@article{paula-moraes_calixto_santos_reay-jones_reisig_farhan_smith_hutchison_2024, title={Continental-scale migration patterns and origin of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) based on a biogeochemical marker}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae034}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvae034}, author={Paula-Moraes, Silvana V. and Calixto, Eduardo and Santos, Abraão and Reay-Jones, Francis and Reisig, Dominic and Farhan, Yasmine and Smith, Jocelyn and Hutchison, William}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{pezzini_taylor_reisig_fritz_2024, title={Cross-pollination in seed-blended refuge and selection for Vip3A resistance in a lepidopteran pest as detected by genomic monitoring}, url={https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2319838121}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2319838121}, abstractNote={The evolution of pest resistance to management tools reduces productivity and results in economic losses in agricultural systems. To slow its emergence and spread, monitoring and prevention practices are implemented in resistance management programs. Recent work suggests that genomic approaches can identify signs of emerging resistance to aid in resistance management. Here, we empirically examined the sensitivity of genomic monitoring for resistance management in transgenic Bt crops, a globally important agricultural innovation. Whole genome resequencing of wild North American Helicoverpa zea collected from non-expressing refuge and plants expressing Cry1Ab confirmed that resistance-associated signatures of selection were detectable after a single generation of exposure. Upon demonstrating its sensitivity, we applied genomic monitoring to wild H. zea that survived Vip3A exposure resulting from cross-pollination of refuge plants in seed-blended plots. Refuge seed interplanted with transgenic seed exposed H. zea to sublethal doses of Vip3A protein in corn ears and was associated with allele frequency divergence across the genome. Some of the greatest allele frequency divergence occurred in genomic regions adjacent to a previously described candidate gene for Vip3A resistance. Our work highlights the power of genomic monitoring to sensitively detect heritable changes associated with field exposure to Bt toxins and suggests that seed-blended refuge will likely hasten the evolution of resistance to Vip3A in lepidopteran pests.}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Pezzini, Daniela and Taylor, Katherine L. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Fritz, Megan L.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bryant_greene_reisig_reay-jones_2024, title={Grower perceptions and adoption of IPM and non-Bt refuge in field corn: a survey in North and South Carolina}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmad030}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmad030}, abstractNote={
 Production of field corn in the southeastern United States is often impacted by a number of insect pests. However, surveys to assess stakeholder perception of the relative importance of insect pests and adopted management decisions for these pests have not been extensively reported in the region. A survey was conducted in North and South Carolina to address deficiencies in our knowledge about how corn producers perceive insect pests, implement management and insect resistance strategies, and understand and implement integrated pest management (IPM). The survey indicated that stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were the most commonly managed insect pests in field corn. For transgenic corn expressing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Berliner), the rate of resistance management (i.e., planting of non-Bt corn refuge) implemented (59%) by growers was higher than previously reported. The majority of grower respondents identified ear development as the most critical corn growth stage for managing stink bugs (52%), with the most commonly reported management strategy being applications of insecticide at the economic threshold. Growers also reported understanding the concepts of IPM and implementing it in field corn. Assessing the adoption of preventative approaches, such as Bt corn and insecticide seed treatments, and strategies to manage insect resistance, in the case of Bt corn in particular, is critical for tailoring research and Extension efforts to protect the durability of these management tactics.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Bryant, Tim B. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Reisig, Dominic and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F.}, editor={Wright, RobertEditor}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{sutton_kuhar_rideout_taylor_reiter_del pozo-valdivia_reisig_mcintyre_2024, title={Simple Insecticide Bean-Dip Bioassay Shows Pyrethroid Susceptibility of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Virginia Varies across Locations and Years}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/JES23-23}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Sutton, K. L. and Kuhar, T. P. and Rideout, S. L. and Taylor, S. V. and Reiter, M. S. and Del Pozo-Valdivia, A. I. and Reisig, D. D. and McIntyre, K.}, year={2024}, month={Feb}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2023, title={Efficacy of in-furrow insecticides against insect brown stink bugs in corn, 2020 and 2022}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsad073}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsad073}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Reisig, Dominic and Goldsworthy, Emily}, editor={Crow, WhitneyEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lima_reisig_2023, title={Efficacy of magnet to attract and kill moth pests in cotton}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsad116}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsad116}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Lima, Marcelo and Reisig, Dominic}, editor={Kirkpatrick, DanielleEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2023, title={Efficacy of selected foliar applications of insecticides against soybean looper in soybeans, 2021}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsad081}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsad081}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Reisig, Dominic and Goldsworthy, Emily}, editor={Cook, DonaldEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2023, title={Efficacy of selected in-furrow insecticides against southern corn billbug in corn, 2021}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsad072}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsad072}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Reisig, Dominic and Goldsworthy, Emily}, editor={Crow, WhitneyEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2023, title={Efficacy of selected insecticides on Lepidoptera pests in Soybeans, 2022}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsad068}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsad068}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Reisig, Dominic and Goldsworthy, Emily}, editor={Crow, WhitneyEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2023, title={Efficacy of selected insecticides on bollworm in cotton, 2021}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsad070}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsad070}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Reisig, Dominic and Goldsworthy, Emily}, editor={Crow, WhitneyEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{dively_kuhar_taylor_doughty_holmstrom_gilrein_nault_ingerson-mahar_huseth_reisig_et al._2023, title={Extended Sentinel Monitoring of Helicoverpa zea Resistance to Cry and Vip3Aa Toxins in Bt Sweet Corn: Assessing Changes in Phenotypic and Allele Frequencies of Resistance}, volume={14}, ISSN={2075-4450}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14070577}, DOI={10.3390/insects14070577}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Corn and cotton that produce insecticidal toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely adopted in the United States to control corn earworm/cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), which has resulted in major benefits to growers and the general public. However, resistance evolution in H. zea populations has become a major threat to the sustainability of these crops. Bt sweet corn producing the same toxins as Bt field corn is more attractive to H. zea than field corn and, thus, can function as a sentinel plant to detect early stages of resistance. As part of an existing sentinel monitoring network, this study evaluated changes in H. zea resistance during 2020–2022 by estimating the phenotypic and resistance allele frequencies for toxins in sentinel Bt corn. Abstract Transgenic corn and cotton that produce Cry and Vip3Aa toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely planted in the United States to control lepidopteran pests. The sustainability of these Bt crops is threatened because the corn earworm/bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is evolving a resistance to these toxins. Using Bt sweet corn as a sentinel plant to monitor the evolution of resistance, collaborators established 146 trials in twenty-five states and five Canadian provinces during 2020–2022. The study evaluated overall changes in the phenotypic frequency of resistance (the ratio of larval densities in Bt ears relative to densities in non-Bt ears) in H. zea populations and the range of resistance allele frequencies for Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa. The results revealed a widespread resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1A.105 Cry toxins, with higher numbers of larvae surviving in Bt ears than in non-Bt ears at many trial locations. Depending on assumptions about the inheritance of resistance, allele frequencies for Cry1Ab ranged from 0.465 (dominant resistance) to 0.995 (recessive resistance). Although Vip3Aa provided high control efficacy against H. zea, the results show a notable increase in ear damage and a number of surviving older larvae, particularly at southern locations. Assuming recessive resistance, the estimated resistance allele frequencies for Vip3Aa ranged from 0.115 in the Gulf states to 0.032 at more northern locations. These findings indicate that better resistance management practices are urgently needed to sustain efficacy the of corn and cotton that produce Vip3Aa.}, number={7}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Dively, Galen P. and Kuhar, Tom P. and Taylor, Sally V. and Doughty, Helene and Holmstrom, Kristian and Gilrein, Daniel O. and Nault, Brian A. and Ingerson-Mahar, Joseph and Huseth, Anders and Reisig, Dominic and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={577} }
 @article{conzemius_reay-jones_greene_campbell_reisig_wang_bridges_2023, title={Field screening of wild cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, landraces for resistance to thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)}, volume={163}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2022.106113}, abstractNote={Thrips (Thysanoptera) are the most prevalent early season pests of cotton and are often detrimental to the establishing crop. Heavy reliance on prophylactic insecticides, primarily used as seed treatments, has led to insecticide resistance in populations of Frankliniella fusca Hinds. Sustainable, alternative management tactics are needed to protect seedling cotton from thrips. We evaluated day-neutral, exotic landraces (N = 164) of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for thrips-resistance traits in three field trials using insecticide-treated and -untreated plots. The cotton landraces were chosen for their diverse backgrounds, unique genotypes, and day-neutrality, allowing them to easily cross with USA breeding lines. The trials were conducted at the North Carolina State University Sandhills Research Station in Jackson Springs, NC (NC2018), and the Clemson University Pee Dee Research and Education Center in Florence, SC (SC2018 and SC2020). A selection index was created to quantify thrips resistance based on densities of thrips and ratings of injury by thrips at the first and third true-leaf stages in untreated plots, and genotypic differences in above-ground dry biomass between treated and untreated plots at 42 days after planting. Subsamples of adult thrips were collected for species identification. Dominant thrips species were F. fusca in NC2018 and SC2020 and Frankliniella tritici in SC2018. Eight putatively thrips-resistant genotypes (TX-1109, TX-1975, TX-2320, TX-2383, TX-101, TX-2347, TX-2362, TX-251) and four putatively thrips-susceptible genotypes (TX-203, TX-1212, TX-1094, TX-2403-2) were identified in the field trials. Further investigation of the putatively thrips-resistant and -susceptible genotypes should focus on mechanisms of thrips resistance to enhance future breeding efforts.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Conzemius, Sophia R. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Campbell, B. Todd and Reisig, Dominic D. and Wang, Hehe and Bridges, William C.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{pezzini_delborne_reisig_2023, title={How can policymakers and researchers develop effective insect resistance management guidelines? A quantitative and qualitative study of Brazilian farmers' perspectives and attitudes}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2572-2611"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10352}, DOI={10.1002/ppp3.10352}, abstractNote={expressing insecticidal proteins to prevent the damage caused by caterpillars. These plants (crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis , Bt, toxins)}, journal={PLANTS PEOPLE PLANET}, author={Pezzini, Daniela and Delborne, Jason A. A. and Reisig, Dominic}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{pezzini_reisig_buntin_del pozo-valdivia_gould_paula-moraes_reay-jones_2023, title={Impact of seed blend and structured maize refuge on Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) potential phenological resistance development parameters in pupae and adults}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7529}, DOI={10.1002/ps.7529}, abstractNote={Helicoverpa zea, an economic pest in the southeastern U.S., has evolved practical resistance to Bt Cry toxins in maize and cotton. Insect resistance management (IRM) programs have historically required planting of structured non-Bt maize, but because of its low adoption, the use of seed blends has been considered. To generate knowledge on target pest biology and ecology to help improve IRM strategies, nine field trials were conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina to evaluate the impact of Bt (Cry1Ab + Cry1F or Cry1Ab + Cry1F + Vip3A) and non-Bt maize plants in blended and structured refuge treatments on H. zea pupal survival, weight, soil pupation depth, adult flight parameters, and adult time to eclosion. From a very large sample size and geography, we found a significant difference in pupal mortality and weight among treatments in seed blends with Vip3A, implying that cross-pollination occurred between Bt and non-Bt maize ears. There was no treatment effect for pupation depth, adult flight distance, and eclosion time. Results of this study demonstrate the potential impact of different refuge strategies on phenological development and survival of an important pest species of regulatory concern. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Pezzini, Daniela T. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Buntin, G. David and Del Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro I and Gould, Fred and Paula-Moraes, Silvana V and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{reisig_graham_greene_paula-moraes_roberts_taylor_2023, title={Influence of Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pests on cotton yield components across a range of planting dates in the southeastern USA}, volume={172}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106320}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106320}, abstractNote={Because of H. zea resistance to Bt toxins, there is renewed interest in cotton IPM, including adjusting planting date. Later planted crops often receive more damage or support larger populations of Heliothinae pests, but this has not been well-documented in cotton. We explored the effects of planting date relative to Heliothinae pests in cotton across various planting windows in the southeastern USA during 2020 and 2021. In-season injury, plant mapping, box mapping, and yield were assessed. In 2021, these planting dates were split with a protective insecticide. Peak boll injury by Heliothinae larvae was not different by planting date and insecticide sprays were usually effective to minimize injury. In general, there were more bolls in position one. Boll retention was usually similar across positions, but was sometimes higher in the lower positions. Bolls that contributed the most to yield tended to be in position one or monopodia bolls, and the yield contribution tended to decrease as boll position increased. As planting date progressed, the highest percent contribution to yield tended to be on lower nodes in the plant. Yields tended to be higher in the early and middle planting dates and were higher in insecticide sprayed plots when the economic threshold was exceeded. We found clear evidence for plant compensation from H. zea feeding in one trial. Planting date relative to Heliothinae pressure level was negligible, given the plant's ability to compensate and the extended window reproductive tissue was available in earlier planting dates relative to later planting dates.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Graham, Scott H. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Paula-Moraes, Silvana and Roberts, Phillip and Taylor, Sally V}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{reisig_buntin_greene_paula-moraes_reay-jones_roberts_smith_taylor_2023, title={Magnitude and Extent of Helicoverpa zea Resistance Levels to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 across the Southeastern USA}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2075-4450"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/3/262}, DOI={10.3390/insects14030262}, abstractNote={Simple Summary After resistance is first detected, continued resistance monitoring to describe the magnitude and extent of the resistance can inform pest management decisions on how to effectively manage the resistant populations. We collected Helicoverpa zea larvae from various plant hosts across the southeastern USA, and compared their survival to susceptible populations on a diet overlaid with the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 for resistance estimates. Surprisingly, 62.5% of the tested populations were resistant to Cry2Ab, whereas only 37.5% of them were resistant to Cry1Ac. This contrasts with estimates in both the mid-southern and southeastern USA, where Cry1Ac, Cry1A.105, and Cry2Ab2 resistance increased over time and was found in a majority of populations. Both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab resistance ratios were variable, but Cry2Ab resistance ratios were significantly higher than Cry1Ac resistance ratios in most of the tested populations. This indicates that cotton expressing Cry proteins in the southeastern USA was at variable risk for damage, in contrast to previous findings of increased damage in Cry-expressing cotton over time in this region. Abstract After resistance is first detected, continued resistance monitoring can inform decisions on how to effectively manage resistant populations. We monitored for resistance to Cry1Ac (2018 and 2019) and Cry2Ab2 (2019) from southeastern USA populations of Helicoverpa zea. We collected larvae from various plant hosts, sib-mated the adults, and tested neonates using diet-overlay bioassays and compared them to susceptible populations for resistance estimates. We also compared LC50 values with larval survival, weight and larval inhibition at the highest dose tested using regression, and found that LC50 values were negatively correlated with survival for both proteins. Finally, we compared resistance rations between Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 during 2019. Some populations were resistant to Cry1Ac, and most were resistant to CryAb2; Cry1Ac resistance ratios were lower than Cry2Ab2 during 2019. Survival was positively correlated with larval weight inhibition for Cry2Ab. This contrasts with other studies in both the mid-southern and southeastern USA, where resistance to Cry1Ac, Cry1A.105, and Cry2Ab2 increased over time and was found in a majority of populations. This indicates that cotton expressing Cry proteins in the southeastern USA was at variable risk for damage in this region.}, number={3}, journal={INSECTS}, author={Reisig, Dominic and Buntin, G. David and Greene, Jeremy K. and Paula-Moraes, Silvana V. and Reay-Jones, Francis and Roberts, Phillip and Smith, Ron and Taylor, Sally V.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{gassmann_reisig_2023, title={Management of Insect Pests with Bt Crops in the United States}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1545-4487"]}, DOI={10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-105502}, abstractNote={Genetically engineered corn and cotton that produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been used to manage insect pests in the United States and elsewhere. In some cases, this has led to regional suppression of pest populations and pest eradication within the United States, and these outcomes were associated with reductions in conventional insecticides and increased profits for farmers. In other instances, pests evolved resistance to multiple Bt traits, compromising the capacity of Bt crops to manage pests and leading to increased feeding injury to crops in the field. Several aspects of pest biology and pest-crop interactions were associated with cases where pests remained susceptible versus instances where pests evolved resistance. The viability of future transgenic traits can be improved by learning from these past outcomes. In particular, efforts should be made to delay resistance by increasing the prevalence of refuges and using integrated pest management. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 68 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.}, journal={ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Gassmann, Aaron J. and Reisig, Dominic D.}, year={2023}, pages={31–49} }
 @article{winn_acharya_merrill_lyerly_brown-guedira_cambron_harrison_reisig_murphy_2023, title={Mapping of a novel major effect Hessian fly field partial-resistance locus in southern soft red winter wheat line LA03136E71 (vol 134, pg 3911, 2021)}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-023-04304-2}, number={4}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Winn, Z. J. and Acharya, R. and Merrill, K. and Lyerly, J. and Brown-Guedira, G. and Cambron, S. and Harrison, S. H. and Reisig, D. and Murphy, J. P.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{dillard_reisig_schug_burrack_2023, title={Moisture and soil type are primary drivers of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupation}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvad074}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvad074}, abstractNote={Studies in the lab have demonstrated that evaluating the effect of soil moisture and other variables is essential for understanding the importance of environmental factors influencing the Heliothinae pupal stage, but simulated field studies are conducted infrequently. We compared the pupation of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under saturated and unsaturated conditions across 3 distinct soil types (coarse sand, high organic muck, and fine-textured clay) and observed adult emergence, as well as pupal depth and weight. The interaction between soil type and moisture had a significant effect on adult emergence. Fewer adults emerged from dry fine-textured clay soil than from dry coarse sand and high organic muck. However, there was no effect of soil type and no interaction between soil and moisture on pupal depth. Soil moisture was the primary driver of pupal depth, suggesting prepupae use moisture to mediate their position within the pupal chamber. In addition, pupal weight was unrelated to soil type, moisture, or their interaction. Our study demonstrates that soil moisture can be a greater driver of H. zea pupation than soil type, but additional observations are necessary to understand the mechanism by which moisture impacts pupation.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Dillard, DeShae and Reisig, Dominic D. and Schug, Hayden T. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, editor={Brent, ColinEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{asiimwe_brown_ellsworth_reisig_bertho_jiang_schapaugh_head_burzio_2023, title={Transgenic cotton expressing Mpp51Aa2 does not adversely impact beneficial non-target hemiptera in the field}, volume={173}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106384}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106384}, abstractNote={The modified Mpp51Aa2 (previously Cry51Aa2.834_16) insecticidal crystal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protects against feeding damage caused by targeted hemipteran and thysanopteran pests, was transformed in cotton to produce the MON 88702 cotton event. As part of an ecological risk assessment, we evaluated the relative impact of MON 88702 on the abundance of predatory Hemiptera, compared to a conventional control. Field trials were established in 2018 at six sites within cotton production regions of the U.S. Specific arthropod populations in MON 88702 and its conventional control (DP393), grown under different insecticide regimes within a randomized complete block design, were assessed at each field site. Arthropod samples were collected 10 times, starting at early squaring and weekly thereafter, over the course of the season at each site, using vertical beat sheets, sweep nets and visual counts. Across the sites, no significant differences were detected in abundance of predatory Hemiptera (Orius spp., Geocoris spp., Nabis spp., and Zelus spp.) between unsprayed MON 88702 and the unsprayed conventional control. In contrast, a broad-spectrum insecticide treatment significantly reduced the abundance of these and other taxa. Consistent with laboratory studies, the lack of differences between unsprayed MON 88702 and the unsprayed control indicates that the cultivation of MON 88702 is unlikely to adversely impact the predatory function associated with these beneficial Hemiptera in the cotton agro ecosystem.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Asiimwe, P. and Brown, C. R. and Ellsworth, P. C. and Reisig, D. D. and Bertho, L. and Jiang, C. and Schapaugh, A. and Head, G. and Burzio, L.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2023, title={Yield and efficacy of foliar chlorantraniliprole (Vantacor) against bollworms in non-Bt, Bollgard II, WideStrike 3, TwinLink Plus, and Bollgard 3 cotton, 2021}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsad080}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsad080}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Reisig, Dominic and Goldsworthy, Emily}, editor={Cook, DonaldEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2023, title={Yield and efficacy of selected insecticides on bollworm in cotton, 2022}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsad082}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsad082}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Reisig, Dominic and Goldsworthy, Emily}, editor={Cook, DonaldEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{winn_reisig_murphy_2023, title={Yield protection afforded by imidacloprid during Hessian fly infestation in six genotypes}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.21308}, abstractNote={Abstract The Hessian fly ( Mayetiola destructor Say) is a gall midge that infests and feeds upon wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Recently, a new form of tolerance ( QHft.nc‐7D ) was identified in the breeding line LA03136E71 (PI 700336). Partial resistance allows immature Hessian fly to thrive in small numbers and does not function like antibiosis. Little is known about the potential yield drag of using partial resistance. In this study, we evaluated six genotypes: one containing QHft.nc‐7D (LA03136E71), one containing H13 , and four potentially susceptible genotypes. All genotypes were evaluated with two different seed treatment regiments of imidacloprid: no treatment and a two times rate of imidacloprid. All tested genotypes were planted in six‐to‐eight replications of a full factorial design in four environments. Subsamples of yield trial plots were taken to measure percent infested tillers and a number of larvae/pupae per tiller. Plots were harvested and grain yield was recorded. There was a significant ( p [> F ] < 0.05) reduction of percent infested tillers and a number of larvae/pupae per tiller related to the imidacloprid treatment. Imidacloprid treatment significantly ( p [> T ] < 0.05) reduced the number of larvae/pupae per tiller for LA03136E71. There was no significant ( p [> T ] > 0.05) grain yield increase associated with treatment for LA03136E71. This indicates that a two times application of imidacloprid on LA03136E71 ( QHft.nc‐7D ) did not improve yield yet reduced infestation. Therefore, QHft.nc‐7D , while allowing Hessian fly to thrive on the plant, does not significantly compromise yield.}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Winn, Zachary J. J. and Reisig, Dominic and Murphy, Joseph P. P.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{berg_brewer_reisig_2022, title={A Special Collection: Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm): Ecology and Management of its World-Scale Invasion Outside of the Americas}, volume={115}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac143}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toac143}, abstractNote={Abstract The Special Collection ‘Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm): Ecology and Management of its World-scale Invasion Outside of the Americas’ presents reviews and research that address topics of overarching interest and contributes to a better understanding of this pest and its management, now that it has spread outside the Americas. The collection is a combination of invited articles presenting new information published for the first time, invited review papers, and a selection of relevant high-quality articles previously published in Journal of Economic Entomology (JEE). Articles in the Collection, as well as selected citations of articles in other publications, reflect the increase in research on S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which became the most important pest of maize in the world during recent years. This Special Collection addresses a wide range of topics, including pest behavior, host strains, insecticide and Bt protein resistance, biological control, host plant resistance, and yield loss estimates. Topics are presented in context of research primarily conducted in regions outside of the Americas where S. frugiperda has invaded and disrupted crop production to varying degrees. In recognition of further spread, the threat of a S. frugiperda invasion into Europe and potential management options are also presented.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Berg, Johnnie and Brewer, Michael J. and Reisig, Dominic D.}, editor={Su, Nan-YaoEditor}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={1725–1728} }
 @article{reisig_difonzo_dively_farhan_gore_smith_2022, title={Best Management Practices to Delay the Evolution of Bt Resistance in Lepidopteran Pests Without High Susceptibility to Bt Toxins in North America}, volume={115}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab247}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toab247}, abstractNote={Abstract Canadian and United States (US) insect resistance management (IRM) programs for lepidopteran pests in Bacillus thuriengiensis (Bt)-expressing crops are optimally designed for Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner in corn (Zea mays L.) and Chloridea virescens Fabricius in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Both Bt corn and cotton express a high dose for these pests; however, there are many other target pests for which Bt crops do not express high doses (commonly referred to as nonhigh dose pests). Two important lepidopteran nonhigh dose (low susceptibility) pests are Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Striacosta albicosta Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). We highlight both pests as cautionary examples of exposure to nonhigh dose levels of Bt toxins when the IRM plan was not followed. Moreover, IRM practices to delay Bt resistance that are designed for these two ecologically challenging and important pests should apply to species that are more susceptible to Bt toxins. The purpose of this article is to propose five best management practices to delay the evolution of Bt resistance in lepidopteran pests with low susceptibility to Bt toxins in Canada and the US: 1) better understand resistance potential before commercialization, 2) strengthen IRM based on regional pest pressure by restricting Bt usage where it is of little benefit, 3) require and incentivize planting of structured corn refuge everywhere for single toxin cultivars and in the southern US for pyramids, 4) integrate field and laboratory resistance monitoring programs, and 5) effectively use unexpected injury thresholds.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and DiFonzo, Chris and Dively, Galen and Farhan, Yasmine and Gore, Jeff and Smith, Jocelyn}, editor={Bird, LisaEditor}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={26–36} }
