@article{shirsat_muthukaruppan_hu_paduani_xu_song_li_lu_baran_lubkeman_et al._2023, title={A Secure and Adaptive Hierarchical Multi-Timescale Framework for Resilient Load Restoration Using a Community Microgrid}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1949-3037"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2023.3251099}, DOI={10.1109/TSTE.2023.3251099}, abstractNote={Distribution system integrated community microgrids (CMGs) can partake in restoring loads during extended duration outages. At such times, the CMGs are challenged with limited resource availability, absence of robust grid support, and heightened demand-supply uncertainty. This paper proposes a secure and adaptive three-stage hierarchical multi-timescale framework for scheduling and real-time (RT) dispatch of CMGs with hybrid PV systems to address these challenges. The framework enables the CMG to dynamically expand its boundary to support the neighboring grid sections and is adaptive to the changing forecast error impacts. The first stage solves a stochastic extended duration scheduling (EDS) problem to obtain referral plans for optimal resource rationing. The intermediate near-real-time (NRT) scheduling stage updates the EDS schedule closer to the dispatch time using new obtained forecasts, followed by the RT dispatch stage. To make the decisions more secure and robust against forecast errors, a novel concept called delayed recourse is designed. The approach is evaluated via numerical simulations on a modified IEEE 123-bus system and validated using OpenDSS and hardware-in-loop simulations. The results show superior performance in maximizing load supply and continuous secure distribution network operation under different operating scenarios.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY}, author={Shirsat, Ashwin and Muthukaruppan, Valliappan and Hu, Rongxing and Paduani, Victor Daldegan and Xu, Bei and Song, Lidong and Li, Yiyan and Lu, Ning and Baran, Mesut and Lubkeman, David and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={1057–1075} }
 @article{wang_zhu_liang_meng_kling_lubkeman_lu_2021, title={A Data-driven Pivot-point-based Time-series Feeder Load Disaggregation Method}, ISSN={["1944-9925"]}, DOI={10.1109/PESGM46819.2021.9638034}, abstractNote={The load profile at a feeder-head is usually known to utility engineers while the nodal load profiles are not. However, the nodal load profiles are increasingly important for conducting time-series analysis in distribution systems. Therefore, in this paper, we present a pivot-point based, two-stage feeder load disaggregation algorithm using smart meter data. The two stages are load profile selection (LPS) and load profile allocation (LPA). In the LPS stage, a random load profile selection process is first executed to meet the load diversity requirement. Then, a few pairs of pivot points are selected as the matching targets. After that, a matching algorithm will run repetitively to select one load profile at a time for matching the reference load profile at the pivot points. In the LPA stage, the LPS selected load profiles are allocated to each load node on the feeder considering distribution transformer loading limits, load composition, and square-footage. The proposed method is validated using actual data collected in a North Carolina service area. Simulation results show that the proposed method can generate a unique load shape for each load node while match the shape of their aggregated profile with the actual feeder head load profile.}, journal={2021 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING (PESGM)}, author={Wang, Jiyu and Zhu, Xiangqi and Liang, Ming and Meng, Yao and Kling, Andrew and Lubkeman, David and Lu, Ning}, year={2021} }
 @article{hu_li_zhang_shirsat_muthukaruppan_tang_baran_lubkeman_lu_2021, title={A Load Switching Group based Feeder-level Microgrid Energy Management Algorithm for Service Restoration in Power Distribution System}, ISSN={["1944-9925"]}, DOI={10.1109/PESGM46819.2021.9638231}, abstractNote={This paper presents a load switching group based energy management system (LSG-EMS) for operating microgrids on a distribution feeder powered by one or multiple grid-forming distributed energy resources. Loads on a distribution feeder are divided into load switching groups that can be remotely switched on and off. The LSG-EMS algorithm, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, has an objective function of maximizing the served loads while minimizing the total number of switching actions. A new set of topology constraints are developed for allowing multiple microgrids to be formed on the feeder and selecting the optimal supply path. Customer comfort is accounted for by maximizing the supply duration in the customer preferred service period and enforcing a minimum service duration. The proposed method is demonstrated on a modified IEEE 33-bus system using actual customer data. Simulation results show that the LSG-EMS successfully coordinates multiple grid-forming sources by selecting an optimal supply topology that maximizes the supply period of both the critical and noncritical loads while minimizing customer service interruptions in the service restoration process.}, journal={2021 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING (PESGM)}, author={Hu, Rongxing and Li, Yiyan and Zhang, Si and Shirsat, Ashwin and Muthukaruppan, Valliappan and Tang, Wenyuan and Baran, Mesut and Lubkeman, David and Lu, Ning}, year={2021} }
 @article{sun_lubkeman_2021, title={Agent-Based Modeling of Feeder-Level Electric Vehicle Diffusion for Distribution Planning}, ISSN={["1944-9925"]}, DOI={10.1109/PESGM46819.2021.9638119}, abstractNote={Faced with a rapidly growing electric vehicle (EV) load, distribution planners need a methodology to forecast when and where these loads will likely appear on specific distribution feeders. This paper proposes a new diffusion forecasting approach for residential EV and charging stations using agent-based modeling. Residential EV adoption is treated as a multi-criteria decision making problem modeled via analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The customer adoption model CANE is developed considering customer characteristics including car age, EV attractiveness valued using logistic regression, neighbor influences and customer economics. Distribution feeder topology is combined with property geographic information system (GIS) parcels and household travel survey data to determine geographic and electric locations for EV and charging stations. A Monte Carlo method is utilized to obtain the most likely outcome of the stochastic vehicle decision-making process and perform model calibration. The proposed diffusion forecasting approach is demonstrated using actual distribution feeder data. Using the diffusion results, EV impact on system annual peak, energy, losses, transformer aging and feeder upgrades is evaluated using quasi-static time-series power flow analysis. Case analyses are presented that examine the effect of EV price and charging station placement on EV diffusion and distribution feeder impact.}, journal={2021 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING (PESGM)}, author={Sun, Lisha and Lubkeman, David}, year={2021} }
 @article{long_yu_xie_lu_lubkeman_2021, title={Diesel Generator Model Parameterization for Microgrid Simulation Using Hybrid Box-Constrained Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3026617}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2020.3026617}, abstractNote={Existing generator parameterization methods, typically developed for large turbine generator units, are difficult to apply to small kW-level diesel generators in microgrid applications. This article presents a model parameterization method that estimates a complete set of kW-level diesel generator parameters simultaneously using only load-step-change tests with limited measurement points. This method provides a more cost-efficient and robust approach to achieve high-fidelity modeling of diesel generators for microgrid dynamic simulation. A two-stage hybrid box-constrained Levenberg-Marquardt (H-BCLM) algorithm is developed to search the optimal parameter set given the parameter bounds. A heuristic algorithm, namely Generalized Opposition-based Learning Genetic Algorithm (GOL-GA), is applied to identify proper initial estimates at the first stage, followed by a modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm designed to fine tune the solution based on the first-stage result. The proposed method is validated against dynamic simulation of a diesel generator model and field measurements from a 16kW diesel generator unit.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Long, Qian and Yu, Hui and Xie, Fuhong and Lu, Ning and Lubkeman, David}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={943–952} }
