@article{alsharef_findley_jaselskis_dudley_pyo_yang_2024, title={Examining Contingency and Inflation Practices Within Several Departments of Transportation in the United States}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241235171}, DOI={10.1177/03611981241235171}, abstractNote={ Transportation projects are notorious, among both the public and transportation professionals, for missing their intended cost and schedule targets as a result of project complexity and uncertainties. The significant discrepancy between cost estimates and final project costs remains a major concern for state Departments of Transportation (DOTs). Several risk factors, including estimation errors and price fluctuations, contribute to these discrepancies and are typically managed by adding a contingency to project estimates. Cost escalation can also result from inadequate adjustment for inflation in estimates, given the current economic environment and the lengthy duration of major transportation projects. This paper summarizes how several state DOTs apply contingencies to mitigate the impact of certain risks and adjust their State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) revenues and costs to account for inflation. The study surveyed 13 state DOTs to understand how contingencies are applied to the three major components of transportation projects (construction, right of way, and utilities). Additionally, interviews were conducted with 15 state DOTs to understand how they address inflation, particularly as it pertains to the STIP process. The results indicate that most DOTs apply contingency allowances to their project estimates during the early project development and maintain some level of contingency allowance at the plans, specifications, and estimate (PS&E) stage. As for addressing inflation, most state DOTs include inflation of the project cost in the project estimates to the time of bid letting or year of expenditure. The findings of this study can benefit state DOTs that are reassessing their strategies for implementing contingency and inflation within their STIP. }, journal={Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board}, author={Alsharef, Abdullah and Findley, Daniel and Jaselskis, Edward and Dudley, Thomas and Pyo, Kihyun and Yang, Guangchuan}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{abd_findley_kim_2024, title={Hydra-RAN Perceptual Networks Architecture: Dual-Functional Communications and Sensing Networks for 6G and Beyond}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3341491}, DOI={10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3341491}, abstractNote={After researchers devoted considerable efforts to developing 5G standards, their passion began to focus on establishing the basics for the standardization of 6G and beyond. The utilization of millimeter wave (MMW) and terahertz (THz) frequency bands, combined with sensors and artificial intelligence (AI), has gained significant attention in the research community for the development of the next generation of sensory and radio access networks (NG-SRANs). Leveraging the advantages of communication and sensor systems’ common characteristics will open horizons for merging the two networks, thereby creating a unified perceptive and intelligence network. Overall, while using MMW and THz frequencies is certainly valuable, the ability to gather and transmit data in real-time makes sensors extremely effective in communication networks. In contrast, AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) have become predominant methods for solving data analysis problems across a wide range of domains, such as analyzing large amounts of different sensor data, decision-making, channel estimation, self-organization, and self-healing. This paper proposes a novel design for a potential 6G network and beyond called the Hydra radio access network (H-RAN) perceptual networks architecture, which is designed based on NG-SRAN. From a design perspective, H-RAN aims to merge communication and sensing networks into a single network in which two functionalities are attempted to mutually complement each other, namely communication-aided sensing and sensing-aided communications networks. However, such a network provides an adequate platform for a wide range of AL/ML algorithms, such as real-time decision-making, self-organization, and self-healing. As a result, H-RAN perceptual networks architecture is expected to be more efficient, reliable, and secure than existing conventional networks, and is likely to play a critical role in a wide range of applications, including but not limited to mobile broadband, sensing systems, smart cities, autonomous vehicles, the internet of things (IoT) connectivity, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, etc. This study gives a detailed overview of how H-RAN will revolutionize conventional future sensors and cellular networks through a comprehensive analysis of H-RAN architectural components and functionalities.}, journal={IEEE Access}, author={Abd, Rafid I. and Findley, Daniel J. and Kim, Kwang Soon}, year={2024} }
 @article{alonso-solorzano_perez-acebo_findley_gonzalo-orden_2023, title={Transition probability matrices for pavement deterioration modelling with variable duty cycle times}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1477-268X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2023.2278694}, DOI={10.1080/10298436.2023.2278694}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Probabilistic pavement models, with Markov chains as the most widely used type, are considered to capture an accurate representation of the in situ pavement performance. Homogeneous Markov chain models present the same transition probability matrix (TPM) for all the transitions of the period and require data from multiple duty cycles of one or two years. The aim of this paper is to explore the feasibility of developing homogeneous Markov chain models with variations of the duty cycle (in increments of either one or two years). Without considering maintenance and rehabilitation works, this research found that TPMs for a one-year duty cycle can be calculated from the two-year duty cycle, without a noticeable effect on accuracy using International Roughness Index (IRI) values from the Spanish State Road Network. However, for developing coherent TPMs, two primary assumptions were made: (1) heavy vehicle traffic volumes determine the traffic category (TC), and (2) only roads from the same climatic region were modelled. The satisfactory results verified the validity of the methodology and overcame the disadvantages of homogeneous Markov models. Furthermore, the results suggest that pavement sections are adequately designed in Spain for each TC because of the similar deterioration patterns.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING}, author={Alonso-Solorzano, Angela and Perez-Acebo, Heriberto and Findley, Daniel J. and Gonzalo-Orden, Hernan}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{perez-acebo_montes-redondo_appelt_findley_2022, title={A simplified skid resistance predicting model for a freeway network to be used in a pavement management system}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1477-268X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.2020266}, DOI={10.1080/10298436.2021.2020266}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The available skid resistance, or friction, in a pavement surface is a vital parameter for functional evaluations of roads due to its relation with crashes. Therefore, highway administrations must collect friction data on their road network to provide safe roads to users. Additionally, a prediction model that can forecast the available skid resistance in each road segment is necessary for an efficient pavement management system (PMS). The aim of this paper is to develop a skid resistance prediction model for the bituminous pavements of the motorway network of federal state of Bavaria, in Germany, with information that is typically available in a PMS: the Annual Average Daily Traffic , the Annual Average Daily Heavy Traffic , and the number of lanes in each segment. Despite its simplicity, with 6410 road segments of 2 and 3 lanes of the Bavarian motorway network, the model achieves a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.405. If information about the surface layer material is added, R2 increases to 0.480. Consequently, apart from predicting the minimum available friction in each lane in a motorway, the study underlines the necessity that a PMS should contain the recommended elements and additional surface layer material, because the quality of the prediction improves.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING}, author={Perez-Acebo, Heriberto and Montes-Redondo, Mikel and Appelt, Andreas and Findley, Daniel J.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{nicholas_dudley_head_bert_norboge_list_findley_2022, title={Identifying and prioritizing bridges critical to commerce: A case study of weight-restricted bridges in North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2046-0449"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijtst.2021.06.001}, abstractNote={Improving the weight restrictions on weight-restricted bridges can make transportation networks more suitable for economic development; however, revenue shortfalls or institutional policy gaps can impede certain types of bridge improvements. Weight-restricted bridges that are not located on high-traffic-volume routes do not qualify for North Carolina State bridge improvement programs and funding targeted for improving weight restrictions. As a result, bridges that are critical nodes in North Carolina’s commerce freight network may not receive dedicated sources of funding for improvements or replacements that add value and long-term viability to the freight network. This study develops a novel process for identifying and prioritizing weight-restricted bridges critical to commerce freight. Bridge criticality is evaluated from two perspectives using a Geographic Information System (GIS) travel model to predict truck routes. Bridges traversed in the travel model receive scores based on the count of modeled traversals and the cost of modeled detours. Scores are weighted by the trucking intensity of traversals and the distance from traversed bridges to route origins. This process offers an objective system-wide evaluation of weight-restricted bridges that can be used to inform bridge improvements and replacement projects that fall outside of dedicated funding prioritization processes. A targeted validation of final bridge scores based on local stakeholder input should be considered to confirm the modeled criticality scores.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Nicholas, D. Chase and Dudley, Thomas and Head, Weston and Bert, Steve and Norboge, Nicolas D. and List, George and Findley, Daniel}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={455–467} }
