displacement, poor public health infrastructure, and land-grabbing have fuelled inequities in urban areas. The Lancet Global Health Series on urban design, transport, and health goes beyond describing why societies need to transition to healthier, more sustainable cities and focuses on the critical questions of how and what can be done to enable this process. It offers a roadmap for city leaders to act quickly, plan for future urban growth, and provide equitable infrastructure, services, and amenities. Integrated planning policies are essential for LMICs that have informal settlements, poor planning, weak infrastructure, and a paucity of basic services. The Series presents a rigorous, cross-sectoral, and scalable global framework with standardised methods for benchmarking and monitoring integrated city planning policies. The methods described convert spatial data into usable formats by making the maps and results available to policy makers, practitioners, and the community for real-world implementation. This Series provides a proof of concept for the real-world application of integrated city planning policies to harness economic, environmental, social, and health benefits for all. The authors address the data challenges of creating comparable global indicators and the importance of facilitating research translation. Using the proposed framework, city leaders and stakeholders can champion specific policies and development commitments at the local, national, and international scales to ensure an urban future that is healthy, sustainable, and equitable. An example is the global network of Bicycle Mayors promoted by the Amsterdam-based global non-governmental organisation, BYCS.10BYCSBicycle Mayor Network.https://bycs.org/our-work/bicycle-mayor/Date: 2016Date accessed: April 5, 2022Google Scholar BYCS is guided by the belief that bicycles transform cities and cities transform the world. Bicycle Mayors act as a social bridge to establish relationships between citizens, stakeholders, and political leaders. They help to make cycling accessible to the average person and bring it into the urban policy agenda. To provide equal opportunity to their citizens, elected officials and policymakers need to align better city planning policies with societal goals, public health, and environmental sustainability. Integrated cross-sectoral policies are essential to creating economic, environmental, and social benefits for all. We encourage government leaders and the wide range of relevant civil society groups to incorporate the tools developed for this Series into their daily work and plans for the future. Specifically, we call on global leaders and stakeholders to take collective action by implementing integrated planning policies to promote healthy and sustainable cities. We declare no competing interests. City planning policies to support health and sustainability: an international comparison of policy indicators for 25 citiesCity planning policies influence urban lifestyles, health, and sustainability. We assessed policy frameworks for city planning for 25 cities across 19 lower-middle-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and high-income countries to identify whether these policies supported the creation of healthy and sustainable cities. We systematically collected policy data for evidence-informed indicators related to integrated city planning, air pollution, destination accessibility, distribution of employment, demand management, design, density, distance to public transport, and transport infrastructure investment. Full-Text PDF Open AccessUsing open data and open-source software to develop spatial indicators of urban design and transport features for achieving healthy and sustainable citiesBenchmarking and monitoring of urban design and transport features is crucial to achieving local and international health and sustainability goals. However, most urban indicator frameworks use coarse spatial scales that either only allow between-city comparisons, or require expensive, technical, local spatial analyses for within-city comparisons. This study developed a reusable, open-source urban indicator computational framework using open data to enable consistent local and global comparative analyses. Full-Text PDF Open AccessWhat next? Expanding our view of city planning and global health, and implementing and monitoring evidence-informed policyThis Series on urban design, transport, and health aimed to facilitate development of a global system of health-related policy and spatial indicators to assess achievements and deficiencies in urban and transport policies and features. This final paper in the Series summarises key findings, considers what to do next, and outlines urgent key actions. Our study of 25 cities in 19 countries found that, despite many well intentioned policies, few cities had measurable standards and policy targets to achieve healthy and sustainable cities. Full-Text PDF Open AccessDetermining thresholds for spatial urban design and transport features that support walking to create healthy and sustainable cities: findings from the IPEN Adult studyAn essential characteristic of a healthy and sustainable city is a physically active population. Effective policies for healthy and sustainable cities require evidence-informed quantitative targets. We aimed to identify the minimum thresholds for urban design and transport features associated with two physical activity criteria: at least 80% probability of engaging in any walking for transport and WHO's target of at least 15% relative reduction in insufficient physical activity through walking. The International Physical Activity and the Environment Network Adult (known as IPEN) study (N=11 615; 14 cities across ten countries) provided data on local urban design and transport features linked to walking. Full-Text PDF Open Access}, number={6}, journal={The Lancet Global Health}, author={Adlakha, D. and John, F.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={E790–E791} }
 @misc{adlakha_2022, title={Urban Greenways: Connecting the Divided City}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{boeing_higgs_liu_giles-corti_sallis_cerin_lowe_adlakha_hinckson_moudon_et al._2022, title={Using open data and open-source software to develop spatial indicators of urban design and transport features for achieving healthy and sustainable cities}, volume={10}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00072-9}, DOI={10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00072-9}, abstractNote={<h2>Summary</h2> Benchmarking and monitoring of urban design and transport features is crucial to achieving local and international health and sustainability goals. However, most urban indicator frameworks use coarse spatial scales that either only allow between-city comparisons, or require expensive, technical, local spatial analyses for within-city comparisons. This study developed a reusable, open-source urban indicator computational framework using open data to enable consistent local and global comparative analyses. We show this framework by calculating spatial indicators—for 25 diverse cities in 19 countries—of urban design and transport features that support health and sustainability. We link these indicators to cities' policy contexts, and identify populations living above and below critical thresholds for physical activity through walking. Efforts to broaden participation in crowdsourcing data and to calculate globally consistent indicators are essential for planning evidence-informed urban interventions, monitoring policy effects, and learning lessons from peer cities to achieve health, equity, and sustainability goals.}, number={6}, journal={The Lancet Global Health}, author={Boeing, G. and Higgs, C. and Liu, S. and Giles-Corti, B. and Sallis, J.F. and Cerin, E. and Lowe, M. and Adlakha, D. and Hinckson, E. and Moudon, A.V. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={E907–E918} }
 @inproceedings{higgs_boeing_liu_arundel_sallis_cerin_lowe_adlakha_hinckson_moudon_et al._2022, title={Using open data and open-source software to develop spatial indicators of urban design and transport features for achieving healthy and sustainable cities in diverse global contexts}, author={Higgs, C. and Boeing, G. and Liu, S, and Arundel, J. and Sallis, J.F. and Cerin, E, and Lowe, M. and Adlakha, D. and Hinckson, E. and Moudon, A.V. and et al.}, year={2022} }
 @article{giles-corti_moudon_lowe_cerin_boeing_frumkin_salvo_foster_kleeman_bekessy_et al._2022, title={What next? Expanding our view of city planning and global health, and implementing and monitoring evidence-informed policy}, volume={10}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00066-3}, DOI={10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00066-3}, abstractNote={This Series on urban design, transport, and health aimed to facilitate development of a global system of health-related policy and spatial indicators to assess achievements and deficiencies in urban and transport policies and features. This final paper in the Series summarises key findings, considers what to do next, and outlines urgent key actions. Our study of 25 cities in 19 countries found that, despite many well intentioned policies, few cities had measurable standards and policy targets to achieve healthy and sustainable cities. Available standards and targets were often insufficient to promote health and wellbeing, and health-supportive urban design and transport features were often inadequate or inequitably distributed. City planning decisions affect human and planetary health and amplify city vulnerabilities, as the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted. Hence, we offer an expanded framework of pathways through which city planning affects health, incorporating 11 integrated urban system policies and 11 integrated urban and transport interventions addressing current and emerging issues. Our call to action recommends widespread uptake and further development of our methods and open-source tools to create upstream policy and spatial indicators to benchmark and track progress; unmask spatial inequities; inform interventions and investments; and accelerate transitions to net zero, healthy, and sustainable cities.}, number={6}, journal={The Lancet Global Health}, author={Giles-Corti, B. and Moudon, A.V. and Lowe, M. and Cerin, E. and Boeing, G. and Frumkin, H. and Salvo, D. and Foster, S. and Kleeman, A. and Bekessy, S. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={E919–E926} }
 @misc{salvo_jauregui_adlakha_sarmiento_reis_2022, title={When Moving Is the Only Option: The Role of Necessity Versus Choice for Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1545-2093"]}, DOI={10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-042211}, abstractNote={Given its origins in high-income countries, the field of physical activity and public health research and promotion has broadly followed a choice-based model. However, a substantial amount of the physical activity occurring routinely in many settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is the result of economic necessity and is not due to true, free choices. We propose the “necessity- versus choice-based physical activity models” framework as a conceptual tool to ground physical activity and public health research and promotion efforts in LMICs, helping ensurethat these efforts are relevant, ethical, responsive, and respectful to local contexts. Identifying ways to ensure that LMIC populations can maintain high levels of active transport while increasing opportunities for active leisure must be prioritized. To promote equity, physical activity research, programs, and policies in LMICs must focus on improving the conditions under which necessity-driven physical activity occurs for a vast majority of the population.}, journal={ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Salvo, Deborah and Jauregui, Alejandra and Adlakha, Deepti and Sarmiento, Olga L. and Reis, Rodrigo S.}, year={2022}, pages={151–169} }