 @article{liang_meng_wang_lubkeman_lu_2021, title={FeederGAN: Synthetic Feeder Generation via Deep Graph Adversarial Nets}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3025259}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2020.3025259}, abstractNote={This article presents a novel, automated, generative adversarial networks (GAN) based synthetic feeder generation mechanism, abbreviated as FeederGAN. FeederGAN digests real feeder models represented by directed graphs via a deep learning framework powered by GAN and graph convolutional networks (GCN). Information of a distribution feeder circuit is extracted from its model input files so that the device connectivity is mapped onto the adjacency matrix and the device characteristics, such as circuit types (i.e., 3-phase, 2-phase, and 1-phase) and component attributes (e.g., length and current ratings), are mapped onto the attribute matrix. Then, Wasserstein distance is used to optimize the GAN and GCN is used to discriminate the generated graphs from the actual ones. A greedy method based on graph theory is developed to reconstruct the feeder using the generated adjacency and attribute matrices. Our results show that the GAN generated feeders resemble the actual feeder in both topology and attributes verified by visual inspection and by empirical statistics obtained from actual distribution feeders.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, author={Liang, Ming and Meng, Yao and Wang, Jiyu and Lubkeman, David L. and Lu, Ning}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1163–1173} }
 @article{liang_meng_wang_lubkeman_lu_2021, title={FeederGAN: Synthetic Feeder Generation via Deep Graph Adversarial Nets}, ISSN={["1944-9925"]}, DOI={10.1109/PESGM46819.2021.9638247}, abstractNote={This paper presents a novel, automated, generative adversarial networks (GAN) based synthetic feeder generation mechanism, abbreviated as FeederGAN. FeederGAN digests real feeder models represented by directed graphs via a deep learning framework powered by GAN and graph convolutional networks (GCN). Information of a distribution feeder circuit is extracted from its model input files so that the device connectivity is mapped onto the adjacency matrix and the device characteristics, such as circuit types (i.e., 3-phase, 2-phase, and 1-phase) and component attributes (e.g., length and current ratings), are mapped onto the attribute matrix. Then, Wasserstein distance is used to optimize the GAN and GCN is used to discriminate the generated graphs from the actual ones. A greedy method based on graph theory is developed to reconstruct the feeder using the generated adjacency and attribute matrices. Our results show that the GAN generated feeders resemble the actual feeder in both topology and attributes verified by visual inspection and by empirical statistics obtained from actual distribution feeders.}, journal={2021 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING (PESGM)}, author={Liang, Ming and Meng, Yao and Wang, Jiyu and Lubkeman, David and Lu, Ning}, year={2021} }
 @article{shirsat_muthukaruppan_hu_lu_baran_lubkeman_tang_2021, title={Hierarchical Multi-timescale Framework For Operation of Dynamic Community Microgrid}, ISSN={["1944-9925"]}, DOI={10.1109/PESGM46819.2021.9638104}, abstractNote={Distribution system integrated community microgrids (CMGs) can restore loads during extended outages. The CMG is challenged with limited resource availability, absence of a robust grid-support, and demand-supply uncertainty. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a three-stage hierarchical multi-timescale framework for scheduling and real-time (RT) dispatch of CMGs. The CMG's ability to dynamically expand its boundary to support the neighboring grid sections is also considered. The first stage solves a stochastic day-ahead (DA) scheduling problem to obtain referral plans for optimal resource rationing. The intermediate near real-time scheduling stage updates the DA schedule closer to the dispatch time, followed by the RT dispatch stage. The proposed methodology is validated via numerical simulations on a modified IEEE 123-bus system, which shows superior performance in terms of RT load supplied under different forecast error cases, outage duration scenarios, and against the traditionally used two-stage approach.}, journal={2021 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING (PESGM)}, author={Shirsat, Ashwin and Muthukaruppan, Valliappan and Hu, Rongxing and Lu, Ning and Baran, Mesut and Lubkeman, David and Tang, Wenyuan}, year={2021} }
 @misc{chandel_lubkeman_2021, title={Impact of Transients Caused by PV Transformer Energization on Active Industrial Loads}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0974-5971"]}, DOI={10.1080/02564602.2020.1766386}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The importance and impact of transient studies with appropriate distribution system modelling is highlighted in the present work. New and realistic modelling techniques to be employed in modern distribution system are presented. Various issues, arising due to the energization of photovoltaic (PV) transformer on active industrial loads in a distribution network, are modelled. Sudden energization of large PV plant transformer(s) with respect to the voltage, current, harmonic profile and their effect on the system impedance in a distribution network is dealt with as this impacts the network performance. Cause and effect for the tripping of the industrial plant drives post connection of the large transformers of the photovoltaic plant is investigated. The inverter-based loads are sensitive to the frequency response of grids which is shaped by power factor capacitors. The use of current-limiting resistors and strict constraints on system impedance is analysed and inferred to be the promising techniques for the stable operation of large industrial loads. Furthermore, the research work highlights the various other aspects to make the distribution system more efficient. Special cautions need to be followed if industrial loads are in the vicinity of the planned DERs. Hence, the need of modelling and simulation of transient-impact studies with appropriate frequency analysis prior to actual deployment of large-scale PV plants in “vital” load areas is essential.}, number={4}, journal={IETE TECHNICAL REVIEW}, author={Chandel, Ayush and Lubkeman, David Lee}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={450–462} }
 @article{bipu_awal_cen_zabin_khan_lubkeman_husain_2021, title={Secondary Voltage and Frequency Regulation for Grid Re-Synchronization in Microgrid with Unified Virtual Oscillator Controlled Multi-port Converters}, ISSN={["2329-3721"]}, DOI={10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595901}, abstractNote={Unified Virtual Oscillator Controller (uVOC) is a type of oscillator based nonlinear time domain controller that achieves faster primary control response than conventional droop control as no phase-locked loop (PLL) is required. uVOC can be used effectively for either grid following or grid-forming voltage source converters. Grid-forming converter is essential for a microgrid to operate in islanded mode in addition to the more common grid-connected mode. In this paper, a secondary regulation scheme is proposed to augment the capability of uVOC based on a Multi-port Converter (MPC) by adding voltage and frequency regulation for grid re-synchronization. With this method, changing primary controller is not required and seamless transition is achieved. To implement this secondary regulation, communication or data exchange between different components is required. The network connectivity is implemented based on the RIAPS platform, an open-source distributed operating system developed for real-time control of microgrid/smartgrid systems. Finally, the suitability of proposed secondary regulation with uVOC based MPC was verified through simulation and experiment on a microgrid testbed.}, journal={2021 IEEE ENERGY CONVERSION CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION (ECCE)}, author={Bipu, Md Rashed Hassan and Awal, M. A. and Cen, Siye and Zabin, Salina and Khan, Mehnaz and Lubkeman, David and Husain, Iqbal}, year={2021}, pages={900–905} }