 @article{yang_coble_vaughan_peele_morsali_list_findley_2022, title={Waiting Time Estimation at Ferry Terminals Based on License Plate Recognition}, volume={148}, ISSN={["2473-2893"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000722}, DOI={10.1061/JTEPBS.0000722}, abstractNote={The ferry transit system provides a critical transportation link in coastal areas for both residents and tourists. Like signals in a road network, queuing and waiting are unavoidable at ferry terminals. However, a reliable technology does not exist to measure and communicate waiting times. This research tested the feasibility of applying license plate recognition (LPR) technology to track vehicles and estimate waiting times at ferry terminals. The LPR camera sampling rate, capture rate, read rate, and match rate were adopted as measurements of effectiveness. Based on field data collected over a week at one of the busiest ferry terminals in North Carolina, this research revealed that the tested LPR camera had a sampling rate of 84.2%; the average capture rate and read rate were 84.3% and 87%, respectively. The match rate was found to be 79.4%, which is significantly higher than other commonly used data collection technologies such as Bluetooth devices. For the waiting time distribution, this research found that travelers tended to experience long waiting times during midweek days, particularly during the midday period. Additionally, the demand was found to be the primary factor for wait times during the midday peak period, and travelers’ arrival time in terms of proximity to the scheduled ferry departure time was recognized as the key factor for waiting time during early morning and later evening nonpeak periods.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PART A-SYSTEMS}, author={Yang, Guangchuan and Coble, Daniel and Vaughan, Chris and Peele, Catherine and Morsali, Atefeh and List, George F. and Findley, Daniel J.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{llopis-castelló_findley_garcía_2021, title={Comparison of the highway safety manual predictive method with safety performance functions based on geometric design consistency}, volume={3}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2020.1738612}, DOI={10.1080/19439962.2020.1738612}, abstractNote={Abstract Road safety is a major public health concern in our society. Effective road design and accurate safety analyses must be a component of programs focused on reducing and eliminating roadway injuries and deaths. Various methodologies exist to determine the expected number of crashes on rural two-lane rural roads. This research compares different procedures which allow for the estimation of the number of crashes on homogeneous road segments. In this effort, a total of 27 two-lane rural road sections located in North Carolina were considered, resulting in 59 homogeneous road segments composed of 350 horizontal curves and 375 tangents along 150 km of road. Four methods were applied to the selected roadways: the Highway Safety Manual predictive method, two jurisdiction-specific Safety Performance Functions (SPFs), and a SPF which includes a consistency parameter. This research found that the use of SPFs which incorporate a consistency parameter allows highway engineers to consider human factor impacts on road safety assessment. The use of a consistency parameter can also simplify the crash estimation process. Analysis methods which only included local geometric variables provided unreliable results due to the calibration of only the specific road elements instead of their relationship with other road elements along homogeneous road segments.}, journal={Journal of Transportation Safety & Security}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Llopis-Castelló, David and Findley, Daniel J. and García, Alfredo}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1–22} }
 @article{findley_bert_lippert_walston_conner_2021, title={Examination of Temporal, Classification, and Population Impacts of Flight Operations at Airports in the United States during the COVID-19 Pandemic}, volume={147}, ISSN={["2473-2893"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000612}, DOI={10.1061/JTEPBS.0000612}, abstractNote={Airports provide essential infrastructure to connect travelers and products to destinations across regions, nations, and the world. However, these connections were the focus of restrictions in the midst of a global pandemic because the same potential to provide access to people and products as a hub of long-distance travel can also serve as an opportunity to spread a virus. The objective of this paper is to explore the temporal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on flight operations at airports in the US, in addition to an examination of the differences among various classifications of airports. For commercial service and general aviation airports, the airports with the quickest and most substantial recoveries were in areas with populations of under 100,000 people [within 48.2 km (30 mi) of the airport]. Airports with higher and lower populations within 48.2 km experienced sharper declines in flights and slower recoveries. Local, state, and national airport infrastructure investments will need to consider these effects and changes in demand spurred by COVID-19 while monitoring the long-term sustainability of the changes. © 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PART A-SYSTEMS}, author={Findley, Daniel and Bert, Steve and Lippert, Colleen and Walston, Bobby and Conner, Amanda}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{perez-acebo_gonzalo-orden_findley_roji_2021, title={Modeling the international roughness index performance on semi-rigid pavements in single carriageway roads}, volume={272}, ISSN={["1879-0526"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121665}, DOI={10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121665}, abstractNote={Pavement deterioration models are a vital feature in any pavement management system since they are capable of predicting the evolution of pavement characteristics. Pavement roughness is measured by most of the highway administrations due to its relation to comfort and safety, generally by means of the International Roughness Index (IRI). The Regional Government of Biscay (Spain) has collected IRI values since 2000 on its road network. Although many models have been developed for flexible pavements, very few have been proposed for semi-rigid pavements. The paper aims to develop IRI prediction models for semi-rigid pavements in single-carriageway roads. Considering the high quantity of available information in the database, deterministic models were selected. Due to the importance of the pavement structure in IRI evolution observed in flexible models, only segments with completely known pavement details were employed, i.e., a section where the complete structure is known: materials and thickness of existing layers above the subgrade. The pavement age, as precise as practical, and the accumulated total traffic and heavy traffic through the section were identified as roughness accelerating factors. Conversely, the materials used in base and subbase layers, their thickness, and the total thickness of bituminous layers were observed as degradation reducing factors. Possible treated base and subbase materials included in the model were soil–cement, gravel-cement, and gravel and slag. The obtained model achieved a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.569. Additionally, the bituminous material of the surface layer was verified as an affecting factor too, which can be introduced to improve the model’s accuracy. Possible surface layer materials included dense (D) and semi-dense (S) asphalt concrete, with a maximum aggregate diameter of 16 and 22 mm, discontinuous mixing (BBTM 11A) and porous asphalt (PA 11). The additional model achieved a higher determination coefficient (0.645) and, hence, a more accurate IRI prediction resulted.}, journal={CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS}, author={Perez-Acebo, Heriberto and Gonzalo-Orden, Hernan and Findley, Daniel J. and Roji, Eduardo}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{perez-acebo_romo-martin_findley_2021, title={Spatial distribution and the facility evaluation of the service and rest areas in the toll motorway network of the European Union}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1874-4621"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-021-09421-3}, DOI={10.1007/s12061-021-09421-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={APPLIED SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND POLICY}, author={Perez-Acebo, Heriberto and Romo-Martin, Ander and Findley, Daniel J.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{pérez-acebo_gonzalo-orden_findley_rojí_2020, title={A skid resistance prediction model for an entire road network}, volume={262}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120041}, DOI={10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120041}, abstractNote={This article predicts the available minimum skid resistance in the road network of Biscay (Spain) with data collected in the summer season when friction values are at a minimum. Firstly, it was observed that pavement structure does not influence skid resistance. Therefore, roadway segments with available data about the surface layer of single or double carriageway roads were analyzed. Two models were developed: 1) short model with only the surface material, average annual daily traffic, and number of lanes (no pavement history required) and 2) a long model which adds the required Polished Stone Value to improve the prediction. These models can help road agencies to identify the roads where lower skid resistance values are more probable to be obtained to focus their attention and efforts.}, journal={Construction and Building Materials}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pérez-Acebo, Heriberto and Gonzalo-Orden, Hernán and Findley, Daniel J. and Rojí, Eduardo}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={120041} }