 @article{liu_higgs_arundel_boeing_cerdera_moctezuma_cerin_adlakha_lowe_giles-corti_2021, title={A generalized framework for measuring pedestrian accessibility around the world using open data}, url={https://10.1111/gean.12290}, DOI={10.1111/gean.12290}, abstractNote={Pedestrian accessibility is an important factor in urban transport and land use policy and critical for creating healthy, sustainable cities. Developing and evaluating indicators measuring inequalities in pedestrian accessibility can help planners and policymakers benchmark and monitor the progress of city planning interventions. However, measuring and assessing indicators of urban design and transport features at high resolution worldwide to enable city comparisons is challenging due to limited availability of official, high‐quality, and comparable spatial data, as well as spatial analysis tools offering customizable frameworks for indicator construction and analysis. To address these challenges, this study develops an open source software framework to construct pedestrian accessibility indicators for cities using open and consistent data. It presents a generalized method to consistently measure pedestrian accessibility at high resolution and spatially aggregated scale, to allow for both within‐ and between‐city analyses. The open source and open data methods developed in this study can be extended to other cities worldwide to support local planning and policymaking. The software is made publicly available for reuse in an open repository.}, journal={Geographical Analysis}, author={Liu, S. and Higgs, C. and Arundel, J. and Boeing, G. and Cerdera, N. and Moctezuma, D. and Cerin, E. and Adlakha, D. and Lowe, M. and Giles-Corti, G.C.}, year={2021} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_sallis_2021, place={London}, title={Activity-friendly Neighbourhoods Can Benefit Noncommunicable and Infectious Diseases}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sallis, J.F.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{liu_higgs_arundel_boeing_cerdera_moctezuma_cerin_adlakha_lowe_giles-corti_2021, title={An open-source framework to measure pedestrian accessibility for cities worldwide}, author={Liu, S. and Higgs, C. and Arundel, J. and Boeing, G. and Cerdera, N. and Moctezuma, D. and Cerin, E. and Adlakha, D. and Lowe, M. and Giles-Corti, B.}, year={2021} }
 @article{liu_adlakha_grant_thomas_banerjee_yongsi_jayasinghe_dora_2021, title={Asian city prospects for planning and urban health}, volume={5}, url={https://doi:10}, DOI={10.1080/23748834.2021.1945365}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The current rapid, often unplanned urbanisation across Asia has wide-ranging economic, environmental, health, and social impacts. In an attempt to document the implications of this demographic transition, the Journal of Cities & Health in collaboration with the International Society for Urban Health (ISUH) launched a special issue. This special issue is composed of seven original research papers and one commentary that present a fair geographical coverage of urban Asia. This scholarship aims to: 1) enhance the state-of-the-art understanding of health risks, social vulnerability and adaptation policies in cities across Asia; 2) present case studies where local contexts were taken into consideration to respond to local health needs and cultural preferences; 3) highlight new evidence of health risks and the impact of the built environment; and 4) examine the use of emerging digital technologies and big data across diverse sectors for a more sustainable urban living environment. In the current context of COVID-19, new challenges, insights, and opportunities for change have arisen. Specifically, some crowded Asian cities offer successful approaches in battling early outbreaks of COVID-19 and provide a model for keeping the pandemic at bay, even if they can’t completely eliminate infections. Asian cities can make changes to design spatially distanced transport and recreation opportunities and the long-term implications for both infectious and chronic diseases. This editorial challenges urban policymakers to better align city planning processes with societal goals and public values, for sustainability, health and health equity, and to hold the people of the city as the central plank in all planning processes.}, number={3}, journal={Cities & Health}, author={Liu, J. and Adlakha, D. and Grant, M. and Thomas, Y. and Banerjee, S. and Yongsi, B.N. and Jayasinghe, S. and Dora, C.}, year={2021}, pages={211–214} }
 @misc{adlakha_2021, title={Building active and healthy communities in Bogotá}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2021} }
 @article{adlakha_brownson_hipp_2021, title={Built environment correlates of overweight and obesity among adults in Chennai, India}, volume={5}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1791397}, DOI={10.1080/23748834.2020.1791397}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Overweight and obesity are steadily rising in South Asia, the world’s most populous region. India, a low- and middle-income country in South Asia is experiencing an obesity epidemic. Built environment features may profoundly influence physical activity and counter the risk from overweight and obesity. This cross-sectional study investigated built environment correlates of overweight and obesity among adults (N = 370, 47.2% female, mean age = 37.9 years) in Chennai, India. Participants from low-socioeconomic status households were more likely to be overweight/obese (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–2.9) than participants from high-socioeconomic status households. Driving to work predicted a three-fold increase in overweight or obesity compared to active commuting (OR = 2.9, 95%CI = 1.3–6.4). Household car ownership was linked with an increased likelihood of overweight or obesity (OR = 1.5, 95%CI = 0.7–3.2). Low walkability neighbourhoods significantly predicted an increase in odds of overweight or obesity (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.1–2.8). By 2030, Indian cities are projected to add 250 million people accompanied by a 9.9% annual motor vehicle growth rate. As car ownership increases across Southern Asia, there is an urgent need to develop interventions to promote physical activity.}, number={3}, journal={Cities & Health}, author={Adlakha, D. and Brownson, R.C. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2021}, pages={289–291} }
 @misc{adlakha_2021, title={COVID-19 and Neighborhood Design: Opportunities to Implement Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Strategies}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2021} }
 @inproceedings{higgs_alderton_rozek_adlakha_badland_boeing_both_cerin_chandrabose_de gruyter_et al._2021, title={Calculation of policy-relevant spatial indicators of urban liveability: Experiences of scaling a research programme from local to global}, author={Higgs, C. and Alderton, A. and Rozek, J. and Adlakha, D. and Badland, H. and Boeing, G. and Both, A. and Cerin, E. and Chandrabose, M. and De Gruyter, C. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{tonne_adair_adlakha_anguelovski_belesova_berger_brelsford_dadvand_dimitrova_giles-corti_et al._2021, title={Defining pathways to healthy sustainable urban development}, volume={146}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106236}, DOI={10.1016/j.envint.2020.106236}, abstractNote={Goals and pathways to achieve sustainable urban development have multiple interlinkages with human health and wellbeing. However, these interlinkages have not been examined in depth in recent discussions on urban sustainability and global urban science. This paper fills that gap by elaborating in detail the multiple links between urban sustainability and human health and by mapping research gaps at the interface of health and urban sustainability sciences. As researchers from a broad range of disciplines, we aimed to: 1) define the process of urbanization, highlighting distinctions from related concepts to support improved conceptual rigour in health research; 2) review the evidence linking health with urbanization, urbanicity, and cities and identify cross-cutting issues; and 3) highlight new research approaches needed to study complex urban systems and their links with health. This novel, comprehensive knowledge synthesis addresses issue of interest across multiple disciplines. Our review of concepts of urban development should be of particular value to researchers and practitioners in the health sciences, while our review of the links between urban environments and health should be of particular interest to those outside of public health. We identify specific actions to promote health through sustainable urban development that leaves no one behind, including: integrated planning; evidence-informed policy-making; and monitoring the implementation of policies. We also highlight the critical role of effective governance and equity-driven planning in progress towards sustainable, healthy, and just urban development.}, journal={Environment International}, author={Tonne, C. and Adair, L. and Adlakha, D. and Anguelovski, I. and Belesova, K. and Berger, M. and Brelsford, C. and Dadvand, P. and Dimitrova, A. and Giles-Corti, B. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={106236} }
 @article{adlakha_chandra_krishna_smith_tully_2021, title={Designing age-friendly communities: Exploring qualitative perspectives on urban green spaces and ageing in two Indian megacities}, volume={18}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041491}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph18041491}, abstractNote={The World Health Organization and the United Nations have increasingly acknowledged the importance of urban green space (UGS) for healthy ageing. However, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India with exponential ageing populations have inadequate UGS. This qualitative study examined the relationships between UGS and healthy ageing in two megacities in India. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling in New Delhi and Chennai and semi-structured interviews were conducted with consenting participants (N = 60, female = 51%; age > 60 years; fluent in English, Hindi, or Tamil). Interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated, and analysed using inductive and thematic analysis. Benefits of UGS included community building and social capital, improved health and social resilience, physical activity promotion, reduced exposure to noise, air pollution, and heat. Poorly maintained UGS and lack of safe, age-friendly pedestrian infrastructure were identified as barriers to health promotion in later life. Neighbourhood disorder and crime constrained older adults’ use of UGS in low-income neighbourhoods. This study underscores the role of UGS in the design of age-friendly communities in India. The findings highlight the benefits of UGS for older adults, particularly those living in socially disadvantaged or underserved communities, which often have least access to high-quality parks and green areas.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, author={Adlakha, D. and Chandra, M. and Krishna, M. and Smith, L. and Tully, M.A.}, year={2021}, pages={1491} }
 @article{adlakha_sarmiento_franco_2021, title={Designing intergenerational communities: Next steps for age-friendly cities in the Global South}, volume={22}, number={3}, journal={Planning Theory and Practice}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sarmiento, O.L. and Franco, S.S.}, year={2021} }
 @misc{moore_adlakha_cosco_2021, title={Equitable Opportunities for Supporting Young Children’s Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Outdoors}, author={Moore, R. and Adlakha, D. and Cosco, N.}, year={2021} }
 @article{parra_adlakha_pinzon_van zandt_brownson_gomez_2021, title={Geographic distribution of the Ciclovia and Recreovia Programs by neighborhood SES in Bogotá: How unequal is the geographic access assessed via distance-based measures?}, volume={98}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00496-w}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-020-00496-w}, abstractNote={Ciclovia, also known as Open Streets initiatives in other countries, are city streets that are closed to motorized traffic and opened during certain times to residents for engaging in physical activity (PA). These initiatives are viewed by policy makers and health and community advocates as being beneficial to social, environmental, and community health. This study explores the geographic distribution of Ciclovia and Recreovia and the differences in geographic access assessed via distance-based measures, based on the socioeconomic status (SES) of the area. Results from this study show that the median distance to the Ciclovia according to SES ranges from 2930 m for SES 1 (most disadvantaged) to 482 m for SES 6 (wealthiest). The median distance to the Recreovia sites ranges from 5173 m for SES 1 to 3869 m for SES 6. This study found revealing urban inequities in the distribution of Ciclovia, whereas there was less inequalities within the Recreovia sites. This study shows that urban interventions are needed to promote recreational activity and reduce health disparities in under resourced, low SES areas.}, journal={Journal of Urban Health}, author={Parra, D.C. and Adlakha, D. and Pinzon, J.D. and Van Zandt, A. and Brownson, R.C. and Gomez, L.F.}, year={2021}, pages={101–110} }