 @article{jain_lubkeman_lukic_2019, title={Dynamic Adaptive Protection for Distribution Systems in Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1937-4208"]}, DOI={10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2884705}, abstractNote={Reliable protection of distribution systems is becoming increasingly challenging with growing distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrids. Existing adaptive overcurrent relaying (AOCR) schemes are vulnerable to DER ride-through and generally focus on only grid or islanded modes. This paper presents a dynamic AOCR scheme independent of external controllers to estimate relay pickup that ensures significantly less communication overhead. Existing and emerging challenges for the state-of-the-art are discussed and resolved using the proposed scheme. The reliability is tested using transient system models in Simulink for all combinations of state and fault types/impedances in a 15-bus distribution system.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY}, author={Jain, Rishabh and Lubkeman, David L. and Lukic, Srdjan M.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={281–289} }
 @article{sun_lu_li_lubkeman_lu_2018, title={Modeling Combined Heat and Power Systems for Microgrid Applications}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1949-3061"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000443200700023&KeyUID=WOS:000443200700023}, DOI={10.1109/TSG.2017.2652723}, abstractNote={This paper presents the modeling of combined heat and power (CHP) systems for microgrid applications. When generating electricity, a CHP unit can recycle waste heat to supply building thermal loads to improve the overall efficiency of a traditional generation system. The ramping capability of a CHP unit makes it an ideal resource for load following and frequency regulation in microgrid operation. In this paper, a CHP model built in Simulink is developed. The CHP model includes three key components: generator, turbine, and absorption chiller. A new isochronous governor control strategy is proposed to provide zero-steady-state-error frequency regulation. The supply of building thermal loads is modeled to facilitate the calculation of the overall CHP system efficiency. The impact of ambient temperature on the maximum electrical output is considered. The developed model is implemented on OPAL-RT for testing the microgrid controller performance in a microgrid system.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID}, author={Sun, Tiankui and Lu, Jian and Li, Zhimin and Lubkeman, David Lee and Lu, Ning}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={4172–4180} }
 @inproceedings{lu_lubkeman_lu_sun_li_2017, title={An An optimal microgrid dispatch algorithm for scheduling multiple CHPs in islanding operations}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2017.8273838}, abstractNote={A combined heat and power (CHP) unit can use its waste heat to supply building thermal loads so that the electrical heating or cooling load is reduced and the overall efficiency is improved. When multiple CHP units are running in a microgrid, it is therefore critical to balance the output of each unit so that both the electricity consumption and the building thermal loads can be satisfied with least cost. This paper presents an optimal microgrid dispatch algorithm for scheduling multiple gas-fired combined heat and power units when the microgrid is disconnected from the main grid. A coordination controller is developed to determine the power output reference for each CHP unit such that the total electric power output of all CHP units are minimized while both electric and thermal demands are met. A few test cases are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.}, booktitle={2017 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Lu, J. and Lubkeman, David and Lu, Ning and Sun, T. K. and Li, Z. M.}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{wang_zhu_lubkeman_lu_samaan_2017, title={Continuation power flow analysis for PV integration studies at distribution feeders}, ISBN={9781538628904}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2017.8086036}, DOI={10.1109/isgt.2017.8086036}, abstractNote={This paper presents a method for conducting continuation power flow simulation on high-solar penetration distribution feeders. A load disaggregation method is developed to disaggregate the daily feeder load profiles collected in substations down to each load node, where the electricity consumption of residential houses and commercial buildings are modeled using actual data collected from single family houses and commercial buildings. This allows the modeling of power flow and voltage profile along a distribution feeder on a continuing fashion for a 24-hour period at minute-by-minute resolution. By separating the feeder into load zones based on the distance between the load node and the feeder head, we studied the impact of PV penetration on distribution grid operation in different seasons and under different weather conditions for different PV placements.}, booktitle={2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Wang, Jiyu and Zhu, Xiangqi and Lubkeman, David and Lu, Ning and Samaan, Nader}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{sun_thomas_singh_li_baran_lubkeman_decarolis_queiroz_white_watts_et al._2017, title={Cost-benefit assessment challenges for a smart distribution system: A case study}, volume={2018-January}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85046337981&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2017.8274167}, abstractNote={The FREEDM system is a technology for a smarter and resilient distribution system that facilitates a higher level of distributed energy resource (DER) integration by offering effective voltage regulation, reactive power compensation and real time monitoring and control. This paper provides a framework for conducting a cost-benefit analysis for such a smart distribution system. The method first identifies the benefits, and then quantifies and monetizes them. OpenDSS time-series based power flow simulation is used to quantify the benefits accurately. The costs associated with the new components of the system are estimated based on prototype units. A cost-benefit analysis is adopted to identify the scenarios where employing such a system by a utility becomes economically attractive.}, booktitle={2017 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Sun, L. S. and Thomas, J. and Singh, S. and Li, D. X. and Baran, M. and Lubkeman, David and DeCarolis, J. and Queiroz, A. R. and White, L. and Watts, S. and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={1–5} }