 @article{findley_nye_lattimore_swain_bhat_foley_2020, title={Safety effects of parking maneuvers}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1873-5517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.trf.2020.02.002}, abstractNote={Parking maneuvers, particularly a vehicle’s maneuver for entering and leaving a parking space, have varying rates of use and safety impacts. In this effort, crash data were collected for parking lots in the vicinity of a university campus and compared to observational parking position data. The campus was selected for this study because a change in the parking enforcement process was expected to (and did) change parking maneuver choices. When entering and leaving a parking space, three maneuver options exist for drivers: (1) forward, (2) reverse, and (3) pulling through an adjacent parking space. When specifically entering a parking space, the maneuver options become: (1) pull-in, (2) back-in, and (3) pull-through. When leaving the parking space, the maneuver options become: (1) pull-out, (2) back-out, and (3) pull-through. This study found that the pull-in/back-out vehicle maneuver’s percentage of total crashes was greater than the percentage of vehicles that were actually observed to use the same maneuver. The analysis from this study implies that the pull-in/back-out parking maneuver is more likely to result in a collision and therefore, is associated with a higher crash risk. Further analysis of North Carolina’s parking related fatal and serious injury crashes found that vehicles backing out of parking spaces was overwhelmingly the main cause for these serious injuries. 90% of North Carolina’s parking related fatal and serious injuries occurred during a back-out maneuver. Overall, this study concludes that the back-in/pull-out parking maneuver is safer than the pull-in/back-out maneuver and is the recommended approach to 90° parking.}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Nye, Timothy S. and Lattimore, Elizabeth and Swain, Graham and Bhat, Sharath Kumar Parameshwar and Foley, Burke}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={301–310} }
 @article{llopis-castello_findley_javier camacho-torregrosa_garcia_2019, title={Calibration of inertial consistency models on North Carolina two-lane rural roads}, volume={127}, ISSN={["1879-2057"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aap.2019.03.013}, abstractNote={Road crash occurrence is closely related to the geometric design consistency, which can be defined as how drivers’ expectancies and road behavior fit. To this regard, the crash rate on a road segment increases as its consistency level decreases. To assess this phenomenon, inertial consistency models were recently developed. These models are based on the difference between the inertial operating speed, which represents drivers’ expectancies, and the operating speed, which represents road behavior. The higher the difference between both speeds, the higher the likelihood of crash occurrence. This research aims to validate and calibrate these consistency models on American two-lane rural roads. For this, a total of 194 homogeneous road segments and 977 horizontal curves along 665 km in North Carolina (US) were used. As a result, the geometric design consistency was identified as a major factor of crash occurrence. The higher the difference between drivers’ expectancies and road behavior, the higher the crash rate. Likewise, the greater the consistency level, the greater the percentage of horizontal curves without reported crashes. A Safety Performance Function was also calibrated to estimate the number of crashes on a road segment. Consistency thresholds were defined and tested to identify where these crashes are more likely to take place. Finally, the results obtained in this study were compared with those obtained previously on Spanish highways. To this regard, the crash rate on an American highway was 1.85 times greater than those observed on a Spanish highway under the same risk exposure and consistency conditions. Therefore, different tools were developed to enhance the assessment of road safety to the geometric design of both new two-lane rural roads and improvements of existing highways.}, journal={ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION}, author={Llopis-Castello, David and Findley, Daniel J. and Javier Camacho-Torregrosa, Francisco and Garcia, Alfredo}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={236–245} }
 @article{llopis-castello_findley_2019, title={Influence of Calibration Factors on Crash Prediction on Rural Two-Lane Two-Way Roadway Segments}, volume={145}, ISSN={["2473-2893"]}, DOI={10.1061/JTEPBS.0000245}, abstractNote={This research was subsidized by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness through "Ayudas a la movilidad predoctoral para la realizacion de estancias breves en centros de I+D 2016." In addition, the authors would like to thank the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT), which provided traffic and crash data.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PART A-SYSTEMS}, author={Llopis-Castello, David and Findley, Daniel J.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @book{findley_aghdashi_davis_cunningham_2018, title={A National Model for Predicting Life Cycle Costs and Benefits of Intersection Control Alternatives}, url={http://ntc.umd.edu/node/169}, number={NTC2016-MU-R-03}, institution={University of Maryland. National Transportation Center}, author={Findley, D.J. and Aghdashi, B. and Davis, J. and Cunningham, C.}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{gabr_rasdorf_findley_butler_bert_2018, title={Closure to "Comparison of Three Retaining Wall Condition Assessment Rating Systems" by Mohammed A. Gabr, William Rasdorf, Daniel J. Findley, Cedrick J. Butler, and Steven A. Bert}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-555X"]}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000447}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Gabr, Mohammed A. and Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Butler, Cedrick J. and Bert, Steven A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{anderson_findley_baity_gaskins_ferrara_kuliani_foley_2018, title={Collaborative Efforts to Address and Prevent Fatal Traffic Crashes}, journal={Translational Criminology}, author={Anderson, Tracy J. and Findley, Daniel J. and Baity, Travis E. and Gaskins, Joseph L. and Ferrara, Greg and Kuliani, Matthew and Foley, Paul}, year={2018}, pages={16–18} }
 @article{gabr_rasdorf_findley_butler_bert_2018, title={Comparison of Three Retaining Wall Condition Assessment Rating Systems}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-555X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85032731264&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000403}, abstractNote={AbstractIn general, the nature of permanent earth retaining structures (ERSs) in highway engineering is well suited to the concept of asset management as a valuable tool for operational efficiency ...}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Gabr, Mohammed A. and Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Butler, Cedrick J. and Bert, Steven A.}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{searcy_findley_huegy_ingram_mei_bhadury_wang_2018, title={Effect of residential proximity on university student trip frequency by mode}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2214-3688"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85039937263&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.tbs.2017.12.007}, abstractNote={• A fractional polynomial regression was used to model university student trips. • Non-motorized trips comprise the majority of trips at short distances from campus. • Automobile and transit trips comprise the majority of trips at longer distances. • Services can be put close to students’ residences to maximize non-motorized trips.}, journal={TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIETY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Searcy, Sarah E. and Findley, Daniel J. and Huegy, Joseph B. and Ingram, Mei and Mei, Bing and Bhadury, Joyendu and Wang, Chao}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={115–121} }
 @article{findley_anderson_bert_nye_letchworth_2018, title={Evaluation of wait times and queue lengths at ferry terminals}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1875-7979"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.06.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.retrec.2018.06.009}, abstractNote={Transportation systems often require travelers to wait for service. Observational data from a wait-time study at ferry terminals demonstrate that the amount of time a vehicle waits to board a ferry is highly dependent on that vehicle's position in line. Queue psychology suggests that unexplained waits, uncertainty, and anxiety make wait times for individuals seem longer. Thus, the vehicle position and wait time relationship can be used to equip ferry service providers with the knowledge to inform and pacify passengers waiting to board a ferry.}, journal={RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Anderson, Tracy J. and Bert, Steven A. and Nye, Timothy and Letchworth, Will}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={27–33} }
 @article{yeom_searcy_findley_schroeder_2017, title={A new method to account for seasonal peak traffic volumes in project prioritization}, volume={87}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85044237554&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={8}, journal={ITE Journal (Institute of Transportation Engineers)}, author={Yeom, C. and Searcy, S.E. and Findley, D.J. and Schroeder, B.J.}, year={2017}, pages={37–43} }
 @book{raymond_searcy_findley_miller_redden_2017, place={Washington, DC}, title={Additional analysis of the National Child Restraint Use Special Study}, number={DOT HS 812 462}, institution={National Highway Traffic Safety Administration}, author={Raymond, P. and Searcy, S. and Findley, D. and Miller, S. and Redden, C.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{vaughan_searcy_bert_findley_foyle_carnes_pincus_coley_manfredi_cunningham_2017, place={Washington, DC}, title={Assessment of Automated Sign Retroreflectivity Measurement}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Vaughan, C. and Searcy, S. and Bert, S. and Findley, D. and Foyle, E. and Carnes, C. and Pincus, T. and Coley, A. and Manfredi, Z. and Cunningham, C.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{findley_searcy_jackson_o’brien_cook_2017, place={Washington, DC}, title={Extrapolation and Factoring Methods for Recreational Greenway Trails}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Findley, D.J. and Searcy, S. and Jackson, K. and O’Brien, S.W. and Cook, T.J.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{findley_anderson_bert_nye_letchworth_2017, place={Washington, DC}, title={Ferry Terminal Wait Time Study}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Findley, D.J. and Anderson, T. and Bert, S. and Nye, T. and Letchworth, W.}, year={2017}, pages={16–00024} }