 @article{lawrie_mitchell_deguenon_ponnusamy_reisig_pozo-valdivia_kurtz_roe_2022, title={Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, and Their Possible Role in Cry1Ac-Resistance}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2075-4450"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/1/12}, DOI={10.3390/insects13010012}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Multiple caterpillar pest species have become resistant to transgenic crops. These crops were originally engineered to make a bacteria protein that would kill the caterpillar when the insect eats the plant. This project focused on comparing gene expression patterns in a bollworm caterpillar resistant strain compared to a susceptible bollworm strain. Expression differences were found in long non-coding RNAs, sequences that do not make proteins but can regulate making proteins. There were increased and decreased levels of different long non-coding RNAs in the resistant strain. Proximity relationships of these non-coding RNAs to protein coding-genes that have functions known to cause resistance were also found. Proximity is one way long non-coding RNA regulates the making of proteins and could be a mechanism of how these insects became resistant. The potential of using these discoveries in managing insect pest resistance levels in the field is discussed. Abstract Multiple insect pest species have developed field resistance to Bt-transgenic crops. There has been a significant amount of research on protein-coding genes that contribute to resistance, such as the up-regulation of protease activity or altered receptors. However, our understanding of the role of non-protein-coding mechanisms in Bt-resistance is minimal, as is also the case for resistance to chemical pesticides. To address this problem relative to Bt, RNA-seq was used to examine statistically significant, differential gene expression between a Cry1Ac-resistant (~100-fold resistant) and Cry1Ac-susceptible strain of Helicoverpa zea, a prevalent caterpillar pest in the USA. Significant differential expression of putative long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) was found in the Cry1Ac-resistant strain (58 up- and 24 down-regulated gene transcripts with an additional 10 found only in resistant and four only in susceptible caterpillars). These lncRNAs were examined as potential pseudogenes and for their genomic proximity to coding genes, both of which can be indicative of regulatory relationships between a lncRNA and coding gene expression. A possible pseudogenic lncRNA was found with similarities to a cadherin. In addition, putative lncRNAs were found significantly proximal to a serine protease, ABC transporter, and CYP coding genes, potentially involved in the mechanism of Bt and/or chemical insecticide resistance. Characterization of non-coding genetic mechanisms in Helicoverpa zea will improve the understanding of the genomic evolution of insect resistance, improve the identification of specific regulators of coding genes in general (some of which could be important in resistance), and is the first step for potentially targeting these regulators for pest control and resistance management (using molecular approaches, such as RNAi and others).}, number={1}, journal={INSECTS}, author={Lawrie, Roger D. and Mitchell, Robert D. and Deguenon, Jean Marcel and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Reisig, Dominic and Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro Del and Kurtz, Ryan W. and Roe, Richard Michael}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{illán_zhu_walgenbach_acebes‐doria_agnello_alston_andrews_beers_bergh_bessin_et al._2022, title={Evaluating invasion risk and population dynamics of the brown marmorated stink bug across the contiguous <scp>United States}, volume={78}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.7113}, DOI={10.1002/ps.7113}, abstractNote={Abstract BACKGROUND Invasive species threaten the productivity and stability of natural and managed ecosystems. Predicting the spread of invaders, which can aid in early mitigation efforts, is a major challenge, especially in the face of climate change. While ecological niche models are effective tools to assess habitat suitability for invaders, such models have rarely been created for invasive pest species with rapidly expanding ranges. Here, we leveraged a national monitoring effort from 543 sites over 3 years to assess factors mediating the occurrence and abundance of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB, Halyomorpha halys), an invasive insect pest that has readily established throughout much of the United States. RESULTS We used maximum entropy models to estimate the suitable habitat of BMSB under several climate scenarios, and generalized boosted models to assess environmental factors that regulated BMSB abundance. Our models captured BMSB distribution and abundance with high accuracy, and predicted a 70% increase in suitable habitat under future climate scenarios. However, environmental factors that mediated the geographical distribution of BMSB were different from those driving abundance. While BMSB occurrence was most affected by winter precipitation and proximity to populated areas, BMSB abundance was influenced most strongly by evapotranspiration and solar photoperiod. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that linking models of establishment (occurrence) and population dynamics (abundance) offers a more effective way to forecast the spread and impact of BMSB and other invasive species than simply occurrence‐based models, allowing for targeted mitigation efforts. Implications of distribution shifts under climate change are discussed. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, number={11}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Illán, Javier Gutiérrez and Zhu, Gengping and Walgenbach, James F and Acebes‐Doria, Angel and Agnello, Arthur M and Alston, Diane G and Andrews, Heather and Beers, Elisabeth H and Bergh, J Christopher and Bessin, Ricardo T and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={4929–4938} }
 @article{jordan_buol_brandenburg_reisig_nboyine_abudulai_oteng-frimpong_mochiah_asibuo_arthur_et al._2022, title={Examples of Risk Tools for Pests in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Developed for Five Countries Using Microsoft Excel}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmac017}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmac017}, abstractNote={
 Suppressing pest populations below economically-damaging levels is an important element of sustainable peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Peanut farmers and their advisors often approach pest management with similar goals regardless of where they are located. Anticipating pest outbreaks using field history and monitoring pest populations are fundamental to protecting yield and financial investment. Microsoft Excel was used to develop individual risk indices for pests, a composite assessment of risk, and costs of risk mitigation practices for peanut in Argentina, Ghana, India, Malawi, and North Carolina (NC) in the United States (US). Depending on pests and resources available to manage pests, risk tools vary considerably, especially in the context of other crops that are grown in sequence with peanut, cultivars, and chemical inputs. In Argentina, India, and the US where more tools (e.g., mechanization and pesticides) are available, risk indices for a wide array of economically important pests were developed with the assumption that reducing risk to those pests likely will impact peanut yield in a positive manner. In Ghana and Malawi where fewer management tools are available, risks to yield and aflatoxin contamination are presented without risk indices for individual pests. The Microsoft Excel platform can be updated as new and additional information on effectiveness of management practices becomes apparent. Tools can be developed using this platform that are appropriate for their geography, environment, cropping systems, and pest complexes and management inputs that are available. In this article we present examples for the risk tool for each country.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Buol, Greg S. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Reisig, Dominic and Nboyine, Jerry and Abudulai, Mumuni and Oteng-Frimpong, Richard and Mochiah, Moses Brandford and Asibuo, James Y. and Arthur, Stephen and et al.}, editor={Taylor, SallyEditor}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{arends_reisig_gundry_greene_kennedy_reay‐jones_huseth_2022, title={Helicoverpa zea
            (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding incidence and survival on
            <i>Bt
            maize in relation to maize in the landscape}, volume={78}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6855}, DOI={10.1002/ps.6855}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Characterizing Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) damage to maize (Zea mays L.) in relation to the spatiotemporal composition of Bt crops is essential to understand how landscape composition affects H. zea abundance. To examine this relationship, paired Bt (expressing Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2) and non‐Bt maize plots were sampled across North and South Carolina during 2017–2019. Kernel damage and larval exit holes were measured following larval development. To understand how maize abundance surrounding sample sites related to feeding damage and larval development, we quantified maize abundance in a 1 km buffer surrounding the sample site and examined the relationship between local maize abundance and kernel damage and larval exit holes. Results Across the years and locations, damage in Bt maize was widespread but significantly lower than in non‐Bt maize, indicating that despite the widespread occurrence of resistance to Cry toxins in maize, Bt maize still provides a measurable reduction in damage. There were negative relationships between kernel injury and ears with larval exit holes in both Bt and non‐Bt maize and the proportion of maize in the landscape during the current year. Conclusion Despite the widespread occurrence of resistance to Cry toxins in maize, this resistance is incomplete, and on average Bt maize continues to provide a measurable reduction in damage. We interpret the negative relationship between abundance of maize within 1 km of the sample location and maize infestation levels, as measured by kernel damage and larval exit holes, to reflect dispersion of the ovipositing moth population over available maize within the local landscape. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, number={6}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Arends, Benjamin R. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Gundry, Shawnee and Greene, Jeremy K. and Kennedy, George G. and Reay‐Jones, Francis P.F. and Huseth, Anders S.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={2309–2315} }
 @article{dillard_reisig_reay-jones_2022, title={Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) In-Season and Overwintering Pupation Response to Soil Type}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvac106}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvac106}, abstractNote={Abstract Heliothinae soil pupation is understudied despite the key role this life stage plays in their development. Many Heliothinae are important agricultural pests and understanding the interplay of environment and pupation is important to optimize pest management tactics oriented toward pupae. We studied the impact of three soil types (coarse sand, high organic muck, and fine-textured clay) on Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in-season and overwintering pupal survivorship, diapause, depth, and weight in at two locations (North and South Carolina). We introduced wild-collected (in-season) and laboratory-reared (over the winter) infestations of H. zea larvae to each of the three soils and later excavated pupae. In-season and over the winter pupal survivorship was lower in fine-textured clay soils than in coarse sand or high organic muck. In addition, pupal depth and weight, in-season and over the winter, varied significantly by soil type. In general, depth was the shallowest, and pupae weight was lower when recovered from fine-textured clay soils. Finally, diapausing characteristics varied significantly by location and year, likely impacted by differing environmental conditions. Our results suggest that fine-textured clay soils negatively impact Heliothinae pupation and may be suppressing populations in areas with these soil types.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Dillard, DeShae and Reisig, Dominic D. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F.}, editor={Lehmann, PhilippEditor}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{schug_reisig_huseth_thrash_vann_2022, title={Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Thresholds and Yield Compensation Between Soybeans with Determinate and Indeterminate Growth Habits}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac119}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toac119}, abstractNote={Abstract Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important row crop in the United States and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) is one of the most serious insect pests in this system. Economic thresholds for H. zea were developed from soybean varieties with determinate growth habits. However, southern USA farmers have recently planted more soybeans varieties with indeterminate growth habits. Trials were conducted with two determinate and two indeterminate varieties within the same relative maturity group. Levels were compared among groups with differing H. zea pressure (low, medium, high, naturally infested) and manipulated using insecticides. Our objectives were to evaluate yield compensation differences among determinate and indeterminate varieties at these different H. zea pressures and to see if the existing economic threshold should be adjusted between growth habits. Since H. zea larval populations varied across trials, we compared trials with low populations, high populations, and no population. Generally, larval counts did not differ among varieties. We found no yield differences among varieties or between growth habits, regardless of H. zea pressure. In the high population tests, yield was highest in the low population plots, but there was no compensation by the plant in yield components except in number of pods with one seed. In contrast, yield components varied widely across varieties, but these differences were independent of H. zea pressure. These results suggest the economic threshold can be used for determinate and indeterminate growth habits, but more research is needed to confirm this with a larger selection of varieties, planting dates, and maturity groups.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Schug, Hayden and Reisig, Dominic and Huseth, Anders and Thrash, Ben and Vann, Rachel}, editor={Jabbour, RandaEditor}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{dhammi_krestchmar_zhu_ponnusamy_gould_reisig_kurtz_roe_2022, title={Impact of Caterpillar Increased Feeding Rates on Reduction of Bt Susceptibility}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1422-0067"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14856}, DOI={10.3390/ijms232314856}, abstractNote={The use of insect-resistant transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis protein Cry toxins (Bt) to control caterpillars is wide-spread. Development of a mechanism to prevent Bt from reaching its target site in the digestive system could result in Bt resistance and resistance to other insecticides active per os. Increased feeding rates by increasing temperature in tobacco budworms, Chloridea virescens, and bollworms, Helicoverpa zea, decreased Bt Cry1Ac susceptibility and mortality. The same was found in C. virescens for Bollgard II plant extract containing Bt Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 toxins. Furthermore, H. zea from the same inbred laboratory colony that fed faster independent of temperature manipulation were less susceptible to Bt intoxication. A laboratory derived C. virescens Bt resistant strain demonstrated a higher feeding rate on non-Bt artificial diet than the parental, Bt susceptible strain. A laboratory-reared Bt resistant fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, strain also fed faster on non-Bt diet compared to Bt susceptible caterpillars of the same species, both originally collected from corn. The studies in toto and the literature reviewed support the hypothesis that increased feeding rate is a behavioral mechanism for reducing caterpillar susceptibility to Bt. Its possible role in resistance needs further study.}, number={23}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES}, author={Dhammi, Anirudh and Krestchmar, Jaap B. and Zhu, Jiwei and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Gould, Fred and Reisig, Dominic and Kurtz, Ryan W. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lawton_huseth_kennedy_morey_hutchison_reisig_dorman_dillard_venette_groves_et al._2022, title={Pest population dynamics are related to a continental overwintering gradient}, volume={119}, ISSN={0027-8424 1091-6490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2203230119}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2203230119}, abstractNote={Significance The expansion of pest ranges due to climate change will threaten global agriculture. Winter soil temperature is known to limit pest persistence at higher latitudes. However, few studies have connected overwintering success of soil-dwelling insects with long-term population datasets to investigate how climate change may affect pests’ distributions and population dynamics in the future. Here, we present models demonstrating how greater overwintering survival may expand the range of a serious insect pest. We also highlight the need for projected soil temperature data based on climate change scenarios. To ensure sustainable agricultural production, it is imperative that insect pest range shifts are anticipated to develop solutions that mitigate crop loss in expansion areas.}, number={37}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Lawton, Douglas and Huseth, Anders S. and Kennedy, George G. and Morey, Amy C. and Hutchison, William D. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Dorman, Seth J. and Dillard, DeShae and Venette, Robert C. and Groves, Russell L. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{dorman_taylor_malone_roberts_greene_reisig_smith_jacobson_reay-jones_paula-moraes_et al._2022, title={Sampling Optimization and Crop Interface Effects on Lygus lineolaris Populations in Southeastern USA Cotton}, volume={13}, ISSN={2075-4450}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13010088}, DOI={10.3390/insects13010088}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Tarnished plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) are an important agricultural pest in cotton across the United States. Tarnished plant bugs reduce cotton yields and lower lint and seed quality by feeding on reproductive structures. Effective management of this pest requires timely insecticidal control when populations reach established economic thresholds. Reliable determination of the economic threshold in cotton depends on effective scouting. To evaluate the efficacy of current tarnished plant bug scouting strategies, we surveyed 120 commercial cotton fields across the southeastern USA to quantify (1) variation in tarnished plant bug populations across the production region, (2) evaluate current sampling plans for economic threshold determinations, and (3) examine landscape-scale risk factors associated with tarnished plant bug infestations in cotton. We observed the greatest variability in tarnished plant bug density at the field scale followed by within-field variation, emphasizing the importance of scouting individual fields. Additionally, we determined the sampling size needed for accurate threshold estimates for sweep net (8 sample units of 100 sweeps/sample) and drop cloth sampling (23 sampling units of 1.5 row-m/sample). Furthermore, tarnished plant bugs densities were positively related to the proportion of agriculture and double-crop winter wheat and soybeans and negatively related to contiguous cotton. Abstract Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), is an economically damaging pest in cotton production systems across the southern United States. We systematically scouted 120 commercial cotton fields across five southeastern states during susceptible growth stages in 2019 and 2020 to investigate sampling optimization and the effect of interface crop and landscape composition on L. lineolaris abundance. Variance component analysis determined field and within-field spatial scales, compared with agricultural district and state, accounted for more variation in L. lineolaris density using sweep net and drop cloth sampling. This result highlights the importance of field-level scouting efforts. Using within-field samples, a fixed-precision sampling plan determined 8 and 23 sampling units were needed to determine L. lineolaris population estimates with 0.25 precision for sweep net (100 sweeps per unit) and drop cloth (1.5 row-m per unit) sampling, respectively. A spatial Bayesian hierarchical model was developed to determine local landscape (<0.5 km from field edges) effects on L. lineolaris in cotton. The proportion of agricultural area and double-crop wheat and soybeans were positively associated with L. lineolaris density, and fields with more contiguous cotton areas negatively predicted L. lineolaris populations. These results will improve L. lineolaris monitoring programs and treatment management decisions in southeastern USA cotton.}, number={1}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Dorman, Seth J. and Taylor, Sally V. and Malone, Sean and Roberts, Phillip M. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Smith, Ronald H. and Jacobson, Alana L. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Paula-Moraes, Silvana and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={88} }
 @article{efromson_lawrie_doman_bertone_begue_harfouche_reisig_roe_2022, title={Species Identification of Caterpillar Eggs by Machine Learning Using a Convolutional Neural Network and Massively Parallelized Microscope}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2077-0472"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/9/1440}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture12091440}, abstractNote={Rapid, accurate insect identification is the first and most critical step of pest management and vital to agriculture for determining optimal management strategies. In many instances, classification is necessary within a short developmental window. Two examples, the tobacco budworm, Chloridea virescens, and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, both have <5 days from oviposition until hatching. H. zea has evolved resistance to Bt-transgenic crops and requires farmers to decide about insecticide application during the ovipositional window. The eggs of these species are small, approximately 0.5 mm in diameter, and often require a trained biologist and microscope to resolve morphological differences between species. In this work, we designed, built, and validated a machine learning approach to insect egg identification with >99% accuracy using a convolutional neural architecture to classify the two species of caterpillars. A gigapixel scale parallelized microscope, referred to as the Multi-Camera Array Microscope (MCAM™), and automated image-processing pipeline allowed us to rapidly build a dataset of ~5500 images for training and testing the network. In the future, applications could be developed enabling farmers to photograph eggs on a leaf and receive an immediate species identification before the eggs hatch.}, number={9}, journal={AGRICULTURE-BASEL}, author={Efromson, John and Lawrie, Roger and Doman, Thomas Jedidiah Jenks and Bertone, Matthew and Begue, Aurelien and Harfouche, Mark and Reisig, Dominic and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{krob_stewart_brown_kerns_graham_perkins_huseth_kennedy_reisig_taylor_et al._2022, title={Standardized Field Trials in Cotton and Bioassays to Evaluate Resistance of Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Insecticides in the Southern United States}, volume={115}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac136}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toac136}, abstractNote={Abstract Foliar-applied insecticide treatments may be necessary to manage thrips in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under severe infestations or when at-planting insecticide seed treatments do not provide satisfactory protection. The most common foliar-applied insecticide is acephate. Field observations in Tennessee suggest that the performance of acephate has declined. Thus, the first objective was to perform leaf-dip bioassays to assess if tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in cotton production regions have evolved resistance to foliar-applied insecticides. A second objective was to assess the performance of commonly applied foliar insecticides for managing thrips in standardized field trials in Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Texas. For both objectives, several insecticides were evaluated including acephate, dicrotophos, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and spinetoram. Field trials and bioassays were completed from 2018 to 2021. Dose-response bioassays with acephate were performed on tobacco thrips field populations and a susceptible laboratory population. Bioassay results suggest that tobacco thrips have developed resistance to acephate and other organophosphate insecticides; however, this resistance seems to be most severe in Arkansas, Tennessee, and the Delta region of Mississippi. Resistance to other classes of insecticides were perhaps even more evident in these bioassays. The performance of these insecticides in field trials was variable, with tobacco thrips only showing consistent signs of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. However, it is evident that many populations of tobacco thrips are resistant to multiple classes of insecticides. Further research is needed to determine heritability and resistance mechanism(s).}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Krob, Jessica L and Stewart, Scott D and Brown, Sebe A and Kerns, Dawson and Graham, Scott H and Perkins, Clay and Huseth, Anders S and Kennedy, George G and Reisig, Dominic D and Taylor, Sally V and et al.}, editor={Guedes, Raul NarcisoEditor}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={1693–1702} }
 @article{ogburn_ohmen_huseth_reisig_kennedy_walgenbach_2022, title={Temperature-driven differences in phenology and habitat suitability for brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, in two ecoregions of North Carolina}, volume={96}, ISSN={1612-4758 1612-4766}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-022-01497-1}, DOI={10.1007/s10340-022-01497-1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Pest Science}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Ogburn, Emily C. and Ohmen, Thomas M. and Huseth, Anders S. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Kennedy, George G. and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={373–387} }
 @article{deguenon_dhammi_ponnusamy_travanty_cave_lawrie_mott_reisig_kurtz_roe_2021, title={Bacterial Microbiota of Field-Collected Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Transgenic Bt and Non-Bt Cotton}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/4/878}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms9040878}, abstractNote={The bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important agricultural pest in U.S. cotton and is managed using transgenic hybrids that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The reduced efficacy against H. zea caterpillars of Bt plants expressing Cry toxins is increasing in the field. In a first step towards understanding Bt cotton–bollworm–microbiota interactions, we investigated the internal bacterial microbiota of second–third stadium H. zea collected in the field from non-Bt versus Bt (WideStrike) cotton in close proximity (in North Carolina, USA). The bacterial populations were analyzed using culture-dependent and -independent molecular approaches. We found that WideStrike samples had a higher bacterial density and diversity per larva than insects collected from non-Bt cotton over two field seasons: 8.42 ± 0.23 and 5.36 ± 0.75 (log10 colony forming units per insect) for WideStrike compared to 6.82 ± 0.20 and 4.30 ± 0.56 for non-Bt cotton for seasons 1 and 2, respectively. Fifteen phyla, 103 families, and 229 genera were identified after performing Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA. At the family level, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae were the most abundant taxa. The Enterococcaceae family was comprised mostly of Enterococcus species (E. casseliflavus and another Enterococcus sp.). Members of the Enterococcus genus can acidify their environment and can potentially reduce the alkaline activation of some Bt toxins. These findings argue for more research to better understand the role of cotton–bollworm–bacteria interactions and the impact on Bt toxin caterpillar susceptibility.}, number={4}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Deguenon, Jean M. and Dhammi, Anirudh and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Travanty, Nicholas V and Cave, Grayson and Lawrie, Roger and Mott, Dan and Reisig, Dominic and Kurtz, Ryan and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{bryant_babu_reisig_2021, title={Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage to Seedling Corn and Impact on Grain Yield}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1536-2442"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieab012}, DOI={10.1093/jisesa/ieab012}, abstractNote={Abstract Brown stink bugs, Euschistus servus, are an important early-season pest of field corn in the southeastern United States. Feeding in the early stages of corn development can lead to a number of growth deformities and deficiencies and, ultimately, a reduction in yield. An observational and two experimentally manipulated trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to 1) determine optimal timing for assessing brown stink bug damage, 2) assess the level of damage from which yield compensation can occur, and 3) examine the relationship between brown stink bug density and early-season damage and yield. Fields were identified with infestations of brown stink bugs and a damage rating system for early stages of corn was established. Varying rates of brown stink bug densities were introduced using field cages and damage was assessed throughout the season. The density and duration of stink bug infestations were critical factors for damage potential, with each day of active feeding per plant resulting in a loss of ~14 kg/ha in yield. The level of damage in early stages of corn was categorized into easily identifiable groups, with only the most severe damage leading to a reduction in yield. Moderate and minimal feeding damage did not result in yield loss. This study emphasizes the need for early and frequent scouting of corn to determine the risk of damage and yield loss from brown stink bugs. Results from this study can be used to help develop management programs for brown stink bugs in the early vegetative stages of field corn.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE}, author={Bryant, Tim B. and Babu, Arun and Reisig, Dominic D.}, editor={Huang, FangnengEditor}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{huseth_koch_reisig_davis_paula-moraes_hodgson_2021, title={Current Distribution and Population Persistence of Five Lepidopteran Pests in US Soybean}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmab004}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmab004}, abstractNote={
 The distribution of lepidopteran pests in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a current knowledge gap limiting accurate prioritization of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) research. Regional characterizations of lepidopteran distribution in soybean are now more than 25 yr old. The goal of this study was to generate a contemporary assessment of the distribution and population persistence of lepidopteran soybean pests. To understand which species are currently infesting soybean and their persistence, we conducted a survey of soybean entomologists with responsibility for approximately 33.6 million hectares of production in 31 U.S. states. Soybean entomologists were asked questions about presence of lepidopteran pests and their persistence in their state. We focused this survey on five lepidopteran pests: corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), green cloverworm (Hypena scabra Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), painted lady (Vanessa cardui L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Soybean entomologists also provided insight into regionally relevant or sporadic lepidopteran soybean pests. Participants were also questioned about common scouting practices in each state. Results of this survey highlight dissimilar geographic distribution and relative persistence of lepidopteran pests in soybean. Clear differences in occurrence and abundance among species provide important contemporary distributions and persistence estimates. Assessments of scouting practices demonstrate a need to improve IPM adoption in some states. Results of this study and its complementary pest profile (concurrently published in JIPM) provide a contemporary foundation for studies of lepidopteran soybean pests.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Huseth, Anders S. and Koch, Robert L. and Reisig, Dominic and Davis, Jeffrey A. and Paula-Moraes, Silvana V and Hodgson, Erin W.}, editor={Adamczyk, JohnEditor}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{pozo-valdivia_reisig_braswell_greene_roberts_taylor_2021, title={Economic Injury Levels for Bt-resistant Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cotton}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab012}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toab012}, abstractNote={Thresholds for Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. have been understudied since the widespread adoption of Bt cotton in the United States. Our study was possible due to the widespread presence of H. zea populations with Cry-toxin resistance. We initiated progressive spray timing experiments using three Bt cotton brands (Deltapine, Stoneville, and Phytogen) widely planted across the U.S. Cotton Belt expressing pyramided toxins in the Cry1A, Cry2, and Vip3Aa19 families. We timed foliar insecticide treatments based on week of bloom to manipulate H. zea populations in tandem with crop development during 2017 and 2018. We hypothesized that non-Bt cotton, cotton expressing Cry toxins alone, and cotton expressing Cry and Vip3Aa19 toxins would respond differently to H. zea feeding. We calculated economic injury levels to support the development of economic thresholds from significant responses. Pressure from H. zea was high during both years. Squares and bolls damaged by H. zea had the strongest negative yield associations, followed by larval number on squares. There were fewer yield associations with larval number on bolls and with number of H. zea eggs on the plant. Larval population levels were very low on varieties expressing Vip3Aa19. Yield response varied across experiments and varieties, suggesting that it is difficult to pinpoint precise economic injury levels. Nonetheless, our results generally suggest that current economic thresholds for H. zea in cotton are too high. Economic injury levels from comparisons between non-Bt varieties and those expressing only Cry toxins could inform future thresholds once H. zea evolves resistance to Vip3Aa19.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro I. Del and Reisig, Dominic D. and Braswell, Lewis and Greene, Jeremy K. and Roberts, Phillip and Taylor, Sally V}, editor={Showler, AllanEditor}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={747–756} }
 @article{arends_reisig_gundry_huseth_reay-jones_greene_kennedy_2021, title={Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize}, volume={11}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97123-8}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-97123-8}, abstractNote={Genetically engineered crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins have transformed insect management in maize and cotton, reducing insecticide use and associated off-target effects. To mitigate the risk that pests evolve resistance to Bt crops, the US Environmental Protection Agency requires resistance management measures. The approved resistance management plan for Bt maize in cotton production regions requires a structured refuge of non-Bt maize equal to 20% of the maize planted; that for Bt cotton relies on the presence of an unstructured natural refuge comprising both non-Bt crop and non-crop hosts. We examined how abundance of Bt crops (cotton and maize) and an important non-Bt crop (soybean) component of the natural refuge affect resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in local populations of Helicoverpa zea, an important lepidopteran pest impacted by Bt cotton and maize. We show refuge effectiveness is responsive to local abundances of maize and cotton and non-Bt soybean, and maize, in its role as a source of H. zea infesting cotton and non-Bt hosts, influences refuge effectiveness. These findings have important implications for commercial and regulatory decisions regarding deployment of Bt toxins targeting H. zea in maize, cotton, and other crops and for assumptions regarding efficacy of natural refuges.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Arends, Benjamin and Reisig, Dominic D. and Gundry, Shawnee and Huseth, Anders S. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{babu_reisig_pes_ranger_chamkasem_reding_2021, title={Effects of chlorantraniliprole residual on
            Helicoverpa zea
            in
            B
            t and non‐
            B
            t cotton}, volume={77}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/PS.6263}, DOI={10.1002/PS.6263}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Helicoverpa zea is managed with foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole in cotton varieties that do not express the Vip3Aa19 toxin in the US Cotton Belt. Foliar insecticides and Bt could interact to influence larval susceptibility. Therefore, it has been suggested that chlorantraniliprole can be used as a tool for Bt resistance management. We designed field and laboratory studies to test the hypothesis that the interaction of Bt toxin and chlorantraniliprole application would result in lower H. zea larval survival when compared to the individual effect of Bt or chlorantraniliprole alone. We also tested for these interactions over time, since chlorantraniliprole residual has not been studied in cotton.