 @misc{adlakha_2021, title={Good practices for promoting physical activity through city/rural planning}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2021} }
 @article{lawlor_hunter_adlakha_kee_tully_2021, title={Individual Characteristics Associated with Active Travel in Low and High Income Groups in the UK}, volume={18}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph181910360}, abstractNote={Active travel (AT) has gained increasing attention as a way of addressing low levels of physical activity. However, little is known regarding the relationship between income and AT. The aim of this study was to investigate characteristics associated with undertaking AT in an adult population and by low- and high-income groups. Data collected from the Physical Activity and the Rejuvenation of Connswater (PARC) study in 2017 were used. Participants were categorised into socio-economic groups according to their weekly household income, and were categorised as participating in ‘no’ AT or ‘some’ AT and ‘sufficient’ AT. Multivariable logistic regression explored characteristics associated with AT in the full cohort, and the low- and high-income groups separately. Variables associated with AT in the low-income group were body mass index (BMI), physical activity self-efficacy, marital status, long term illness, difficulty walking and housing tenure. For the high-income group, BMI, marital status, housing tenure and education were associated with AT. For both income groups, there were consistent positive associations with the action/maintenance phase of the stage of change model across all AT categories. The findings suggest that population sub-groups may benefit from targeted initiatives to support engagement in AT and prevent further widening of inequalities.}, number={19}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, author={Lawlor, Emma R. and Hunter, Ruth F. and Adlakha, Deepti and Kee, Frank and Tully, Mark A.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={10360} }
 @article{hunter_adlakha_cardwell_cupples_donnelly_ellis_gough_hutchinson_kearney_longo_et al._2021, title={Investigating the physical activity, health, wellbeing, social and environmental effects of a new urban greenway: a natural experiment (the PARC study)}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1186/s12966-021-01213-9}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity}, author={Hunter, Ruth F. and Adlakha, Deepti and Cardwell, Christopher and Cupples, Margaret E. and Donnelly, Michael and Ellis, Geraint and Gough, Aisling and Hutchinson, George and Kearney, Therese and Longo, Alberto and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={142} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2021, title={Pedestrians, Air pollution and health}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2021} }
 @misc{adlakha_2021, title={Play and Move Everywhere: Creating Equitable Opportunities for Physical Activity}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @inbook{adlakha_felix_2021, place={London}, title={Push for pedal power: The case for urban cycling in India}, booktitle={Physical activity in low- and middle-income countries}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Adlakha, D. and Felix, J.}, editor={Siefken, K. and Varela, A.R. and Schulenkorf, N. and Waqanivalu, T.Editors}, year={2021} }
 @article{tully_mcmaw_adlakha_blair_mcaneney_mcaneney_carmichael_cunningham_armstrong_smith_2021, title={The effect of different COVID-19 public health restrictions on mobility: A systematic review}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0260919}, abstractNote={
Background
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries have introduced non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as stay-at-home orders, to reduce person-to-person contact and break trains of transmission. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of different public health restrictions on mobility across different countries and cultures. The University of Bern COVID-19 Living Evidence database of COVID-19 and SARS-COV-2 publications was searched for retrospective or prospective studies evaluating the impact of COVID-19 public health restrictions on Google Mobility. Titles and abstracts were independently screened by two authors. Information from included studies was extracted by one researcher and double checked by another. Risk of bias of included articles was assessed using the Newcastle Ottowa Scale. Given the heterogeneous nature of the designs used, a narrative synthesis was undertaken. From the search, 1672 references were identified, of which 14 were included in the narrative synthesis. All studies reported data from the first wave of the pandemic, with Google Mobility Scores included from January to August 2020, with most studies analysing data during the first two months of the pandemic. Seven studies were assessed as having a moderate risk of bias and seven as a low risk of bias. Countries that introduced more stringent public health restrictions experienced greater reductions in mobility, through increased time at home and reductions in visits to shops, workplaces and use of public transport. Stay-at-home orders were the most effective of the individual strategies, whereas mask mandates had little effect of mobility.
}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Tully, Mark A. and McMaw, Laura and Adlakha, Deepti and Blair, Neale and McAneney, Jonny and McAneney, Helen and Carmichael, Christina and Cunningham, Conor and Armstrong, Nicola C. and Smith, Lee}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={e0260919} }
 @misc{sallis_adlakha_2021, title={The importance of walkable, activityfriendly neighborhoods in the pandemic era}, author={Sallis, J.F. and Adlakha, D.}, year={2021} }
 @article{adlakha_sallis_2020, title={Activity-friendly neighbourhoods can benefit non-communicable and infectious diseases}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1080/23748834.2020.1783479}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Walkable, activity-friendly neighbourhoods are recommended for their benefits for non-communicable diseases, environmental sustainability, and economic performance. But how do activity-friendly neighbourhoods function during infectious disease pandemics like COVID-19? The spread of COVID-19 in some of the world’s dense cities has raised concerns about the risks of urban density and public transit. However, there are several pathways by which dense, mixed-use neighbourhoods with transit access and recreation facilities can reduce the risk of both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases. Reducing health inequities is a core value for public health, and we comment on strategies for equitably creating activity-friendly communities.}, number={S1}, journal={Cities & Health}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sallis, J.F.}, year={2020}, pages={S191–S195} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_sallis_2020, title={Activity-friendly neighbourhoods can benefit non-communicable and infectious diseases}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sallis, J.F.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{sallis_adlakha_oyeyemi_salvo_2020, title={An international physical activity and public health research agenda to inform coronavirus disease-19 policies and practices}, volume={9}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.005}, abstractNote={Physical activity (PA) has strong relevance for limiting the harms to human health and well-being due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.1 Active muscles produce chemicals that improve immune functioning, which in turn reduces the extent of infections, and decreases inflammation, and these are the main causes of the lung damage from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. PA is a powerful preventive and therapeutic intervention for the most common pre-existing chronic conditions that increase risk of severe COVID-19 infections and mortality.2,3 PA's effectiveness in preventing and treating anxiety and depression could have worldwide benefits during this stressful global crisis.2 PA enhances the efficacy of vaccines,4 so active lifestyles will continue to be relevant through every phase of the pandemic. Worldwide, about 23% of men and 32% of women are at risk for the underlying conditions of COVID-19, severe COVID-19 infections, and stress-related psychological symptoms, because they do not meet PA guidelines, based on self-report measures.5,6

It is likely that prolonged shelter-at-home measures will lead to reduced PA and increased sedentary behaviors that adversely affect immune function and enhance risk for chronic health conditions.7,8 Many people, especially with low incomes, do not have equipment, Internet access, or indoor space to make at-home PA realistic. Thus, the current pandemic is almost certain to exacerbate socioeconomic inequities in PA.9, 10, 11

The pandemic is changing the places where people can be physically active because many jurisdictions closed or restricted access to common indoor and outdoor places for PA.12, 13, 14 Though some jurisdictions allowed people to exercise outdoors on the streets, others did not, so for millions of people, being active at home was the only option. As limitations are eased, policies related to indoor and outdoor PA places vary across jurisdictions.15,16 If spikes occur in COVID-19 cases and deaths, movement restrictions may be put back in place. It is unknown how long this dynamic ebb and flow of limits on people's ability to be physically active will last and what the impact will be on PA. There are many unanswered questions about how pandemic-related policies in each jurisdiction are affecting PA. Therefore, it is important to identify the most pressing scientific questions that could be translated to policy and practice aimed at favorably impacting population health outcomes.

There is ample evidence to justify making PA promotion a global public health priority during the coronavirus pandemic.1,17 One pathway to increasing the prominence of PA as a solution is to set a public health research agenda for promoting scientific studies to document any health and societal benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to evaluate public health strategies for effectively promoting PA under crisis conditions.

We consider research on PA and COVID-19 to be an urgent global public health need. Within this context, relevant PA research can span a broad range from basic science covering in vitro laboratory studies and human studies, to clinical studies with diagnosed patients, to public health studies focusing on prevention. Among the many research needs, the present paper focuses on studies with the potential to guide public health policy and practice, with a secondary focus on studies that could guide clinical practice. Our international author team has proposed priority areas for PA and public health research relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the current literature provides strong scientific premise for the public health relevance of PA for COVID-19,1,4,8 no research has specifically examined the impact of PA on SARS-CoV-2 infections or produced data directly related to the evaluation of infection control strategies that might impact PA. Evidence on these and other emergent topics is needed in a timely manner to inform PA policy and practice locally and internationally.

The author team includes a senior researcher who has studied PA for decades (JFS) and 3 early-career investigators who bring research skills related to PA, the creativity of youth, and diverse geographic and cultural experience, having grown up in India (DA), Nigeria (AO), and Mexico (DS). We have interdisciplinary expertise in behavioral science, spatial epidemiology, urban health, physiotherapy, and health promotion. Our goal is to stimulate research studies that should be started now in multiple countries, especially among those countries most affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, to inform effective PA promotion strategies to be applied during the current pandemic, as well as to improve preparedness for future pandemics. Each author nominated study ideas, and consensus was reached on the highest priorities based on the need to conduct the study during the pandemic, direct relevance to practice or policy, and feasibility.