 @inproceedings{anderson_findley_baity_gaskins_ferrara_kulianai_foley_2017, place={Washington, DC}, title={Findings from Coordinated Multiagency Fatal Crash Review}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Anderson, T. and Findley, D.J. and Baity, T. and Gaskins, G. and Ferrara, G. and Kulianai, M. and Foley, P.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{findley_searcy_schroeder_2017, place={Washington, DC}, title={Investigation of Crosswalk Design and Driver Behaviors at Roundabouts}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Findley, D.J. and Searcy, S. and Schroeder, B.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{searcy_findley_yeom_schroeder_taylor_2017, place={Washington, DC}, title={Peak Average Daily Traffic and Its Use in Project Prioritization}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Searcy, S. and Findley, D.J. and Yeom, C. and Schroeder, B. and Taylor, K.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{davis_cunningham_findley_searcy_martin_watkins_2017, place={Washington, DC}, title={Relating Public Opinions of Roadway Assets to Field Data Using Surveys and Focus Groups}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Davis, J. and Cunningham, C. and Findley, D.J. and Searcy, S. and Martin, J. and Watkins, L.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @article{davis_cunningham_findley_searcy_martin_watkins_2017, title={Relating Public Opinions of Roadway Assets to Field Data with Survey and Focus Groups}, volume={2613}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85015798523&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2613-03}, abstractNote={ In recent years, transportation policy in the United States has increasingly focused on measuring and tracking performance outcomes. However, identifying how quantifiable outcomes—such as international roughness index ratings—influence less tangible outcomes—such as user satisfaction with a roadway—can be challenging. This paper outlines a method that enables researchers to compare stakeholder perceptions of assets with actual field-measured data for roadways. More than 350 residents in six locations in the state of North Carolina were surveyed about how those residents perceived and prioritized the roadway assets managed by the North Carolina Department of Transportation. Using a method termed “roadway reviews,” researchers asked participants about state-maintained roads as the participants were driven on those roads in real time; these surveys were supplemented with focus groups. In addition to identifying how well asset conditions on roadway segments aligned with the basic expectations of roadway users, researchers determined how these ratings compared with field measurements for the segments and captured how participants ranked the importance of specific roadway assets for overall condition, safety, and appearance. The findings will be used to improve asset management practice and will be integrated into the North Carolina Department of Transportation’s annual Highway Performance Monitoring System reports. }, number={2613}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Davis, Joy and Cunningham, Chris and Findley, Daniel and Searcy, Sarah and Martin, James and Watkins, Lonnie}, year={2017}, pages={16–28} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_butler_findley_gabr_bert_2016, place={Washington, DC}, title={A Framework for Defining Asset Features to Monitor and Assess Earth Retaining Structures}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Butler, C.J. and Findley, D.J. and Gabr, M.A. and Bert, S.A.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={16–0002} }
 @article{cook_sarah w. o'brien_jackson_findley_searcy_2016, title={Behavioral Effects of Completing a Critical Link in the American Tobacco Trail}, volume={2598}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84976295627&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2598-03}, abstractNote={ This study responded to a unique opportunity to determine behavioral changes that resulted from the construction of a critical link of the American Tobacco Trail (ATT) in Durham, North Carolina. Observational data were collected both before and after construction of a bicycle-and-pedestrian bridge that linked two separate segments of the regional greenway. Before construction of the bridge and trail connections, the two segments of the ATT were separated by Interstate 40. Heavy traffic on local streets as well as a lack of bicycle and pedestrian facilities in the area provided additional barriers to active travel between the two ATT segments. The Institute of Transportation Research and Education conducted intercept surveys and manual counts on the two trail segments before and after construction of the bridge. The before-and-after data were compared to determine the changes that occurred in the use of the ATT and the accompanying social, public health, transportation, and economic effects. }, number={2598}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Cook, Thomas J. and Sarah W. O'Brien and Jackson, Kristy N. and Findley, Daniel J. and Searcy, Sarah E.}, year={2016}, pages={19–26} }
 @article{horne_findley_coble_rickabaugh_martin_2016, title={Evaluation of radar vehicle detection at four quadrant gate rail crossings}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1016/j.jrtpm.2016.04.001}, abstractNote={As train frequencies and traffic volumes increase, the need for safer at grade highway/rail crossings is paramount. Closing or grade separating crossings ultimately cannot work for all situations; therefore four quadrant gates may be used to provide a higher level of safety than conventional crossing treatments. At crossings between two adjacent signalized intersections, signal preemption may prevent vehicles from queuing within the crossing island, but some risk of vehicles becoming trapped by the timed exit gate descents still remains. Sensors can be installed to detect vehicles and would extend exit gate closure until the crossing island is clear or conversely allow for either simultaneous or near simultaneous entry and exit gate descents, if no vehicles are present. Radar detection was installed at three sites on North Carolina Railroad Company's H-Line in January 2014. Each crossing activation was broken down into 8 stages based on operating conditions of the gate system. The average duration of the time period when all gates are fully deployed increased considerably during the after period (when radar modified the exit gate behavior) by 10–17 s, providing a longer duration of a sealed crossing before the train arrived.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Horne, Dylan and Findley, Daniel J. and Coble, Daniel G. and Rickabaugh, Thomas J. and Martin, James B.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={149–162} }
 @article{rasdorf_butler_findley_gabr_bert_2016, title={Framework for Defining Asset Features to Monitor and Assess Earth-Retaining Structures}, volume={2579}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85014465205&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2579-02}, abstractNote={ Permanent earth-retaining structures (ERSs), including retaining walls, have been systematically managed, inventoried, and assessed by several government organizations, including the City of Cincinnati, Ohio; the Oregon and Pennsylvania Departments of Transportation; and the Central Federal Lands Highway Division of FHWA (for the National Park Service). For a comprehensive ERS asset management program, a careful evaluation of the structural health, criticality, and risk of ERSs is essential for proper management (preservation, rehabilitation, or replacement) of these aging assets. However, many transportation agencies struggle with the evaluation and incorporation of risk in their ERS management programs. This study addressed the development of a framework that would evaluate risk and would define its relationship to ERS condition (likelihood of failure) and ERS criticality (consequence of failure). A methodology for relating risk to routine inspection cycles for ERSs and remedial actions for those in distress is proposed. }, number={2579}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, publisher={Transportation Research Board}, author={Rasdorf, William and Butler, Cedrick J. and Findley, Daniel J. and Gabr, Mohammed A. and Bert, Steven A.}, year={2016}, pages={8–16} }
 @article{gabr_butler_rasdorf_findley_bert_2016, title={Highway Retaining Walls are Assets – A Risk-Based Approach for Managing Them}, number={March/April}, journal={Geostrata}, author={Gabr, M. and Butler, C. and Rasdorf, W. and Findley, D. and Bert, S.}, year={2016} }
 @article{findley_2016, title={Highway engineering planning, design, and operations introduction}, journal={Highway Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operations}, author={Findley, D. J.}, year={2016}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{shay_combs_findley_kolosna_madeley_salvesen_2016, title={Identifying transportation disadvantage: Mixed-methods analysis combining GIS mapping with qualitative data}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1879-310X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85013235462&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.03.002}, abstractNote={Rural residents, including elderly, low-income or people with language or physical mobility challenges, may experience transportation disadvantage when land use patterns, built environment and transportation services fail to meet their mobility needs. A technique for identifying transportation-disadvantaged populations, intended for use by local practitioners and designed with their skills and professional routines in mind, was piloted in five rural counties in North Carolina. Maps showing areas of elevated theoretical risk of transportation disadvantage were constructed by overlaying layers of readily available, Census-based geospatial data, to generate composite maps where increasing intensity of shading denotes populations with multiple risk factors. The maps were used in key informant interviews with local transportation-relevant professionals to access their expert knowledge, and in focus groups with non-expert residents to probe their travel routines and need to access essential goods, services and activities. These multiple data sources supported an iterative process of initial mapping, stakeholder outreach, revised mapping, and continued discussion. Our findings both corroborated some a priori expectations, and yielded unexpected insights into which residents may experience transportation disadvantage and how they respond. The work demonstrates how local knowledge can be used to identify unique or non-spatial components of transportation disadvantage, and underscores the importance of locally specific knowledge to support planning efforts to identify and ultimately to address transportation disadvantage.}, journal={TRANSPORT POLICY}, author={Shay, Elizabeth and Combs, Tabitha S. and Findley, Daniel and Kolosna, Carl and Madeley, Michelle and Salvesen, David}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={129–138} }