 @inproceedings{jain_du_lukic_lubkeman_2017, title={Fault identification in distribution systems using maximum overlap wavelet decomposition}, ISBN={9781538626993}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2017.8107297}, DOI={10.1109/naps.2017.8107297}, abstractNote={This paper presents a novel voltage-based protection element using MODWT wavelet coefficients. This helps improve the sensitivity of existing current-based protection which can be subjected to sensitivity issues given the evolving distribution grids with multiple generation sites. The analysis of the voltage transient immediately after a disturbance can provide much useful information about the nature of the disturbance, which may otherwise be hidden. Therefore, augmenting transient based fault detection to existing techniques can improve the system protection. The proposed algorithm analyses the relative and individual content of high and low wavelet-level coefficients to reliably detect faults, and not trigger during non-fault disturbances like capacitor switching. The performance of the element is validated using results from power system simulation models and field event reports.}, booktitle={2017 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Jain, Rishabh and Du, Yuhua and Lukic, Srdjan and Lubkeman, David}, year={2017}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{du_tu_lukic_lubkeman_dubey_karsai_2017, title={Implementation of a distributed microgrid controller on the Resilient Information Architecture Platform for Smart Systems (RIAPS)}, ISBN={9781538626993}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2017.8107305}, DOI={10.1109/naps.2017.8107305}, abstractNote={Formation of microgrids have been proposed as a solution to improve grid reliability, and enable smoother integration of renewables into the grid. Microgrids are sections of the grid that can operate in isolation from the main power system. Maintaining power balance within an islanded microgrid is a challenging task, due to the low system inertia, which requires complex control to maintain stable and optimized operation. Many studies have demonstrated feasible distributed microgrid controllers that can maintain microgrid stability in grid connected and islanded modes. However, there is little emphasis on how to implement these distributed algorithms on a computational platform that allows for fast and seamless deployment. This paper introduces a decentralized software platform called Resilient Information Architecture Platform for Smart Systems (RIAPS) that runs on processors embedded with the microgrid component. As an example, we describe the implementation of a distributed microgrid secondary control and resynchronization algorithms on RIAPS platform. The controller developed on RIAPS platform is validated on a real-time microgrid testbed.}, booktitle={2017 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Du, Yuhua and Tu, Hao and Lukic, Srdjan and Lubkeman, David and Dubey, Abhishek and Karsai, Gabor}, year={2017}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{li_lubkeman_2017, title={Simulation of integrated Volt/VAR control for PV penetration studies}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2017.8274427}, abstractNote={Delivering voltage within suitable range to the customers is one of utility's responsibilities. To keep voltage within ANSI C84.1 limits, utilities have different voltage regulation techniques, and Volt/VAR control is one commonly used approach in distribution systems. The objective of this paper is to explore the topic related to the voltage control of electric power distribution circuits with high penetration levels of distributed photovoltaic (PV) power systems. An Integrated Volt/VAR Control (IVVC) model is developed for use with the Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS) simulation platform for emulating the effectiveness of centralized controls on mitigating distributed photovoltaic system voltage impacts. The test results of the IVVC control prove that the proposed control can successfully keep the voltage within the tight target voltage range, for applications such as Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR). A utility-scale distribution feeder is used as the test circuit for this study.}, booktitle={2017 ieee power & energy society general meeting}, author={Li, D. X. and Lubkeman, David}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{zhu_wang_mulcahy_lubkeman_lu_samaan_huang_2017, title={Voltage-load sensitivity matrix based demand response for voltage control in high solar penetration distribution feeders}, ISBN={9781538622124}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2017.8273887}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2017.8273887}, abstractNote={This paper presents a voltage-load sensitivity matrix (VLSM) based voltage control method to deploy demand response resources for controlling voltage in high solar penetration distribution feeders. The IEEE 123-bus system in OpenDSS is used for testing the performance of the preliminary VLSM-based voltage control approach. A load disaggregation process is applied to disaggregate the total load profile at the feeder head to each load nodes along the feeder so that loads are modeled at residential house level. Measured solar generation profiles are used in the simulation to model the impact of solar power on distribution feeder voltage profiles. Different case studies involving various PV penetration levels and installation locations have been performed. Simulation results show that the VLSM algorithm performance meets the voltage control requirements and is an effective voltage control strategy.}, booktitle={2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Zhu, Xiangqi and Wang, Jiyu and Mulcahy, David and Lubkeman, David L. and Lu, Ning and Samaan, Nader and Huang, Renke}, year={2017}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{li_lubkeman_lu_zhu_2016, title={Control strategies for residential microgrids during islanded situation}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741387}, abstractNote={Microgrids can serve to integrate distributed energy resources (DERs) and controllable loads in a smarter and more reliable fashion. The operation of residential microgrids with DER during islanded situation is of great significance to both customers and utility providers. This paper proposes two control strategies for a residential microgrid that has a shared energy storage (ES) in islanded mode. With ES being the only energy resource, these strategies rationally allocate energy over the islanded time period and also regulate loads to coordinate with ES. A simulation testbed based on household load models for typical residential devices is utilized. Test cases for islanded-situation days using these control strategies are simulated for validation. Finally, simulation results of control signals and resulting load profiles are shown and analyzed. These two control strategies are proved to be effective for the energy management of a residential microgrid during islanded situation.}, booktitle={2016 ieee power and energy society general meeting (pesgm)}, author={Li, Q. M. and Lubkeman, David and Lu, Ning and Zhu, X. Q.}, year={2016} }
 @article{baran_carpenter_borbye_lubkeman_ligett_covington_2014, title={A New Professional Science Master Program for Electric Power Systems Engineering}, volume={29}, ISSN={0885-8950 1558-0679}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2316290}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2316290}, abstractNote={This paper proposes to adopt the emerging Professional Science Master (PSM) program as a model for enriching power engineering education. PSM programs provide comprehensive training in an academic and technical specialty along with the appropriate professional skills needed for a professional career. The paper outlines the new PSM program-MS in Electric Power Systems Engineering. The program encompasses engineering, management, and other professional skills needed for a successful career in the power engineering industry, and includes both in-depth core power engineering topics as wells as new cross-disciplinary technical topics relevant to the clean-energy Smart Grid.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Baran, Mesut E. and Carpenter, Pam Page and Borbye, Lisbeth and Lubkeman, David L. and Ligett, Michael and Covington, David H.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={1903–1910} }