RESULTS
Results from two field experiments and two laboratory experiments were similar. We found no interactions with Bt and chlorantraniliprole using data not corrected for natural mortality in untreated plots, indicating that these factors did not interact to influence survival. Moreover, we found that Bt and chlorantraniliprole did not interact to influence larval weight and instar. Chlorantraniliprole had lethal and sublethal effects on H. zea larval growth parameters feeding on cotton leaves up to 22 days after application, the final time period that we tested. Finally, concentration of chlorantraniliprole in the leaf was associated with larval survival for the duration of this study, but not larval growth or instar.


CONCLUSION
Our findings complement the recommendation to use chlorantraniliprole for managing H. zea in cotton, given its long-residual effects. However, the utility of chlorantraniliprole as a Bt-resistance management tool for H. zea remains unclear. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, number={5}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Babu, Arun and Reisig, Dominic D and Pes, Maiquel P and Ranger, Christopher M and Chamkasem, Narong and Reding, Michael E}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={2367–2374} }
 @article{yu_lin_dimase_niu_brown_head_price_reay-jones_cook_reisig_et al._2021, title={Extended investigation of field-evolved resistance of the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins in the southeastern United States}, volume={183}, ISSN={["1096-0805"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jip.2021.107560}, abstractNote={Previous studies have reported that the corn earworm/bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), has developed field resistance to pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1A/Cry2A maize and cotton in certain areas of the southeastern United States. The objective of the current study was to determine the current status and distribution of the resistance to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 in H. zea. In the study, 31 H. zea populations were collected from major maize planting areas across seven southeastern states of the United States during 2018 and 2019 and assayed against the two Bt proteins. Diet over-lay bioassays showed that most of the populations collected during the two years were significantly resistant to the Cry1A.105 protein. Most of the populations collected during 2019 were also resistant to Cry2Ab2, while significant variances were observed in the susceptibility of the populations collected during 2018 to Cry2Ab2. The results showed that Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 resistance in H. zea is widely distributed in the regions sampled. The resistance to Cry1A.105 appeared to have plateaued, while selection for Cry2Ab2 resistance is likely still occurring. Thus, effective measures for mitigating the Cry1A/Cry2A resistance need to be developed and implemented to ensure the sustainable use of Bt crop biotechnology.}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={Yu, Wenbo and Lin, Shucong and Dimase, Marcelo and Niu, Ying and Brown, Sebe and Head, Graham P. and Price, Paula A. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Cook, Don and Reisig, Dominic and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hodgson_koch_davis_reisig_paula-moraes_2021, title={Identification and Biology of Common Caterpillars in US Soybean}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmab006}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmab006}, abstractNote={
 Soybean is an established crop with a high production value in the United States. The insects that utilize soybean as a food source have changed drastically over the last 20 yr. Much of the extension literature summarizing pest species distribution and abundance is out of date. This article provides profiles for five common soybean caterpillars, including description, life cycle, and injury to plants.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Hodgson, Erin W. and Koch, Robert L. and Davis, Jeffrey A. and Reisig, Dominic and Paula-Moraes, Silvana V}, editor={Adamczyk, JohnEditor}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{dorman_hopperstad_reich_majumder_kennedy_reisig_greene_reay‐jones_collins_bacheler_et al._2021, title={Landscape‐level variation in
            <i>Bt
            crops predict
            <scp>
              <i>Helicoverpa ze
            
            <scp>
              <i>a
            
            (
            <scp>Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
            ) resistance in cotton agroecosystems}, volume={77}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6585}, DOI={10.1002/ps.6585}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) damage to Bt cotton and maize has increased due to widespread Bt resistance across the USA Cotton Belt. Our objective was to link Bt crop production patterns to cotton damage through a series of spatial and temporal surveys of commercial fields to understand how Bt crop production relates to greater than expected H. zea damage to Bt cotton. To do this, we assembled longitudinal cotton damage data that spanned the Bt adoption period, collected cotton damage data since Bt resistance has been detected, and estimated local population susceptibility using replicated on-farm studies that included all Bt pyramids marketed in cotton.


RESULTS
Significant year effects of H. zea damage frequency in commercial cotton were observed throughout the Bt adoption period, with a recent damage increase after the year 2012. Landscape-level Bt crop production intensity over time was positively associated with the risk of H. zea damage in two- and three-toxin pyramided Bt cotton. Helicoverpa zea damage also varied across Bt toxin types in spatially replicated on-farm studies.


CONCLUSIONS
Landscape-level predictors of H. zea damage in Bt cotton can be used to identify heightened Bt resistance risk areas and serves as a model to understand factors that drive pest resistance evolution to Bt toxins in the southeastern United States. These results provide a framework for more effective insect resistance management (IRM) strategies to be used in combination with conventional pest management practices that improve Bt trait durability while minimizing the environmental footprint of row crop agriculture. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, number={12}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dorman, Seth J and Hopperstad, Kristen A and Reich, Brian J and Majumder, Suman and Kennedy, George and Reisig, Dominic D and Greene, Jeremy K and Reay‐Jones, Francis PF and Collins, Guy and Bacheler, Jack S and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={5454–5462} }
 @article{winn_acharya_merrill_lyerly_brown-guedira_cambron_harrison_reisig_murphy_2021, title={Mapping of a novel major effect Hessian fly field partial-resistance locus in southern soft red winter wheat line LA03136E71}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-021-03936-6}, abstractNote={Hessian fly resistance has centralized around resistance loci that are biotype specific. We show that field resistance is evident and controlled by a single locus on chromosome 7D. Hessian flies (Mayetiola destructor Say) infest and feed upon wheat (Triticum aestivum L) resulting in significant yield loss. Genetically resistant cultivars are the most effective method of Hessian fly management. Wheat breeders in the southern USA have observed cultivars exhibiting a "field resistance" to Hessian fly that is not detectable by greenhouse assay. The resistant breeding line "LA03136E71" and susceptible cultivar "Shirley" were crossed to develop a population of 200 random F 4:5  lines using single seed descent. The population was evaluated in a total of five locations in North Carolina during the 2019, 2020, and 2021 seasons. A subsample of each plot was evaluated for the total number of tillers, number of infested tillers, and total number of larvae/pupae. From these data, the percent infested tillers, number of larvae/pupae per tiller, and the number of larvae/pupae per infested tiller were estimated. In all within and across environment combinations for all traits recorded, the genotype effect was significant (p < 0.05). Interval mapping identified a single large effect QTL distally on the short arm of chromosome 7D for all environment-trait combinations. This locus was identified on a chromosome where no other Hessian fly resistance/tolerance QTL has been previously identified. This novel Hessian fly partial-resistance QTL is termed QHft.nc-7D. Fine mapping must be conducted in this region to narrow down the causal agents responsible for this trait, and investigation into the mode of action is highly suggested.}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Winn, Z. J. and Acharya, R. and Merrill, K. and Lyerly, J. and Brown-Guedira, G. and Cambron, S. and Harrison, S. H. and Reisig, D. and Murphy, J. P.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{niu_oyediran_yu_lin_dimase_brown_reay-jones_cook_reisig_thrash_et al._2021, title={Populations of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in the Southeastern United States are Commonly Resistant to Cry1Ab, but Still Susceptible to Vip3Aa20 Expressed in MIR 162 Corn}, volume={13}, ISSN={2072-6651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010063}, DOI={10.3390/toxins13010063}, abstractNote={Abstracts The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a major pest targeted by pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn and cotton in the U.S. Cry1Ab is one of the first insecticidal toxins used in Bt crops, while Vip3A is a relatively new toxin that has recently been incorporated into Cry corn with event MIR 162 and Cry cotton varieties to generate pyramided Bt traits targeting lepidopteran pests including H. zea. The objectives of this study were to determine the current status and distribution of the Cry1Ab resistance, and evaluate the susceptibility to Vip3Aa20 expressed in MIR 162 corn in H. zea in the southeastern U.S. During 2018 and 2019, 32 H. zea populations were collected from non-Bt corn (19 populations), Cry corn (12), and Cry/Vip3A cotton (1) across major corn areas in seven southeastern states of the U.S. Susceptibility of these populations to Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa20 was determined using diet-overlay bioassays. Compared to a known susceptible insect strain, 80% of the field populations were 13- to >150-fold resistant to Cry1Ab, while their response to Vip3Aa20 ranged from >11-fold more susceptible to 9-fold more tolerant. Mean susceptibility to each Bt toxin was not significantly different between the two groups of the populations collected from non-Bt and Bt crops, as well as between the two groups of the populations collected during 2018 and 2019. The results show that resistance to Cry1Ab in H. zea is widely distributed across the region. However, the Cry1Ab-resistant populations are not cross-resistant to Vip3Aa20, and H. zea in the region is still susceptible to the Vip3Aa20 toxin. Vip3Aa20 concentrations between 5 and 10 µg/cm2 may be used as diagnostic concentrations for susceptibility monitoring in future. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate the impact of the selection with Bt corn on resistance evolution in H. zea to Vip3A cotton in the U.S.}, number={1}, journal={Toxins}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Niu, Ying and Oyediran, Isaac and Yu, Wenbo and Lin, Shucong and Dimase, Marcelo and Brown, Sebe and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Cook, Don and Reisig, Dominic and Thrash, Ben and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={63} }
 @article{schlum_lamour_bortoli_banerjee_meagher_pereira_gabriela murua_sword_tessnow_dillon_et al._2021, title={Whole genome comparisons reveal panmixia among fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from diverse locations}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1471-2164"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12864-021-07492-7}, abstractNote={Abstract Background The fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) is a highly polyphagous agricultural pest with long-distance migratory behavior threatening food security worldwide. This pest has a host range of > 80 plant species, but two host strains are recognized based on their association with corn (C-strain) or rice and smaller grasses (R-strain). The population genomics of the United States (USA) fall armyworm remains poorly characterized to date despite its agricultural threat. Results In this study, the population structure and genetic diversity in 55 S. frugiperda samples from Argentina, Brazil, Kenya, Puerto Rico and USA were surveyed to further our understanding of whole genome nuclear diversity. Comparisons at the genomic level suggest a panmictic S. frugiperda population, with only a minor reduction in gene flow between the two overwintering populations in the continental USA, also corresponding to distinct host strains at the mitochondrial level. Two maternal lines were detected from analysis of mitochondrial genomes. We found members from the Eastern Hemisphere interspersed within both continental USA overwintering subpopulations, suggesting multiple individuals were likely introduced to Africa. Conclusions Our research is the largest diverse collection of United States S. frugiperda whole genome sequences characterized to date, covering eight continental states and a USA territory (Puerto Rico). The genomic resources presented provide foundational information to understand gene flow at the whole genome level among S. frugiperda populations. Based on the genomic similarities found between host strains and laboratory vs. field samples, our findings validate the experimental use of laboratory strains and the host strain differentiation based on mitochondria and sex-linked genetic markers extends to minor genome wide differences with some exceptions showing mixture between host strains is likely occurring in field populations.}, number={1}, journal={BMC GENOMICS}, author={Schlum, Katrina A. and Lamour, Kurt and Bortoli, Caroline Placidi and Banerjee, Rahul and Meagher, Robert and Pereira, Eliseu and Gabriela Murua, Maria and Sword, Gregory A. and Tessnow, Ashley E. and Dillon, Diego Viteri and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{babu_del pozo-valdivia_reisig_2020, title={Baseline Flight Potential of Euschistus servus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Its Implications on Local Dispersal}, volume={49}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa041}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvaa041}, abstractNote={Abstract The brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), is a damaging pest of multiple crops in the southeastern United States. In addition to crops, both the weedy field borders and wooded areas of a typical farmscape in this region harbor E. servus host plants, many of which are temporally and spatially limiting in availability or nutritional suitability. Therefore, local dispersal is required so that individuals efficiently track and utilize host resources. This research sought to establish the baseline flight capacity of adult E. servus across the season in relation to body weight, sex, and plant host use with a flight mill system. Across this 2-yr study, among the individuals with a flight response in the flight mill, 90.1% of individuals flew in a range of >0–1 km, with an individual maximum flight distance of 15.9 km. In 2017, mean total distance flown varied across the season. Except for the individuals collected from corn in 2019, during both 2017 and 2019, the highest numerical mean flight potential occurred soon after overwintering emergence and a relatively low flight potential occurred during the cropping season. Individuals collected from wheat, corn, and early season weeds lost a higher proportion of body weight after flight than did individuals from soybean and late season weeds. The baseline dispersal potential information generated from this study can be extrapolated to the farmscape level aiming to develop, plan, and implement E. servus management programs.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Babu, Arun and Del Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro I and Reisig, Dominic D}, editor={Ranger, ChristopherEditor}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={699–708} }
 @article{reay-jones_bilbo_reisig_2020, title={Decline in Sublethal Effects of Bt Corn on Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Linked to Increasing Levels of Resistance}, volume={113}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa163}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toaa163}, abstractNote={As part of an ongoing longitudinal study in North and South Carolina, this study reports the recovery of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) pupae in field trials with genetically engineered corn, Zea mays L., hybrids that produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in 2017-2019. In total, 10,400 corn ears were collected, which led to 3,927 H. zea pupae (2,215 in South Carolina and 1,712 in North Carolina). Late-planted corn led to a 3.39-fold increase in recovery of pupae compared to early-planted corn. Bt corn expressing Cry1F + Cry1Ab and Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 had 1.67-fold and 2.51-fold fewer pupae than non-Bt near-isolines, respectively. Only six pupae were recovered from the hybrid expressing Cry1F + Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa20. Averaged across trials, Bt corn expressing either Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 or Cry1F + Cry1Ab significantly reduced pupal weight compared to non-Bt near-isolines in North and South Carolina. Combining our data with a previous study at the same locations (Bilbo et al. 2018), reduction in pupal weight between Bt and non-Bt near-isolines significantly declined from 2014 to 2019 for Cry1Ab + Cry1F in North and South Carolina. This decline in levels of a sublethal effect of Bt corn expressing Cry1Ab + Cry1F on H. zea at both locations is likely correlated with resistance development.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reay-Jones, Francis P F and Bilbo, Thomas R and Reisig, Dominic D}, editor={Gassmann, AaronEditor}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={2241–2249} }
 @article{babu_reisig_2020, title={Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Managing Aphids in Cotton, 2019}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsaa031}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsaa031}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Babu, Arun and Reisig, Dominic D}, editor={Sorenson, ClydeEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{babu_reisig_2020, title={Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Managing Brown Stink Bug in Corn, 2019}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsaa030}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsaa030}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Babu, Arun and Reisig, Dominic D}, editor={Sorenson, ClydeEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{yang_gonzález_little_reisig_payne_dos santos_jurat-fuentes_kurtz_kerns_2020, title={First documentation of major Vip3Aa resistance alleles in field populations of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Texas, USA}, volume={10}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62748-8}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-020-62748-8}, abstractNote={Abstract The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea , is a major target pest of the insecticidal Vip3Aa protein used in pyramided transgenic Bt corn and cotton with Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in the U.S. The widespread resistance to Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in H. zea will challenge the long-term efficacy of Vip3Aa technology. Determining the frequency of resistant alleles to Vip3Aa in field populations of H. zea is critically important for resistance management. Here, we provided the first F 2 screen study to estimate the resistance allele frequency for Vip3Aa in H. zea populations in Texas, U.S. In 2019, 128 H. zea neonates per isofamily for a total of 114 F 2 families were screened with a diagnostic concentration of 3.0 μg/cm 2 of Vip3Aa39 protein in diet-overlay bioassays. The F 2 screen detected two families carrying a major Vip3Aa resistance allele. The estimated frequency of major resistance alleles against Vip3Aa39 in H. zea in Texas from this study was 0.0065 with a 95% CI of 0.0014–0.0157. A Vip3Aa-resistant strain (RR) derived from the F 2 screen showed a high level of resistance to Vip3Aa39 protein, with a resistance ratio of >588.0-fold relative to a susceptible population (SS) based on diet-overlay bioassays. We provide the first documentation of a major resistance allele conferring high levels of Vip3Aa resistance in a field-derived strain of H. zea in the U.S. Data generated from this study contribute to development of management strategies for the sustainable use of the Vip3Aa technology to control H. zea in the U.S.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Yang, Fei and González, José C. Santiago and Little, Nathan and Reisig, Dominic and Payne, Gregory and Dos Santos, Rafael Ferreira and Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luis and Kurtz, Ryan and Kerns, David L.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={5867} }
 @article{reisig_cook_greene_caprio_gore_musser_reay-jones_2020, title={Location of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on different plant parts of determinate and indeterminate soybean}, volume={110}, ISSN={0007-4853 1475-2670}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007485320000280}, DOI={10.1017/S0007485320000280}, abstractNote={Abstract Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) is a damaging pest of many crops including soybean, Glycine max (L.), especially in the southern United States. Previous studies have concluded that oviposition and development of H. zea larvae mirror the phenology of soybean, with oviposition occurring during full bloom, younger larvae developing on blooms and leaves, intermediate aged larvae developing on varying tissue types, and older larvae developing on flowers and pods. In a field trial, we investigated the presence of natural infestations of H. zea larvae by instar in determinate and indeterminate soybean varieties. In complementary experiments, we artificially infested H. zea and allowed them to oviposit on plants within replicated cages (one with a determinate variety and two with an indeterminate variety). Plants were sampled weekly during the time larvae were present. In the natural infestation experiment, most larvae were found on blooms during R3 and were early to middle instars; by R4, most larvae were found on leaves and were middle to late instars. In contrast, in the cage study, most larvae were found on leaves regardless of soybean growth stage or larval stage. Determinate and indeterminate growth habit did not impact larval preference for different soybean tissue types. Our studies suggest H. zea larvae prefer specific tissue types, but also provide evidence that experimental design can influence the results. Finally, our finding of larval preference for leaves contrasts with findings from previous studies.}, number={6}, journal={Bulletin of Entomological Research}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Cook, Don and Greene, Jeremy and Caprio, Michael and Gore, Jeff and Musser, Fred and Reay-Jones, Francis}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={725–731} }
 @article{lahiri_reisig_dean_reay-jones_greene_carter_mian_fallen_2020, title={Mechanisms of Soybean Host-Plant Resistance Against Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae)}, volume={49}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa075}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvaa075}, abstractNote={A number of soybean varieties traditionally bred for resistance to various soybean arthropod pests have been identified as resistant to Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). However, the mechanisms of host-plant resistance (HPR) in this system are not understood. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms of resistance by examining the role of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and free amino acids (FAAs) among 16 soybean varieties. Choice and no-choice cage experiments identified several soybean varieties that demonstrated antixenosis as well as antibiosis. However, resistance varied over time in certain soybean varieties, such as N02-7002 and PI567352B. Mean nymph number from choice experiments had positive correlations with the FAAs asparagine, tryptophan, alanine, phenylanaline, and serine; negative correlation with leucine and threonine. Four plant volatiles, hexanal, 2-pentylfuran, beta-cyclocitral, and cis-9-hexadecenal, were positively correlated with subsequent nymph development, whereas n-hexadecenoic acid was negatively correlated with nymph number only, in adult choice cage experiments. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms of HPR through associations with plant VOCs and FAAs in relation to M. cribraria development and provides useful knowledge for developing soybean varieties for M. cribraria management.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lahiri, S and Reisig, D D and Dean, Lisa L and Reay-Jones, F P F and Greene, J K and Carter, T E, Jr and Mian, R and Fallen, B D}, editor={Naranjo, StevenEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={876–885} }
 @article{lawrie_mitchell iii_deguenon_ponnusamy_reisig_pozo-valdivia_kurtz_roe_2020, title={Multiple Known Mechanisms and a Possible Role of an Enhanced Immune System in Bt-Resistance in a Field Population of the Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea: Differences in Gene Expression with RNAseq}, volume={21}, ISSN={1422-0067}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186528}, DOI={10.3390/ijms21186528}, abstractNote={Several different agricultural insect pests have developed field resistance to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) proteins (ex. Cry1Ac, Cry1F, etc.) expressed in crops, including corn and cotton. In the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, resistance levels are increasing; recent reports in 2019 show up to 1000-fold levels of resistance to Cry1Ac, a major insecticidal protein in Bt-crops. A common method to analyze global differences in gene expression is RNA-seq. This technique was used to measure differences in global gene expression between a Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strain of the bollworm, where the differences in susceptibility to Cry1Ac insecticidal proteins were 100-fold. We found expected gene expression differences based on our current understanding of the Bt mode of action, including increased expression of proteases (trypsins and serine proteases) and reduced expression of Bt-interacting receptors (aminopeptidases and cadherins) in resistant bollworms. We also found additional expression differences for transcripts that were not previously investigated, i.e., transcripts from three immune pathways-Jak/STAT, Toll, and IMD. Immune pathway receptors (ex. PGRPs) and the IMD pathway demonstrated the highest differences in expression. Our analysis suggested that multiple mechanisms are involved in the development of Bt-resistance, including potentially unrecognized pathways.}, number={18}, journal={International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Lawrie, Roger D. and Mitchell III, Robert D. and Deguenon, Jean Marcel and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Reisig, Dominic and Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro Del and Kurtz, Ryan W. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={6528} }
 @article{bryant_dorman_reisig_dillard_schürch_taylor_2020, title={Reevaluating the Economic Injury Level for Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) at Various Growth Stages of Maize}, volume={113}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa173}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toaa173}, abstractNote={Abstract Economic yield loss and reduction in grain quality from brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), feeding injury in early and late stages of maize, Zea mays (Poales: Poaceae, Linnaeus), development was assessed in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019. Varying levels of stink bug infestations were introduced to seedling maize (V2—early stage), and a range of late-stages of maize, including 1) the last stage of vegetative development (V12/V14), 2) prior to tasseling, 3) at tasseling (VT), and 4) across all tested late growth stages. Euschistus servus infestation levels included 33, 67, and 100% of maize seedlings, and 25, 50, 100, and 200% of plants during later stages. Infestations were maintained on seedling maize for 7 d, and 8 or 16 d in reproductive stages. Infestation level in seedling maize had an impact on grain yield. Infestation level and growth stage both had an impact on grain yield in reproductive maize. The percentage of discolored kernels was also affected by infestation level, but not growth stage. Regression analysis between grain yield and infestation level indicated that the average economic injury level is 7% in seedling maize (7 bugs/100 plants) and 12% (12 bugs/100 plants) from the last vegetative stages (V12/V14) through pollination (VT). The economic injury level in the late vegetative stages is only applicable when infestations are present for an extended period of time (16 d), emphasizing the need for continued scouting of maize throughout the season to make informed management decisions.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bryant, Tim B and Dorman, Seth J and Reisig, Dominic D and Dillard, DeShae and Schürch, Roger and Taylor, Sally V}, editor={Musser, FredEditor}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={2250–2258} }
 @article{dorman_gross_musser_catchot_smith_reisig_reay‐jones_greene_roberts_taylor_2020, title={Resistance monitoring to four insecticides and mechanisms of resistance in
            
              Lygus lineolaris
            
            Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae) populations of southeastern
            USA
            cotton}, volume={76}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5940}, DOI={10.1002/ps.5940}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Economically damaging infestations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), have become more frequent in Virginia and North Carolina cotton since 2013 and 2010, respectively. Foliar insecticide use has increased dramatically in response. Efficacy data (LC50 ) are needed to evaluate L. lineolaris susceptibility and resistance levels (RR50 ) to commonly used and recommended insecticides for managing this pest in the southeastern USA.