The 7 research topics selected for inclusion in the present paper are just a few of those initially nominated by the authors. We encourage investigators to plan studies on the topics suggested here and identify additional questions related to PA and COVID-19 that deserve to be investigated. For each research topic below, we briefly explain the purpose of the study, though few methodological details are provided, on the assumption investigators will bring their own skills and creativity to each study. We provide a rationale for the importance of each topic and summarize the significance for policy or practice. We also highlight a few challenges likely to be encountered in conducting each type of study.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Sport and Health Science}, author={Sallis, J.F. and Adlakha, D. and Oyeyemi, A. and Salvo, D.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={328–334} }
 @article{elshahat_o’rorke_adlakha_2020, title={Built environment correlates of physical activity in low-and-middle income countries: A systematic review}, volume={15}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230454}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0230454}, abstractNote={Insufficient physical activity (PA) is the fourth major risk factor for many non-communicable diseases and premature mortality worldwide. Features of the built environment (BE) play a considerable role in determining population PA behaviors. The majority of evidence for PA-BE relationships comes from high-income countries and may not be generalizable to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aim to systematically review the literature and assess the associations between perceived and/or objective BE characteristics and PA domains in LMICs. This review adopted a systematic search strategy for English language articles published between January 2000 and June 2019 from four electronic databases—Medline, Embase, Web of Science and PubMed—adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies addressing the associations between self-reported and/or objective BE and PA were only included if they were conducted in LMICs, according to the World Bank classification list. Articles investigating PA-BE relationships across any age groups were included, and all study designs were eligible, except for qualitative studies and reviews. Thirty-three studies were included for evidence synthesis. Cross-sectional studies were the most prevailing study design (97%), revealing a notable gap in longitudinal PA-BE research in LMICs. A majority of the BE factors were not associated with different PA domains while others (e.g., density, proximity to services, aesthetics) exhibited an inconsistent association. Land-use mix diversity was positively associated with transport PA and the presence of recreation facilities resulted in an increase in PA during leisure-time. Increased safety from crime at night consistently increased total PA and walking levels. Research exploring the associations between BE attributes and PA behaviors in LMICs appears to be limited and is primarily cross-sectional. Longitudinal research studies with objective measures are needed for inferring well-grounded PA-BE causal relationships and informing the design of evidence-based environmental interventions for increasing PA levels in LMICs.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Elshahat, S. and O’Rorke, M. and Adlakha, D.}, year={2020}, pages={e0230454} }
 @article{adlakha_sallis_pratt_2020, title={COVID-19 and India’s chronic disease burden: How exercise can be beneficial}, journal={The News Minute}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sallis, J.F. and Pratt, M.}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{sallis_adlakha_oyeyemi_salvo_2020, title={GP RED Research Brief #11. An international physical activity and public health research agenda to inform Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 policies and practices}, url={https://www.gpred.org/research-briefs/}, journal={GP Red}, author={Sallis, J. and Adlakha, D. and Oyeyemi, A. and Salvo, D.}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{lambert_kolbe-alexander_adlakha_oyeyemi_anokye_goenka_mogrovejo_salvo_2020, title={Making the case for ‘physical activity security’: The 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour from a Global South perspective}, volume={54}, url={https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103524}, DOI={10.1136/bjsports-2020-103524}, abstractNote={With relatively few exceptions, the majority of evidence concerning the health benefits of physical activity (PA) has been gleaned from high-income countries (HICs).1 In the opening editorial to this special issue,2 the editors suggest that under-representation of lower and middle-income countries (LMICs, often referred to as ‘Global South’) in the PA literature is more than ‘just another research gap’. Arguably, this gap reflects very real differences in context, competing health and developmental priorities, available resources and undoubtedly, political will.

Juxtaposed against the clear benefits of PA, most LMICs are characterised by the coexistence of both non-communicable and infectious chronic diseases, such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.3 Obesity often coexists with maternal and childhood undernutrition and household food insecurity and health disparities have been exacerabated by the COVID-19 crisis. Political circumstances are often adverse, with many LMICs experiencing conflict, humanitarian crises, and/or social unrest and embedded inequalities (eg, the legacy of apartheid in South Africa). Lack of safety from crime and traffic, poorly designed and often overcrowded urban environments, low prioritisation of physical education in schools, and inequitable distribution of green space, are endemic to most LMICs.4 5 Thus, PA, even for transport, is difficult at best, and largely undertaken by necessity rather than by choice. Meanwhile, recreational PA is inaccessible for most in these settings.6 As such, and with rapid urbanisation in LMICs, often into poverty,7 we are required to view PA through the ‘lens’ of equity. This demands us to elevate the discussion for PA above health, and frame it as a …}, number={24}, journal={British Journal of Sports Medicine}, author={Lambert, E.V. and Kolbe-Alexander, T. and Adlakha, D. and Oyeyemi, A. and Anokye, N.K. and Goenka, S. and Mogrovejo, P. and Salvo, D.}, year={2020}, pages={1447–1448} }
 @misc{adlakha_sallis_2020, title={Mengapa kota yang padat baik untuk kesehatan, bahkan selama pandemi (Translation—Why urban density is good for health – even during a pandemic}, url={https://theconversation.com/mengapa-kota-yang-padat-baikuntuk-kesehatan-bahkan-selama-pandemi-143474}, journal={The Conversation (Indonesia)}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sallis, J.F.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{adlakha_parra_2020, title={Mind the gap: Gender differences in walkability, transportation and physical activity in urban India}, volume={18}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100875}, DOI={10.1016/j.jth.2020.100875}, abstractNote={Insufficient physical activity (PA) is a key contributor for premature mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the well-documented health benefits of PA, few women achieve the recommended levels of PA. The global average of inactivity among women is higher at 31.7% compared to 23.4% for inactive men. The gender gap in PA participation is wider in India where estimates indicate that 44% women are insufficiently active, compared to 25% men. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Chennai, India. Participants (N = 370) were recruited from 155 wards stratified by neighborhood walkability and socio-economic status. The adapted Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for India (NEWS-India) was used to assess built environment perceptions on density, land-use mix, street infrastructure, aesthetics, traffic and crime safety. Travel and leisure PA were recorded using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form (IPAQ-LF). Study protocols were based on recommendations of the International Physical activity and the Environment Network (IPEN; www.ipenproject.org) and previously used in studies in Brazil, Colombia, and Nigeria. A greater number of women reported achieving weekly PA levels from travel-related activities (n = 54, 16.0%) compared to men (n = 33, 9.8%). In contrast, a higher percentage of men (n = 75, 22.3%) met weekly PA recommendations during leisure-time compared to women (n = 54, 16.1%). Street connectivity (aOR = 3.2, CI = 1.3, 8.0) and land-use mix access (aOR = 3.7, CI = 1.4, 8.2) significantly increased odds of travel PA among women. Low engagement in leisure PA among women can be linked to prevailing socio-cultural norms that constrain women's mobility and hinder their participation in PA. Aspects of gender equity in transportation planning are closely linked with citywide indicators of liveability, sustainability and resilience in LMICs like India. Public health practitioners must address gender-specific barriers to increase PA among women through context-specific group exercise programs, peer support and guidance that emphasize the importance of PA.}, journal={Journal of Transport & Health}, author={Adlakha, D. and Parra, D.C.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={100875} }
 @article{adlakha_krishna_woolrych_ellis_2020, title={Neighbourhood supports for active ageing in urban India}, volume={32}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/0971333620937497}, DOI={10.1177/0971333620937497}, abstractNote={ Developing urban environments that promote healthy, active living for older adults is at the forefront of global planning policy debates, resulting in concepts and design guidelines to support population ageing. However, current urban planning in India is overlooking the design of age-friendly cities. The share of older adults in India is estimated to increase from 8 per cent in 2015 to 20 per cent in 2050. This demographic shift towards a higher proportion of older adults and the associated health and social care expenditures make healthy ageing a public health priority. Existing studies in gerontology have focused on improving housing environments, but we are now understanding the significance of neighbourhood environments for active ageing. This study contributes to the knowledge on factors shaping active ageing in urban India. We present findings from 55 semi-structured interviews conducted with older adults (age > 60 years) in the metropolitan cities of New Delhi and Chennai in India. The findings explore three themes that emerged from this research: (a) neighbourhood design for active ageing, (b) social participation in community spaces and (c) navigating urban transport and mobility. Across these themes, this study highlights that access to neighbourhood amenities such as transportation, parks and green spaces, and opportunities for leisure and social interaction play a key role in determining older adults’ health and quality of life. In drawing on older adults’ lived experiences in their communities, this study informs policy efforts to improve neighbourhood supports for active ageing in urban India. }, number={2}, journal={Psychology and Developing Societies}, author={Adlakha, D. and Krishna, M. and Woolrych, R. and Ellis, G.}, year={2020}, pages={254–277} }
 @misc{adlakha_2020, title={Outdoor Learning Environment Fall Summit}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2020} }
 @article{smith_tully_jacob_blackburn_adlakha_caserotti_soysal_veronese_lopez sanchez_vancampfort_et al._2020, title={The association between sedentary behavior and sarcopenia among adults aged ≥65 years in low- and middle-income countries}, volume={17}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051708}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph17051708}, abstractNote={The present study aimed to assess the association between sedentary behavior and sarcopenia among adults aged ≥65 years. Cross-sectional data from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health were analyzed. Sarcopenia was defined as having low skeletal muscle mass and either a slow gait speed or a weak handgrip strength. Self-reported sedentary behavior was assessed as a continuous variable (hours per day) and also as a categorical variable (0–<4, 4–<8, 8–<11, ≥11 hours/day). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to assess the association between sedentary behavior and sarcopenia. Analyses using the overall sample and country-wise samples were conducted. A total of 14,585 participants aged ≥65 years were included in the analysis. Their mean age was 72.6 (standard deviation, 11.5) years and 55% were females. Compared to sedentary behavior of 0–<4 hours/day, ≥11 hours/day was significantly associated with 2.14 (95% CI = 1.06–4.33) times higher odds for sarcopenia. The country-wise analysis showed that overall, a one-hour increase in sedentary behavior per day was associated with 1.06 (95% CI = 1.04–1.10) times higher odds for sarcopenia, while the level of between-country heterogeneity was low (I2 = 12.9%). Public health and healthcare practitioners may wish to target reductions in sedentary behavior to aid in the prevention of sarcopenia in older adults.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, author={Smith, L. and Tully, M. and Jacob, L. and Blackburn, N. and Adlakha, D. and Caserotti, P. and Soysal, P. and Veronese, N. and Lopez Sanchez, G.F. and Vancampfort, D. and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={1708} }