 @article{cunningham_findley_hovey_foley_smith_fowler_chang_arnold_hummer_2016, title={Improved Asset Management and Inventory Development through Sample Analysis and Vendor-Client Communication}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1943-555X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84958576470&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000260}, abstractNote={AbstractThis study compared output from mobile inventory data collection vehicles to manually collected data techniques with a focus on two-way communications primarily through the submission of a sample data set to be analyzed prior to the submission of a full data set. The interim submittal and feedback to the vendors based on that resulted in a marked improvement in data quality for 5 of the 28 assets studied. After feedback, it is apparent that highway data collection vendors can accurately locate the vast majority of assets, with the primary exception being those that are occluded by vehicles or surrounding landscaping, such as those assets in the median. Along with the locations of assets, vendors showed promise at collecting many of the feature descriptions such as asset type and condition. Many of the elements (location, type, etc.) for a particular asset type that created collection difficulty were only problematic for a particular vendor, which suggests that further improvements may be achieved ...}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Cunningham, Christopher M. and Findley, Daniel J. and Hovey, Kyle and Foley, Paul Burke and Smith, Jessica and Fowler, Tyler and Chang, Jeff and Arnold, Jonathan and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2016}, month={Mar} }
 @article{vaughan_jagadish_bharadwaj_cunningham_schroeder_hummer_findley_rouphail_2016, title={Long-term monitoring of wrong-way maneuvers at diverging diamond interchanges}, number={2484}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, author={Vaughan, C. and Jagadish, C. and Bharadwaj, S. and Cunningham, C. M. and Schroeder, B. J. and Hummer, J. E. and Findley, D. and Rouphail, N. M.}, year={2016}, pages={129–139} }
 @article{butler_gabr_rasdorf_findley_chang_hammit_2016, title={Retaining Wall Field Condition Inspection, Rating Analysis, and Condition Assessment}, volume={30}, ISSN={0887-3828 1943-5509}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000785}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000785}, abstractNote={In the past, highway retaining walls were assets that were often excluded from inventory programs and were regarded as noncritical or lost assets. With the recognition that wall failures may be detrimental to the roadway and the surroundings and may pose potential hazards to the safety of the public, several highway agencies have begun to incorporate retaining walls into their inventory and inspection programs. Work in this paper addresses the development of a system for the inventory and condition assessment of retaining walls serving various functions within the highway infrastructure. Critical elements of data collection are identified and a retaining wall information collection and assessment system (WICAS) is proposed. WICAS is designed such that data can be readily collected in the field. A condition assessment model is also proposed and is used to define a retaining wall rating metric. The rating system is designed so that those elements of a wall that are deemed to be in critical distress conditions are readily identified and not overlooked through the presentation of an overall average rating for the entire wall.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Butler, Cedrick J. and Gabr, Mohammed A. and Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Chang, Jeffrey C. and Hammit, Britton E.}, year={2016}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{findley_2016, title={Traffic Engineering Studies}, ISBN={9781119174738 9781118762301}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119174738.ch4}, DOI={10.1002/9781119174738.ch4}, abstractNote={Traffic engineering studies are used to obtain relevant empirical data, and that data must be collected in an unbiased, objective manner to result in appropriate decisions for improvements. The volume of vehicles, bicycles, or pedestrians is a key input to many traffic engineering analyses. Speed is an important measure for traffic operations, because highway users relate speed to economics, safety, time, comfort, and convenience. Analysts use the results of intersection and driveway studies to determine what kind of traffic control devices are warranted and to determine intersection capacity, traffic signal timing, site development impacts, safe speeds, driveway locations, and other important parameters. The development of a variety of technologies and techniques will assist transportation professionals and public officials with further refinement and future implementation. These technologies and techniques include new, more efficient, and more accurate data collection methods, as well as applications for real-time data analysis and integration.}, booktitle={Traffic Engineering Handbook}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc}, author={Findley, Daniel J.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={109–148} }
 @book{schroeder_salamati_rouphail_findley_hunter_phillips_barlow_rodegerts_2015, title={Accelerating Roundabouts in the United States: Volume I of VII - Evaluation of Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons (RRFB) at Multilane Roundabouts}, number={FHWA-SA-15-069}, institution={Office of Safety. Federal Highway Administration}, author={Schroeder, B. and Salamati, K. and Rouphail, N. and Findley, D. and Hunter, E. and Phillips, B. and Barlow, J. and Rodegerts, L.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @book{schroeder_salamati_rouphail_findley_hunter_phillips_barlow_rodegerts_2015, title={Accelerating Roundabouts in the United States: Volume IV of VII – A Review of Fatal and Severe Injury Crashes at Roundabouts}, number={FHWA-SA-15-072}, institution={Office of Safety. Federal Highway Administration}, author={Schroeder, B. and Salamati, K. and Rouphail, N. and Findley, D. and Hunter, E. and Phillips, B. and Barlow, J. and Rodegerts, L.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @book{findley_searcy_salamati_schroeder_williams_bhagavathula_rodegerts_2015, title={Accelerating Roundabouts in the United States: Volume VI of VII – Investigation of Crosswalk Design and Driver Behaviors}, number={FHWA-SA-15-074}, institution={Office of Safety. Federal Highway Administration}, author={Findley, D. and Searcy, S. and Salamati, K. and Schroeder, B. and Williams, B. and Bhagavathula, R. and Rodegerts, L.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @book{findley_searcy_salamati_schroeder_williams_bhagavathula_rodegerts_2015, title={Accelerating Roundabouts in the United States: Volume VII of VII – Human Factor Assessment of Traffic Control Device Effectiveness}, number={FHWA-SA-15-075}, institution={Office of Safety. Federal Highway Administration}, author={Findley, D. and Searcy, S. and Salamati, K. and Schroeder, B. and Williams, B. and Bhagavathula, R. and Rodegerts, L.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @article{cunningham_katz_smith_carter_miller_findley_schroeder_foyle_2015, title={Business Perceptions of Access Management Techniques}, volume={20}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84918512158&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1087724X13488757}, abstractNote={ Transportation agencies have made significant strides to reduce collisions and increase capacity along strategic highway corridors. Efforts have led to the implementation of many different access management techniques along corridors, such as installing medians versus two-way left-turn lanes and closing median openings. Businesses along these corridors have indicated their concern that these new designs will have a negative economic impact on their business because of the lack of direct access to their properties. The objective of this study was to quantify the business perceptions of median treatments on businesses adjacent to multilane highways. Owners of businesses along treatment corridors viewed median installations with a more positive outlook following implementation of the median than they did prior to the installation. The performance of treatment sites in terms of reported impacts on business revenues indicates that there is no direct evidence of negative economic impacts due to median installations. }, number={1}, journal={Public Works Management and Policy}, author={Cunningham, C.M. and Katz, D. and Smith, S. and Carter, D. and Miller, M. and Findley, D.J. and Schroeder, B. and Foyle, R.S.}, year={2015}, pages={60–79} }
 @book{mcfalls_2015, title={Comprehensive State Rail Plan}, url={https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/Rail-Division-Resources/Documents/2015%20Comprehensive%20State%20Rail%20Plan-%20Full%20Report.pdf}, institution={NCDOT Rail Division}, author={McFalls, Eddie}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @book{findley_schroeder_cunningham_brown_2015, title={Highway Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operations}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961153123&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/C2013-0-19212-4}, journal={Highway Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operations}, author={Findley, D.J. and Schroeder, B.J. and Cunningham, C.M. and Brown, T.H.}, year={2015}, pages={1–714} }
 @book{findley_2015, title={Highway Geometric Design}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961140350&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-801248-2.00004-6}, abstractNote={This part details the process of choosing appropriate geometric features for a highway. Design controls govern key aspects of highway design and are essential for safety and efficiency. The geometric features considered in this part include the basic components that guide horizontal and vertical alignment, including curvature and grades, and elements that form the cross section of the highway, including lanes, shoulders, and medians. Intersections and interchanges are an important part of highway design due to their significant impact on safety performance and operational efficiency.}, journal={Highway Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operations}, author={Findley, Daniel}, year={2015}, pages={167–253} }
 @book{findley_2015, title={Horizontal and Vertical Alignment}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961187300&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-801248-2.00003-4}, abstractNote={This part describes the decisions related to choosing an optimal highway alignment given substantial environmental and design considerations, including: corridor selection, traverses, sight distance, horizontal alignment, and vertical alignment. Corridor selection is comprised of the broad task of choosing a highway location through decisions relating to minimizing costs and impacts to the human and natural environment. The engineering computations of such corridors are derived from consideration of the highway segments as a traverse. The horizontal and vertical components each affect the highway location and require an iterative process to balance the various quantitative measures and tradeoffs of a particular alternative, as well as include feedback gathered from stakeholders in the public involvement process. At any point along a highway, the driver should be able to perceive an obstruction or change in alignment and react by changing his or her speed, direction, or path. The distance required to perform this maneuver, known as the sight distance, is an integral part of highway alignment.}, journal={Highway Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operations}, author={Findley, Daniel}, year={2015}, pages={89–166} }