RESULTS
Elevated resistance levels to acephate and bifenthrin were measured in L. lineolaris populations collected from wild and cultivated hosts in Virginia, North Carolina, and northern Alabama when compared to a susceptible laboratory population. High levels of bifenthrin resistance were observed in 2018 and 2019. Mixed-function oxidase and esterase inhibitors, piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-Tributyl phosphotrithioate, respectively, had a synergistic effect on bifenthrin with resistant populations of L. lineolaris. Bifenthrin resistant L. lineolaris populations expressed elevated levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP450 ) monooxygenase and general esterase (EST) activity. Results suggest insecticide resistance is present in some locations and that CYP450 and EST activity in L. lineolaris contribute to pyrethroid resistance in the southeastern USA.


CONCLUSIONS
Results can serve as a baseline for continued monitoring of L. lineolaris insecticide resistance and inform insecticide resistance management strategies that help southeastern USA cotton producers to minimize inputs and slow resistance development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, number={12}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dorman, Seth J and Gross, Aaron D and Musser, Fred R and Catchot, Beverly D and Smith, Ronald H and Reisig, Dominic D and Reay‐Jones, Francis PF and Greene, Jeremy K and Roberts, Phillip M and Taylor, Sally V}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={3935–3944} }
 @article{lahiri_reisig_reay-jones_greene_carter_mian_fallen_2020, title={Soybean Host Plant Resistance to Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) and the Potential Role of Leaf Trichome Density}, volume={49}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz158}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvz158}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lahiri, S and Reisig, D D and Reay-Jones, F P F and Greene, J K and Carter, T E, Jr and Mian, R and Fallen, B D}, editor={Acebes-Doria, AngelEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={88–97} }
 @article{dively_kuhar_taylor_doughty_holmstrom_gilrein_nault_ingerson-mahar_whalen_reisig_et al._2020, title={Sweet Corn Sentinel Monitoring for Lepidopteran Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Toxins}, volume={114}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa264}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toaa264}, abstractNote={Abstract As part of an insect resistance management plan to preserve Bt transgenic technology, annual monitoring of target pests is mandated to detect susceptibility changes to Bt toxins. Currently Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) monitoring involves investigating unexpected injury in Bt crop fields and collecting larvae from non-Bt host plants for laboratory diet bioassays to determine mortality responses to diagnostic concentrations of Bt toxins. To date, this monitoring approach has not detected any significant change from the known range of baseline susceptibility to Bt toxins, yet practical field-evolved resistance in H. zea populations and numerous occurrences of unexpected injury occur in Bt crops. In this study, we implemented a network of 73 sentinel sweet corn trials, spanning 16 U.S. states and 4 Canadian provinces, for monitoring changes in H. zea susceptibility to Cry and Vip3A toxins by measuring differences in ear damage and larval infestations between isogenic pairs of non-Bt and Bt hybrids over three years. This approach can monitor susceptibility changes and regional differences in other ear-feeding lepidopteran pests. Temporal changes in the field efficacy of each toxin were evidenced by comparing our current results with earlier published studies, including baseline data for each Bt trait when first commercialized. Changes in amount of ear damage showed significant increases in H. zea resistance to Cry toxins and possibly lower susceptibility to Vip3a. Our findings demonstrate that the sentinel plot approach as an in-field screen can effectively monitor phenotypic resistance and document field-evolved resistance in target pest populations, improving resistance monitoring for Bt crops.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Dively, G P and Kuhar, T P and Taylor, S and Doughty, H B and Holmstrom, K and Gilrein, D and Nault, B A and Ingerson-Mahar, J and Whalen, J and Reisig, D and et al.}, editor={Gassmann, AaronEditor}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={307–319} }
 @article{dorman_reisig_malone_taylor_2020, title={Systems Approach to Evaluate Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Management Practices in Virginia and North Carolina Cotton}, volume={113}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa142}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toaa142}, abstractNote={Abstract Economically damaging infestations of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), tarnished plant bug, were sporadic in Virginia and North Carolina cotton before 2010. Given the sudden rise of L. lineolaris as an economic pest in these states, regionally specific management practices (i.e., chemical and cultural control) are needed to help producers protect yield potential while minimizing input costs. Field experiments were conducted in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019 to 1) determine the effects of various management practices on L. lineolaris density, plant injury (i.e., square retention, internal boll injury), and lint yield, 2) calculate the economic trade-offs between integrated pest management (IPM) systems approach and current management practices for L. lineolaris in these states, and 3) evaluate economic benefits associated with various sampling thresholds. Lygus lineolaris populations peaked mid-season (i.e., August) during cotton flowering in both states. Weekly scouting and applying foliar insecticides when the current University Extension recommended economic threshold was reached was the most critical management treatment in maximizing economic returns. Additional costs among various IPM practices did not translate into significant yield protection and economic gains. Moreover, there were additional economic benefits associated with protecting glabrous and longer maturing varieties in Virginia. Lygus lineolaris density varied significantly between states; therefore, management recommendations should be modified based on the growing region. Results from this study will be used to create an IPM strategy to help cotton producers effectively manage this insect pest in the Southeast.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Dorman, Seth J and Reisig, Dominic D and Malone, Sean and Taylor, Sally V}, editor={Musser, FredEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={2223–2234} }
 @article{reisig_cook_greene_caprio_gore_musser_reay-jones_2020, title={Vertical and temporal distribution of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in determinate and indeterminate soybean}, volume={111}, ISSN={0007-4853 1475-2670}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007485320000619}, DOI={10.1017/S0007485320000619}, abstractNote={Abstract Most oviposition by Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) occurs near the top of the canopy in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr, and larval abundance is influenced by the growth habit of plants. However, the vertical distribution of larvae within the canopy is not as well known. We evaluated the vertical distribution of H. zea larvae in determinate and indeterminate varieties, hypothesizing that larval distribution in the canopy would vary between these two growth habits and over time. We tested this hypothesis in a naturally infested replicated field experiment and two experimentally manipulated cage experiments. In the field experiment, flowering time was synchronized between the varieties by manipulating planting date, while infestation timing was manipulated in the cage experiments. Larvae were recovered using destructive sampling of individual soybean plants, and their vertical distribution by instar was recorded from three sampling points over time in each experiment. While larval population growth and development varied between the determinate and indeterminate varieties within and among experiments, we found little evidence that larvae have preference for different vertical locations in the canopy. This study lends support to the hypothesis that larval movement and location within soybean canopies do not result entirely from oviposition location and nutritional requirements.}, number={3}, journal={Bulletin of Entomological Research}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Cook, Don and Greene, Jeremy K. and Caprio, Michael and Gore, Jeff and Musser, Fred and Reay-Jones, Francis}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{braswell_reisig_sorenson_collins_2019, title={Development and Dispersal of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Non-Bt and Bt Pyramided Cotton}, volume={48}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz006}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvz006}, abstractNote={Abstract Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can cause economic losses in both non-Bt and Bt cotton. Larvae modify their behavior in the presence of Bt by moving away from terminals faster in Bt cotton compared to non-Bt cotton and avoiding Bt-treated diets. Our objectives were to understand differences in bollworm egg and larvae populations within, and dispersal away from, non-Bt and Bt pyramided-toxin cotton. We conducted small plot experiments in 2016 and 2017 to monitor on-plant egg and larval numbers, and off-plant dispersal of larvae, from non-Bt and different Bt toxin pyramided cotton. Bollworm adults preferred to oviposit in most Bt toxin pyramids compared to non-Bt; this was likely unrelated to detection of Bt by adults, but rather density-dependent aversion from high larval populations. First instar numbers were similar in all non-Bt/Bt toxin pyramids and dispersed at a similar rate. Second through fifth instar numbers were higher in non-Bt than Bt toxin pyramids but dispersed equally from all non-Bt/Bt toxin pyramids, regardless of Bt pyramid type. Development times of larvae were often slower in Bt toxin pyramids compared to non-Bt. Fifth instars were found in, and dispersing from, Bt toxin pyramids containing Vip3A, raising concerns of resistance development. Furthermore, differences in oviposition rate among non-Bt/Bt toxin pyramids and slowed development rate of larvae on Bt varieties could create inconsistencies in generation times emerging from Bt and non-Bt hosts, which could contribute to resistance development.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Braswell, Lewis R and Reisig, Dominic D and Sorenson, Clyde E and Collins, Guy D}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={465–477} }
 @article{bilbo_reay-jones_reisig_greene_turnbull_2019, title={Development, survival, and feeding behavior of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) relative to Bt protein concentrations in corn ear tissues}, volume={14}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221343}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0221343}, abstractNote={The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), preferentially oviposits and feeds on ears of corn (Zea mays L.) and can be managed using transgenic hybrids that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Concentrations of Bt proteins can vary spatially and temporally in plant tissues, creating a heterogeneous environment that can increase the risk of resistance development. We planted small-plot trials of nine Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids in South Carolina in 2016 and 2017 and investigated the development, survival, feeding injury, and feeding behavior in corn ear tissues. ELISA was used to quantify the concentrations of Cry1F and Cry2Ab2 in young silk, old silk, maternal tip tissue, kernels, and husk. Cry1F and Cry2Ab2 significantly varied with silk age and both proteins were generally highest in the silk and tip tissue. Hybrids with pyramided proteins significantly reduced feeding injury to the silk, tip, and kernel ear tissues, which was less apparent with single Bt protein hybrids. The pyramided hybrid expressing Vip3A incurred no injury to either the ear tip or kernels, and only eight 1st instar larvae were collected in the silk of 520 sampled ears. Age of larvae significantly varied among ear tissues but not between hybrids. Depending on hybrid family, mean larval instar in the silk, tip, and kernels was 1st or 2nd, 3rd, and 5th, respectively. Instar-specific feeding penetrance into corn ears increased with age but did not differ between hybrids. We characterized the instar- and tissue-specific feeding behavior of H. zea larvae but did not detect differences in feeding behavior between Bt and non-Bt hybrids. Implications for resistance management strategies such as seed mixtures are discussed.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Bilbo, Tom R. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Turnbull, Matthew W.}, editor={Bakhsh, AllahEditor}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={e0221343} }
 @article{aghaee_dorman_taylor_reisig_2019, title={Evaluating Optimal Spray Timing, Planting Date, and Current Thresholds for Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Virginia and North Carolina Cotton}, volume={112}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy407}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy407}, abstractNote={Economically damaging infestations of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), the tarnished plant bug, have been increasing in North Carolina and Virginia cotton since 2009. We conducted experiments to compare prophylactically timed sprays based on cotton phenology and current action thresholds based on sweep net and drop cloth sampling. In the second year of the study, we included planting date as a factor, with early and late-planted cotton. We found L. lineolaris nymph densities were reduced by at least 60% in North Carolina and 74% in Virginia in threshold plots when compared with the untreated control. Protecting the crop from first square through the fourth week of bloom afforded at least 30% control across planting dates in Virginia and at least 40% control in North Carolina. Economic returns were two to three times greater in early-planted cotton than in late-planted cotton. Treating cotton at action threshold or using prophylactic sprays from first square until the sixth week of bloom in early-planted cotton yielded over $500/ha in net returns in both North Carolina and Virginia. This study supports previous research that shows controlling L. lineolaris infestations during squaring and early weeks of flowering is critical for maximizing yield potential. Our findings also suggest that prebloom and bloom thresholds based on adult and nymphal density devised in the Mid-South may need revision in North Carolina and Virginia.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Aghaee, Mohammad-Amir and Dorman, Seth J and Taylor, Sally V and Reisig, Dominic D}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={1207–1216} }
 @article{braswell_reisig_sorenson_collins_2019, title={Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Oviposition and Larval Vertical Distribution in Bt Cotton Under Different Levels of Nitrogen and Irrigation}, volume={112}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz023}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz023}, abstractNote={In some Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties, bollworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) larval behavior differs from non-Bt varieties. Laboratory assays indicate bollworm larvae can detect Bt proteins, which may cause behavioral differences. Plant stress from factors including fertility and water availability causes changes in plant physiology and Bt expression. Our objective was to determine whether nitrogen and irrigation influenced bollworm behavior in Bt cotton by recording the vertical distribution of eggs and larvae over time. We conducted small plot experiments with Cry1Ac + Cry1F cotton in 2016 and 2017 with three nitrogen rates, along with irrigated and nonirrigated treatments during 2017. Bollworm locations were determined by in-field examination of 10-20 cotton plants per plot over 6-8 wk. The location of each egg and larva was recorded by node, with instar estimation of each larva. Oviposition was higher in in plots receiving nitrogen; first and second instars were also more common in plots receiving nitrogen or irrigation, whereas older instars had similar numbers among treatments. Oviposition was more evenly distributed throughout the canopy earlier in the sampling period than during later weeks, with more eggs in the top third of the canopy in only three of 14-wk. Early instars were also evenly distributed throughout the canopy. Later, instars moved to the middle portions of the canopy, away from bottom nodes, and did not move toward the terminal. Understanding bollworm behavior can inform both crop scouting and resistance management decisions.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Braswell, Lewis R and Reisig, Dominic D and Sorenson, Clyde E and Collins, Guy D}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={1237–1250} }
 @article{braswell_reisig_sorenson_collins_2019, title={Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Preference for Plant Structures, and Their Location, Within Bt Cotton Under Different Nitrogen and Irrigation Regimes}, volume={112}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz105}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz105}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Braswell, Lewis R and Reisig, Dominic D and Sorenson, Clyde E and Collins, Guy D}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={1741–1751} }
 @article{babu_reisig_walgenbach_heiniger_everman_2019, title={Influence of Weed Manipulation in Field Borders on Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Densities and Damage in Field Corn}, volume={48}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz016}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvz016}, abstractNote={Abstract Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), is a damaging pest of corn, Zea mays L. (Cyperales: Poaceae), in the southeastern United States. In North Carolina, during the spring, winter-planted wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Cyperales: Poaceae), serves as the earliest available crop host, and E. servus seems to prefer this crop over seedling corn. In the absence of wheat in the agroecosystem, weeds serve as a bridge host for a portion of overwintered E. servus populations until they move to corn and other subsequent crops. Our objective was to reduce densities of E. servus in corn by manipulating the weedy field borders with mowing and applications of dicamba herbicide. During the study, multiple species of stink bugs (n =16) were found associated with weed plots. However, E. servus was the predominant (>94%) stink bug species in the corn. In this farmscape, density of E. servus adults in the unmanaged weed plots began declining around the second week of May, followed by an increase in density in adjacent corn plots. This movement coincided with the seedling growth of corn. In 2016, applications of dicamba in the weedy field border resulted in a lower density of E. servus in herbicide-treated weed plots compared with untreated plots. Despite this difference, manipulations of weeds did not lead to any significant changes in density of E. servus adults in corn. Further evidence suggested that a prominent external source of E. servus, other than field-bordering weeds, in the farmscape was likely driving densities in corn.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Babu, Arun and Reisig, Dominic D and Walgenbach, James F and Heiniger, Ronnie W and Everman, Wesley}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={444–453} }
 @article{mourtzinis_krupke_esker_varenhorst_arneson_bradley_byrne_chilvers_giesler_herbert_et al._2019, title={Neonicotinoid seed treatments of soybean provide negligible benefits to US farmers}, volume={9}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47442-8}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-019-47442-8}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Mourtzinis, Spyridon and Krupke, Christian H. and Esker, Paul D. and Varenhorst, Adam and Arneson, Nicholas J. and Bradley, Carl A. and Byrne, Adam M. and Chilvers, Martin I. and Giesler, Loren J. and Herbert, Ames and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={11207} }
 @article{bilbo_reay-jones_reisig_greene_2019, title={Susceptibility of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 in North and South Carolina}, volume={112}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz062}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz062}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bilbo, Tom R and Reay-Jones, Francis P F and Reisig, Dominic D and Greene, Jeremy K}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={1845–1857} }
 @article{caprio_kurtz_catchot_kerns_reisig_gore_reay-jones_2019, title={The Corn–Cotton Agroecosystem in the Mid-Southern United States: What Insecticidal Event Pyramids Should be Used in Each Crop to Extend Vip3A Durability}, volume={112}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz208}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz208}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Caprio, Michael A and Kurtz, Ryan and Catchot, Angus and Kerns, David and Reisig, Dominic and Gore, Jeff and Reay-Jones, Francis P F}, editor={Gassmann, AaronEditor}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={2894–2906} }
 @article{musser_catchot_conley_davis_difonzo_greene_lorenz_owens_reed_reisig_et al._2018, title={2017 soybean insect losses in the United States}, volume={11}, journal={Midsouth Entomol}, author={Musser, F.R. and Catchot, A. L. and Conley, S.P. and Davis, J.A. and DiFonzo, C. and Greene, J. and Lorenz, G.M. and Owens, D. and Reed, T. and Reisig, D.D. and et al.}, year={2018}, pages={1–23} }
 @article{del pozo-valdivia_reisig_arellano_heiniger_2018, title={A case for comprehensive analyses demonstrated by evaluating the yield benefits of neonicotinoid seed treatment in maize (Zea mays L.)}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2017.10.021}, abstractNote={With increased scrutiny of the neonicotinoid class of chemistry and its negative impact on the pollinator community, ecological cost/benefit analyses of agronomic crops that use these insecticides are increasingly important. This study initially sought to address the question of yield benefit due to neonicotinoid seed treatment in maize (Zea mays L.), using North Carolina yield contest data from 2002 to 2006, the time period from initial neonicotinoid seed treatment adoption to nearly ubiquitous adoption. However, we recognized that several agronomic practices, including planting date, hybrid selection, and fertilization, could affect the yield of this crop; moreover, they could be collinear with one another and the analysis could be skewed by early adopters of new technology. Hence, we used all available data to compare among traditional approaches and a data-mining approach for analyzing the impact of neonicotinoid seed treatment on maize yield. At-planting insecticide treatment was not an important predictor of maize yield. When analyzed using the traditional approach (T-test), yields were significantly higher for fields planted with neonicotinoid treated seed compared to seed without neonicotinoid; however, data-mining approach (Decision tree analysis) that took into account other factors contributing to yield did not identify seed treatments as important. The contrast in these results highlights the need for future carefully designed studies that target to minimize inter- and intra-site variation; and include measurements of additional factors that may influence yield, such as seeding rate, tillage, and herbicide applications, as input variables that are largely lacking in current approaches on the subject.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Del Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro I. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Heiniger, Ron W.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={171–182} }
 @article{reisig_kurtz_2018, title={Bt resistance implications for Helicoverpa zea insecticide resistance management (IRM) in the United States}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvy142}, abstractNote={Abstract Both maize and cotton genetically engineered to express Bt toxins are widely planted and important pest management tools in the United States. Recently, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has developed resistance to two toxin Bt maize and cotton (Cry1A and Cry2A). Hence, growers are transitioning to three toxin Bt cotton and maize that express both Cry toxins and the Vip3Aa toxin. H. zea susceptibility to Vip3Aa is threatened by 1) a lack of availability of non-Bt refuge crop hosts, including a 1–5% annual decline in the number of non-Bt maize hybrids being marketed; 2) the ineffectiveness of three toxin cultivars to function as pyramids in some regions, with resistance to two out of three toxins in the pyramid; and 3) the lack of a high dose Vip3Aa event in cotton and maize. We propose that data should be collected on current Cry-resistant H. zea in the field to inform future Bt resistance models and that the deployment of Bt toxins and non-Bt refuge crops should be adjusted to favor susceptibility of H. zea to Bt toxins such as Vip3Aa. Finally, maize growers should be incentivized to plant non-Bt structured refuge and have access to hybrids with high-yielding genetic potential at a reasonable price.}, journal={Environ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Kurtz, R.}, year={2018} }
 @article{babu_reisig_2018, title={Developing a sampling plan for brown stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in field corn}, volume={111}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy144}, abstractNote={Abstract Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), is a damaging pest of corn, Zea mays (L.), in the southeastern United States. Developing a reliable and practical sampling plan for population monitoring of this pest is essential for implementing integrated pest management measures. E. servus was sampled from commercial corn fields (n = 14) in North Carolina in 2016 and 2017. Both the adults and nymphs had a predominantly aggregated spatial distribution, estimated using the variance to mean ratio and Taylor's power law constant (b). Using the Taylor's power law constants, the optimum sample size required to estimate population density with a given level of reliability was calculated. For early vegetative stage corn (V4–V6), using whole plant visual sampling and an economic threshold density of 2 adult stink bugs per 20 plants, 27 sample units were required to estimate population density within 30% of the mean. At the same growth stage, using partial plant sampling and an economic threshold density of 1.73 adult stink bugs per 20 plants, 28 sample units were required to estimate population density with the same level of reliability. Reproductive stage corn (R1–R4) required eight sample units for whole plant sampling and nine sample units for partial plant sampling (Dx = 0.3). For E. servus adults, the partial plant sampling method was equally or more cost-reliable than the whole-plant sampling method for pest management in all corn growth stages tested.}, number={4}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Babu, A. and Reisig, D.D.}, year={2018}, pages={1915–1926} }
 @article{bilbo_reay-jones_reisig_musser_greene_2018, title={Effects of Bt Corn on the Development and Fecundity of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={111}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy203}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy203}, abstractNote={Abstract The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is only moderately susceptible to most toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) expressed in transgenic corn. To better understand the impact of Bt corn on the life cycle of H. zea, we collected pupae of H. zea during 2014–2016 in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Mississippi from corn hybrids expressing Cry1Ab, Cry1F, Cry1F + Cry1Ab, Cry1F + Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa20, Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2, and Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 + Cry1F, as well as from non-Bt near-isolines. We investigated the effect of Bt corn on pupal weight, fecundity, and egg viability of H. zea. Pupal weights were significantly reduced for males and females from all Bt hybrids compared with non-Bt near-isolines. Female pupae from the hybrid expressing Cry1F + Cry1Ab were also significantly lighter relative to those from the near-isolines expressing only Cry1F. Reductions in pupal weight did not result in any detectable effects on fecundity or egg viability.The reduction in pupal weight in the hybrids expressing Cry1F and Cry1F + Cry1Ab significantly declined over time in South Carolina, possibly indicating developing resistance to these Bt toxins. These data can be incorporated into insect resistance management models used to improve risk management decisions regarding H. zea in Bt crops in the complex landscapes of the southern United States.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bilbo, Tom R and Reay-Jones, Francis P F and Reisig, Dominic D and Musser, Fred R and Greene, Jeremy K}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={2233–2241} }
 @article{fleming_musser_reisig_greene_taylor_parajulee_lorenz_catchot_gore_kerns_et al._2018, title={Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton on insecticide use, heliothine counts, plant damage, and cotton yield: a meta-analysis, 1996-2015}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0200131}, abstractNote={The primary management tactic for lepidopteran pests of cotton in the United States of America (USA) is the use of transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxins. The primary target pests of this technology are Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.) in the eastern and central Cotton Belt of the USA. Concerns over the evolution of resistance in H. zea to Bt toxins and scrutiny of the necessity of Bt crops has escalated. We reviewed published and unpublished data from field trials of Bt cotton in the eastern and central Cotton Belt of the USA through 2015 to evaluate the effectiveness of Bt cotton (Bollgard, Bollgard II, WideStrike, WideStrike 3, and TwinLink). Bt cotton reduced insecticide usage, reduced heliothine pest numbers and damage, and provided a yield benefit, but Bollgard II and WideStrike efficacy declined in the Midsouth over the period evaluated. In the Southeastern region, heliothine damage remained constant through 2015, but yield benefits declined from 2010 until 2015. Resistance of H. zea to several Bt toxins is the most plausible explanation for the observed changes in Bt cotton efficacy. The introduction of new Bt toxins such as found in Widestrike 3 and Twinlink may preserve the benefits of Bt crops. However, while both Widestrike 3 and Twinlink had less damage than Widestrike, damage levels of both were similar to Bollgard II.}, number={7}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Fleming, D. and Musser, F. and Reisig, D. and Greene, J. and Taylor, S. and Parajulee, M. and Lorenz, G. and Catchot, A. and Gore, J. and Kerns, D. and et al.}, editor={Gao, YulinEditor}, year={2018}, pages={e0200131} }