 @misc{adlakha_sallis_2020, title={Why urban density is good for health – even during a pandemic}, url={https://theconversation.com/why-urban-density-is-good-for-health-evenduring-a-pandemic-142108}, journal={The Conversation (UK)}, author={Adlakha, D. and Sallis, J.F.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{adlakha_2019, title={Active living and ageing-in-place}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2019} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_tully_hunter_donnelly_prior_cupples_kee_2019, title={Ageing and health: An assessment of urban regeneration impacts on physical activity in older adults}, author={Adlakha, D. and Tully, M.A. and Hunter, R.F. and Donnelly, M. and Prior, L. and Cupples, M.E. and Kee, F.}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{adlakha_2019, title={Burned out: Workplace policies and practices can tackle occupational burnout}, volume={67}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079919873352}, DOI={10.1177/2165079919873352}, abstractNote={ Burnout has been included as an occupational phenomenon in the International Classification of Diseases. Health promotion through workplace physical activity policies, incentives, and supports has the potential to prevent burnout. }, number={10}, journal={Workplace Health and Safety}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2019}, pages={531–532} }
 @misc{adlakha_2019, title={Physical activity, urban planning, and public land use: Global perspectives on platforms for improving health}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2019} }
 @article{kumar_druckman_gallagher_gatersleben_allison_eisenman_hoang_hama_tiwari_sharma_et al._2019, title={The nexus between air pollution, green infrastructure and human health}, volume={133}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105181}, DOI={10.1016/j.envint.2019.105181}, abstractNote={Cities are constantly evolving and so are the living conditions within and between them. Rapid urbanization and the ever-growing need for housing have turned large areas of many cities into concrete landscapes that lack greenery. Green infrastructure can support human health, provide socio-economic and environmental benefits, and bring color to an otherwise grey urban landscape. Sometimes, benefits come with downsides in relation to its impact on air quality and human health, requiring suitable data and guidelines to implement effective greening strategies. Air pollution and human health, as well as green infrastructure and human health, are often studied together. Linking green infrastructure with air quality and human health together is a unique aspect of this article. A holistic understanding of these links is key to enabling policymakers and urban planners to make informed decisions. By critically evaluating the link between green infrastructure and human health via air pollution mitigation, we also discuss if our existing understanding of such interventions is sufficient to inform their uptake in practice. Natural science and epidemiology approach the topic of green infrastructure and human health very differently. The pathways linking health benefits to pollution reduction by urban vegetation remain unclear and the mode of green infrastructure deployment is critical to avoid unintended consequences. Strategic deployment of green infrastructure may reduce downwind pollution exposure. However, the development of bespoke design guidelines is vital to promote and optimize greening benefits, and measuring green infrastructure's socio-economic and health benefits are key for their uptake. Greening cities to mitigate pollution effects is on the rise and these need to be matched by scientific evidence and appropriate guidelines. We conclude that urban vegetation can facilitate broad health benefits, but there is little empirical evidence linking these benefits to air pollution reduction by urban vegetation, and appreciable efforts are needed to establish the underlying policies, design and engineering guidelines governing its deployment.}, number={Pt A}, journal={Environment International}, author={Kumar, P. and Druckman, A. and Gallagher, J. and Gatersleben, B. and Allison, S. and Eisenman, T.S. and Hoang, U. and Hama, S. and Tiwari, A. and Sharma, A. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={105181} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_reis_giles-corti_kee_2019, title={Urban livability and health: Emerging lessons from a developing country}, author={Adlakha, D. and Reis, R. and Giles-Corti, B. and Kee, F.}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{adlakha_2018, title={A Bear Tracker and a Pokémon GO Researcher: What do they have in common?}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2018} }
 @article{wilson_adlakha_cunningham_best_cardwell_stephenson_murphy_tully_2018, title={Brief standing desk intervention to reduce sedentary behavior at a physical activity conference in 2016}, volume={108}, url={https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304515}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2018.304515}, abstractNote={ Objectives. To examine the impact of environmental restructuring on attendees at a physical activity conference when provided with standing tables and given point-of-decision prompts (PODPs; e.g., health messages). }, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Public Health}, author={Wilson, J. and Adlakha, D. and Cunningham, C. and Best, P. and Cardwell, C.R. and Stephenson, A. and Murphy, M.H and Tully, M.A.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={1197–1199} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_brownson_sallis_2018, title={Exploring neighbourhood environments and active commuting in Chennai, India}, volume={15}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091840}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph15091840}, abstractNote={Few studies assess built environment correlates of active commuting in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), but the different context could yield distinct findings. Policies and investments to promote active commuting remain under-developed in LMICs like India, which grapples with traffic congestion, lack of activity-supportive infrastructure, poor enforcement of traffic rules and regulations, air pollution, and overcrowding. This cross-sectional study investigated associations between home neighborhood environment characteristics and active commuting in Chennai, India. Adults (N = 370, 47.2% female, mean age =37.9 years) were recruited from 155 wards in the metropolitan area of Chennai in southern India between January and June 2015. Participants self-reported their usual mode of commute to work, with responses recoded into three categories: (1) multi-modal or active commuting (walking and bicycling; n = 56); (2) public transit (n = 52); and (3) private transport (n = 111). Environmental attributes around participants’ homes were assessed using the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for India (NEWS-India). Associations between environmental characteristics and likelihood of active commuting and public transit use were modeled using logistic regression with private transport (driving alone or carpool) as the reference category, adjusting for age, gender, and household car ownership. Consistent with other international studies, participants living in neighborhoods with a mix of land uses and a transit stop within a 10-minute walk from home were more likely to use active commuting (both p < 0.01). Land-use mix was significantly associated with the use of public transit compared to private transport (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) =5.2, p = 0.002). Contrary to findings in high-income countries, the odds of active commuting were reduced with improved safety from crime (aOR =0.2, p = 0.003), aesthetics (aOR =0.2, p = 0.05), and street connectivity (aOR =0.2, p = 0.003). Different environmental attributes were associated with active commuting, suggesting that these relationships are complex and may distinctly differ from those in high-income countries. Unexpected inverse associations of perceived safety from crime and aesthetics with active commuting emphasize the need for high-quality epidemiologic studies with greater context specificity in the study of physical activity in LMICs. Findings have public health implications for India and suggest that caution should be taken when translating evidence across countries.}, number={9}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Brownson, R.C. and Sallis, J.F.}, year={2018}, pages={1840} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_tully_hunter_cupples_kee_2018, title={Investigating the impact of urban regeneration on public health: A real-world natural experiment}, author={Adlakha, D. and Tully, M.A. and Hunter, R. and Cupples, M.E. and Kee, F.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{salvo_adlakha_hipp_brownson_pratt_2018, title={Is physical activity in middle-income countries driven by necessity or choice? Exploring the roles of motor-vehicle ownership and socioeconomic status on transport-based physical activity in Cuernavaca, Mexico, and Chennai, India}, volume={15}, number={S1}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health-Proceedings of the 7th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress}, author={Salvo, D. and Adlakha, D. and Hipp, A. and Brownson, R. and Pratt, M.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{salvo_adlakha_hipp_brownson_pratt_2018, place={London}, title={Is physical activity in middle-income countries driven by necessity or choice? Exploring the roles of motor-vehicle ownership and socioeconomic status on transportbased physical activity in Cuernavaca, Mexico, and Chennai, India}, author={Salvo, D. and Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Brownson, R.C. and Pratt, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2018, title={Liveable Cities, Liveable Lives—Reconnecting city planning and health in developing countries}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{salvo_adlakha_hipp_brownson_pratt_2018, place={Banff, Canada}, title={Necessity driven physical activity in middle-income countries: exploring the effect of motor-vehicle ownership on active living in Cuernavaca, Mexico and Chennai, India}, author={Salvo, D. and Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Brownson, R.C. and Pratt, M.}, year={2018}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{adlakha_2018, title={Place matters: Impacts of the built environment on health and wellbeing}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2018} }
 @article{adlakha_2017, place={UK}, title={Active living: Promoting physical activity through healthy environments}, number={147}, journal={Access by Design}, publisher={Centre for Accessible Environments}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2017}, pages={23–25} }
 @misc{adlakha_2017, title={Big data and emerging technologies for future cities}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2017} }
 @article{marquet_alberico_adlakha_hipp_2017, title={Examining motivations to play Pokémon GO and their influence on perceived outcomes and physical activity}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2291-9279"]}, url={https://games.jmir.org/2017/4/e21}, DOI={10.2196/games.8048}, abstractNote={Background Pokémon GO is the most played augmented reality game in history. With more than 44 million players at the peak of its popularity, the game has sparked interest on its effects on the young population’s health. Objective This pilot study examined motivations to start playing Pokémon GO among a sample of US college students, and how motivations were associated with perceived outcomes of the playing experience and physical activity derived while playing. Methods In November 2016, we asked a sample of 47 US college students (all Pokémon GO players) to complete online surveys and install an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) tool and step counter on their smartphones. The EMA tool prompted a set of questions on playing behavior and physical activity, 3 times per day (12:00 PM, 7:00 PM, and 10:00 PM), for 7 days. We used a factorial analysis to identify 3 distinctive groups of players based on their motivations to start playing Pokémon GO. We tested differences across motivation groups related to 5 unique outcomes using 1-way analysis of variance. Results We extracted 3 interpretable factors from the clustering of motivations to start playing Pokémon GO: Pokémon and video game fans (n=26, 55% of the sample), physical activity seekers (n=8, 17%), and curious & social (n=13, 28%). The clusters differed significantly on the enjoyment of different aspects of the game, particularly battling, discovering new places, and meeting new people, as well as differences in agreement that playing improved mood and made them more social. Days when playing Pokémon GO were associated with higher number of steps reported at the end of the day, especially among physical activity seekers, but also for Pokémon and video game fans. All groups perceived traffic as a major threat to playing. Conclusions Days during which Pokémon GO was played were positively associated with a set of beneficial health behaviors, including higher physical activity levels, more socialization, and better mood. Results, however, depended on personal motivations and expectations when joining the game. These results highlight the importance of taking motivation into account when attempting to extract conclusions from the Pokémon GO phenomenon to enhance future exergames’ designs or health interventions.}, number={4}, journal={JMIR Serious Games}, publisher={JMIR Publications Inc.}, author={Marquet, O. and Alberico, C. and Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={21} }