 @inproceedings{shay_combs_salvesen_madeley_kolosna_findley_2015, place={Washington, DC}, title={Identifying Transportation Disadvantage: Mixed-Methods Analysis Combining GIS Mapping with Qualitative Data}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Shay, E. and Combs, T. and Salvesen, D. and Madeley, M. and Kolosna, C. and Findley, D.J.}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @book{findley_2015, title={Introduction}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961183305&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-12-801248-2.00001-0}, abstractNote={This part provides a summary of the topics covered in this book.}, journal={Highway Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operations}, author={Findley, D.J.}, year={2015}, pages={1–16} }
 @inproceedings{vaughan_jagadish_bharadwaj_cunningham_schroeder_hummer_findley_rouphail_2015, place={Washington, DC}, title={Long-Term Monitoring of Wrong-Way Maneuvers at Diverging Diamond Interchanges}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={Vaughan, C.L. and Jagadish, C. and Bharadwaj, S. and Cunningham, C.M. and Schroeder, B.J. and Hummer, J.E. and Findley, D.J. and Rouphail, N.M.}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @article{vaughan_jagadish_bharadwaj_cunningham_schroeder_hummer_findley_rouphail_2015, title={Long-term monitoring of wrong-way maneuvers at diverging diamond interchanges}, number={2484}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, author={Vaughan, C. and Jagadish, C. and Bharadwaj, S. and Cunningham, C. M. and Schroeder, B. J. and Hummer, J. E. and Findley, D. and Rouphail, N. M.}, year={2015}, pages={129–139} }
 @inproceedings{o’brien_jackson_vosburgh_findley_2015, place={Washington, DC}, title={Rumble Strip Gaps for High Speed Bicycles}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board of the National Academies}, author={O’Brien, S.W. and Jackson, K.N. and Vosburgh, E. and Findley, D.J.}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @article{o'brien_jackson_vosburgh_findley_2015, title={Rumble Strip Gaps for High-Speed Bicycles}, volume={2520}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84976509792&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2520-05}, abstractNote={ Shoulder rumble strips (SRSs) are a proven safety countermeasure that reduces motor vehicle lane departures; however, they may be seen as an impediment to bicycle travel because they decrease comfort for bicyclists and can affect riders' control while bicycling. Existing literature provides recommendations for the placement of regular gaps in SRSs, but the supporting research is limited to low and moderate bicycle speeds. Roads with SRSs along long, steep grades present a unique set of risks for cyclists because of the possibility of higher bicycle speeds. This study evaluated how variations in SRS gap lengths and shoulder widths affected bicyclists' ability to maneuver through these gaps when riding at higher than average speeds. The findings suggest that as gap length increases, bicyclists may increase downhill speed while reporting fewer instances of discomfort when attempting to cross larger gaps. The likelihood of a bicyclist hitting a simulated rumble strip while crossing a gap decreases modestly as the gap size increases. Shoulder widths in excess of 4 ft do not appear to significantly influence bicyclists' capability of maneuvering across different gap lengths and had only a minor effect on bicyclists' speeds. }, number={2520}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={O'Brien, Sarah Worth and Jackson, Kristy N. and Vosburgh, Erik and Findley, Daniel}, year={2015}, pages={32–40} }
 @inproceedings{chang_findley_cunningham_tsai_2014, place={Washington, DC}, title={Considerations for Effective LiDAR Deployment by Transportation Agencies}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board, National Research Council}, author={Chang, J.C. and Findley, D.J. and Cunningham, C.M. and Tsai, M.K.}, year={2014}, month={Jan} }
 @article{chang_findley_cunningham_tsai_2014, title={Considerations for Effective Lidar Deployment by Transportation Agencies}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000348890600001&KeyUID=WOS:000348890600001}, DOI={10.3141/2440-01}, abstractNote={ Lidar is becoming increasingly popular across the United States, and state transportation agencies are adopting this technology for practical uses in transportation-related applications. This trend can be seen in the growing number of agencies acquiring lidar scanners and contracting lidar services. The primary factors behind this trend are that (a) surveyors, engineers, and technicians are becoming more educated about and increasingly open to lidar and its applications and (b) lidar is potentially more cost-effective than traditional surveying technologies. Lidar can provide transportation agencies with the benefits of safety, data collection productivity, cost-effectiveness, applicability, high levels of detail, and technological advancement. Many of the more practical uses and benefits of lidar have come to fruition in recent years, and transportation agencies have been more open to its use. However, little more than anecdotal evidence supports when a specific lidar platform should be applied for various applications rather than a traditional surveying method. Decision makers in geomatic and surveying departments that use lidar must regularly weigh the options of which surveying method to use for specific projects and base decisions on performance tradeoffs. The methodology presented in this paper aims to provide guidance on how agencies may determine whether lidar can be practically used within their organizations. The aspects and performance measures outlined for effective deployment of lidar equipment or contracted services should be systematically considered. }, number={2440}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, publisher={Transportation Research Board, National Research Council}, author={Chang, Jeffrey C. and Findley, Daniel J. and Cunningham, Christopher M. and Tsai, Mary K.}, year={2014}, pages={1–8} }
 @inproceedings{findley_chang_vaughan_schroeder_foyle_alford_2014, place={Washington, DC}, title={Highway Capacity Planning Application and Development of Default Values in North Carolina}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board}, author={Findley, D.J. and Chang, J.C. and Vaughan, C.L. and Schroeder, B.J. and Foyle, R.S. and Alford, D.M.}, year={2014}, month={Jan} }
 @article{findley_hummer_rasdorf_laton_2013, title={Collecting Horizontal Curve Data: Mobile Asset Vehicles and Other Techniques}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1076-0342"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000316563500008&KeyUID=WOS:000316563500008}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000107}, abstractNote={Mobile asset data collection vehicles can provide transportation agencies with inventories of various roadway and roadside elements containing location information, element type, and condition data. Horizontal curves are of interest to agencies because they have been shown to be hazardous roadway components and have potential for mobile data collection concurrently with other roadway elements. The cost of manually acquiring horizontal curvature data to develop an inventory can be prohibitive for many agencies, so understanding the applicability of a mobile asset data collection effort for curves is important. The objective of this work was to study the ability of multiple commercial roadway inventory vehicles and to compare them to other methods for determining the geometric characteristics of horizontal curves. The comparison is based on data from three commercial vendors of roadway asset inventory data on a 38.8-km (24.1-mi) course in central North Carolina. Among the 16 curves studied, at least one vendor was within 10% of the radius value found with the manual chord method for six of the curves and within 25% for 13 of the curves. Only three curves had a larger radius variant. For the length measurements of the 16 curves, at least one vendor was within 10% of the length from the chord method for eleven of the curves and within 25% for fifteen of the curves. Only one curve had a larger length variant. The mobile vehicle vendors provided more accurate and consistent curve length measurements than radius measurements. Agencies that consider using mobile data collection vehicles for horizontal alignments should understand the limitations of each horizontal curve estimating technique and the changes that can occur in the radius within the curve. Collaborating with vendors to define the changes in roadway alignment that constitute a curve, the associated beginning and ending of the curve, and geometric characteristics can provide agencies the most appropriate data to meet their needs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William and Laton, Brian T.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={74–84} }
 @article{findley_cunningham_chang_hovey_corwin_2013, title={Effects of License Plate Attributes on Automatic License Plate Recognition}, ISSN={["0361-1981"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000323141900006&KeyUID=WOS:000323141900006}, DOI={10.3141/2327-05}, abstractNote={ This paper describes an experiment designed to develop a comprehensive and thorough understanding of the readability of North Carolina's license plates with an automatic license plate recognition system. This research focused on law enforcement applications and used two infrared camera systems for data collection in a controlled environment involving more than 900 license plates. The field test was conducted in a controlled environment under the following settings and conditions: a test vehicle traveling at 25 mph, nighttime evaluation, closed test track, 40 ft of spacing of license plates, 9 ft of lateral offset between the license plates and camera, standard issue and specialty plate types, standard syntax and personalized plates, and various license plate ages and conditions. The key finding of this research project is that the current, standard issue license plate with characters in blue ink has the highest capture and read rates among the plates tested in this study. Factors that decreased the capture and read rates were personalized syntax, specialty license plates, and the presence of stacked characters on a specialty license plate. }, number={2327}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Cunningham, Christopher M. and Chang, Jeffrey C. and Hovey, Kyle A. and Corwin, Michael A.}, year={2013}, pages={34–44} }