 @article{akbar_gowda_e. ahrens_w. stelzer_s. brown_l. bollman_t. greenplate_gore_catchot_lorenz_et al._2018, title={First transgenic trait for control of plant bugs and thrips in cotton: Bt cotton controls plant bugs and thrips}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1002/ps.5234}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Akbar, Waseem and Gowda, Anilkumar and E. Ahrens, Jeffrey and W. Stelzer, Jason and S. Brown, Robert and L. Bollman, Scott and T. Greenplate, John and Gore, Jeffrey and Catchot, Angus and Lorenz, G and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{reisig_huseth_bacheler_aghaee_braswell_burrack_flanders_greene_herbert_jacobson_et al._2018, title={Long term empirical and observational evidence of practical Helicoverpa zea resistance to cotton with pyramided Bt toxins}, volume={111}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy106}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy106}, abstractNote={Abstract Evidence of practical resistance of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt cotton in the United States is debatable, supported with occasional reports of boll damage in the field. Our objective was to provide both empirical and long-term observational evidence of practical resistance by linking both in-season and end-of-season measurements of H. zea damage to pyramided Bt cotton bolls and to provide Cry1Ac diet-based bioassay data in support of these damage estimates. In-season boll damage from H. zea was highly correlated to end-of-season damaged bolls. Across North Carolina, Bt cotton fields with end-of-season bolls damaged by H. zea increased during 2016 compared to previous years. Elevated damage was coupled with an increase in field sprays targeting H. zea during 2016, but not related to an increase in H. zea abundance. Bioassay data indicated that there was a range of Cry1Ac susceptibility across the southeastern United States. Given the range of susceptibility to Cry1Ac across the southeastern United States, it is probable that resistant populations are common. Since H. zea is resistant to cotton expressing pyramided Cry toxins, the adoption of new cotton varieties expressing Vip3Aa will be rapid. Efforts should be made to delay resistance of H. zea to the Vip3Aa toxin to avoid foliar insecticide use.}, number={4}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Huseth, A.S. and Bacheler, J.S. and Aghaee, M.-Amir and Braswell, L. and Burrack, H.J. and Flanders, K. and Greene, J.K. and Herbert, D.A. and Jacobson, A. and et al.}, year={2018}, pages={1824–1833} }
 @article{wang_kennedy_reay-jones_reisig_toews_roberts_herbert_taylor_jacobson_greene_2018, title={Molecular Identification of Thrips Species Infesting Cotton in the Southeastern United States}, volume={111}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy036}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy036}, abstractNote={Traditional identification of thrips species based on morphology is difficult, laborious, and especially challenging for immature thrips. To support monitoring and management efforts of thrips as consistent and widespread pests of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay with crude DNA extraction was developed to allow efficient and specific identification of the primary species of thrips infesting cotton. The assay was applied to identify over 5,000 specimens of thrips (including 3,366 immatures) collected on cotton seedlings from Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia in 2016. One half of all adult samples were examined by morphological identification, which provided a statistically equivalent species composition as the qPCR method. Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was the dominant species across all the locations (76.8-94.3% of adults and 81.6-98.0% of immatures), followed by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia (4.6-19% of adults and 1.7-17.3% of immatures) or Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in South Carolina (10.8% of adults and 7.8% of immatures). Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were occasionally found among adults but were rarely present among immature thrips. These five species of thrips represented 98.2-100% of samples collected across the Southeast. The qPCR assay was demonstrated to be a valuable tool for large-scale monitoring of species composition of thrips at different life stages in cotton. The tool will contribute to a better understanding of thrips population structure in cotton and could assist with development and application of improved management strategies.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Wang, Hehe and Kennedy, George G and Reay-Jones, Francis P F and Reisig, Dominic D and Toews, Michael D and Roberts, Phillip M and Herbert, D Ames, Jr. and Taylor, Sally and Jacobson, Alana L and Greene, Jeremy K}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={892–898} }
 @article{reay-jones_bilbo_reisig_2018, title={Sampling Transgenic Corn Producing Bt Toxins for Corn Earworm Injury}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy099}, abstractNote={Abstract Transgenic corn, Zea mays L., hybrids expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt near isolines were sampled for injury from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in North and South Carolina from 2012 to 2017. A total of 7,260 ears were sampled, with an average kernel injury from H. zea feeding of 1.22 ± 0.02 (SEM) cm2. The χ2 statistics for observed and Poisson predicted distributions of the area of kernel injury indicated nonrandom distributions for all hybrids (P < 0.0001), which were confirmed by all variance to mean ratios (ID) being significantly greater than one. Slopes b ofTaylor's power law and β of Iwao's patchiness regressions for the area of kernel injury were all either not significantly (P > 0.05) different from a value of one or significantly (P < 0.05) less than a value of one. Within each family of hybrids, relationships between proportions of ear samples with injury and area of kernel injury were similar among Bt and non-Bt hybrids. For the same level of injury, to reach a population estimate within 10% of the mean (Dx = 0.1), the number of sample units required was large (>100), particularly at low levels of injury. Sample sizes for estimates within 30% of the mean (Dx = 0.3) were considerable smaller. Sample size for Bt hybrids relative to non-Bt hybrids varied with the levels of injury and with family. Our study has provided the first sampling recommendations for population estimates of H. zea injury to corn ears.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Bilbo, Thomas R. and Reisig, Dominic D.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={1446–1453} }
 @article{babu_reisig_2018, title={Within-plant distribution of adult brown stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in corn and its implications on stink bug sampling and management in corn}, volume={111}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy149}, abstractNote={Abstract Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), has emerged as a significant pest of corn, Zea mays L., in the southeastern United States. A 2-year study was conducted to quantify the within-plant vertical distribution of adult E. servus in field corn, to examine potential plant phenological characteristics associated with their observed distribution, and to select an efficient partial plant sampling method for adult E. servus population estimation. Within-plant distribution of adult E. servus was influenced by corn phenology. On V4- and V6-stage corn, most of the individuals were found at the base of the plant. Mean relative vertical position of adult E. servus population in corn plants trended upward between the V6 and V14 growth stages. During the reproductive corn growth stages (R1, R2, and R4), a majority of the adult E. servus were concentrated around developing ears. Based on the multiple selection criteria, during V4–V6 corn growth stages, either the corn stalk below the lowest green leaf or basal stratum method could employ for efficient E. servus sampling. Similarly, on reproductive corn growth stages (R1–R4), the plant parts between two leaves above and three leaves below the primary ear leaf were found to be areas to provide the most precise and cost-efficient sampling method.The results from our study successfully demonstrate that in the early vegetative and reproductive stages of corn, scouts can replace the current labor-intensive whole-plant search method with a more efficient, specific partial plant sampling method for E. servus population estimation.}, number={4}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol.}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Babu, A. and Reisig, D.D.}, year={2018}, pages={1927–1939} }
 @article{musser_catchot_davis_herbert_lorenz_reed_reisig_stewart_2017, title={2016 soybean insect losses in the Southern US}, volume={10}, journal={Midsouth Entomol}, author={Musser, F.R. and Catchot, A. L. and Davis, J.A. and Herbert, D. A. and Lorenz, G. M. and Reed, T. and Reisig, D.D. and Stewart, S.D.}, year={2017}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{johnson_moniem_flanders_buntin_reay-jones_reisig_stuart_subramanyam_shukle_schemerhorn_2017, title={A novel, economical way to assess virulence in field populations of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) utilizing wheat resistance gene H13 as a model}, volume={110}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tox129}, abstractNote={Abstract Mayetiola destructor (Say) is a serious pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in North America, North Africa, and Central Asia. Singly deployed resistance genes in wheat cultivars have provided effective management of Hessian fly populations for >50 yr. Thirty-five H genes have been documented. Defense mediated by the H gene constitutes strong selection on the Hessian fly population, killing 100% of larvae. A mutation in a matching Hessian fly avirulence gene confers virulence to the H gene, leading to survival on the resistant plant. As the frequency of virulence rises in the population, the H gene loses its effectiveness for pest management. Knowing the frequency of virulence in the population is not only important for monitoring but also for decisions about which H gene should be deployed in regional wheat breeding programs. Here, we present a novel assay for detecting virulence in the field. Hessian fly males were collected in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina using sticky traps baited with Hessian fly sex pheromone. Utilizing two PCR reactions, diagnostic molecular markers for the six alleles controlling avirulence and virulence to H13 can be scored based on band size. Throughout the southeast, all three avirulence and three virulence alleles can be identified. In South Carolina, the PCR assay was sensitive enough to detect the spread of virulence into two counties previously documented as 100% susceptible to H13. The new assay also indicates that the previous methods overestimated virulence in the field owing to scoring of the plant instead of the insect.}, number={4}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Johnson, A. and Moniem, H. Abdel and Flanders, K. and Buntin, G.D. and Reay-Jones, F. and Reisig, D. and Stuart, J. and Subramanyam, S. and Shukle, R. and Schemerhorn, B.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1863–1868} }
 @article{reisig_bacheler_herbert_heiniger_kuhar_malone_philips_tilley_2017, title={Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Regional Dispersion and Relationship With Wheat Stand Denseness}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvx034}, abstractNote={Abstract Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., is a pest of small grains and the literature conflicts on whether it is more abundant in sparse or dense stands of wheat. Our objectives were to determine the impact of stand denseness on cereal leaf beetle abundance and to investigate the regional dispersion of cereal leaf beetles across North Carolina and Virginia. One-hundred twenty fields were sampled across North Carolina and Virginia during 2011 for stand denseness, and cereal leaf beetle eggs, larvae, and adults. Two small-plot wheat experiments were planted in North Carolina using a low and a high seeding rate. Main plots were split, with one receiving a single nitrogen application and one receiving two. Egg density, but not larva or adult density, was positively correlated with stand denseness in the regional survey. Furthermore, regional spatial patterns of aggregation were noted for both stand denseness and egg number. In the small-plot experiments, seeding rate influenced stand denseness, but not nitrogen application. In one experiment, egg densities per unit area were higher in denser wheat, while in the other experiment, egg densities per tiller were lower in denser wheat. Larvae were not influenced by any factor. Overall, there were more cereal leaf beetle eggs in denser wheat stands. Previous observations that sparse stands of wheat are more prone to cereal leaf beetle infestation can be attributed to the fact that sparser stands have fewer tillers, which increases the cereal leaf beetle to tiller ratio compared with denser stands.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Bacheler, Jack S. and Herbert, D. Ames and Heiniger, Ron and Kuhar, Thomas and Malone, Sean and Philips, Chris and Tilley, M. Scott}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={425–433} }
 @article{del pozo-valdivia_reisig_2017, title={Diel flight activity and intra-plant distribution of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) adults in soybean}, volume={52}, DOI={10.18474/jes16-06pt.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), the kudzu bug, is a soybean pest in the southeastern United States. Accidentally introduced into Georgia in 2009 from Asia, kudzu bug can reduce up to 60% of soybean yield when left uncontrolled. There is limited information on the life history of this invasive pest in soybean. The main goals of this research were to investigate the daily flight activity pattern and intra-plant distribution of kudzu bug adults in soybean. This was accomplished through experiments in two locations in North Carolina during 2013 in which dispersing adult kudzu bugs captured on white sticky cards between 0900–1700 h were counted hourly, and adults on plants were visually sampled between 0900–1200 h from soybean maturity group IV to VII plants. Adult captures on sticky cards were higher from 1300 to 1500 h across sampling dates, suggesting that dispersal or flight activity peaks during this interval. When soybean plants were visually inspected, most of the adults formed aggregations on the main stem, with aggregations most common in the middle section of plants. The number of aggregations per plant, the number of adults per plant, and the male-to-female ratio were not influenced by maturity group. Soybean plant height did not affect adult densities per plant. However, densities varied depending on the date of sampling. Implications of this research on kudzu bug biology are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={J. Entomol. Sci}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Del Pozo-Valdivia, A. and Reisig, D.}, year={2017}, pages={311–322} }
 @article{reisig_suits_burrack_bacheler_dunphy_2017, title={Does florivory by Helicoverpa zea cause yield loss in soybeans?}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow312}, abstractNote={Abstract Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), corn earworm, is a damaging insect pest of many crops, including soybeans. An economic threshold for soybeans during the pod-filling stages exists to prevent economic damage to seeds. However, the impact of florivory (flower feeding) by H. zea larvae on seed yield is poorly understood and there is no economic threshold for flowering-stage soybeans. Four small plot experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2011 and 2012 to assess the impact of H. zea feeding during the flowering stages of determinate soybeans on various yield components. Helicoverpa zea densities were manipulated with insecticides and various planting dates of soybeans and monitored weekly. Helicoverpa zea naturally infested the plots after flowering began and were allowed to feed until R3; they were eliminated from all plots from R3 to maturity. In some sites, H. zea densities exceeded the podding economic threshold during the flowering stages, but yield did not differ among treatments. During 2012, florivory from H. zea was measured directly by counting injured flowers. There was a negative yield relationship between both injured flower number and cumulative flower number. Moreover, H. zea densities were related to both a decrease in cumulative flowers and an increase in injured flowers, even though a direct linkage between H. zea density and yield loss was not observed. Without knowing the preferred tissue types and performance of early-instar larvae on soybeans, it is possible that H. zea density may not be the best measurement for developing an economic threshold in flowering soybeans.}, number={2}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D. and Suits, R. and Burrack, H. and Bacheler, J. and Dunphy, J.E.}, year={2017}, pages={464–470} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2017, title={Efficacy of a new insecticidal seed treatment, cyantraniliprole for annual white grub, 2016}, volume={43}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsx136}, number={1}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D. and Goldsworthy, E.}, year={2017} }
 @article{reisig_goldsworthy_2017, title={Efficacy of insecticidal seed treatments and bifenthrin in-furrow for annual white grub, 2016}, volume={43}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsx137}, number={1}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D. and Goldsworthy, E.}, year={2017} }
 @article{reisig_2017, title={Factors Associated With Willingness to Plant Non-Bt Maize Refuge and Suggestions for Increasing Refuge Compliance}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmx002}, abstractNote={Southern U.S. growers who plant Bt maize (Zea mays L.) must plant a separate non-Bt refuge to maintain Bt susceptibility to pests. North Carolina maize growers were surveyed for intention to plant non-Bt maize refuge, understanding of the importance of refuge, and for their perceptions on actions that would encourage refuge plantings. Identical surveys were conducted and compared before and after a short verbal presentation during 2014 on the logic and necessity of planting refuge. An identical survey was given during 2016, but without a verbal presentation and growers were not asked about actions to encourage planting of refuge. Survey responses from 2014 and 2016 were compared and 2016 survey responses were investigated for possible correlations to environmental factors, such as planted crop area and demographic factors by county. Only 38.3 to 44.3% growers indicated they were planning to plant refuge, and 22 to 29.4% were uncertain about this. Additionally, the verbal county meeting presentation did not increase grower intention to plant more refuge. Although this medium increased understanding directly following the presentation, understanding did not change two years later. Total cropland and farm size were most consistently correlated with intention to plant refuge and understanding of the importance of planting refuge. Future efforts to increase compliance and maintain Bt susceptibility in southern U.S. states like North Carolina should focus on reaching smaller-sized growers. Furthermore, the seed industry could also focus on improved breeding, seed availability, and marketing efforts toward companion non-Bt refuge hybrids, as this was popular with growers.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @article{suits_reisig_burrack_2017, title={Feeding preference and performance of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on different soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) tissue types}, volume={100}, DOI={10.1653/024.100.0123}, abstractNote={Abstract Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding preference and performance on soybean tissue types is poorly understood. We assessed preference by looking at feeding behavior and resulting performance of 2nd and 4th instar H. zea larvae on leaves, flowers, and pods in no-choice and choice assays. Consumption indices were calculated and observed feeding behaviors were used to indicate preference; survival, growth rate, and larval body mass were recorded as measures of performance. Second instars performed better when fed leaf tissue than when fed other tissue types. In no-choice assays, 32% of 2nd instars that fed exclusively on newly emerging trifoliates reached the pupal stage, and 50% of those that fed exclusively on fully emerged leaf trifoliates survived to pupation. Early instar survival was poor (ranging from 0 to 3%) on all other tissue types, including flowers, stems, and pods. However, when given a choice of tissue types throughout their larval lifetime, 2nd instars preferred to feed on newly emerging trifoliates and early developing pods, consuming on average 51 and 38%, respectively, of each tissue type. In no-choice assays, 4th instars performed best on pods with fully developed seeds; however, when presented with a choice throughout their lifetime, late instars did not feed at a higher rate on any single tissue type. If H. zea exhibits similar behavior under field conditions, information on preference can be used to inform management practices and may aid in the development of conventionally bred and transgenic varieties.}, number={1}, journal={Fla. Entomol}, publisher={Florida Entomological Society}, author={Suits, R. and Reisig, D.D. and Burrack, H.}, year={2017}, pages={162–167} }
 @article{howell_reisig_burrack_heiniger_2017, title={Impact of imidacloprid treated seed and foliar insecticide on Hessian fly abundances in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2017.03.007}, abstractNote={Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is a major crop of economic importance throughout the United States. The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is a common economically important pest, feeding on wheat in the larval stage through the southeastern US. It is a multi-voltine species, with generation number dependent on temperature. Growers rely on various management approaches such as resistant wheat varieties, crop rotation, timely plantings, and insecticide treatments to control this destructive pest. The objectives for this research were to show the efficacy of a common insecticide seed treatment (imidacloprid) and a common foliar insecticide spray (lambda-cyhalothrin) on Hessian fly abundance in wheat. Four experiments were conducted over two years in North Carolina, in order to manipulate Hessian fly abundance. Small plot studies were designed with whole plot treatments including non-treated and imidacloprid treated wheat seed, and subplots split with a semi-monthly foliar lambda-cyhalothrin application or no foliar insecticide. The number of Hessian fly eggs present on leaves, number of larvae, number of pupae, and tiller density were counted for the fall generation(s) and all plots were sprayed with foliar insecticide during the spring. Wheat seed treated with imidacloprid had fewer eggs, larvae, and pupae compared to other non-treated seed. With one exception during 2014, foliar spray applications did not reduce egg, larvae, and pupae abundance. Warmer temperatures during 2015 experiments provided conditions that extended Hessian fly presence, allowing multiple fall generations to infest wheat. Unlike 2014 experiments, foliar sprays in 2015 experiments provided some protection from Hessian fly.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Howell, F. C. and Reisig, D. D. and Burrack, H. J. and Heiniger, R.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={46–55} }
 @article{del pozo-valdivia_reisig_bacheler_2017, title={Impacts of tillage, maturity group, and insecticide use on Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) populations in double cropped soybean}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow288}, abstractNote={Abstract Megacopta cribraria (F.), also known as the kudzu bug, is a soybean pest in the United States, and it can cause up to a 60% yield reduction if not controlled. Insecticides are commonly used to manage this pest in commercial soybean fields. However, other soybean production practices may also affect kudzu bug populations. This study investigated the effect of soil tillage, maturity group selection, and insecticide use on kudzu bug densities in soybean. During 2012 and 2013, at two locations each year in North Carolina, four varieties of soybean maturity groups were planted in June into conventionally tilled plots and into plots with cereal crop residue under reduced tillage conditions (mimicking double-crop production). Plots were further split as insecticide-protected and untreated. Four times more kudzu bugs were found in conventionally tilled than reduced till plots throughout the growing season. Selection of the maturity group influenced the attractiveness of the kudzu bug to oviposit on soybean. A 56% reduction of kudzu bug densities was achieved through insecticide treatment, with an ∼6% increase in yield. Information on how production practices, including soil tillage, affect kudzu bug populations in soybean may help growers select practices to minimize kudzu bug injury and protect yield.}, number={1}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Del Pozo-Valdivia, A.I. and Reisig, D.D. and Bacheler, J.S.}, year={2017}, pages={168–176} }
 @article{harris-shultz_ni_wadl_wang_wang_huang_flanders_seiter_kerns_meagher_et al._2017, title={Microsatellite Markers Reveal a Predominant Sugarcane Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Clone is Found on Sorghum in Seven States and One Territory of the USA}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2016.12.1010}, abstractNote={The sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) has become a serious pest causing severe economic losses to sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown in the southern United States. Since its original detection in four states in 2013, M. sacchari on sorghum has now, in 2016, spread to 19 states. The presence of one or multiple genotypes on sorghum in the United States has not yet been established. In this study, genome sequencing of M. sacchari was used to develop microsatellite markers. A total of 8,665,267 reads and 1.44 Gb of nucleotide sequences were generated, and 79.6% of the reads were from M. sacchari. Melanaphis sacchari DNA from 46 samples from 17 locations across seven states and one US territory was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified using 38 newly created microsatellite markers, as well as 14 published microsatellite markers. Genotyping with the 52 microsatellite markers indicated that the samples of M. sacchari on sorghum were all one genotype, with the exception of a single sample collected from Sinton, TX, which had the predominant genotype as well as another genotype. Genotyping of the aphid samples with 12 microsatellite markers for Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate aphid symbiont, had nearly identical results. The invasive M. sacchari on sorghum appears to be spreading in the United States on sorghum as primarily one asexual clone.}, number={4}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Harris-Shultz, Karen and Ni, Xinzhi and Wadl, Phillip A. and Wang, Xinwang and Wang, Hongliang and Huang, Fangneng and Flanders, Kathy and Seiter, Nicholas and Kerns, David and Meagher, Robert and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={2064–2072} }
 @book{drake stowe_crozier_dunphy_everman_reisig_thiessen_2017, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={North Carolina soybean scouting and field guide}, institution={North Carolina Soybean Producers Association}, author={Drake Stowe, K. and Crozier, C. and Dunphy, J. and Everman, W. and Reisig, D. and Thiessen, L.}, year={2017} }
 @article{knight_roberts_gardner_oliver_reay-jones_reisig_toews_2017, title={Spatial distribution of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) adults, eggs and parasitism by Paratelenomus saccharalis (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in soybean}, volume={46}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvx150}, abstractNote={Abstract Since 2014, populations of the kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), have declined in the southeastern United States and seldom require treatment. This decline follows the discovery of Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd; Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a non-native egg parasitoid. The objective of this project was to observe the temporal and spatial dynamics of P. saccharalis parasitism of kudzu bug egg masses in commercial soybean fields. Four fields were sampled weekly for kudzu bugs and egg masses at a density of one sample per 0.6 ha. Sampling commenced when soybean reached the R2 maturity stage and continued until no more egg masses were present. Responses including kudzu bugs, egg masses, and parasitism rates were analyzed using ANOVA, Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE), and SaTScan spatial analysis software. Egg masses were collected from the field, held in the lab and monitored for emergence of kudzu bug nymphs or P. saccharalis. Kudzu bug populations were generally lower than previously reported in the literature and spatial aggregation was not consistently observed. Egg parasitism was first detected in early July and increased to nearly 40% in mid-August. Significant spatial patterns in parasitism were observed with spatio-temporal clusters being loosely associated with clusters of egg masses. There were no significant differences in parasitism rates between field margins and interiors, suggesting that P. saccharalis is an effective parasitoid of kudzu bug egg masses on a whole-field scale.}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Knight, I.A. and Roberts, P.M. and Gardner, W.A. and Oliver, K.M. and Reay-Jones, F.P.F. and Reisig, D.D. and Toews, M.D.}, year={2017}, pages={1292–1298} }
 @article{reay-jones_greene_herbert_jacobson_kennedy_reisig_roberts_2017, title={Within-Plant Distribution and Dynamics of Thrips Species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton}, volume={110}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox131}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tox131}, abstractNote={Abstract A 2-yr study in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was conducted to determine the abundance and species composition of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on different plant parts throughout the season in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Plant parts sampled included seedlings, terminals with two expanded leaves, leaves from the upper, middle, and lower sections of the canopy, white flowers, and medium-sized bolls. Adult thrips were significantly more abundant on seedlings and flowers in 2014, and on flowers followed by seedlings and leaves from the middle canopy in 2015. Immature thrips were significantly more abundant on seedlings, followed by flowers in 2014, and on seedlings followed by leaves from the lower canopy and flowers in 2015. Across locations and plant parts, thrips consisted of Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (46.8%), Frankliniella fusca Hinds (23.5%), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (17.1%), Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) (7.4%), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (1.8%), and other species (3.4%). Frankliniella fusca represented 86.7% of all thrips on seedlings, while F. tritici was more abundant on terminals (51.6%), squares (57.5%), and flowers (75.1%). Across all leaf positions, F. fusca was the most abundant species (28.8%), followed by F. tritici (19.2%), N. variabilis (18.8%), F. occidentalis (12.9%), and T. tabaci (5.2%), as well as other species (15.0%). As neonicotinoid insecticides remain a primary tool to manage seedling infestations of F. fusca, our data indicate that mid- to late-season applications of neonicotinoid insecticides targeting other insect pests will intensify selection pressure for resistance on F. fusca, the primary pest of seedling cotton.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Herbert, D. Ames and Jacobson, Alana L. and Kennedy, George G. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Roberts, Phillip M.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1563–1575} }
 @article{musser_catchot_davis_herbert_lorenz_reed_reisig_stewart_2016, title={2015 soybean insect losses in the Southern US}, volume={9}, journal={Midsouth Entomol.}, author={Musser, F.R. and Catchot, A. L. and Davis, J.A. and Herbert, D. A. and Lorenz, G.M. and Reed, T. and Reisig, D.D. and Stewart, S.D.}, year={2016}, pages={5–17} }