 @misc{adlakha_2017, title={Health, planning and the built environment: Insights from recent European projects}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2017} }
 @inbook{hipp_adlakha_eyler_gernes_kargol_stylianou_pless_2017, place={New York}, title={Learning from outdoor webcams: Surveillance of physical activity across environments}, booktitle={Seeing Cities through Big Data: Research Methods and Applications in Urban Informatics-Proceedings of NSF-sponsored Workshop on Big Data and Urban Informatics}, publisher={Springer Publishing}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Adlakha, D. and Eyler, A.A. and Gernes, R. and Kargol, A. and Stylianou, A. and Pless, R.}, editor={Thakuriah, P. and Tilahun, N. and Zellner, M.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={471–490} }
 @article{adlakha_marquet_hipp_tully_2017, title={Pokémon GO or Pokémon Gone: How can cities respond to trends in technology inking people and space?}, volume={1}, ISSN={2374-8834 2374-8842}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2017.1358560}, DOI={10.1080/23748834.2017.1358560}, abstractNote={Abstract Pokemon GO and its ability to get people moving highlights new beginnings for gamification of health and social life of urban spaces with implications for people–space interaction.}, number={1}, journal={Cities & Health}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Adlakha, D. and Marquet, O. and Hipp, J.A. and Tully, M.A.}, year={2017}, pages={89–94} }
 @article{adlakha_2017, title={Quantifying the modern city: Emerging technologies and big data for active living research}, volume={5}, url={https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00105}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2017.00105}, abstractNote={Opportunities and infrastructure for active living are an important aspect of a community’s design, livability, and health. Features of the built environment influence active living and population levels of physical activity, but objective study of the built environment influence on active living behaviors is challenging. The use of emerging technologies for active living research affords new and promising means to obtain objective data on physical activity behaviors and improve the precision and accuracy of measurements. This is significant for physical activity promotion because precise measurements can enable detailed examinations of where, when, and how physical activity behaviors actually occur, thus enabling more effective targeting of particular behavior settings and environments. The aim of this focused review is to provide an overview of trends in emerging technologies that can profoundly change our ability to understand environmental determinants of active living. It discusses novel technological approaches and big data applications to measure and track human behaviors that may have broad applications across the fields of urban planning, public health, and spatial epidemiology.}, journal={Frontiers in Public Health}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={105} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_brownson_a. eyler_k. lesorogol_raghavan_2017, title={“Can we walk?” Environmental supports for physical activity in India}, volume={103}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.020}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.020}, abstractNote={India is currently facing a non-communicable disease epidemic. Physical activity (PA) is a preventative factor for non-communicable diseases. Understanding the role of the built environment (BE) to facilitate or constrain PA is essential for public health interventions to increase population PA. The objective of this study was to understand BEs associations with PA occurring in two major life domains or life areas—travel and leisure—in urban India. Between December 2014 and April 2015, in-person surveys were conducted with participants (N = 370; female = 47.2%) in Chennai, India. Perceived BE characteristics regarding residential density, land use mix-diversity, land use mix-access, street connectivity, infrastructure for walking and bicycling, aesthetics, traffic safety, and safety from crime were measured using the adapted Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale-India (NEWS-India). Self-reported PA was measured the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. High residential density was associated with greater odds of travel PA (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.2). Land use mix-diversity was positively related to travel PA (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.2, 3.6), but not associated with leisure or total PA. The aggregate NEWS-India score predicted a two-fold increase in odds of travel PA (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.1) and a 40% decrease in odds of leisure PA (aOR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4, 1.0). However, the association of the aggregated score with leisure PA was not significant. Results suggest that relationships between BE and PA in low-and-middle income countries may be context-specific, and may differ markedly from higher income countries. Findings have public health implications for India suggesting that caution should be taken when translating evidence across countries.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, J. Aaron and Brownson, Ross C. and A. Eyler, Amy and K. Lesorogol, Carolyn and Raghavan, Ramesh}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={S81–S89} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_brownson_2016, title={Adaptation and Evaluation of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale in India (NEWS-India)}, volume={13}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040401}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph13040401}, abstractNote={Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, with most of these deaths occurring in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India. Research from developed countries has consistently demonstrated associations between built environment features and physical activity levels of populations. The development of culturally sensitive and reliable measures of the built environment is a necessary first step for accurate analysis of environmental correlates of physical activity in LMICs. This study systematically adapted the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) for India and evaluated aspects of test-retest reliability of the adapted version among Indian adults. Cultural adaptation of the NEWS was conducted by Indian and international experts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with local residents and key informants in the city of Chennai, India. At baseline, participants (N = 370; female = 47.2%) from Chennai completed the adapted NEWS-India surveys on perceived residential density, land use mix-diversity, land use mix-access, street connectivity, infrastructure and safety for walking and cycling, aesthetics, traffic safety, and safety from crime. NEWS-India was administered for a second time to consenting participants (N = 62; female = 53.2%) with a gap of 2–3 weeks between successive administrations. Qualitative findings demonstrated that built environment barriers and constraints to active commuting and physical activity behaviors intersected with social ecological systems. The adapted NEWS subscales had moderate to high test-retest reliability (ICC range 0.48–0.99). The NEWS-India demonstrated acceptable measurement properties among Indian adults and may be a useful tool for evaluation of built environment attributes in India. Further adaptation and evaluation in rural and suburban settings in India is essential to create a version that could be used throughout India.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, J. and Brownson, Ross}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={401} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_brownson_2016, title={Can we walk? Environmental supports for physical activity in India}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Brownson, R.C.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{hipp_manteiga_adlakha_2016, title={Crowdsourcing Plaza Crowd Analysis}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Manteiga, A. and Adlakha, D.}, year={2016}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_tully_kee_2016, title={Designing age-friendly societies: Impact of urban regeneration on mobility and physical activity in older adults}, author={Adlakha, D. and Tully, M.A. and Kee, F.}, year={2016}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_tully_hunter_donnelly_prior_cupples_kee_2016, title={Designing age-friendly societies: Impact of urban regeneration on mobility and physical activity in older adults}, author={Adlakha, D. and Tully, M.A. and Hunter, R.F. and Donnelly, M. and Prior, L. and Cupples, M.E. and Kee, F.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_tully_hunter_donnelly_prior_cupples_kee_2016, title={Designing age-friendly societies: Impact of urban regeneration on mobility and physical activity in older adults}, author={Adlakha, D. and Tully, M.A. and Hunter, R.F. and Donnelly, M. and Prior, L. and Cupples, M.E. and Kee, F.}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @article{tabak_hipp_dodson_yang_adlakha_brownson_2016, title={Exploring associations between perceived home and work neighborhood environments, diet behaviors, and obesity: Results from a survey of employed adults in Missouri}, volume={4}, ISSN={2211-3355}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.10.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.10.008}, abstractNote={Dietary behaviors are associated with obesity, and may be influenced by the environment. The objective of the current work was to investigate whether perceptions of built environment factors related to eating in the residential neighborhood will have different, independent associations with BMI and dietary behaviors than perceived built environment factors in the worksite neighborhood. In 2012–2013, a cross-sectional telephone-survey of Missouri adults (n = 2015) assessed perceptions of home and workplace built environment factors related to eating, dietary behaviors, and height and weight. Logistic regression models explored associations between perceived neighborhood built environment variables, diet, and obesity. The only variable associated with any of the outcomes explored in the fully adjusted models was the home neighborhood composite scale. None of the work environment variables were significantly associated with any of the health/behavior outcomes after adjustment. Few associations were found after adjustment for personal and job-related characteristics, and none were identified with the workplace neighborhood environment. While few home environment associations were found after adjustment, and none were identified with the perceived workplace neighborhood environment, the current study adds to the limited literature looking at associations between the perceived neighborhood around the workplace neighborhood and the perceived neighborhood around the home and dietary behaviors and obesity in adults. Future studies are needed to determine whether relationships between these environments and behavior exist, and if so, if they are causal and warrant intervention attempts.}, journal={Preventive Medicine Reports}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tabak, Rachel and Hipp, J. Aaron and Dodson, Elizabeth A. and Yang, Lin and Adlakha, Deepti and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={591–596} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_brownson_2016, title={Neighborhood-based differences in walkability, physical activity, and weight status in India}, volume={3}, ISSN={2214-1405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.10.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.jth.2016.10.008}, abstractNote={Data on built environment (BE) and physical activity (PA) in low- and middle- income countries is sparse. This study compared BE features, PA levels, and weight status among adults living in neighborhoods stratified by walkability and socio-economic status (SES) in the city of Chennai, India. This cross sectional study design surveyed 370 adults (≥18 years) from four neighborhoods with differing walkability and socio-economic status. Participants were asked to complete a survey on their neighborhood environment, leisure and travel PA, height, weight, and demographic characteristics. One-way analysis of variance tests were used to examine differences across neighborhoods. Residents of high-walkability/high-SES neighborhoods reported higher land use mix diversity, land use mix access, street connectivity, aesthetics, and safety from crime. Residential density and walking/bicycling infrastructure were highest in the high-walkability/low-SES neighborhood. Transport PA was the maximum contributor to total PA in low-SES neighborhoods, while residents of high-SES neighborhoods reported greater levels of leisure-time PA. Sitting time and BMI were greater among high-SES participants. Patterns of PA, sedentary time, and weight status varied significantly by neighborhood walkability and SES. An understanding of BE correlates of domain-specific PA can support the development of contextually tailored interventions to promote physical activity and reverse the determinants of inactivity occurring through patterns of urbanization and sedentary behaviors in India.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Transport & Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, J. Aaron and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={485–499} }