 @inproceedings{findley_cunningham_chang_hovey_corwin_2013, place={Washington, DC}, title={Effects of License Plate Attributes on Automatic License Plate Recognition}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board}, author={Findley, D.J. and Cunningham, C.M. and Chang, J.C. and Hovey, K.A. and Corwin, M.A.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{cunningham_chang_findley_vaughan_martin_hekele_tatham_2013, title={Public Opinions of Roadway Assets Roadway Review as a New Survey Method}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000327920200005&KeyUID=WOS:000327920200005}, DOI={10.3141/2361-04}, abstractNote={ In October 2011, the North Carolina Department of Transportation conducted a roadway review with a randomly recruited sample of North Carolina residents and community leaders. More than 300 people from 61 communities participated in the surveys, which were held in six locations: Asheville, Burlington, Charlotte, Jonesville, Rocky Mount, and Wilmington. The purpose of the roadway review was twofold: to determine the expectations for the condition of North Carolina highways and to identify the features that North Carolinians believe are most important on different types of highways. Surveys were completed during both daytime and nighttime hours and covered many roadway maintenance aspects, such as pavement, landscaping and mowing practices, signage, retroreflectivity, and shoulders. Regression equations are also provided to predict the overall satisfaction of condition, safety, and appearance by each individual roadway type. }, number={2361}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Cunningham, Christopher M. and Chang, Jeffrey C. and Findley, Daniel J. and Vaughan, Christopher L. and Martin, James and Hekele, Aaron and Tatham, Chris}, year={2013}, pages={25–34} }
 @inproceedings{cunningham_chang_findley_hekele_tatham_2013, place={Washington, DC}, title={Public Opinions of Roadway Assets Using a New Method - The Roadway Review}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board}, author={Cunningham, C.M. and Chang, J.C. and Findley, D.J. and Hekele, A. and Tatham, C.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @book{cunningham_hummer_change_katz_vaughan_findley_schroeder_mcavoy_2012, title={All-Weather Paint for Work Zones – Field Evaluation in North Carolina and Ohio}, url={https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/partnerships/all_weather_pavement/hif13004/hif13004.pdf}, institution={Federal Highway Administration Highways for Life Program}, author={Cunningham, C.M. and Hummer, J.E. and Change, J. and Katz, D. and Vaughan, C. and Findley, D.J. and Schroeder, B. and McAvoy, D.}, year={2012}, month={Mar} }
 @inbook{findley_cunningham_chang_hovey_corwin_2012, title={Appendix F: North Carolina State University Study on Effects of License Plate Attributes on ALPR}, booktitle={Best Practices Guide for Improving Automated License Plate Reader Effectiveness through Uniform License Plate Design and Manufacture}, publisher={American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA)}, author={Findley, D.J. and Cunningham, C.M. and Chang, J.C. and Hovey, K.A. and Corwin, M.A.}, year={2012}, month={Sep} }
 @article{findley_zegeer_sundstrom_hummer_rasdorf_2012, title={Applying the Highway Safety Manual to Two-Lane Road Curves}, volume={51}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Transportation Research Forum}, author={Findley, D.J. and Zegeer, C.V. and Sundstrom, C.A. and Hummer, J.E. and Rasdorf, W.J.}, year={2012} }
 @article{rasdorf_findley_zegeer_sundstrom_hummer_2012, title={Evaluation of GIS Applications for Horizontal Curve Data Collection}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1943-5487"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000302218800005&KeyUID=WOS:000302218800005}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000127}, abstractNote={Applications that use a geographic information system (GIS) are common and useful in the field of transportation. Horizontal curves are critical components on a roadway in their role as a transition between straight segments and in their potential as a safety hazard to motorists. Therefore, determining the characteristics of curves [both spatial (including location, length, radius) and nonspatial (including traffic volume, signage, pavement type)] is an important task. GIS applications have been developed for evaluating roadway alignments in general and some have focused on horizontal curve assessment. This paper reports on two benchmarking efforts. The first assessed and established the accuracy of three publicly available GIS applications for determining curve spatial characteristics. The second assessed the quality of available GIS roadway line work. The three GIS applications were evaluated for performance accuracy on the basis of a comparison with precisely drawn curves [with radii ranging from 30.5 ...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING}, author={Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Zegeer, Charles V. and Sundstrom, Carl A. and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2012}, pages={191–203} }
 @article{findley_zegeer_sundstrom_hummer_rasdorf_fowler_2012, title={Finding and Measuring Horizontal Curves in a Large Highway Network: A GIS Approach}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858674310&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1087724X11419307}, abstractNote={ Roadways are continuous elements that consist of straight and curved segments that are of particular interest to transportation agencies because of safety concerns for motorists. An analysis was undertaken on curves to determine the accuracy of using GIS to identify curves. The safety of horizontal curves from a system perspective was also benchmarked to understand curves as a system instead of as isolated roadway features. The automated application, Curve Finder, was able to locate 532 of 799 curves along three routes studied. Roadway agencies can use Curve Finder to identify and measure a set of curves automatically. This GIS application for horizontal curves enables transportation agencies to leverage existing resources to manage their infrastructure more efficiently. The policy implications are that the additional curve data will enable a more cost-effective distribution of funding for improvements, a more efficient delivery of maintenance operations, and a safer roadway network. }, number={2}, journal={Public Works Management and Policy}, author={Findley, D.J. and Zegeer, C.V. and Sundstrom, C.A. and Hummer, J.E. and Rasdorf, W. and Fowler, T.J.}, year={2012}, pages={189–211} }
 @article{findley_hummer_rasdorf_zegeer_fowler_2012, title={Modeling the impact of spatial relationships on horizontal curve safety}, volume={45}, ISSN={0001-4575}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.018}, DOI={10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.018}, abstractNote={The curved segments of roadways are more hazardous because of the additional centripetalforces exerted on a vehicle, driver expectations, and other factors. The safety of a curve is dependent on various factors, most notably by geometric factors, but the location of a curve in relation to other curves is also thought to influence the safety of those curves because of a driver's expectation to encounter additional curves. The link between an individual curve's geometric characteristics and its safety performance has been established, but spatial considerations are typically not included in a safety analysis. The spatial considerations included in this research consisted of four components: distance to adjacent curves, direction of turn of the adjacent curves, and radius and length of the adjacent curves. The primary objective of this paper is to quantify the spatial relationship between adjacent horizontal curves and horizontal curve safety using a crash modification factor. Doing so enables a safety professional to more accurately estimate safety to allocate funding to reduce or prevent future collisions and more efficiently design new roadway sections to minimize crash risk where there will be a series of curves along a route. The most important finding from this research is the statistical significance of spatial considerations for the prediction of horizontal curve safety. The distances to adjacent curves were found to be a reliable predictor of observed collisions. This research recommends a model which utilizes spatial considerations for horizontal curve safety prediction in addition to current Highway Safety Manual prediction capabilities using individual curve geometric features.}, journal={Accident Analysis & Prevention}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William and Zegeer, Charles V. and Fowler, Tyler J.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={296–304} }
 @article{findley_cunningham_letchworth_corwin_2012, title={Predicting Trip Generation Characteristics of Power Centers}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Transportation}, author={Findley, D.J. and Cunningham, C.M. and Letchworth, W. and Corwin, M.A.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={19–28} }
 @article{findley_cunningham_schroeder_vaughan_fowler_2012, title={Structural and Safety Investigation of Statewide Performance of Weathered Steel Beam Guardrail in North Carolina}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000314138300008&KeyUID=WOS:000314138300008}, DOI={10.3141/2309-07}, abstractNote={ This paper evaluates the structural integrity and safety performance of weathered steel beam guardrail (WSBG) in North Carolina. WSBG is a popular alternative to galvanized steel guardrail (GSG) in that it is an aesthetic solution that blends in with the surrounding natural environment. A New Hampshire study, however, found that WSBG deteriorates more quickly. That study prompted an FHWA recommendation discouraging the use of WSBG across the country. This paper describes a comprehensive study of all WSBG installations in North Carolina, where weather conditions and deicing practices are generally much less severe than in New Hampshire. The research results did not show any trends of deteriorating thickness as a function of guardrail age (the oldest installation was almost 30 years old), elevation (the tallest installation was 4,200 ft), and annual average daily traffic (the highest traffic volume was 27,000 vehicles per day). The WSBG at all 25 test sites was shown to be above AASHTO minimum thickness specifications of 0.096 in. at a 95% confidence level. From a safety perspective, the research results suggested a lower percentage of injury collisions at WSBG installations relative to GSG installations at comparison sites, although low crash sample sizes made a more robust comparison difficult. Overall, this research suggests there are no structural concerns about using WSBG in North Carolina. The findings of this study may have broader policy implications for other states. }, number={2309}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, publisher={Transportation Research Board}, author={Findley, Daniel and Cunningham, C.M. and Schroeder, B.J. and Vaughan, C.L. and Fowler, T.J.}, year={2012}, pages={63–72} }