 @article{dhammi_krestchmar_ponnusamy_bacheler_reisig_herbert_del pozo-valdivia_roe_2016, title={Biology, pest status, microbiome and control of kudzu bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Plataspidae): a new invasive pest in the U.S.}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1422-0067"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091570}, DOI={10.3390/ijms17091570}, abstractNote={Soybean is an important food crop, and insect integrated pest management (IPM) is critical to the sustainability of this production system. In recent years, the introduction into the United States of the kudzu bug currently identified as Megacopta cribraria (F.), poses a threat to soybean production. The kudzu bug was first discovered in the state of Georgia, U.S. in 2009 and since then has spread to most of the southeastern states. Because it was not found in the North American subcontinent before this time, much of our knowledge of this insect comes from research done in its native habitat. However, since the U.S. introduction, studies have been undertaken to improve our understanding of the kudzu bug basic biology, microbiome, migration patterns, host selection and management in its expanding new range. Researchers are not only looking at developing IPM strategies for the kudzu bug in soybean, but also at its unique relationship with symbiotic bacteria. Adult females deposit bacterial packets with their eggs, and the neonates feed on these packets to acquire the bacteria, Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. The kudzu bug should be an informative model to study the co-evolution of insect function and behavior with that of a single bacteria species. We review kudzu bug trapping and survey methods, the development of bioassays for insecticide susceptibility, insecticide efficacy, host preferences, impact of the pest on urban environments, population expansion, and the occurrence of natural enemies. The identity of the kudzu bug in the U.S. is not clear. We propose that the kudzu bug currently accepted as M. cribraria in the U.S. is actually Megacopta punctatissima, with more work needed to confirm this hypothesis.}, number={9}, journal={Int. J. Mol. Sci}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Dhammi, Anirudh and Krestchmar, Jaap B. and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Bacheler, Jack S. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Herbert, Ames and Del Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro I. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2016} }
 @article{lahiri_reisig_2016, title={Ecology and Management of Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Southeastern Soybeans}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmw013}, abstractNote={Kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria Fabricius (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), is an invasive exotic pest of soybeans that has been present in the southeastern United States since 2009 and has been rapidly spreading through soybean-producing states. Their primary reproductive hosts in the United States are soybean, kudzu, pigeon pea, black eye pea, lima bean, pinto bean, wisteria, white sweet clover, white clover, red clover, alfalfa, perennial peanut, and American joint vetch. In soybeans, the kudzu bug feeds on vascular fluids at the stem, petiole, and nodes, causing yield losses of up to 60%. The current management recommendation for this pest includes spraying of pyrethroids such as bifenthrin, but this method is not environmentally friendly, as this negatively impacts beneficial insect populations. Sustainable management tactics, including the development of economic thresholds for insecticide sprays, assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of this pest, manipulating cultivation practices, use of biological control, and host plant resistance, are currently being explored. We present an overview of the ecology of the kudzu bug in soybeans and available management tactics to assist with the management of this potentially devastating pest of soybeans as it spreads westward.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lahiri, Sriyanka and Reisig, Dominic D.}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @article{shukle_cambron_moniem_schemerhorn_redding_buntin_flanders_reisig_mohammadi_2016, title={Effectiveness of Genes for Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Resistance in the Southeastern United States}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tov292}, abstractNote={Abstract The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is the most important insect pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum) in the southeastern United States, and the deployment of genetically resistant wheat is the most effective control. However, the use of resistant wheat results in the selection of pest genotypes that can overcome formerly resistant wheat. We have evaluated the effectiveness of 16 resistance genes for protection of wheat from Hessian fly infestation in the southeastern United States. Results documented that while 10 of the genes evaluated could provide protection of wheat, the most highly effective genes were H12, H18, H24, H25, H26, and H33. However, H12 and H18 have been reported to be only partially effective in field evaluations, and H24, H25, and H26 may be associated with undesirable effects on agronomic traits when introgressed into elite wheat lines. Thus, the most promising new gene for Hessian fly resistance appears to be H33. These results indicate that identified highly effective resistance in wheat to the Hessian fly is a limited resource and emphasize the need to identify novel sources of resistance. Also, we recommend that the deployment of resistance in gene pyramids and the development of novel strategies for engineered resistance be considered.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shukle, Richard H. and Cambron, Sue E. and Moniem, Hossam Abdel and Schemerhorn, Brandon J. and Redding, Julie and Buntin, G. David and Flanders, Kathy L. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Mohammadi, Mohsen}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={399–405} }
 @article{whalen_herbert_malone_kuhar_brewster_reisig_2016, title={Effects of Diamide Insecticides on Predators in Soybean}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow173}, abstractNote={Abstract Predatory arthropods can be important for preventing insect pests from reaching damaging levels in soybean. However, the predator community can be compromised when pest control strategies include the application of broad-spectrum insecticides. The use of selective insecticides such as diamides could conserve predators while still providing necessary pest control. We evaluated two selective diamide insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide, and a broad-spectrum insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin in combination with chlorantraniliprole, for impact on predators in soybean. We applied insecticides to field plots and documented predator abundance prior to and up to 3 wk postapplication using sticky card, beat sheet, and sweep net sampling methods. In sweep net samples, total predator abundance in plots treated with the selective insecticides was not significantly different from untreated control plots. For beat sheet samples, there were no significant differences in the abundance of total predators on any day postapplication between the selective diamide insecticides or the untreated control, but abundance decreased after application of lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole and did not recover. For sticky cards, there were no differences in predator abundance among treatments on any day postapplication. Over all, results showed that there were no significant differences in the abundance of total predators, Anthocoridae, Araneae, or Geocoridae after application of flubendiamide or chlorantraniliprole compared with the untreated control for up to 3 wk after application. All insecticides significantly decreased populations of lepidopteran pests compared with the untreated control, but only lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole reduced predatory arthropod abundance.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Whalen, R. A. and Herbert, D. A. and Malone, S. and Kuhar, T. P. and Brewster, C. C. and Reisig, D. D.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={2014–2019} }
 @article{huseth_chappell_langdon_morsello_martin_greene_herbert_jacobson_reay‐jones_reed_et al._2016, title={Frankliniella fusca
            resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides: an emerging challenge for cotton pest management in the eastern United States}, volume={72}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4232}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4232}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Huseth, Anders S and Chappell, Thomas M and Langdon, Kevin and Morsello, Shannon C and Martin, Scott and Greene, Jeremy K and Herbert, Ames and Jacobson, Alana L and Reay‐Jones, Francis PF and Reed, Timothy and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={1934–1945} }
 @article{li_reisig_miao_gould_huang_feng_2016, title={Frequency of Cry1F Non-Recessive Resistance Alleles in North Carolina Field Populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0154492}, abstractNote={Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a target species of transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) that expresses single and pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin. In 2014, S. frugiperda were collected from a light trap in North Carolina, and a total of 212 F1/F2 isofemale lines of S. frugiperda were screened for resistance to Bt and non-Bt corn. All of the 212 isolines were susceptible to corn tissue expressing Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab, Cry1F + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab, and Cry1F + Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa20. Growth rate bioassays were performed to isolate non-recessive Bt resistance alleles. Seven individuals out of the 212 isofemale lines carried major non-recessive alleles conferring resistance to Cry1F. A pooled colony was created from the seven individuals. This colony was 151.21 times more resistant to Cry1F than a known-susceptible population and was also resistant to Cry1A.105, but was not resistant to Cry2Ab and Vip3Aa20. The results demonstrate that field populations of S. frugiperda collected from North Carolina are generally susceptible to Cry1F, but that some individuals carry resistant alleles. The data generated in this study can be used as baseline data for resistance monitoring.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Li, Guoping and Reisig, Dominic and Miao, Jin and Gould, Fred and Huang, Fangneng and Feng, Hongqiang}, editor={Luthe, Dawn SywassinkEditor}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @article{fritz_reisig_sorenson_pozo-valdivia_carter_2016, title={Host plant resistance to Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in diverse soybean germplasm maturity groups V through VIII}, volume={109}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow036}, abstractNote={Abstract Initially discovered in Georgia in 2009, the exotic invasive plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (F.), has become a serious pest of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Managing M. cribraria in soybean typically involves the application of broad-spectrum insecticides. Soybean host plant resistance is an attractive alternative approach; however, no commercial soybean cultivars have been identified as resistant. During 2013 and 2014, we compared 40 and 44 soybean genotypes, respectively, for resistance to M. cribraria in a split-plot design under natural insect infestation in small-plot experiments. Soybean genotypes were selected to maximize diversity with respect to maturity group, pubescence type, leaf shape, seed size, nitrogen fixation, drought tolerance, seed protein content, and pest resistance. Megacopta cribraria egg masses, nymphs, and adults were counted during the growing season to identify potentially resistant soybean genotypes. Soybean seed yield was measured in insecticide-protected and unprotected conditions to determine tolerance to M. cribraria feeding. In both years, a range of host plant resistance was observed. The fewest M. cribraria adults and nymphs were found on narrow-leaf, small-seeded cultivars ‘N7103' and ‘Vance,' as well as the nonnodulating cultivar ‘Nitrasoy.' Additionally, N7103 and Vance were among the least susceptible genotypes to M. cribraria oviposition in the field. Most ‘Benning’ cultivar insect-resistant near-isogenic breeding lines also displayed moderate levels of resistance to M. cribraria. Seed yields of Vance and N7103 were less affected by M. cribraria in 2013 than most other soybean genotypes. These results may be useful to soybean breeders to develop cultivars with resistance to M. cribraria.}, number={3}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Fritz, B.J. and Reisig, D.D. and Sorenson, C.E. and Pozo-Valdivia, A.I.Del and Carter, T.E.}, year={2016}, pages={1438–1449} }
 @article{reay-jones_bessin_brewer_buntin_catchot_cook_flanders_kerns_porter_reisig_et al._2016, title={Impact of Lepidoptera (Crambidae, Noctuidae, and Pyralidae) Pests on Corn Containing Pyramided Bt Traits and a Blended Refuge in the Southern United States}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow109}, abstractNote={Abstract Blended refuge for transgenic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins has been approved in the northern United States as a resistance management strategy alternative to a structured refuge. A three-year study (2012–2014) was conducted with 54 trials across nine states in the southern United States to evaluate plant injury from lepidopteran pests of corn and yield in a corn hybrid expressing Cry1F × Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa20 (Pioneer Brand Optimum Leptra) planted as a pure stand and in refuge blends of 5, 10, and 20% in both early and late plantings. Injury by corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was generally proportional to the percentage of non-Bt corn within each refuge blend. Across locations, ear injury in plots with 100% Cry1F × Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa20 (Optimum Leptra) corn ranged from no injury to a maximum of 0.42 cm2 per ear in Mississippi in 2013. Leaf injury ratings in 100% non-Bt plots in early and late planted trials in 2014 were 86- and 70-fold greater than in 100% Cry1F × Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa20 (Optimum Leptra) plots. Plants in plots with blended refuges had significantly greater leaf injury in 2012 (5, 10, and 20% refuge blends), in the early-planted corn in 2013 (10 and 20% only), and in both early- and late-planted corn in 2014 (20% only) as compared with leaf injury in a pure stand of Cry1F × Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa20 (Optimum Leptra) seen during these years. Corn ears in plots with blended refuges also had significantly greater area of kernels injured in 2012 (5, 10, and 20%), in early- and late-planted corn in 2013 (5, 10, and 20%), and in early (10 and 20% only)- and late-planted corn (5, 10, and 20%) in 2014 as compared with ear injury in a pure stand of Cry1F × Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa20 (Optimum Leptra) seen during these years. Infestations of southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were also significantly reduced by Cry1F × Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa20 (Optimum Leptra). Despite these differences in injury, yield averaged across locations varied among refuge blends only in the late-planted trials in 2013, with greater yields in the 0% refuge blend than in the 20% blend; however, when examining yield separately by location, only two of nine locations had higher yields in the 100% Bt plots than in any of the blended refuge plots. As a complement to studying the contribution of blended refuge to delaying resistance, quantifying injury and yield in a range of refuge blends is a necessary step to provide management information on the range of lepidopteran pests that occur in the southern United States.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reay-Jones, F. P. F. and Bessin, R. T. and Brewer, M. J. and Buntin, D. G. and Catchot, A. L. and Cook, D. R. and Flanders, K. L. and Kerns, D. L. and Porter, R. P. and Reisig, D. D. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1859–1871} }
 @article{seiter_del pozo-valdivia_greene_reay-jones_roberts_reisig_2016, title={Management of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) at Different Stages of Soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) Development}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow053}, abstractNote={Abstract The invasive plataspid Megacopta cribraria (F.) is now distributed throughout much of the southeastern United States. While it readily feeds and develops on the invasive weed kudzu, Puereria montana (Loureiro) Merrill var. lobata (Willdenow), M. cribraria is an economic pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Differences in the susceptibility of soybean to M. cribraria-induced yield reductions based on plant phenology were assessed using two experimental protocols in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina from 2011 to 2013 in which soybeans were protected from M. cribraria using insecticides during different stages of plant phenology. In the first protocol, where insecticide applications were initiated at progressively later stages in soybean development depending on treatment, yields in the untreated plots were reduced by an average of 13% compared with plots that were protected beginning at full flowering (R2). Soybean plots that were protected beginning at 4 wk after full flowering or earlier did not suffer yield reductions from M. cribraria. In the second protocol, where insecticide applications began at R2 and were discontinued at progressively later stages in soybean development depending on treatment, yields in the untreated plots were reduced by an average of 12% compared with plots that were protected until 8 wk after R2. Plots in which protection was discontinued beginning at 4 wk after full flowering or later did not suffer yield reductions. The period from two to 6 wk after R2 (generally coinciding with pod and seed development – stages R3-R5) was identified as critical for management of M. cribraria.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Seiter, Nicholas J. and Del Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro I. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Roberts, Phillip M. and Reisig, Dominic D.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={1167–1176} }
 @book{herbert_reisig_huseth_kennedy_greene_reay-jones_roberts_toews_jacobson_smith_et al._2016, place={Blackburg, VA}, title={Managing thrips in cotton: research in the southeast region}, number={ENTO-182NP}, institution={Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech}, author={Herbert, D.A. and Reisig, D. and Huseth, A. and Kennedy, G. and Greene, J. and Reay-Jones, F. and Roberts, P. and Toews, M. and Jacobson, A. and Smith, R. and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{del pozo-valdivia_seiter_reisig_greene_reay-jones_bacheler_2016, title={Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) Population Dynamics in Soybeans as Influenced by Planting Date, Maturity Group, and Insecticide Use}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow020}, abstractNote={Abstract Since its unintentional introduction during 2009, Megacopta cribraria (F.) has spread rapidly throughout the southeastern United States, mainly feeding and reproducing on kudzu, Pueraria montana Loureiro (Merr.) variety lobata (Willdenow), and soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Megacopta cribraria has become a serious economic pest in soybeans, forcing growers to rely solely on insecticide applications to control this insect. The main objective of this study was to investigate if variation in planting date and maturity group of soybeans had an impact on management of M. cribraria populations. Three experimental fields were located in North Carolina (2) and South Carolina (1), and the tests replicated during 2012 and 2013. Treatments consisted of three planting dates, four maturity groups, and insecticide treated versus untreated, at each location. More M. cribraria were found in untreated early planted soybeans than late planted soybeans. Generally, maturity group did not influence population densities of M. cribraria. Yield was significantly influenced by the interaction between planting date and maturity group. There was a negative linear relationship between M. cribraria populations and soybean yield. Although early planted soybeans may avoid drought conditions and potentially large populations of defoliators, these fields may be at greater risk for infestation by M. cribraria.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Del Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro I. and Seiter, Nicholas J. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Bacheler, Jack S.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={1141–1155} }
 @article{miao_reisig_li_wu_2016, title={Sublethal Effects of Insecticide Exposure on Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) Nymphs: Key Biological Traits and Acetylcholinesterase Activity}, volume={16}, ISSN={["2250-2645"]}, DOI={10.1093/jisesa/iew083}, abstractNote={Megacopta cribraria F. (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), the kudzu bug, is an invasive insect pest of U.S. soybean. At present, insecticide application is the primary and most effective control option for M. cribraria. In this study, the potential effects of sublethal and low-lethal concentrations (LC10 and LC40) of three common insecticides on key biological traits and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of the treated nymphal stage of insect were assessed. The results show that the sublethal concentration of imidacloprid significantly reduced adult emergence rate of M. cribraria. A low-lethal concentration of imidacloprid significantly increased nymphal development time, but significantly decreased adult emergence rate and adult longevity. Both sublethal and low-lethal concentrations of acephate caused an increase in nymphal development time and a reduction in adult emergence rate and adult longevity. Fecundity of females was significantly reduced only by exposure to low-lethal concentrations of acephate. Sublethal and low-lethal concentrations of bifenthrin increased nymphal development time, but significantly decreased adult emergence rate. In addition, we found that the AChE activity of M. cribraria was significantly increased only by LC40 imidacloprid, but strongly inhibited by acephate.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Miao, Jin and Reisig, Dominic D. and Li, Guoping and Wu, Yuqing}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @article{knopper_dan_reisig_johnson_bowers_2016, title={Sugar concentration in nectar: a quantitative metric of crop attractiveness for refined pollinator risk assessments}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4321}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Knopper, Loren D. and Dan, Tereza and Reisig, Dominic D. and Johnson, Josephine D. and Bowers, Lisa M.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1807–1812} }
 @article{musser_catchot_davis_herbert_lorenz_reed_reisig_stewart_2015, title={2014 soybean insect losses in the Southern US}, volume={8}, journal={Midsouth Entomol}, author={Musser, F.R. and Catchot, A. L. and Davis, J.A. and Herbert, D. A. and Lorenz, G. M. and Reed, T. and Reisig, D.D. and Stewart, S.D.}, year={2015}, pages={35–48} }
 @article{seiter_valdiva_greene_reay-jones_roberts_reisig_2015, title={Action thresholds based on sweep-net sampling for management of the kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae)}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tov171}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.), first discovered in the United States in 2009, has rapidly become a pest of commercial soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, throughout much of the southeast. Because of its recent arrival, management practices and recommendations are not well established. To develop action thresholds, we evaluated insecticide applications targeted at different densities of adults and nymphs determined using the standard 38-cm diameter sweep net sampling method in 12 soybean field trials conducted in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina from 2011 to 2013. Average peak densities of M. cribraria in the untreated controls reached as high as 63.5 ± 11.0 adults per sweep and 34.7 ± 8.0 nymphs per sweep. Insecticide applications triggered at densities of one adult or nymph of M. cribraria per sweep, two adults or nymphs per sweep, and one adult or nymph per sweep, with nymphs present, resulted in no yield reductions in most cases compared with plots that were aggressively protected with multiple insecticide applications. A single insecticide application timed at the R3 or R4 soybean growth stages also resulted in yields that were equivalent to the aggressively protected plots. Typically, treatments (excluding the untreated control) that resulted in fewer applications were more cost-effective. These results suggest that a single insecticide application targeting nymphs was sufficient to prevent soybean yield reduction at the densities of M. cribraria that we observed.}, number={4}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Seiter, N. and Valdiva, A.Del-Pozo and Greene, J. and Reay-Jones, F.P.F. and Roberts, P. and Reisig, D.}, year={2015}, pages={1818–1829} }
 @article{reisig_reay-jones_meijer_2015, title={Aggregation and Association of NDVI, Boll Injury, and Stink Bugs in North Carolina Cotton}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2250-2645"]}, DOI={10.1093/jisesa/iev119}, abstractNote={Sampling of herbivorous stink bugs in southeastern U.S. cotton remains problematic. Remote sensing was explored to improve sampling of these pests and associated boll injury. Two adjacent 14.5-ha cotton fields were grid sampled in 2011 and 2012 by collecting stink bug adults and bolls every week during the third, fourth, and fifth weeks of bloom. Satellite remote sensing data were collected during the third week of bloom during both years, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were calculated. Stink bugs were spatially aggregated on the third week of bloom in 2011. Boll injury from stink bugs was spatially aggregated during the fourth week of bloom in 2012. The NDVI values were aggregated during both years. There was a positive association and correlation between stink bug numbers and NDVI values, as well as injured bolls and NDVI values, during the third week of bloom in 2011. During the third week of bloom in 2012, NDVI values were negatively correlated with stink bug numbers. During the fourth week of bloom in 2011, stink bug numbers and boll injury were both positively associated and correlated with NDVI values. During the fourth week of bloom in 2012, stink bugs were negatively correlated with NDVI values, and boll injury was negatively associated and correlated with NDVI values. This study suggests the potential of remote sensing as a tool to assist with sampling stink bugs in cotton, although more research is needed using NDVI and other plant measurements to predict stink bug injury.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Reay-Jones, F. P. F. and Meijer, A. D.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @article{reisig_reay-jones_2015, title={Inhibition of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Growth by Transgenic Corn Expressing Bt Toxins and Development of Resistance to Cry1Ab}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvv076}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Transgenic corn, Zea mays L., that expresses the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry1Ab is only moderately toxic to Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and has been planted commercially since 1996. Growth and development of H. zea was monitored to determine potential changes in susceptibility to this toxin over time. Small plots of corn hybrids expressing Cry1F, Cry1F × Cry1Ab, Cry1Ab × Cry3Bb1, Cry1A.105 × Cry2Ab2 × Cry3Bb1, Cry1A.105 × Cry2Ab2, and Vip3Aa20 × Cry1Ab × mCry3A were planted in both 2012 and 2013 inNorth and South Carolina with paired non-Bt hybrids from the same genetic background. H. zea larvae were sampled on three time periods from ears and the following factors were measured: kernel area injured (cm2) by H. zea larvae, larval number per ear, larval weight, larval length, and larval head width. Pupae were sampled on a single time period and the following factors recorded: number per ear, weight, time to eclosion, and the number that eclosed. There was no reduction in larval weight, number of insect entering the pupal stadium, pupal weight, time to eclosion, and number of pupae able to successfully eclose to adulthood in the hybrid expressing Cry1Ab compared with a non-Bt paired hybrid. As Cry1Ab affected these in 1996, H. zea may be developing resistance to Cry1Ab in corn, although these results are not comprehensive, given the limited sampling period, size, and geography. We also found that the negative impacts on larval growth and development were greater in corn hybrids with pyramided traits compared with single traits.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={1275–1285} }
 @article{reisig_akin_all_bessin_brewer_buntin_catchot_cook_flanders_huang_et al._2015, title={Lepidoptera (Crambidae, Noctuidae, and Pyralidae) injury on corn containing pure single and pyramided Bt traits and non-Bt hybrids compared to a refuge blend with non-Bt and pyramided Bt hybrids, in the southern United States}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tou009}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (Lepidoptera: Crambidae); sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae); and lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), are lepidopteran pests of corn, Zea mays L., in the southern United States. Blended refuge for transgenic plants expressing the insecticidal protein derivative from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has recently been approved as an alternative resistance management strategy in the northern United States. We conducted a two-year study with 39 experiments across 12 states in the southern United States to evaluate plant injury from these five species of Lepidoptera to corn expressing Cry1F and Cry1Ab, as both single and pyramided traits, a pyramid of Cry1Ab×Vip3Aa20, and a pyramid of Cry1F×Cry1Ab plus non-Bt in a blended refuge. Leaf injury and kernel damage from corn earworm and fall armyworm, and stalking tunneling by southwestern corn borer, were similar in Cry1Fx×Cry1Ab plants compared with the Cry1F×Cry1Ab plus non-Bt blended refuge averaged across five-plant clusters. When measured on an individual plant basis, leaf injury, kernel damage, stalk tunneling (southwestern corn borer), and dead or injured plants (lesser cornstalk borer) were greater in the blended non-Bt refuge plants compared to Cry1F×Cry1Ab plants in the non-Bt and pyramided Cry1F×Cry1Ab blended refuge treatment. When non-Bt blended refuge plants were compared to a structured refuge of non-Bt plants, no significant difference was detected in leaf injury, kernel damage, or stalk tunneling (southwestern corn borer). Plant stands in the non-Bt and pyramided Cry1F×Cry1Ab blended refuge treatment had more stalk tunneling from sugarcane borer and plant death from lesser cornstalk borer compared to a pyramided Cry1F×Cry1Ab structured refuge treatment. Hybrid plants containing Cry1F×Cry1Ab within the pyramided Cry1F×Cry1Ab blended refuge treatment had significantly less kernel damage than non-Bt structured refuge treatments. Both single and pyramided Bt traits were effective against southwestern corn borer, sugarcane borer, and lesser cornstalk borer.}, number={1}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D. D. and Akin, D. S. and All, J. N. and Bessin, R. T. and Brewer, M. J. and Buntin, D. G. and Catchot, A. L. and Cook, D. and Flanders, K. L. and Huang, F. -N. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={157–165} }
 @article{bakken_schoof_bickerton_kamminga_jenrette_malone_abney_herbert_reisig_kuhar_et al._2015, title={Occurrence of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Wild Hosts in Nonmanaged Woodlands and Soybean Fields in North Carolina and Virginia}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvv092}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Nonmanaged plants occurring along forest edges and in suburban settings were sampled for brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Sta° l), in North Carolina (NC) and Virginia (VA) over the course of three growing seasons. Commercial soybeans (Glycine max), an attractive cultivated host, were also sampled in 2014 in NC and in VA from 2010–2014. Very few H. halys were found on nonmanaged plants or soybean fields in the coastal plain region of either state, but substantial populations were recorded in the piedmont and mountain regions. From 2011 to 2013, H. halys comprised from 51 to 97% of all stink bug species observed on nonmanaged plants in the piedmont and mountain regions. In VA, the distribution expanded from detection in 12 counties in 2010 to 53 counties in 2014, with economically damaging levels occurring in the piedmont region. During these studies, H. halys were observed to complete one and a partial second generation per year in western NC and southwestern VA, similar to that previously observed in regions farther north. Several plants were identified as preferred hosts, with tree of heaven, catalpa, yellowwood, paulownia, cherry, walnut, redbud, and grape having consistently high numbers of H. halys. Knowing that these plants are preferred by H. halys during certain stages of the insects' development will aid in the search for H. halys in new areas, as well as serve as one predictor of the likelihood of a certain area to attract and sustain large H. halys populations.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bakken, A. J. and Schoof, S. C. and Bickerton, M. and Kamminga, K. L. and Jenrette, J. C. and Malone, S. and Abney, M. A. and Herbert, D. A. and Reisig, D. and Kuhar, T. P. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={1011–1021} }