 @inproceedings{singh_baran_lubkeman_2014, title={Performance metrics for assessment of distribution system protection schemes}, ISBN={9781479964154}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2014.6938879}, DOI={10.1109/pesgm.2014.6938879}, abstractNote={This paper investigates the metrics for assessing the performance of alternative protection schemes for a distribution feeder. In addition to the main criterion which is the system reliability, the paper considers the other important factors as well which include stress on the substation transformer and the impact of momentary interruptions on customer load. Traditional reliability assessment indices, most commonly used amongst utilities, consider sustained interruptions only and hence they do not capture the advantages brought forth due to faster speed of protection schemes. To include the momentary events and their impact, an index `SARFI-ITIC' based on the `ITIC curve' is considered. Test cases illustrate the use of these metrics especially in assessing the advantages of fast speed protection schemes.}, booktitle={2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Singh, Urvir and Baran, Mesut and Lubkeman, David}, year={2014}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{khan_husain_lubkeman_2014, title={Power electronic components and system installation for plug-and-play residential solar PV}, ISBN={9781479957767}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2014.6953845}, DOI={10.1109/ecce.2014.6953845}, abstractNote={Photovoltaic (PV) system installations in both residential and commercial sectors have increased rapidly throughout the world in the last decade primarily because of the technical advancements and hardware cost reduction. However, challenges remain in the installation and permitting process and the cost is not yet competitive enough for mass adoption. The focus has shifted in recent years to reduce the complexities of PV system installation and streamlining the permitting process. Hardware cost reduction has likely reached limits and only way to reduce cost further is through reduction in soft costs such as installation, permitting and inspection. This paper discusses the barriers in making the PV system Plug-and-Play (PnP) for residential applications, and then, presents a smart interface concept that includes a hardware between the grid and the PV panel and a web portal to bring together all the stake holders for simpler installation and commissioning. A study to evaluate how the commercially available inverters match with the proposed concept is also presented.}, booktitle={2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Khan, Md Tanvir Arafat and Husain, Iqbal and Lubkeman, David}, year={2014}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_leufkens_feldman_2011, place={Frankfurt, Germany}, title={Battery Energy Storage System Testing for Grid Standard Compliance and Application Performance}, number={Paper 0674}, booktitle={Conference proceedings 21st International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution : Messe Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 6-9 June 2011}, publisher={Liege AIM}, author={Lubkeman, D. and Leufkens, P. and Feldman, A.}, year={2011}, pages={0674} }
 @inproceedings{pan_wang_lubkeman_2009, title={Condition based failure rate modeling for electric network components}, ISBN={9781424438105}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psce.2009.4839968}, DOI={10.1109/psce.2009.4839968}, abstractNote={This paper presents methodologies to estimate electric network component failure rates. A component is made of subcomponents and the failure of each subcomponent is feature dependent. Features are measurable or observable inputs, which can affect the life of one or more subcomponents. Failure statistics are usually available in the electric power industry for the component and its subcomponents. This paper shows how to use the failure statistics to obtain the failure rate of a particular component according to its real conditions. An illustrative example is given to demonstrate how the proposed methodologies are applied for failure rate estimation of power circuit breakers. The methodologies can be used for condition-based reliability analysis for electric power networks, in order to obtain an optimized maintenance strategy.}, booktitle={2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Pan, J. and Wang, Z. and Lubkeman, D.}, year={2009}, month={Mar} }
 @article{tsai_zhang_phadke_liu_ingram_bell_grant_bradshaw_lubkeman_tang_2007, title={Frequency Sensitivity and Electromechanical Propagation Simulation Study in Large Power Systems}, volume={54}, ISSN={1057-7122}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2007.902542}, DOI={10.1109/tcsi.2007.902542}, abstractNote={A global view of power system's frequency behavior opens up a new window for analyzing system's dynamics. With the aid of global positioning system, measurements from different locations would have synchronous time; therefore a system-wide observation and analysis would be possible. As part of the US-wide power frequency monitoring network project this paper focus on simulation study results of power frequency dynamics of the Eastern U.S. system. The study assesses the frequency measurement accuracy needed to observe frequency dynamics from events such as remote generation drops. Electromechanical-wave propagation phenomena during system disturbances have been observed. The speeds of electromechanical-wave propagation in different areas of the U.S. systems were estimated and their characteristics were discussed.}, number={8}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Tsai, Shu-Jen and Zhang, Li and Phadke, Arun G. and Liu, Yilu and Ingram, Michael R. and Bell, Sandra C. and Grant, Ian S. and Bradshaw, Dale T. and Lubkeman, David and Tang, Le}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={1819–1828} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_burnette_fortson_girgis_makram_2005, title={Automated Testing Of Solid-State Watthour Meters In The Presence Of Harmonic Distortion}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichps.1992.559107}, DOI={10.1109/ichps.1992.559107}, abstractNote={Harmonic distortion of load voltages and currents have the potential to create registration errors in revenue metering equipment. Electric utilities have developed standardized testing practices for evaluating the performsnce of revenue meters at the fundamental frequency. However there is no standudized procedlue for testing the accuracy of such metcrs in the presence of harmonic distortion. This paper describes the development of a measurement facility for evaluating solid-state watthour meters under a variety of operating conditions. The p'upose of this facility is to evaluate various lab standards for characterizing the performance of revenue meters.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Harmonics in Power Systems (ICHPS V)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Lubkeman, D.L. and Burnette, C. and Fortson, H. and Girgis, A.A. and Makram, E.B.}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={345–351} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_julian_2005, title={Large scale storm outage management}, ISBN={0780384652}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2004.1372741}, DOI={10.1109/pes.2004.1372741}, abstractNote={This paper describes a process for improving information used by electric utilities for managing restoration of distribution facilities damaged by large-scale storms such as large-scale ice storms and hurricanes. The process is realized in the form of a decision support tool that utilizes the model of the distribution circuit layout, the placement of protective and switching devices and the location of customers to determine how crew resources should be allocated and managed for cost-effective storm outage management. Equipment damage predictions based on the severity and location of the weather are also used to predict where and to what extent circuit damage is likely to occur. Given crew availability and the maintenance crew requirement for each damage type, a storm outage algorithm predicts damage per feeder, area and region and calculates estimated time to restoration for each customer. After the storm hits additional information such as customer calls, switch status and field damage assessments are utilized by the storm outage algorithm to provide updated predictions of damage and estimated time to restore.}, booktitle={IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004.}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Lubkeman, D. and Julian, D.E.