 @inproceedings{hipp_manteiga_adlakha_2016, title={Reliability and Validity of Crowd Analyses in Urban Environments}, publisher={EDRA}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Manteiga, A. and Adlakha, D.}, year={2016}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_manteiga_2016, title={Technological innovations for tracking human behavior in public spaces}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Manteiga, A.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_manteiga_2016, title={Technological innovations for tracking human behavior in public spaces}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Manteiga, A.}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2015, title={Can we walk? Environmental supports for active travel in India}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{yang_hipp_adlakha_marx_tabak_brownson_2015, title={Choice of commuting mode among employees: Do home neighborhood environment, worksite neighborhood environment, and worksite policy and supports matter?}, volume={2}, ISSN={2214-1405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2015.02.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.jth.2015.02.003}, abstractNote={Promoting the use of public transit and active transport (walking and cycling) instead of car driving is an appealing strategy to increase overall physical activity.To quantify the combined associations between self-reported home and worksite neighborhood environments, worksite support and policies, and employees' commuting modes.Between 2012 and 2013, participants residing in four Missouri metropolitan areas were interviewed via telephone (n = 1,338) and provided information on socio-demographic characteristics, home and worksite neighborhoods, and worksite support and policies. Commuting mode was self-reported and categorized into car driving, public transit, and active commuting. Commuting distance was calculated using geographic information systems. Commuters providing completed data were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the correlates of using public transit and active commuting.The majority of participants reported commuting by driving (88.9%); only 4.9% used public transit and 6.2% used active modes. After multivariate adjustment, having transit stops within 10-15 minutes walking distance from home (p=0.05) and using worksite incentive for public transit (p<0.001) were associated with commuting by public transit. Commuting distance (p<0.001) was negatively associated with active commuting. Having free or low cost recreation facilities around the worksite (p=0.04) and using bike facilities to lock bikes at the worksite (p<0.001) were associated with active commuting.Both environment features and worksite supports and policies are associated with the choice of commuting mode. Future studies should use longitudinal designs to investigate the potential of promoting alternative commuting modes through worksite efforts that support sustainable commuting behaviors as well as the potential of built environment improvements.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Transport & Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Yang, Lin and Hipp, J. Aaron and Adlakha, Deepti and Marx, Christine M. and Tabak, Rachel G. and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={212–218} }
 @article{adlakha_budd_gernes_sequeira_hipp_2015, title={Corrigendum: Use of emerging technologies to assess differences in outdoor physical activity in St. Louis, Missouri}, volume={3}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85029366817&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2015.00041}, abstractNote={[This corrects the article on p. 41 in vol. 2, PMID: 24904908.].}, number={MAR}, journal={Frontiers in Public Health}, author={Adlakha, D. and Budd, E.L. and Gernes, R. and Sequeira, S. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2015} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_marx_yang_tabak_dodson_brownson_2015, title={Home and Workplace Built Environment Supports for Physical Activity}, volume={48}, ISSN={0749-3797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.023}, abstractNote={<h3>Background</h3> Physical inactivity has been associated with obesity and related chronic diseases. Understanding built environment (BE) influences on specific domains of physical activity (PA) around homes and workplaces is important for public health interventions to increase population PA. <h3>Purpose</h3> To examine the association of home and workplace BE features with PA occurring across specific life domains (work, leisure, and travel). <h3>Methods</h3> Between 2012 and 2013, telephone interviews were conducted with participants in four Missouri metropolitan areas. Questions included sociodemographic characteristics, home and workplace supports for PA, and dietary behaviors. Data analysis was conducted in 2013; logistic regression was used to examine associations between BE features and domain-specific PA. <h3>Results</h3> In home neighborhoods, seven of 12 BE features (availability of fruits and vegetables, presence of shops and stores, bike facilities, recreation facilities, crime rate, seeing others active, and interesting things) were associated with leisure PA. The global average score of home neighborhood BE features was associated with greater odds of travel PA (AOR=1.99, 95% CI=1.46, 2.72); leisure PA (AOR=1.84, 95% CI=1.44, 2.34); and total PA (AOR=1.41, 95% CI=1.04, 1.92). Associations between workplace neighborhoods' BE features and workplace PA were small but in the expected direction. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study offers empirical evidence on BE supports for domain-specific PA. Findings suggest that diverse, attractive, and walkable neighborhoods around workplaces support walking, bicycling, and use of public transit. Public health practitioners, researchers, and worksite leaders could benefit by utilizing worksite domains and measures from this study for future BE assessments.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, Aaron J. and Marx, Christine and Yang, Lin and Tabak, Rachel and Dodson, Elizabeth A. and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={104–107} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_alicia_gernes_melody_2015, title={Learning from Outdoor Webcams: Capturing Active Commuting Behavior Across Environments}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Alicia, M. and Gernes, R. and Melody, S.}, year={2015}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{adlakha_2015, title={Recommendations for conducting international fieldwork}, publisher={Invited speaker}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @article{adlakha_2015, place={India}, title={Street smart}, journal={The Hindu-Property Plus}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={2} }
 @article{adlakha_2015, place={India}, title={The active way}, journal={Times Property}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={1} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_2014, title={Adaptation of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) in India}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2014}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{adlakha_2014, title={Navigating the doctoral program}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2014} }
 @article{adlakha_budd_gernes_sequeira_hipp_2014, title={Use of Emerging Technologies to Assess Differences in Outdoor Physical Activity in St. Louis, Missouri}, volume={2}, ISSN={2296-2565}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00041}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2014.00041}, abstractNote={Introduction: Abundant evidence shows that regular physical activity (PA) is an effective strategy for preventing obesity in people of diverse socioeconomic status (SES) and racial groups. The proportion of PA performed in parks and how this differs by proximate neighborhood SES has not been thoroughly investigated. The present project analyzes online public web data feeds to assess differences in outdoor PA by neighborhood SES in St. Louis, MO, USA. Methods: First, running and walking routes submitted by users of the website MapMyRun.com were downloaded. The website enables participants to plan, map, record, and share their exercise routes and outdoor activities like runs, walks, and hikes in an online database. Next, the routes were visually illustrated using geographic information systems. Thereafter, using park data and 2010 Missouri census poverty data, the odds of running and walking routes traversing a low-SES neighborhood, and traversing a park in a low-SES neighborhood were examined in comparison to the odds of routes traversing higher-SES neighborhoods and higher-SES parks. Results: Results show that a majority of running and walking routes occur in or at least traverse through a park. However, this finding does not hold when comparing low-SES neighborhoods to higher-SES neighborhoods in St. Louis. The odds of running in a park in a low-SES neighborhood were 54% lower than running in a park in a higher-SES neighborhood (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.17–1.23). The odds of walking in a park in a low-SES neighborhood were 17% lower than walking in a park in a higher-SES neighborhood (OR = 0.83, CI = 0.26–2.61). Conclusion: The novel methods of this study include the use of inexpensive, unobtrusive, and publicly available web data feeds to examine PA in parks and differences by neighborhood SES. Emerging technologies like MapMyRun.com present significant advantages to enhance tracking of user-defined PA across large geographic and temporal settings.}, number={MAY}, journal={Frontiers in Public Health}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Budd, Elizabeth L. and Gernes, Rebecca and Sequeira, Sonia and Hipp, James A.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_budd_hipp_2013, title={Assessing Outdoor Recreational Physical Activity and Parklands in St. Louis, MIssouri}, author={Adlakha, D. and Budd, E. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2013}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_pless_gernes_2013, title={Crowd-sourcing for Public Health: Capture of Outdoor Scenes to Assess Built Environment Change and Active Transportation}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Pless, R. and Gernes, R.}, year={2013}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_pless_gernes_2013, title={Crowdsourcing for public health: capture of outdoor scenes to assess built environment change and active transportation}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Pless, R. and Gernes, R.}, year={2013}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{hipp_adlakha_gernes_kargol_pless_2013, place={San Diego, CA, USA}, title={Do you see what I see: crowdsource annotation of captured scenes}, ISBN={9781450322478}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2526667.2526671}, DOI={10.1145/2526667.2526671}, abstractNote={The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes has captured 400 million images. Many of these cameras and images are of street intersections, a subset of which has experienced built environment improvements during the past seven years. We identified six cameras in Washington, DC, and uploaded 120 images from each before a built environment change (2007) and after (2010) to the crowdsourcing website Amazon Mechanical Turk (n=1,440). Five unique MTurk workers annotated each image, counting the number of pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles. Two trained Research Assistants completed the same tasks. Reliability and validity statistics of MTurk workers revealed substantial agreement in annotating captured images of pedestrians and vehicles. Using the mean annotation of four MTurk workers proved most parsimonious for valid results. Crowdsourcing was shown to be a reliable and valid workforce for annotating images of outdoor human behavior.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th International SenseCam & Pervasive Imaging Conference on - SenseCam '13}, publisher={ACM Press}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Adlakha, Deepti and Gernes, Rebecca and Kargol, Agata and Pless, Robert}, year={2013}, pages={24–25} }