 @article{musser_catchot_davis_herbert_lorenz_reed_reisig_stewart_2014, title={2013 soybean insect losses in the Southern US}, volume={7}, journal={Midsouth Entomol}, author={Musser, F.R. and Catchot, A. L. and Davis, J.A. and Herbert, D.A. and Lorenz, G. M. and Reed, T. and Reisig, D.D. and Stewart, S.D.}, year={2014}, pages={15–28} }
 @article{huang_qureshi_meagher_reisig_head_andow_ni_kerns_buntin_niu_et al._2014, title={Cry1F Resistance in Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: Single Gene versus Pyramided Bt Maize}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112958}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0112958}, abstractNote={Evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes is a serious threat to the sustainability of this technology. However, field resistance related to the reduced efficacy of Bt maize has not been documented in any lepidopteran pest in the mainland U.S. after 18 years of intensive Bt maize planting. Here we report compelling evidence of field resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), to Cry1F maize (TC 3507) in the southeastern region of the U.S. An F2 screen showed a surprisingly high (0.293) Cry1F resistance allele frequency in a population collected in 2011 from non-Bt maize in south Florida. Field populations from non-Bt maize in 2012–2013 exhibited 18.8-fold to >85.4-fold resistance to purified Cry1F protein and those collected from unexpectedly damaged Bt maize plants at several locations in Florida and North Carolina had >85.4-fold resistance. In addition, reduced efficacy and control failure of Cry1F maize against natural populations of S. frugiperda were documented in field trials using Cry1F-based and pyramided Bt maize products in south Florida. The Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda also showed a low level of cross-resistance to Cry1A.105 and related maize products, but not to Cry2Ab2 or Vip3A. The occurrence of Cry1F resistance in the U.S. mainland populations of S. frugiperda likely represents migration of insects from Puerto Rico, indicating the great challenges faced in achieving effective resistance management for long-distance migratory pests like S. frugiperda.}, number={11}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Huang, Fangneng and Qureshi, Jawwad A. and Meagher, Robert L. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Head, Graham P. and Andow, David A. and Ni, Xinzi and Kerns, David and Buntin, G. David and Niu, Ying and et al.}, editor={Zhu, Kun YanEditor}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={e112958} }
 @article{unbehend_haenniger_vasquez_laura juarez_reisig_mcneil_meagher_jenkins_heckel_groot_2014, title={Geographic Variation in Sexual Attraction of Spodoptera frugiperda Corn- and Rice-Strain Males to Pheromone Lures}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0089255}, abstractNote={The corn- and rice-strains of Spodoptera frugiperda exhibit several genetic and behavioral differences and appear to be undergoing ecological speciation in sympatry. Previous studies reported conflicting results when investigating male attraction to pheromone lures in different regions, but this could have been due to inter-strain and/or geographic differences. Therefore, we investigated whether corn- and rice-strain males differed in their response to different synthetic pheromone blends in different regions in North America, the Caribbean and South America. All trapped males were strain-typed by two strain-specific mitochondrial DNA markers. In the first experiment, we found a nearly similar response of corn- and rice-strain males to two different 4-component blends, resembling the corn- and rice-strain female blend we previously described from females in Florida. This response showed some geographic variation in fields in Canada, North Carolina, Florida, Puerto Rico, and South America (Peru, Argentina). In dose-response experiments with the critical secondary sex pheromone component (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc), we found some strain-specific differences in male attraction. While the response to Z7-12:OAc varied geographically in the corn-strain, rice-strain males showed almost no variation. We also found that the minor compound (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) did not increase attraction of both strains in Florida and of corn-strain males in Peru. In a fourth experiment, where we added the stereo-isomer of the critical sex pheromone component, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate, to the major pheromone component (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), we found that this compound was attractive to males in North Carolina, but not to males in Peru. Overall, our results suggest that both strains show rather geographic than strain-specific differences in their response to pheromone lures, and that regional sexual communication differences might cause geographic differentiation between populations.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Unbehend, Melanie and Haenniger, Sabine and Vasquez, Gissella M. and Laura Juarez, Maria and Reisig, Dominic and McNeil, Jeremy N. and Meagher, Robert L. and Jenkins, David A. and Heckel, David G. and Groot, Astrid T.}, editor={Newcomb, Richard DavidEditor}, year={2014}, month={Feb} }
 @article{reay-jones_reisig_2014, title={Impact of Corn Earworm Injury on Yield of Transgenic Corn Producing Bt Toxins in the Carolinas}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec13516}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Transgenic corn, Zea mays L., hybrids expressing insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and insecticide applications to suppress injury from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) were evaluated in Florence, SC, and in Plymouth, NC, in 2012 and 2013. Based on kernel area injured, insecticide applications (chlorantraniliprole) every 3–4 d from R1 until H. zea had cycled out of corn reduced injury by 80–93% in Florence and 94–95% in Plymouth. Despite intensive applications of insecticide (13–18 per trial), limited injury still occurred in all treated plots in 2012, except in DKC 68-03 (Genuity VT Double PRO), based on kernels injured (both locations) and proportion of injured ears (Florence only). In 2013, ear injury was low in Plymouth, with no kernel injury in any insecticide-treated plots, except P1498R (non-Bt) and P1498YHR (Optimum Intrasect). Injury in Florence in 2013 did not occur in treated plots of DKC 68-04 (non-Bt), DKC 68-03 (Genuity VT Double PRO), and N785-3111 (Agrisure Viptera). Yields were not significantly affected by insecticide treatment and were not statistically different among near-isolines with and without Bt traits. Yields were not significantly associated with kernel injury based on regression analyses. The value of using Bt corn hybrids to manage H. zea is discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Reisig, Dominic D.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={1101–1109} }
 @article{pulakkatu-thodi_reisig_greene_reay-jones_toews_2014, title={Within-Field Spatial Distribution of Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)-Induced Boll Injury in Commercial Cotton Fields of the Southeastern United States}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en13332}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Spatial distribution of boll injury caused by stink bugs to developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) bolls was studied in five commercial fields (≈22 ha each) in 2011 and 2012 to understand variability in boll injury dynamics within fields. Cotton bolls and stink bugs were sampled weekly from a georeferenced grid of sampling points (one sample per 0.40 ha) in each field, but no samples were taken within 30 m of field edges. The inverse distance weighted interpolation, variogram analysis, and Moran's 7 were used to describe spatial variability of boll damage within the fields. Boll injury was found to be spatially associated at distances ranging from =75 to 275 m with an average distance ≈150 m. An exponential variogram model was selected as the best fitting model to describe the spatial association in four of the five fields. Moran's 7 indicated that spatial association was significant in three of the five fields. The spread of boll injury from stink bugs was gradual in most fields and always exceeded the treatment threshold during the fourth or fifth week of bloom. Capture of stink bugs using a sweep net was inefficient, strongly suggesting that quantifying boll injury is a better sampling method and predictor of stink bug activity when sampling all but the edges of the field. These data suggest that scouts need to sample boll injury from sample locations separated by at least 150 m to assure independence in the central part of large fields. Second, future researchers who plan to use parametric statistical methods could use a 150-m grid, as opposed to a denser grid that would require greater time and effort.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Pulakkatu-Thodi, Ishakh and Reisig, Dominic D. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Toews, Michael D.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={744–752} }
 @article{musser_catchot_davis_herbert_lorenz_reed_reisig_stewart_2013, title={2012 soybean insect losses in the Southern US}, volume={6}, journal={Midsouth Entomol.}, author={Musser, F.R. and Catchot, A. L. and Davis, J.A. and Herbert, D. A. and Lorenz, G. M. and Reed, T. and Reisig, D.D. and Stewart, S.D.}, year={2013}, pages={12–24} }
 @book{flanders_reisig_buntin_winslow_herbert_johnson_2013, place={Auburn, AL}, title={Biology and management of Hessian fly in the southeast}, number={ANR-1069}, institution={Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities}, author={Flanders, K.L. and Reisig, D.D. and Buntin, G.D. and Winslow, M. and Herbert, D.A. and Johnson, D.W.}, year={2013} }
 @article{gardner_peeler_laforest_roberts_sparks_greene_reisig_suiter_bacheler_kidd_et al._2013, title={Confirmed distribution and occurrence of Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Plataspidae) in the southeastern United States}, volume={48}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-48.2.118}, abstractNote={Abstract Megacopta cribraria (F) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Plataspidae) was first discovered in North America in 9 counties in northeastern Georgia (USA) in October 2009. By the end of 2012, surveys conducted in Georgia and neighboring states confirmed that the insect had spread into 383 additional counties in the southeastern U.S., including the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. It was reported from 33 species of plants representing 15 taxonomic families in these surveys, with 17 of those from the family Fabaceae (legumes). Kudzu (Pueraria montana Lour. [Merr.] variety lobata [Willd.] Maesen & S. Almeida) was the most frequently reported host. All life stages of the insect were observed only on kudzu and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) which, to date, are the only confirmed reproductive host plants of M. cribraria in its expanded North American range.}, number={2}, journal={J. Entomol. Sci}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Gardner, W.A. and Peeler, H.B. and LaForest, J. and Roberts, P.M. and Sparks, A.N. and Greene, J.K. and Reisig, D. and Suiter, D.R. and Bacheler, J.S. and Kidd, K. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={118–127} }
 @article{reisig_roe_dhammi_2013, title={Dispersal Pattern and Dispersion of Adult and Nymph Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Wheat and Corn}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en13166}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Euschistus servus (Say) can develop a generation on wheat, Triticum aestivum L., before moving to corn, Zea mays L., where it can be a pest. Because effective management methods are unknown, this study sought to describe the spatial distribution and dispersal of E. servus in the wheat and corn interface. In addition, Oebalus pugnax (F.) densities were documented in both crops. Wheat fields adjacent to the corn were sampled before harvest and stink bugs were marked using a product containing egg whites. Dispersal into the adjacent corn was measured using grid sampling, and dispersion was measured over time using an immunoassay targeting egg albumin on E. servus collected in corn. Dispersion was measured using Anselin Local Moran's I for unmarked stink bugs only. O. pugnax was prominent in wheat but was rarely recovered from corn. In contrast, E. servus was common in wheat during both years and dispersed into the adjacent corn. E. servus nymph and adult densities increased quadratically over time in corn in 2011. In contrast, E. servus nymph densities decreased over time in corn in 2012, while adult densities remained static. Most aggregations of E. servus nymphs and adults were located on the edge of the corn, directly adjacent to the harvested wheat. This is likely the first study to directly document the movement of E. servus nymphs to the adjacent crop. Movement from wheat to corn was not consistent between the years and may have been influenced by factors such as variations in weather, timing of wheat harvest, or other available alternative hosts.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Roe, M. and Dhammi, A.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={1184–1192} }
 @article{owens_herbert_dively_reisig_kuhar_2013, title={Does Feeding by Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Reduce Soybean Seed Quality and Yield?}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec12488}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 The nonnative brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), has become an abundant pest of mid-Atlantic soybean since its introduction in the mid-1990s. Currently, there is little information indicating how this new pest should be managed in soybean or if economic thresholds developed for native stink bugs should be adjusted. In 2010 and 2011, field cage studies were conducted in Beltsville, MD, and Suffolk, VA, to evaluate H. halys injury to three different soybean reproductive development stages. Cages were infested for 2 wk using densities of zero, one, two, four, or eight stink bugs (fifth instars and adults) per 0.3 row-m. Cage plots were harvested, and subsamples were taken to determine pod losses and seed quality. Feeding injury to soybean caused by H. halys was similar to that of native stink bugs, as evidenced by seed destruction, punctures, and destroyed pods. Densities of four stink bugs per 0.3 row-m resulted in significant seed damage in three of four experiments. The full flowering (R2) soybean development stage was least affected by H. halys feeding. The full pod (R4) and the full seed (R6) stage were similarly sensitive to injury. There was no significant yield loss was associated with stink bug densities at either location, although there were significant differences among stages in two of four experiments. The data do not indicate that threshold densities for H. halys should be different than for the native stink bugs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Owens, D. R. and Herbert, D. A., Jr. and Dively, G. P. and Reisig, D. D. and Kuhar, T. P.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={1317–1323} }
 @article{owens_herbert_kuhar_reisig_2013, title={Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Vertical Distribution of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) within a Soybean Canopy and Implications for Field Sampling}, volume={48}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-48.2.90}, abstractNote={Abstract Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are suspected to change their intraplant vertical distribution in response to changes in environmental conditions. As a result, this could influence sweep-net sampling efficiency in a soybean canopy. We examined the effects of both ambient and within-soybean canopy temperature and relative humidity on stink bug vertical distribution in 2 0.38m row spaced commercial soybean fields with full canopies in Virginia, one in 2010 and one in 2011. Temperature and relative humidity were monitored in the upper and lower plant canopy. The within-canopy vertical distribution of a minimum of 20 stink bugs was documented at each of 4 different observation times: observations were replicated on different days 14 times in the morning, 14 around noon, 15 during the midafternoon, and 5 observations were replicated in the early evening. Chinavia hilaris Say was the primary species observed with 88% of the total in 2010 and 59% in 2011; the remainder was primarily Euschistus servus Say. No significant relationship was observed between the environmental parameters measured or time of day on the vertical distribution of stink bugs in the canopy. Regardless of environmental conditions, an average of 15 - 20% of stink bugs was located below the typical 38cm zone of a sweep net sampling. Efficiency of sweep net sampling for stink bugs in soybean did not appear to be significantly affected by changes in temperature, relative humidity, or time of day, and sweep netting the upper canopy accessed approximately 80% of the total population.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Owens, D. R. and Herbert, D.A. and Kuhar, TP. and Reisig, D.D.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={90–98} }
 @article{del pozo-valdiva_reisig_2013, title={First generation Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) can develop on soybeans}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec12425}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) was first reported in 2009 near Atlanta, GA. The insect undergoes two generations per year. The first-generation is reported mainly in kudzu during May and June, with the second establishing on both kudzu and soybean during July and August. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the suitability of two legumes as hosts for first generation M. cribraria. First generation M. cribraria successfully developed on caged potted soybean plants. Conversely, snap beans were not a suitable host under the conditions of this study. A range of 45–50 d was needed to transition from the egg to adult on soybean plants. Although this study was limited to the greenhouse, kudzu may not be an obligate host for the development of first-generation M. cribraria. An important implication of this finding is the establishment for this pest on spring-planted soybean and for the possible expanded geographic range for this pest beyond that of kudzu.}, number={2}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Del Pozo-Valdiva, A. and Reisig, D.D.}, year={2013}, pages={533–535} }
 @book{reisig_herbert_bambara_ambrose_weisz_2013, place={North Carolina Cooperative Extension Center, Raleigh, NC}, series={Small Grain Production Guide}, title={Insect pest management for small grains}, number={AG-580}, author={Reisig, D. and Herbert, D.A. and Bambara, S. and Ambrose, G. and Weisz, R.}, year={2013}, collection={Small Grain Production Guide} }
 @book{reisig_herbert_2013, place={Chesterfield, MO}, title={Soybean insect guide}, institution={United Soybean Board}, author={Reisig, D. and Herbert, D.A.}, year={2013} }
 @article{stewart_akin_reed_bacheler_catchot_cook_gore_greene_herbert_jackson_et al._2013, title={Survey of thrips species infesting cotton across the southern U.S. Cotton Belt}, volume={17}, journal={J. Cotton Sci}, author={Stewart, S.D. and Akin, D.S. and Reed, J. and Bacheler, J. and Catchot, A. and Cook, D. and Gore, J. and Greene, J. and Herbert, A. and Jackson, R.E. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={263–269} }
 @article{musser_catchot_davis_herbert_lorenz_reed_reisig_stewart_2012, title={2011 soybean insect losses in the southern US}, volume={5}, journal={Midsouth Entomol}, author={Musser, F.R. and Catchot, A. L. and Davis, J.A. and Herbert, D. A. and Lorenz, G.M. and Reed, T. and Reisig, D.D. and Stewart, S.D.}, year={2012}, pages={11–22} }
 @article{reisig_bacheler_herbert_kuhar_malone_philips_weisz_2012, title={Efficacy and Value of Prophylactic vs. Integrated Pest Management Approaches for Management of Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Wheat and Ramifications for Adoption by Growers}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec12124}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., can be effectively managed in southeastern U.S. wheat, Triticum aestivum L., with scouting and a single insecticide treatment, applied at the recommended economic threshold. However, many growers eschew this approach for a prophylactic treatment, often tank mixed with a nitrogen application before wheat growth stage 30. The efficacy of a prophylactic and an integrated pest management (IPM) approach was compared for 2 yr using small plot studies in North Carolina and regional surveys across North Carolina and Virginia. Economic analyses were performed, comparing the total cost of management of each approach using the regional survey data. From a cost perspective, the prophylactic approach was riskier, because when cereal leaf beetle densities were high, economic loss was also high. However, fields under the prophylactic approach did not exceed threshold as often as fields using IPM. Total cost of prophylactic management was also $20.72 less per hectare, giving this approach an economic advantage over IPM. The majority of fields under the IPM approach did not exceed the economic threshold. Hence, from an economic perspective, both the prophylactic and IPM approaches have advantages and disadvantages. This helps explains the partial, rather than complete, adoption of IPM by southeastern U.S. wheat growers. Cereal leaf beetle was spatially aggregated across the region in 2010, but not in 2011. As a result, from an economic standpoint, prophylaxis or IPM may have a better fit in localized areas of the region than others. Finally, because IPM adoption is favored when it has a strong economic advantage over alternative management approaches, more emphasis should be placed on research to reduce costs within the IPM approach.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Bacheler, Jack S. and Herbert, D. Ames and Kuhar, Thomas and Malone, Sean and Philips, Chris and Weisz, Randy}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={1612–1619} }
 @article{reisig_herbert_malone_2012, title={Impact of neonicotinoid seed treatments on thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and soybean yield in Virginia and North Carolina}, volume={105}, DOI={10.1603/ec11429}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Currently there are several neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments registered for use on soybean (Glycine max L.), with disparity in adoption rates in the eastern United States. A complex of seedling insect pests is found in mid-south soybean, but thrips are the primary early season pest of soybean in Virginia and North Carolina. Published knowledge regarding their impact on soybean yield is minimal, as is the impact of thrips on soybean yield; thrips species composition is also understudied. In 2008 through 2010, nine field experiments in Virginia and North Carolina were conducted to evaluate the impact on thrips population dynamics; the influence on yield of neonicotinoid seed treatments, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, was reported from nine of these experiments. Moreover, thrips species abundance was recorded in three of these experiments. Both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam reduced thrips densities compared with untreated soybean. Thiamethoxam was more effective than imidacloprid in reducing adult thrips densities at 5 wk after planting. Adult densities peaked at 3 wk after planting, followed by larval densities, which peaked at 4 wk after planting. The most abundant thrips species was Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), followed by Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach). Other common species included F. occidentalis (Pergande) and F. tritici (Fitch). In general, F. fusca was more common earlier in the season, while N. variabilis was more common later in the season. There were no significant differences in yield among any of the treatments or in the untreated controls. Although neonicotinoid insecticides reduced thrips abundance, data collected in these studies demonstrated that there was no positive yield response.}, number={3}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Herbert, D.A. and Malone, S.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={884–889} }
 @article{phillips_herbert_kuhar_reisig_roberts_2012, title={Using degree-day models to predict cereal leaf beetle (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae) egg and larval population peaks}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en12026}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 To improve cereal leaf beetle scouting efficiency and encourage the use of thresholds, temperature-based degree-day models were developed and tested to determine their accuracy to predict the date of egg and larval peaks. Previously published cereal leaf beetle temperature development data were used to create the degree-day model. This model of 182 DD using a base development temperature of 8°C was validated using cereal leaf beetle sampling data from four locations in Virginia and North Carolina in 2010, and six locations in 2011. In both years, the degree-day model predicted the average egg peak within 3 d of the observed calendar date. There was also a consistent period between egg and larval peaks averaging 17.5 d. Given the accuracy of this model, historical high and low temperature data were used to create a predictive map of the calendar week that different areas of Virginia and North Carolina would exceed 182 DD, and was validated using survey data from 60 field sites in 2010 and 65 sites in 2011 throughout Virginia and North Carolina. Finally, correlation and linear regression analyses were performed using data from all cereal leaf beetle study populations in 2010 and 2011, as well as previously collected data to determine if the number of eggs at peak could be used to predict larval peak numbers. There was a significant positive linear relationship between egg peak density and larval peak density, explaining 94% of the variation seen in larval peaks, indicating that egg peaks could reliably predict larval infestation levels.}, number={4}, journal={Environ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Phillips, C.R. and Herbert, D.A. and Kuhar, T.P. and Reisig, D.D. and Roberts, E.A.}, year={2012}, pages={761–767} }
 @book{akin_all_allen_boerma_buntin_cardinal_catchot_chen_clough_cook_et al._2011, title={A strategy for prioritizing research goals to reduce soybean production losses caused by stink bugs and related pests}, institution={United Soybean Board}, author={Akin, S. and All, J. and Allen, C. and Boerma, R. and Buntin, D. and Cardinal, A. and Catchot, A. and Chen, P. and Clough, S. and Cook, D. and et al.}, year={2011} }
 @article{reisig_bacheler_robertson_mott_2011, title={Evaluation of foliar insecticides for plant bug control on cotton}, volume={36}, DOI={10.4182/amt.2011.f63}, abstractNote={Cotton was planted on 5 May on a Cape Fear fine sandy loam near Pantego, NC. Plots were 6 rows by 40 ft with four replicates in a RCBD. The foliar sprays indicated in the table were applied to all 4 rows of each treatment on 2 Aug with a CO 2 -powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 7.5 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems R nozzle per row. On 5 Aug, PB nymphs and adults were sampled by taking two, 3-ft drop cloth from either side of the middle two rows per plot (12 ft of row sample per plot). Insect data were entered into Gylling’s ARM software and analyzed via ANOVA with LSD (P = 0.05) mean values shown in the table. Control of plant PB nymphs was significant in all treatments except for Centric. Due to low number of adult PB, no significant differences were noted between treatments. With the relatively higher levels of nymph stage plant bugs compared with adults, the control of total plant bugs was similar to the control of the nymph population, with the exception that only Swagger showed significantly better control of the total population than Centric.}, number={F63}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Bacheler, J.S. and Robertson, S. and Mott, D.}, year={2011} }
 @article{philips_herbert_kuhar_reisig_thomason_malone_2011, title={Fifty years of cereal leaf beetle in the U.S.: an update on its biology, management and current research}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1603/IPM11014}, abstractNote={Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., is an introduced insect pest of small grains first recorded in the United States in the early 1960s. Since its introduction from Europe or Asia into Michigan, cereal leaf beetle has rapidly spread and can now be found in most states. Cereal leaf beetle feeds on numerous species of grasses and is considered a major pest of oats, barley, and wheat. Although several studies have investigated cereal leaf beetle biology and population dynamics, numerous gaps remain in understanding the mechanisms that influence its spread and distribution, which makes predicting pest outbreaks difficult. Because of the difficulty in predicting when and where pest outbreaks will occur many growers in the southeast apply insecticides on a calendar basis rather than using a threshold-based integrated pest management approach. Our challenge is to develop new information and procedures that will encourage growers to reevaluate the way they are approaching spring-time insect control in wheat, and consider adoption of the integrated pest management approach. This article is a review of cereal leaf beetle biology, past and present management practices, and current research being conducted.}, number={2}, journal={J. Integ. Pest Mngmt}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Philips, C.R. and Herbert, D.A. and Kuhar, T.P. and Reisig, D.D. and Thomason, W.E. and Malone, S.}, year={2011}, pages={1–5} }
 @book{reisig_bambara_2011, place={North Carolina Cooperative Extension Center, Raleigh, NC}, series={Small Grain Production Guide}, title={Insect pest management for stored grains}, number={AG-580}, author={Reisig, D. and Bambara, S.}, year={2011}, collection={Small Grain Production Guide} }
 @article{reisig_2011, title={Insecticidal Management and Movement of the Brown Stink Bug,Euschistus servus, in Corn}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1673/031.011.16801}, abstractNote={Abstract In eastern North Carolina, some brown stink bugs, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are suspected to pass the F1 generation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Poales: Poaceae) before moving into corn (Zea mays L.) (Poales: Poaceae). These pests can injure corn ears as they develop. To test their effectiveness as a management tactic, pyrethroids were aerially applied to field corn in two experiments, one with 0.77 ha plots and another with 85 ha plots. Euschistus servus population abundance was monitored over time in both experiments and yield was assessed in the larger of the two experiments. In the smaller experiment, the populations were spatially monitored in a 6.3 ha area of corn adjacent to a recently harvested wheat field (352 sampling points of 6.1 row-meters in all but the first sampling event). Overall E. servus abundance decreased throughout the monitoring period in the sampling area of the smaller experiment, but remained unchanged over time in the large-scale experiment. During all sampling periods in both experiments, abundance was the same between treatments. Yield was unaffected by treatment where it was measured in the larger experiment. In the smaller experiment, E. servus were initially aggregated at the field edge of the corn (two, six and 13 days following the wheat harvest). Sixteen days following the wheat harvest they were randomly distributed in the corn. Although it was not directly measured, stink bugs are suspected to move the cornfield edge as a result of the adjacent wheat harvest. More study of the biology of E. servus is needed, specifically in the area of host preference, phenology and movement to explain these phenomena and to produce better management strategies for these pests.}, number={168}, journal={Journal of Insect Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D.}, year={2011}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_marcum_2011, title={Spatial dependence, dispersion, and sequential sampling of Anaphothrips obscurus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in timothy}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en10225}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The spatial distribution and dispersion of Anaphothrips obscuras (Müller) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was examined with the goal of establishing a sequential sampling plan for this pest in timothy, Phleum pratense L. (Poaceae). Approximately 16 different California timothy fields were sampled twice yearly from 2006 to 2008 using direct observation and the beat cup method. For direct observation, the number of thrips on each leaf of the plant was counted. For the beat cup method, tillers were tapped into a cup and dislodged thrips were counted. Samples were separated by ∼3 m in 2006 and 2007 and exactly 3 m in 2008. Spatial autocorrelation of intrafield population distribution was tested for significance in 2008 using Moran's I, but autocorrelation was not detected. The population dispersion was assessed by Taylor's power law and was determined to be aggregated and density-dependent. Intraplant population dispersion and distribution for each year were also evaluated for adults, larvae, and total thrips. All lifestages were highly spatially dependent and more thrips were found near the top of the plant than the bottom. Direct observation proved to be a more accurate and precise method than the beat cup method, especially when thrips abundances were greater than one. However, the number of samples required to provide an accurate level of precision was unrealistic for both methods. A sequential sampling plan was evaluated, but was not practical for the beat cup method because few thrips were found using this method. Because there was no spatial autocorrelation at sampling distances of 3 m, samples can be taken at intervals at 3 m to obtain spatially independent population abundance estimates.}, number={3}, journal={Environ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Godfrey, L.D. and Marcum, D.B.}, year={2011}, pages={689–696} }