}, year={2005}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{tsai_zhang_phadke_liu_ingram_bell_grant_bradshaw_lubkeman_tang_2005, title={Study of global frequency dynamic behavior of large power systems}, ISBN={078038718X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psce.2004.1397518}, DOI={10.1109/psce.2004.1397518}, abstractNote={A global view of power system's frequency behavior electromechanical wave phenomenon of power system opens up a new window for analyzing system dynamics. With the aid of global positioning system (GPS), measurements from different locations would have synchronous time; therefore a system-wide observation and analysis would be possible. As part of the US-wide power frequency monitoring network project (FNET), this paper focus on simulation study results of power frequency dynamics of major US systems (e.g. WSCC, Eastern US). The study assesses the frequency measurement accuracy needed to observe frequency oscillations from events such as remote generation drops. Electromechanical wave propagation phenomena during system disturbances have been observed. The speeds of electromechanical wave propagation in different areas of the US systems were estimated and their characteristics were discussed. Simulation of the 2003 August 14 northeastern US blackout is given as an example to show wide area monitoring systems such as FNET could have provided crucial information for possible remedial actions.}, booktitle={IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004.}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Tsai, S.-J.S. and Zhang, Li and Phadke, A.G. and Liu, Yilu and Ingram, M.R. and Bell, S.C. and Grant, I.S. and Bradshaw, D.T. and Lubkeman, D. and Tang, Le}, year={2005}, month={Apr} }
 @article{baran_kim_hart_lubkeman_lampley_newell_2004, title={Voltage Variation Analysis for Site-Level PQ Assessment}, volume={19}, ISSN={0885-8977}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2004.829951}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrd.2004.829951}, abstractNote={This paper investigates the challenges in developing a performance index that will reflect the level of power quality at a site based on the actual field data obtained from the site via power-quality (PQ) monitors. For the index, each observed voltage variation is assessed in terms of its potential to impact the customers served from the site. The paper considers the substation level PQ monitoring and adopts a procedure that is similar to one of the methods being proposed in the emerging IEEE guide 1564.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Baran, M.E. and Kim, J. and Hart, D.G. and Lubkeman, D. and Lampley, G.C. and Newell, W.F.}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1956–1961} }
 @article{pahwa_feng_lubkeman_2003, title={Performance evaluation of electric distribution utilities based on data envelopment analysis}, volume={18}, ISSN={0885-8950}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2002.800986}, DOI={10.1109/tpwrs.2002.800986}, abstractNote={In this paper, a method for benchmarking performance of electric distribution utilities based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) is presented. Basic theory of DEA is followed by case studies addressing performance analysis of the 50 largest (based on megawatt-hour sales) electric distribution utilities in the U.S. The results include performance efficiency, gaps in inputs and outputs of inefficient utilities, sensitivity-based classification of utilities, and a gap report. Also, peer-to-peer comparison of inefficient with efficient utilities is provided. Based on these results, inefficient utilities can develop strategic plans to improve performance.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Pahwa, A. and Feng, Xiaoming and Lubkeman, D.}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={400–405} }
 @inproceedings{hasselstrom_lubkeman_li_wang_liao_2003, title={Web-based Asset Management Tools}, booktitle={Proceedings of DistribuTech Conference}, author={Hasselstrom, Jorgen and Lubkeman, David and Li, Fangxing and Wang, John and Liao, Yuan}, year={2003}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{coughlan_lubkeman_sutton_2002, title={Improved control of capacitor bank switching to minimize distribution systems losses}, ISBN={081862115X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.1990.151388}, DOI={10.1109/naps.1990.151388}, abstractNote={The authors review the problem of controlling the switching of capacitor banks to minimize losses on distribution systems. A novel class of controls is available that allows capacitor switching to much more closely follow the actual loading on the distribution feeder. This allows for much better control of reactive loading throughout the distribution system, reduced line losses, improved voltage regulation, and reduced facility loading. The operating characteristics and performance of several of the controls are reviewed and compared. To effectively use the controls, distribution systems engineers must have a methodology to determine appropriate switching set points. The development of an appropriate methodology and its implementation in the form of a computer program called VDXTCAP are described.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual North American Power Symposium}, publisher={IEEE Comput. Soc. Press}, author={Coughlan, B.W. and Lubkeman, D.L. and Sutton, J.}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @article{baldwin_renovich_saunders_lubkeman_2001, title={Fault locating in ungrounded and high-resistance grounded systems}, volume={37}, ISSN={0093-9994}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.936408}, DOI={10.1109/28.936408}, abstractNote={One of the most common and difficult problems to solve in industrial power systems is the location and elimination of the ground fault. Ground faults that occur in ungrounded and high-resistance grounded systems do not draw enough current to trigger circuit breaker or fuse operation, making them difficult to localize. Techniques currently used to track down faults are time consuming and cumbersome. A new approach developed for ground-fault localization on ungrounded and high-resistance grounded low-voltage systems is described. The system consists of a novel ground-fault relay that operates in conjunction with low-cost fault indicators permanently mounted in the circuit. The ground-fault relay employs digital signal processing techniques to detect the fault, identify the faulted phase, and measure the electrical distance away from the substation. The remote fault indicators are used to visually indicate where the fault is located. The resulting system provides a fast, easy, economical, and safe detection system for ground-fault localization.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Baldwin, T. and Renovich, F. and Saunders, L.F. and Lubkeman, D.}, year={2001}, pages={1152–1159} }
 @article{lubkeman_zhang_ghosh_jones_2000, title={Field results for a distribution circuit state estimator implementation}, volume={15}, ISSN={0885-8977}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.847280}, DOI={10.1109/61.847280}, abstractNote={Distribution automation encompasses functions that rely on knowledge of the state of the distribution circuit in real-time. This paper presents field results for a distribution circuit state estimator that was implemented on an electric utility distribution circuit. The state estimation algorithm is based on a probabilistic radial power flow approach that incorporates real-time measurements as solution constraints. A load modeling technique based on using customer billing information and daily load profiles is used to provide needed load estimates. This paper provides an assessment of how accurately the developed state estimation algorithm is able to predict circuit states. The improvement in circuit estimates as a function of available feeder measurements is illustrated as well. Finally, difficulties encountered with implementing an actual distribution state estimator are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Lubkeman, D.L. and Zhang, Jianzhong and Ghosh, A.K. and Jones, R.H.}, year={2000}, pages={399–406} }