 @inproceedings{findley_cunningham_schroeder_vaughan_fowler_2012, place={Washington, DC}, title={Structural and Safety Investigation of Statewide Weathered Steel Beam Guardrail Performance in North Carolina}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board}, author={Findley, D.J. and Cunningham, C.M. and Schroeder, B.J. and Vaughan, C.L. and Fowler, T.J.}, year={2012}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{zegeer_sundstrom_hummer_rasdorf_findley_2012, place={Washington, DC}, title={Suggestions on How Agencies Should Apply the Highway Safety Manual to Two-Lane Road Curves}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board. National Research Council}, author={Zegeer, C.V. and Sundstrom, C.A. and Hummer, J.E. and Rasdorf, W.J. and Findley, D.J.}, year={2012}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{tsai_cook_findley_miller_2011, place={Washington, DC}, title={A Study of the Fiscal Constraints Facing the North Carolina Ferry System}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board. National Research Council}, author={Tsai, J. and Cook, T. and Findley, D.J. and Miller, M.A.}, year={2011}, month={Jan} }
 @article{findley_cunningham_hummer_2011, title={Comparison of mobile and manual data collection for roadway components}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0968-090X"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000288637400011&KeyUID=WOS:000288637400011}, DOI={10.1016/j.trc.2010.08.002}, abstractNote={The primary objective of this research effort was to compare roadside data collected by typical manual methods – on foot and often requiring traffic control – to data collected by manned data collection vehicles moving with traffic. The research team provided an unbiased comparison of multiple vendors collecting many types of data on various roadway elements including curb, guardrail, signs, pavement markings, and roadway geometry. These data are frequently collected and used by many units within a highway agency such as roadway maintenance, safety, and operations. The research team provided a catalog to each vendor prior to running a 144.8 km (90-mile) test course. The catalog provided a map of the course, a list of each roadway element to be collected, and specific details on how each data element was collected manually. The test course included a variety of highways across a portion of central North Carolina. Multiple data collection companies were given the opportunity to participate, with six actually agreeing to partake and submit data. No vendors supplied sign retroreflectivity data, one submitted pavement marking retroreflectivity data, three submitted roadway geometry data, and five submitted data on roadside elements. The results showed that mobile data compared reasonably well to manual data for most of the desired variables. Mobile data on elements in close proximity to the edge of pavement matched manual data better than elements further from the road. Counts of specific elements were a better fit between mobile and manual data than elements that needed qualitative judgments. Among the major lessons learned is the need for crystal clear specifications before embarking on a mobile data collection program and the desirability of having vendors submit data for a small sample of roadway before embarking on the bulk of a data collection effort.}, number={3}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART C-EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Cunningham, Christopher M. and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={521–540} }
 @inproceedings{cunningham_miller_findley_schroder_katz_foyle_smith_carter_2011, place={Washington, DC}, title={Economic Effects of Access Management Techniques in North Carolina}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Transportation Research Board. National Research Council}, author={Cunningham, C.M. and Miller, M.A. and Findley, D.J. and Schroder, B.J. and Katz, D. and Foyle, R.S. and Smith, S. and Carter, D.}, year={2011}, month={Jan} }
 @article{tsai_cook_findley_miller_2011, title={North Carolina Ferry System A Study}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000299720000013&KeyUID=WOS:000299720000013}, DOI={10.3141/2216-12}, abstractNote={ The North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division faces several challenges. Recent U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) regulations increasing the minimum crew size on vessels carrying more than 149 passengers require the North Carolina Ferry System (NCFS) to add 79 employees. Difficulty in finding additional funds and certified crew to meet these regulations, coupled with reduced NCFS financial allocations from recent state budget cuts, resulted in a reduced number of ferry sailings on some routes during the peak operation period in the summer of 2009. In addition, NCFS experienced challenges from ferry service outages that resulted from the need to operate aging ferry vessels, a lack of standby ferry vessels in case of breakdowns, and vessels out of service as a result of the increased frequency of USCG dry dock inspections. The NCFS must also contend with unreliable support vessels that have exceeded their useful lives and a lack of certified welders and marine electricians to support maintenance functions. However, these resource and operation challenges present an opportunity to analyze existing ferry operations and to explore future opportunities. }, number={2216}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, author={Tsai, Jeffrey and Cook, Thomas and Findley, Daniel and Miller, Michael}, year={2011}, pages={108–115} }
 @article{cunningham_findley_schroeder_foyle_2011, title={Traffic Operational Impacts of Contemporary Multi-Pump Island Fueling Centers}, volume={81}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000291910100001&KeyUID=WOS:000291910100001}, number={6}, journal={Ite Journal-Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Cunningham, Christopher M. and Findley, Daniel J. and Schroeder, Bastian and Foyle, Robert S.}, year={2011}, pages={24-+} }
 @inproceedings{hummer_rasdorf_findley_zegeer_sundstrom_2010, title={An examination of horizontal curve collisions characteristics and corresponding countermeasures}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Washington, D.C. : Transportation Research Board}, author={Hummer, J. E. and Rasdorf, W. and Findley, D. J. and Zegeer, C. V. and Sundstrom, C. A.}, year={2010} }
 @article{hummer_rasdorf_findley_zegeer_sundstrom_2010, title={Curve collisions: Road and collision characteristics and countermeasures}, volume={2}, ISBN={NULL}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79958270365&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/19439961003734880}, abstractNote={Horizontal curves are relatively dangerous portions of roadway networks. Agencies optimizing the use of safety funds should be aware of characteristics of the collisions on those segments. However, few previously published articles attempted to characterize collisions on horizontal curves. This article describes an effort that characterized collisions reported to be on curves in North Carolina using the Highway Safety Information System. More than 51,000 North Carolina (NC) collisions on two-lane road curves were compared to collisions on all two-lane roads and on all roads. In doing so we gained a perspective of how well various curves perform relative to other road areas. We investigated numerous two-lane curve-collision types. Those most overrepresented included: collisions on grades, rural, severe injury or fatal, fixed object (particularly tree, ditch, and embankment), overturn, off-peak hours (particularly during darkness on unlighted roads), weekend, holiday periods, and wet, icy, or snowy pavement. The analysis also revealed that there were few short roadway segments (of 0.1- to 1-mile length) with more than 10 reported curve collisions in 3 years. This article provides recommendations from the literature to treat overrepresented collision types on horizontal curves. Based on the analysis findings, agencies should target countermeasures for the most common and overrepresented collision types.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Transportation Safety and Security}, author={Hummer, J.E. and Rasdorf, W. and Findley, Daniel and Zegeer, C.V. and Sundstrom, C.A.}, year={2010}, pages={203–220} }
 @inbook{findley_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Environmental Impacts of Transportation Projects}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Findley, D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={451–462} }
 @inbook{findley_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Goods Movement Studies}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Findley, D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={291–308} }
 @book{schroeder_cunningham_findley_foyle_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Schroeder, B. and Cunningham, C. and Findley, D. and Foyle, R.}, year={2010}, month={Dec} }
 @inbook{schroeder_cunningham_findley_foyle_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Introduction}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Schroeder, B. and Cunningham, C. and Findley, D. and Foyle, R.}, year={2010}, month={Dec} }
 @inbook{findley_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Inventories}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Findley, D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={309–322} }
 @inbook{findley_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Parking Studies}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Findley, D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={323–346} }
 @inbook{findley_schroeder_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Pedestrian and Bicycle Studies}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Findley, D. and Schroeder, B.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={237–262} }
 @inbook{findley_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Roadway Lighting}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Findley, D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={413–428} }
 @inbook{findley_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Traffic Access and Impact Studies}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Findley, D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={463–484} }
 @inbook{findley_2010, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Travel-Time and Delay Studies}, booktitle={ITE Manual of Engineering Transportation Studies}, publisher={Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Findley, D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={159–176} }
 @inproceedings{horne_findley_rickabaugh_coble, title={Radar Vehicle Detection within Four Quadrant Gate Crossings}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2014 Global Level Crossing Symposium}, author={Horne, D. and Findley, D.J. and Rickabaugh, T. and Coble, D.} }