 @inproceedings{sequeira_hipp_adlakha_kargol_pless_2013, title={Effectiveness of Built environment interventions using web cameras}, author={Sequeira, S. and Hipp, J.A. and Adlakha, D. and Kargol, A. and Pless, R.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @article{hipp_adlakha_eyler_chang_pless_2013, title={Emerging Technologies: Webcams And Crowd-sourcing To Identify Active Transportation}, volume={44}, ISSN={0749-3797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.051}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.051}, abstractNote={More than 25% of adults in the U.S. are obese,1CDC, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesitywww.cdc.gov/obesity/data/facts.htmlDate: 2009Google Scholar contributing to 300,000 deaths and costing the U.S. healthcare system $147 billion annually.2Finkelstein E. Trogdon J. Cohen J. Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer-and service-specific estimates.Health Aff. 2009; 28: 822-831Crossref Scopus (1930) Google Scholar A range of institutions, from federal governments to local nonprofit agencies, have implemented policy and built-environment changes in efforts to reduce obesity and increase physical activity. A challenge in evaluating the success of policy and built-environment change is the capacity to capture a priori physical activity behaviors and to eliminate researcher and respondent bias in assessing postchange environments. This research letter presents a novel transdisciplinary collaboration between public health and computer science, developed with the goal of automatically analyzing existing public data feeds in innovative ways to quantify built-environment intervention effectiveness. The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes (AMOS) has collected more than 225 million images of outdoor environments from more than 12,000 public webcams since 2006.3Pless R. Jacobs N. The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes.amosweb.cse.wustl.edu/Date: 2006Google Scholar AMOS uses publicly available webcams and a custom web crawler (similar to a web search engine or Google) to capture webcam images with a time stamp, capturing one photographic image per camera every half hour.4Jacobs N. Burgin W. Fridrich N. et al.The global network of outdoor webcams: properties and applications.in: ACM International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (SIGSPATIAL GIS)2009: 111-120Google Scholar Many of these environments have been affected by built-environment improvements or policy change (e.g., complete street policies, bike-share programs, and walking school bus programs). AMOS provides a unique opportunity to measure built-environment change and associated behavioral modification. Available webcams were matched spatially with policy and built-environment changes, identifying pilot areas in the U.S. that have instituted built-environment change since 2006. One example is the addition of protected bike lanes and a bike-share program in Washington DC, during 2009–2010. An AMOS webcam captured an example built-environment change (addition of cycle paths; Figure 1) at the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue NW and 9th Street NW. Using the AMOS data set, all 120 webcam photographs were captured from between 7:00am and 7:00pm during the first work week of June 2009; the 120 photographs taken during the same week in June 2010 also were captured. The use of this webcam data allowed for a pre–post cycle path travel-mode analysis. The Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) website was used to crowd-source the image annotation.5Bohannon J. Social science for pennies.Science. 2011; 334: 307Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar MTurks are simple tasks that have not yet been automated by computers. MTurk workers were paid $0.01 in March 2012 to mark each pedestrian, cyclist, and vehicle in a photograph. Each image was counted five unique times (n=1200), a process completed in less than 8 hours. Counts per transportation mode were downloaded to SPSS, version 19, for analysis in April 2012. The odds of observing each transportation mode in Year 2 compared to Year 1 was examined and a multivariate ANOVA was conducted to establish overall mode variance between the years. With five unique workers, the range and variance of counts differed per photo. A test for difference in variation between the 2 years was not significantly different for any one travel mode. Recent research has revealed MTurk workers to be reliable.6Mason W. Suri S. Conducting behavioral research on Amazon's Mechanical Turk.Behavior Res Methods. 2012; 44: 1-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (2206) Google Scholar, 7Buhrmester M. Kwang T. Gosling S.D. Amazon's Mechanical Turk.Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011; 6: 3-5Crossref PubMed Scopus (7377) Google Scholar The odds of the webcam at Pennsylvania Avenue NW and 9th Street NW capturing a cyclist present in the scene in 2010 increased by 3.5 times compared to 2009 (OR=3.57, p<0.001). The number of cyclists per scene increased fourfold between 2009 (M=0.03, SD=0.20) and 2010 (M=0.14, SD=0.90), F(36.72, 1198), p=0.002, the same period in which the addition of a new cycle path was captured in the webcam scene. There was not an increase in pedestrians between years, but there was an increase in number of vehicles (F=16.81, 1198, p<0.001; Figure 2). Overall, the multivariate ANOVA test revealed a difference in transportation-mode share between the 2 years, F(3, 1196)=11.265, p<0.001. The findings suggest that publicly available web data feeds and crowd-sourcing have great potential for capturing behavioral change associated with built environments. This initial evaluation indicates that this novel mode of research presents an unobtrusive method of surveillance of the effectiveness of a physical activity policy and built-environment intervention. The use of public webcam scenes and MTurks offers an inexpensive ($12.00) means for public health workers, urban designers, and governments to evaluate effectiveness of built-environment policy change and interventions. Future research plans include testing with additional bike-lane scenes in Washington DC, and expanding to include parks and safe routes to schools. Current efforts also are focused on the utilization of computer algorithms to automate the counting of transportation modes per scene. The authors acknowledge the Washington University in St. Louis University Research Strategic Alliance for providing the funding for this cross-university research. No financial disclosures were reported by the authors of this research letter.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Adlakha, Deepti and Eyler, Amy A. and Chang, Bill and Pless, Robert}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={96–97} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_budd_2013, title={Environmental Level Factors and Obesity Prevalence in Missouri}, author={Adlakha, D. and Budd, E.}, year={2013}, month={Mar} }
 @article{hipp_chockalingam_adlakha_2013, title={Social ecological constraints to park use in communities with proximate park access}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={LARNet: The Cyber Journal of Applied Leisure and Recreation Research}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Chockalingam, R. and Adlakha, D.}, year={2013}, pages={23–36} }
 @inproceedings{hipp_adlakha_chang_eyler_pless_2013, title={The Use of Webcams and Internet Crowd-Sourcing to Evaluate Built Environment Change}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Adlakha, D. and Chang, B. and Eyler, A.A. and Pless, R.}, year={2013}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_gernes_budd_sequeira_2013, title={Use of Emerging Technologies to Assess Outdoor Physical Activity and Parklands in St. Louis, MIssouri}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Gernes, R. and Budd, E. and Sequeira, S.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_hipp_pless_eyler_gernes_2013, title={Use of Webcams and Crowdsourcing to Evaluate Physical Activity and Built Environment Change}, author={Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Pless, R. and Eyler, A. and Gernes, R.}, year={2013}, month={May} }
 @article{hipp_pless_adlakha_chang_eyler_2012, title={Can publicly available web cameras and mechanical Turks be used to evaluate physical activity policy and built environment change?}, volume={15}, ISSN={1440-2440}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.078}, DOI={10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.078}, abstractNote={Introduction: Fewer than 50% of adults and 40% of youth meet US CDC guidelines for physical activity (PA) with the built environment (BE) a culprit for limited PA. A challenge in evaluating policy and BE change is the forethought to capture a priori PA behaviors and the ability to eliminate bias in post-change environments. The present objective was to analyze existing public data feeds to quantify effectiveness of BE interventions. The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes (AMOS) has collected 135 million images of outdoor environments from 12,000 webcams since 2006. Many of these environments have experienced BE change.}, number={S1}, journal={Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Pless, R. and Adlakha, D. and Chang, B. and Eyler, A.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={S33} }
 @inproceedings{hipp_adlakha_chang_eyler_pless_2012, title={Can publicly available webcams and mechanical Turks be used to evaluate physical activity policy and built environment change?}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Adlakha, D. and Chang, B. and Eyler, A.A. and Pless, R.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_budd_2012, title={Environmental Level Factors and Obesity Prevalence in Missouri}, author={Adlakha, D. and Budd, E.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2012, title={Mapping St. Louis}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2012}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2012, title={Metropolitan Transformations: The case of Boston, USA, and Nanjing, China}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2012}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2012, title={Metropolitan Urban Landscapes}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2012}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{adlakha_2011, title={Architecture 101}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2011} }
 @misc{adlakha_2011, title={Architecture for young people}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2011} }
 @book{hipp_chockalingam_adlakha_2011, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Social ecological constraints to park use in communities with quality access}, journal={Brown School Faculty Publications}, institution={Centre for Social Development, Washington University}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Chockalingam, R. and Adlakha, D.}, year={2011}, pages={13} }
 @misc{adlakha_2011, title={Sustainable cities}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2009, title={The Sustainable City: Infrastructural Urbanism and Equitable Environmental Planning}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2009}, month={Jul} }
 @article{adlakha_2008, place={Chennai, India}, title={Go Green—Sustainable landscapes}, journal={The Hindu-Property Plus}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={3} }
 @article{adlakha_2008, place={India}, title={Solar power, a viable and affordable option}, journal={The Hindu-Property Plus}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={7} }
 @article{adlakha_2008, place={Chennai, India}, title={Solutions for a green roof}, journal={The Hindu-Property Plus}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1} }
 @misc{adlakha_2008, title={The Future of Mega Cities}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2008} }
 @misc{adlakha_2007, title={Design decisions for green buildings and communities}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2007}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2007, title={Sustainable Urbanism}, publisher={Sustainable Urbanism}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2007}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{adlakha_2006, title={City, society, culture and architecture}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{adlakha_2006, place={Chennai}, title={Mapping Chennai}, booktitle={Project on megacities: Chennai—museum, exhibition, backyard}, publisher={INTACH}, author={Adlakha, D.}, editor={Pandian, M.S.S. and Srivathsan., A. and Radhakrishnan, M.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha_2006, title={Transition of Cities and Architecture in Asia}, author={Adlakha, D.}, year={2006}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{adlakha, title={Metropolitan Landscapes: Redefining Place-making in St. Louis}, author={Adlakha, D.} }