 @article{zhu_lubkeman_girgis_1997, title={Automated fault location and diagnosis on electric power distribution feeders}, volume={12}, ISSN={0885-8977}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.584379}, DOI={10.1109/61.584379}, abstractNote={This paper presents new techniques for locating and diagnosing faults on electric power distribution feeders. The proposed fault location and diagnosis scheme is capable of accurately identifying the location of a fault upon its occurrence, based on the integration of information available from disturbance recording devices with knowledge contained in a distribution feeder database. The developed fault location and diagnosis system can also be applied to the investigation of temporary faults that may not result in a blown fuse. The proposed fault location algorithm is based on the steady-state analysis of the faulted distribution network. To deal with the uncertainties inherent in the system modeling and the phasor estimation, the fault location algorithm has been adapted to estimate fault regions based on probabilistic modeling and analysis. Since the distribution feeder is a radial network, multiple possibilities of fault locations could be computed with measurements available only at the substation. To identify the actual fault location, a fault diagnosis algorithm has been developed to prune down and rank the possible fault locations by integrating the available pieces of evidence. Testing of the developed fault location and diagnosis system using field data has demonstrated its potential for practical use.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Zhu, Jun and Lubkeman, D.L. and Girgis, A.A.}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={801–809} }
 @article{ghosh_lubkeman_downey_jones_1997, title={Distribution circuit state estimation using a probabilistic approach}, volume={12}, ISSN={0885-8950}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.574922}, DOI={10.1109/59.574922}, abstractNote={Past work on distribution circuit state estimation has focused on the adoption of a transmission state estimator approach, without necessarily accounting for the specific requirement of a distribution circuit-based analysis. On distribution circuits, typically, there are very few available real-time measurements, and thus, researchers have treated customer load demand estimates as pseudo-measurements in a weighted-least-squares formulation. This can lead to convergence problems and also, the approach effectively assumes that all bus load demands are normally distributed (Gaussian) which may not be valid on distribution circuits. This paper presents an alternative approach to distribution circuit state estimation using a probabilistic extension of the radial load flow algorithm while accounting for real-time measurements as solution constraint. The algorithm which takes advantage of the radial nature of distribution circuits also accounts for other issues specific to distribution circuits. Namely, the algorithm accounts for nonnormally distributed loads, incorporates the concept of load diversity (load correlation) and can interact with a load allocation routine. The effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated through comparisons made with Monte Carlo simulations.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Ghosh, A.K. and Lubkeman, D.L. and Downey, M.J. and Jones, R.H.}, year={1997}, pages={45–51} }
 @article{ghosh_lubkeman_jones_1997, title={Load modeling for distribution circuit state estimation}, volume={12}, ISSN={0885-8977}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.584427}, DOI={10.1109/61.584427}, abstractNote={Due to the limited availability of telemetered data on distribution circuits, an integral part of any practical distribution circuit state estimator is a load modeling procedure that provides estimates of load demands at all circuit nodes. Traditional load modeling techniques used for distribution power flows are designed for power system peak studies, and are not suitable for providing real-time statistical load estimates. This paper presents a real-time load modeling technique which incorporates the use of customer class curves and provides a measure of the uncertainty (statistics) in the estimates. It also incorporates the possibility of multiple line flow measurements and makes use of customer billing information. The load modeling technique is combined with a probabilistic distribution circuit state estimation algorithm. Results of the combined load modeling and state estimation algorithm are provided on an actual 934-bus distribution circuit illustrating its feasibility.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Ghosh, A.K. and Lubkeman, D.L. and Jones, R.H.}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={999–1005} }
 @article{zhu_lubkeman_1997, title={Object-oriented development of software systems for power system simulations}, volume={12}, ISSN={0885-8950}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.589809}, DOI={10.1109/59.589809}, abstractNote={The software systems developed for power system simulations have evolved into such complicated systems that the applied design practices appear inadequate to support further enhancement and maintenance. The major obstacles stem directly or indirectly from the conventional function-oriented software development methodologies. To overcome the drawbacks of these methodologies, this paper proposes applying an object-oriented technology for power system software development. As an illustration of this approach, the object modeling technique (OMT), an object-oriented software development methodology, is used to develop a distribution network analysis system. With this technique, a generic distribution circuit object model (DCOM) is designed based on the real-world concepts and implemented with object-oriented programming techniques. The developed DCOM is capable of supporting a wide range of distribution applications and allowing modification and maintenance over a long period of time. The performed case study has demonstrated that object-oriented technology, when applied to each stage of software development, can help achieve complicated tasks in power system simulations.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Zhu, J. and Lubkeman, D.L.}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={1002–1007} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_ghosh_1995, title={Automated Classification and Analysis Strategies for Electric Power System Disturbance Waveforms}, booktitle={Proceedings of Second Annual Joint Conference on Information Sciences}, author={Lubkeman, David L. and Ghosh, Atish K.}, year={1995}, pages={440–443} }
 @article{ghosh_lubkeman_1995, title={The classification of power system disturbance waveforms using a neural network approach}, volume={10}, ISSN={0885-8977}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.368408}, DOI={10.1109/61.368408}, abstractNote={Owing to the rise in power quality problems, the use of transient recorders to monitor power systems has increased steadily. The triggering strategies used by these transient recorders to capture disturbance waveforms are usually based on the violation of a set of predetermined measurement thresholds. Unfortunately, threshold based triggering strategies are difficult to apply in situations when only waveforms corresponding to a given class of disturbances need to be recorded. This inability of the recorder to automatically discriminate between waveform types tends to burden the user with the task of manually sifting and sorting through a large number of captured waveforms. This paper describes an artificial neural network methodology for the classification of waveforms that are captured, as part of a larger scheme to automate the data collection process of recorders. Two different neural network paradigms are investigated: the more common feedforward network (TDNN), and a modification of that, the time-delay network (TDNN), which has the ability to encode temporal relationships found in the input data and exhibits a translation-shift invariance property. Comparisons of both network paradigms, based on a typical distribution circuit configuration, are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Ghosh, A.K. and Lubkeman, D.L.}, year={1995}, pages={109–115} }