 @article{bacheler_reisig_mott_ambrose_2010, title={Control of red imported fire ants in no-till soybeans with Extinguish, 2009}, volume={35}, DOI={10.4182/amt.2010.f41}, number={F41}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bacheler, J.S. and Reisig, D.D. and Mott, D.W. and Ambrose, G.}, year={2010} }
 @article{bacheler_reisig_mott_peele_2010, title={Evaluation of insecticide for threecornered alfalfa hopper control, 2009}, volume={35}, DOI={10.4182/amt.2010.f43}, number={F43}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bacheler, J.S. and Reisig, D.D. and Mott, D.W. and Peele, B.}, year={2010} }
 @article{herbert_malone_arrington_reisig_2010, title={Evaluation of selected foliar insecticides for control of bean leaf beetle in soybean, 2010}, volume={36}, DOI={10.4182/amt.2011.f84}, abstractNote={A test was conducted to determine efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides against BLB, a recurrent pest in Virginia and North Carolina soybean. ‘Asgrow AG4907’ soybean seed was planted 26 Apr at Flatland Farms in Beaufort County, North Carolina, using 36-inch row spacing. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were broadcast (BC) on 25 Aug with a CO2pressurized backpack sprayer at 16.5 gpa and 22 psi through 8004E nozzles spaced 36 inches apart on the spray boom. Efficacy against BLB was determined at 3, 7, and 13 DAT by taking 15 sweeps/plot with a standard 15-inch diameter sweep net and recording the number of adults. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.}, number={F84}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Herbert, D.A. and Malone, S. and Arrington, M. and Reisig, D.}, year={2010} }
 @article{bacheler_reisig_mott_dunphy_2010, title={Evaluation of selected soybean varieties for lesser corn stalk borer tolerance, 2009}, volume={35}, DOI={10.4182/amt.2010.m1}, number={M1}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bacheler, J.S. and Reisig, D.D. and Mott, D. and Dunphy, J.}, year={2010} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_marcum_2010, title={Grass Thrips (Anaphothrips obscurus) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Population Dynamics and Sampling Method Comparison in Timothy}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en09329}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Sampling studies were conducted on grass thrips, Anaphothrips obscurus (Müller) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in timothy, Phleum pratense L. These studies were used to compare the occurrence of brachypterous and macropterous thrips across sampling methods, seasons, and time of day. Information about the population dynamics of this thrips was also revealed. Three absolute and two relative methods were tested at three different dates within a season and three different daily times during four harvest periods. Thrips were counted and different phenotypes were recorded from one of the absolute methods. Absolute methods were the most similar to one another over time of day and within seasonal dates. Relative methods varied in assessing thrips population dynamics over time of day and within seasonal dates. Based on thrips collected from the plant and sticky card counts, macropterous individuals increased in the spring and summer. Thrips aerially dispersed in the summer. An absolute method, the beat cup method (rapping timothy inside a plastic cup), was among the least variable sampling methods and was faster than direct observations. These findings parallel other studies, documenting the commonality of diel and diurnal effects on sampled arthropod abundance and the seasonal effects on population abundance and structure. These studies also demonstrate that estimated population abundance can be markedly affected by temporal patterns as well as shifting adult phenotypes.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Godfrey, Larry D. and Marcum, Daniel B.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={1617–1625} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_marcum_2010, title={Plant quality and conspecific density effects on thrips (Anaphothrips obscurus) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) wing diphenism and population ecology}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/en09332}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Factors that influence thysanopteran wing diphenism are not well known. In these studies, the impact of food quality, mediated through nitrogen addition, and conspecific density was explored on the wing diphenism of an herbivorous thrips species (Anaphothrips obscurus Müller) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). In the first study, nitrogen was added to timothy grass (Phleum pretense L.) (Poales: Poaceae) transplants, and naturally occurring thrips populations were caged on the plants. Thrips abundance and foliar nutrients were assessed every 2 wk. A separate factorial experiment in growth chambers explored the impact of both plant nitrogen addition and thrips abundance on wing diphenism. Thrips density was manipulated by adding either 3 or 40 thrips to potted and caged timothy. Thrips abundance and foliar nutrients were measured 58 d after treatment placement. Plant quality directly affected thrips wing diphenism independent of thrips density in both experiments. Near the end of the field cage experiment, density may have indirectly impacted wing diphenism. In both experiments, plant quality and thrips density interacted to affect thrips population abundance. Plant quality alone can affect thrips wing diphenism, but it remains unclear whether density alone can affect thrips wing diphenism. This is a unique and understudied system that will be useful to examine generalized theories on the negative interaction between reproduction and dispersal.}, number={2}, journal={Environ. Entomol.}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Godfrey, L.D. and Marcum, D.B.}, year={2010}, pages={685–694} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_marcum_2010, title={Population dynamics and temporal comparison of sampling methods for thrips in timothy (Phleum pratense L.)}, volume={39}, journal={Environ. Entomol.}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Godfrey, L.D. and Marcum, D.B.}, year={2010}, pages={1617–1625} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_2010, title={Remotely Sensing Arthropod and Nutrient Stressed Plants: A Case Study With Nitrogen and Cotton Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/en09218}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Remote sensing can be used in combination with ground sampling to detect aphid(Aphis gossypii Glover) infested cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Changes in wavelengths in the near-infrared (NIR) have proven useful for such detection, but these changes can be confused with other factors stressing plants, such as water deficiency and nutrient status. This study was designed to test the utility of this technology to distinguish between two factors stressing plants: nitrogen deficiency and aphids. Field plots were created by applying varying rates of nitrogen to cotton at different dates in the growing season in 2003 and 2004. Subplots were created by applying disruptive insecticides, which increased aphid populations in a portion of the subplots. Airplane and satellite remote sensing data in 2003 and 2004 were supplemented with ground sampling of aphid populations in both years. Insecticide application, nitrogen application rate and date influenced aphid abundance. Cotton with higher aphid populations could be distinguished from cotton with natural aphid infestations independent of plant nitrogen status using a NIR wavelength in 2003 and a proprietary 2004 index. Complex distinctions among varying nitrogen treatments and aphid abundance were not possible using this data. In the future, possible confounding factors should be investigated from the perspective of their change on crop physiology before remote sensing can be used in an integrated pest management (IPM) program.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Godfrey, Larry D.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={1255–1263} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_marcum_2009, title={Effectiveness of spring burning as a physical management tactic for thrips in Phleum pretense L. (Poales: Poaceae)}, volume={34}, ISSN={["2162-2647"]}, DOI={10.3958/059.034.0405}, abstractNote={Abstract. Timothy, Phleum pretense L., is an important forage crop in many western U.S. states. Thrips are an important pest of this crop. The effectiveness of field burning as an alternative management tactic for thrips is undocumented. Small-plot burn experiments were initiated with a hand-held torch in two fields in late winter 2007 and in one field on 5 March 2008. Thrips numbers assessed 2 weeks after burning. Grower-burned and nonburned fields were sampled post-burning for thrips on 20 March 2007 and 2008. In 2007, one experiment had relatively low overall abundance of thrips, and adults and larva were found only in nonburned plots. In the other 2007 experiment, more larvae were found in nonburned than burned plots, although adult numbers were similar. In 2008, the number of adults was greater in nonburned plots, while numbers of larvae were relatively low and were similar between burned and nonburned plots. There were no significant differences in thrips abundance between burned or nonburned grower fields during either year. Primarily brachypterous adults were found but both brachypterous adults and larva were found when sampling occurred later or in warmer areas. Timing of burning, in correlation with thrips phenology, was the most likely explanation for differences in population structure between years in burned plots. Population distributions were not aggregated over the spatial scales of these plot experiments. Burning was demonstrated as a possible short-term management tool, but other factors, in addition to burning, probably are important for regulating abundance in the long term.}, number={4}, journal={Southwest. Entomol.}, publisher={Society of Southwestern Entomologists}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Godfrey, L.D. and Marcum, D.B.}, year={2009}, pages={407–416} }
 @book{weisz_cowger_reisig_2009, title={Protect your wheat yield}, institution={North Carolina Small Grain Growers Association}, author={Weisz, R. and Cowger, C. and Reisig, D.}, year={2009} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_marcum_2009, title={Thresholds, injury, and loss relationships for thrips in Phleum pratense (Poales: Poaceae)}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1603/022.038.0627}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is an important forage crop in many Western U.S. states. Marketing of timothy hay is primarily based on esthetics, and green color is an important attribute. The objective of these studies was to determine a relationship between arthropod populations, yield, and esthetic injury in timothy. Economic injury levels (EILs) and economic thresholds were calculated based on these relationships. Thrips (Thripidae) numbers were manipulated with insecticides in small plot studies in 2006, 2007, and 2008, although tetranychid mite levels were incidentally flared by cyfluthrin in some experiments. Arthropod population densities were determined weekly, and yield and esthetic injury were measured at each harvest. Effects of arthropods on timothy were assessed using multilinear regression. Producers were also surveyed to relate economic loss from leaf color to the injury ratings for use in establishing EILs. Thrips population levels were significantly related to yield loss in only one of nine experiments. Thrips population levels were significantly related to injury once before the first annual harvest and twice before the second. Thrips were the most important pest in these experiments, and they were more often related to esthetic injury rather than yield loss. EILs and economic thresholds for thrips population levels were established using esthetic injury data. These results document the first example of a significant relationship between arthropod pest population levels and economic yield and quality losses in timothy.}, number={6}, journal={Environ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Godfrey, L.D. and Marcum, D.B.}, year={2009}, pages={1737–1744} }
 @article{mooring_blumstein_reisig_osborne_niemeyer_2007, title={Insect-repelling behaviour in bovids: role of mass, tail length, and group size}, volume={91}, DOI={10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00803.x}, abstractNote={Biting insects are costly to hosts, and insect-repelling movements of the tail, ears, head, and feet are widespread in mammals and effective in reducing bites. We investigate whether the 'peripheral stimulation model' can explain the regulation of this widespread behaviour pattern in a comparative study of bovids. The peripheral stimulation hypothesis predicts: (1) a positive association between insect-repelling rates and body size because larger hosts pro- duce more of the sensory cues that attract biting insects; (2) that individuals in larger groups will exhibit a higher rate of insect defense behaviour if group size and insect attraction follows a linear function; and (3) larger species will evolve proportionately longer tails in response to higher rates of insect attack. To test these predictions, we observed insect-repelling behaviour in 26 species of bovids at a zoological park, and controlled for common ancestry with for- mal phylogenetic analyses (independent contrasts). Consistent with the peripheral stimulation hypothesis, rates of tail-switching and all insect-repelling behaviours combined were positively associated with body mass, whereas ear- flicking was positively associated with proportional tail length. Larger bovids had proportionately longer tails for more effective fly swatting. There was no significant association between insect-repelling rate and group size, sug- gesting that a nonlinear relationship exists between group size and insect attacks whereby individuals in larger groups do not experience an increased attack rate. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 383-392.}, number={3}, journal={Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Mooring, M.S. and Blumstein, D.T. and Reisig, D.D. and Osborne, E.R. and Niemeyer, J.T.}, year={2007}, pages={383–392} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_2007, title={Spectral response of cotton aphid- (Homoptera: Aphididae) and spider mite- (Acari: Tetranychidae) infested cotton: controlled studies}, volume={36}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[1466:srocah]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Remote sensing is a precision tool that can detect plant health. Ground-based methods in small-scale experiments were used to explore the applicability of this technology for detection of arthropod-damaged cotton and to find useful indices or wavelengths for detecting arthropod-damaged cotton. Individual leaves of greenhouse-grown cotton plants and cotton plants in the field were infested with populations of cotton aphids, spider mites, and aphids + mites. Several sets of reflectance measurements were collected from the adaxial surface of the leaves at various intervals after infestation using a portable hyperspectral spectrometer with an integrating sphere or a contact probe. Vegetation indices were calculated from the reflectance values; these indices and the raw reflectance values, represented by narrow wavelength bands, were tested to see if arthropod damaged cotton could be distinguished from healthy cotton. Results indicated that it was possible to detect cotton aphid– and spider mite–damaged leaves by tracking the spectral changes in the leaf, although the damage type of each arthropod could not be distinguished spectrally. In addition, spider mite– and aphid-infested cotton leaves increased reflectance in the near infrared wavelength at ≈850 nm in comparison to uninfested leaves.}, journal={Environ. Entomol}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Godfrey, L.D.}, year={2007}, pages={1466–1474} }
 @article{mooring_hart_fitzpatrick_reisig_nishihira_fraser_benjamin_2006, title={Grooming in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) and the ghost of parasites past}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1093/beheco/arj039}, abstractNote={Ectoparasites such as ticks have a negative effect on host fitness, whereas parasite-defense grooming is effective in removing ticks. The central control (programmed grooming) model proposes that animals engage in preventive tick-defense grooming in response to an internal timing mechanism, even in the absence of peripheral stimulation from parasites. This model predicts that smaller animals will groom more frequently than larger ones because of the higher cost of parasitism for a small animal (body size principle). The peripheral stimulation (stimulus driven) model predicts no size-related differences in grooming rate in the absence of tick bite irritation. We observed grooming behavior in a Chihuahuan desert population of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana), where ticks have been absent for perhaps thousands of years. Although not exposed to ticks, bighorns self groomed by means of oral and scratch grooming, albeit at very low rates compared to size-matched ungulates in both tick-infested and tick-free environments. Logistic regression and general linear models revealed both the probability that grooming was performed during a 10-min focal sample and the rate of grooming when it occurred was greater for younger, smaller age/sex categories of less body mass. Oral and scratch grooming were negatively associated with body mass during both years, with juveniles (X e 15 kg) grooming the most frequently and the oldest males (X e 70--85 kg) grooming the least. Assuming that programmed grooming evolved in a tick-infested environment, the current grooming behavior of this population is a relict of their ancestral environment, an adaptation to the "ghost of parasites past." Copyright 2006.}, number={3}, journal={Behavioral Ecology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Mooring, M.S. and Hart, B.L. and Fitzpatrick, T.A. and Reisig, D.D. and Nishihira, T.T. and Fraser, I.C. and Benjamin, J.E.}, year={2006}, pages={364–371} }
 @article{reisig_godfrey_2006, title={Remote sensing for detection of cotton aphid– (Homoptera: Aphididae) and spider mite– (Acari: Tetranychidae) infested cotton in the San Joaquin Valley}, volume={35}, DOI={10.1093/ee/35.6.1635}, number={6}, journal={Environ. Entomol.}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D.D. and Godfrey, L.D.}, year={2006}, pages={1635–1646} }
 @article{mooring_patton_reisig_osborne_kanallakan_aubery_2006, title={Sexually dimorphic grooming in bison: the influence of body size, activity budget and androgens}, volume={72}, DOI={10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.02.006}, abstractNote={The programmed grooming model proposes that animals groom in response to an internal timing mechanism that has evolved to control ectoparasites. This model predicts that polygynous males will groom less frequently than smaller females (sexually dimorphic grooming) because (1) parasitism is more costly for smaller individuals (body size principle), and (2) during the breeding season, sexual selection has favoured males that reduce grooming to enhance vigilance for mates and rivals (vigilance principle). The proximate mechanism for vigilance-mediated suppression of grooming may be either time budget conflicts (males are too busy breeding to groom) or physiological suppression (the action of elevated testosterone). In this study, we examined the influence of body size, breeding activity and androgens on sexually dimorphic grooming in American bison, Bison bison. Bison were observed before (pre-rut) and during the breeding season (rut) at National Bison Range (NBR) and Fort Niobrara (FTN) national wildlife refuges; androgens were measured in FTN males. Females oral-groomed two to five times more than males during pre-rut, and 5–40 times more than tending males (guarding oestrous females) during the rut; tending males oral-groomed less than pre-rut males at both sites. Rutting activity of tending males was much greater than that of nontending or nonrutting males, but all males groomed at the same low rate. Androgen levels increased between pre-rut and rut for all males, but androgen levels of tending males were higher than those of nontending males. In a subsample of males for whom both androgen and grooming data were available, androgen levels were negatively correlated with oral-grooming rate, as predicted by the physiological suppression model. We conclude that effects of body size and sexually selected vigilance work independently and additively to produce sexually dimorphic grooming in bison. The vigilance-associated suppression of grooming rate in breeding males appears to be due to the action of elevated testosterone rather than conflicting time budgets.}, number={3}, journal={Animal Behaviour}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mooring, M.S. and Patton, M.L. and Reisig, D.D. and Osborne, E.R. and Kanallakan, A.L. and Aubery, S.M.}, year={2006}, pages={737–745} }
 @article{mooring_reisig_osborne_kanallakan_hall_schaad_wiseman_huber_2005, title={Sexual segregation in bison: a test of multiple hypotheses}, volume={142}, DOI={10.1163/1568539055010110}, abstractNote={AbstractSexual segregation, in which males and females form separate groups for most of the year, is common in sexually dimorphic ungulates. We tested multiple hypotheses to explain sexual segregation in bison (Bison bison) at National Bison Range, Montana and Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, Nebraska during June-August of 2002-2003. Fieldwork involved use of GPS to record space use by segregated groups, vegetation transects to measure forage availability, fecal analyses to document diet composition and quality, and behavioural observations to characterize activity budgets. During sexual segregation, males in bull groups used areas with greater per capita abundance of forage, higher proportion of weeds, and less nutritious grasses (as indicated by lower % fecal nitrogen) compared with females in cow or mixed groups. However, there was no difference between the sexes in activity budgets, predation risk factors, or distance to water. Single-sex bull groups were no more synchronized in activity than mixed groups. These results support the 'sexual dimorphism-body size hypothesis', which proposes that males segregate from females because their larger body size requires more abundant forage, while longer ruminal retention permits efficient use of lower-quality forage. The gastrocentric model, based on the digestive physiology and foraging requirements of dimorphic ungulates, supplies the most likely proximate mechanism for bison sexual segregation. Our results would also partly support the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis' if females form large groups to reduce predation risk. The predictions of the 'activity budget hypothesis' were not supported for bison.
         }, number={7}, journal={Behaviour}, publisher={Brill}, author={Mooring, M.S. and Reisig, D.D. and Osborne, E.R. and Kanallakan, A.L. and Hall, B.M. and Schaad, E.W. and Wiseman, D.S. and Huber, R.R.}, year={2005}, pages={897–927} }
 @article{mooring_fitzpatrick_benjamin_fraser_nishihira_reisig_2003, title={Insect-repelling strategies of desert bighorn sheep}, volume={48}, DOI={10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0635:ibbdbs>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Biting insects impose costs on hosts, including decreased feeding or resting time as the result of disturbance, blood loss, and disease transmission. Insect-repelling behaviors, such as ear-flicking, head-shaking, stamping, and grouping, have evolved in many ungulate species to minimize these costs. We studied female desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) at Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, during the summers of 1999 and 2000. We tested the predictions that: 1) bighorn sheep will increase insect-defense behavior when biting insects are more abundant, and 2) close aggregation of sheep will decrease the per capita insect harassment by means of a dilution effect. Numbers of midges and other biting insects increased in association with rising temperature and decreased with increasing wind speed. Ewes performed between 0 and 78 ear-flicks/min, and >5,000 ear-flicks over the course of a 12-h day. As predicted, the rate of ear-flicking was positively correlated with counts of biting insects, indicating that ear-flicking was a direct response to the irritation of attacking insects. We also found a negative correlation between the number of sheep clustered together within 1 body length and ear-flicking rate, suggesting that insect harassment is diluted when bighorn sheep bunch together. Bighorn sheep generally bedded on upper slopes and rocky outcrops exposed to gusts of wind. These results indicate that ear-flicking, grouping, and microhabitat choice might be important strategies for reducing the costs of biting insects in desert bighorn sheep.}, number={4}, journal={The Southwestern Naturalist}, publisher={Southwestern Association of Naturalists}, author={Mooring, M.S. and Fitzpatrick, T.A. and Benjamin, J.E. and Fraser, I.C. and Nishihira, T.T. and Reisig, D.D.}, editor={Jones, Cheri A.Editor}, year={2003}, pages={635–643} }
 @article{mooring_fitzpatrick_benjamin_fraser_nishihira_reisig_rominger_2003, title={Sexual segregation in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana)}, volume={140}, DOI={10.1163/156853903321671497}, abstractNote={One or several factors could explain sexual segregation, in which males and females of polygynous, sexually dimorphic species form separate herds during most of the year. Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) are polygynous ungulates that exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism and segregate into ram and ewe herds outside of the rutting season. Four major hypotheses for sexual segregation were tested in a population of desert bighorn (O. c. mexicana) at the Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, from 1999-2001. We collected data on the size, composition, and location of ram and ewe groups during the summer period of segregation. Activity budgets were recorded for males in ram herds and females in ewe herds, and foraging selectivity was measured for males and females in mixed groups during early rut. Habitat was evaluated by measuring forage availability, ruggedness, and visibility at sites utilized by ram and ewe groups. Ram herds utilized areas with more available forage compared with ewe sites, while ewe groups preferred more rugged terrain than that used by ram groups. Ewe groups occurred much closer to free water sources than did ram groups. Bighorns in ram and ewe groups did not differ in foraging time or selectivity, nor did time spent moving, reclining, or ruminating differ between the sexes as predicted by the 'activity budget hypothesis'. The results support the predictions of the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis', which proposes that males seek more abundant forage in order to build up body condition needed to maximize mating success (even if exposing themselves to greater predation risk), while females choose rugged terrain that minimizes predation risk to themselves and their offspring (even if sacrificing forage abundance). Female bighorns chose sites that provided access to water, also predicted by the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis', indicating that lactation-related water requirements may constrain the movements of ewe groups and contribute to patterns of sexual segregation in desert bighorn.}, number={2}, journal={Behaviour}, publisher={Brill}, author={Mooring, M.S. and Fitzpatrick, T.A. and Benjamin, J.E. and Fraser, I.C. and Nishihira, T.T. and Reisig, D.D. and Rominger, E.M.}, year={2003}, pages={183–207} }
 @article{mooring_fitzpatrick_benjamin_fraser_nishihira_reisig_2003, title={Vigilance, predation risk, and the allee effect in desert bighorn sheep}, volume={68}, DOI={10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[0519:vprata]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Knowledge of how predation risk affects population survivorship is important for understanding predator–prey relationships and designing effective conservation strategies. The Allee effect (inverse density dependence) can be generated when antipredator strategies become inefficient in small groups of prey, thus making the population more susceptible to catastrophic population collapse and extinction. Many populations of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) are declining, and predation is, in many cases, a major mortality factor. We studied desert bighorns at the Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, USA, to assess predation risk in different group types (ram, ewe, mixed) and age–sex classes. Multiple regression analysis revealed that predation risk (as estimated by individual vigilance) increased with smaller group size and greater inter-individual distance for all bighorns, with groups of <5 individuals subject to the greatest risk. Although rugged terrain is thought to provide refuge from predators, habitat ruggedness did not influence vigilance. The biggest males in ram groups experienced the greatest predation risk in that they were in the smallest groups, were most likely to be solitary, and were spaced farther apart from conspecifics. Although big rams spent twice as much time vigilant as other age–sex classes, collective alertness was lowest for ram groups. The conclusion that big rams were most at risk from predation was partially supported by the recent predation history of the population and previous studies in which mountain lion (Felis concolor) kills were biased toward rams. We discuss the management implications of these results for small populations subject to Allee effects, including reintroduction and/or translocation practices and selective removal of problem predators. We suggest that the use of multivariate techniques to simultaneously explore the influence of multiple factors and the use of vigilance as a correlate of predation risk would be useful management tools for assessing seasonal and class-specific vulnerability to predation.}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Mooring, M.S. and Fitzpatrick, T. A. and Benjamin, J. E. and Fraser, I. C. and Nishihira, T. T. and Reisig, D. D.}, year={2003}, pages={519–532} }
 @article{mooring_reisig_niemeyer_osborne_2002, title={Sexually and developmentally dimorphic grooming: a comparative survey of the Ungulata}, volume={108}, DOI={10.1046/j.1439-0310.2002.00826.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Ethology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mooring, M.S. and Reisig, D.D. and Niemeyer, J.M. and Osborne, E.R.}, year={2002}, pages={1–24} }