 @inproceedings{ghosh_lubkeman_dixon_girgis_1994, title={A PC-based system to assist researchers in electric power distribution systems analysis}, ISBN={0780318838}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.1994.328385}, DOI={10.1109/tdc.1994.328385}, abstractNote={A PC-based system has been developed as an aid to research in power engineering. This system was developed using off-the-shelf hardware cards, and a commercially available software package that provides a high-level programming "shell" for hardware interfacing/control and graphic user interface development. The system consists of a data acquisition unit and a waveform generator. The data acquisition unit can monitor and record actual field measurements, whereas the waveform generator is able to recreate analog versions of stored data in a laboratory environment. The system has been used to test a prototype high-impedance fault detection unit which is under development. The system can also be used as an aid in classroom instruction. The design and development of the system reflects a simple cost-effective way for students to gain valuable practical experience in developing hardware/software-based systems within a reasonable length of time.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 13th IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Ghosh, A.K. and Lubkeman, D.L. and Dixon, T.B. and Girgis, A.A.}, year={1994}, month={Dec}, pages={227–232} }
 @article{girgis_fallon_lubkeman_1993, title={A fault location technique for rural distribution feeders}, volume={29}, ISSN={0093-9994}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.259729}, DOI={10.1109/28.259729}, abstractNote={This work presents a digital fault location technique for rural distribution feeders, using the voltage and current data at a single location. Rural distribution feeders include single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase laterals off a main three-phase primary distribution feeder. The fault location scheme presented here attempts to account for the multiphase laterals, the unbalanced conditions, and the unsymmetrical nature of distribution feeders by continually updating voltage and current vectors at set locations within the system. The updated voltage and current vectors are the estimates of the 60-Hz phasor quantities obtained using a recursive optimal estimation algorithm. The distance to the fault is then estimated using a method based on the apparent impedance approach and the updated voltage and current vectors. Another consideration is the ability to determine the fault location on a lateral. A simulation of an actual rural distribution feeder using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is used to test the approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>}, number={6}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Girgis, A.A. and Fallon, C.M. and Lubkeman, D.L.}, year={1993}, pages={1170–1175} }
 @inproceedings{girgis_lubkeman_julian_fallon_1993, title={Incorporating Mutual Coupling and Intermediate Loads into Fault Location Techniques using Digital Fault Recorder Data}, booktitle={Proceedings of Seventh Annual Conference for Fault & Disturbance Analysis}, author={Girgis, Adly A. and Lubkeman, David L. and Julian, Danny E. and Fallon, Christopher}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_ghosh_zhu_1993, place={Washington, DC}, title={Object-oriented programming for power engineering education}, ISBN={0818635606}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssst.1993.522744}, DOI={10.1109/ssst.1993.522744}, abstractNote={The authors describe the object-oriented approach, which is currently being touted as a means of making programmers more productive but will require new approaches to viewing old problems. They discuss how object-oriented programming techniques can be applied to the development of power-engineering-related software. Segments of code that were used in a three-phase load flow program are used as examples.}, booktitle={Proceedings : SSST '93 : the Twenty-fifth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory : University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, March 7-9, 1993}, publisher={IEEE Computer Society Press}, author={Lubkeman, D.L. and Ghosh, A. and Zhu, J.}, year={1993}, pages={69–73} }
 @inproceedings{girgis_lubkeman_1992, place={Oak Ridge, TN}, title={Integration of Distributed Transient Measurement Technology into Power System, Control and Protection}, number={CONF-9111173}, booktitle={Workshop on Real-Time Control and Operation of Electric Power Systems}, publisher={Oak Ridge National Laboratory}, author={Girgis, A.A. and Lubkeman, D.L.}, editor={Rizy, D. and Myers, W. and Eilts, L. and Clemans, C.Editors}, year={1992}, pages={149–159} }
 @article{siddiqi_lubkeman_1991, title={An automated strategy for the processing and analysis of distribution automation data}, volume={6}, ISSN={0885-8977}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.85870}, DOI={10.1109/61.85870}, abstractNote={Recent installations of distribution automation technology have made it possible to monitor a number of locations in the distribution system on a continuous long-term basis. Unfortunately, due to the resulting volume of distribution automation data, it is difficult and time-consuming for humans to analyze these data effectively. The authors describe automated strategies for the analysis of these data that will lead to more effective uses of this information for improving upon operating, planning, and design practices. To do this, a novel approach for automating the management of distribution data was designed, and a prototype was implemented. The resulting program, TAME, uses a combination of procedural and knowledge-based programming techniques to sift through the real-time data with the purpose of identifying patterns or trends which characterize the performance of the distribution system. Examples pertaining to volt/Var control and alarm processing are employed to illustrate the benefits of automated data processing and analysis. >}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Siddiqi, U.R. and Lubkeman, D.L.}, year={1991}, month={Jul}, pages={1216–1223} }
 @article{lubkeman_collins_1991, title={Hypermedia-based courseware development for power engineering education}, volume={6}, ISSN={0885-8950}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.119275}, DOI={10.1109/59.119275}, abstractNote={The authors explore the potential of developing hypermedia-based courseware for power engineering undergraduate education. This is accomplished by first outlining the deficiencies of the conventional classroom lecture environment that can be compensated for by properly designed courseware. An authoring system for developing hypermedia-based applications is also described. Finally, a program developed for an introductory power engineering course is used to demonstrate the potential uses of hypermedia-based courseware. >}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Lubkeman, D.L. and Collins, E.R.}, year={1991}, pages={1259–1265} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_fallon_girgis_1991, place={New York}, title={Unsupervised learning strategies for the detection and classification of transient phenomena on electric power distribution systems}, ISBN={0780300653}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ann.1991.213506}, DOI={10.1109/ann.1991.213506}, abstractNote={A number of utilities are currently installing high-speed data acquisition equipment in their distribution substations. This equipment will make it possible to record the transient waveforms due to events such as low and high-impedance faults, capacitor switching, and load switching. The authors describe the potential of applying unsupervised learning strategies to the classification of the various events observed by a substation recorder. Several strategies are tested using simulation studies and the effectiveness of unsupervised learning is compared to current classification strategies as well as supervised learning.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the First International Forum on Applications of Neural Networks to Power Systems : Seattle, Washington July 23-26, 1991}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Lubkeman, D.L. and Fallon, C.D. and Girgis, A.A.}, editor={El-Sharkawi, Mohamed A. and Marks, Robert J., IIEditors}, year={1991}, pages={107–111} }
 @article{matulic_lubkeman_1990, title={A decision support approach for considering reliability criteria in the protective coordination of distribution feeders}, volume={19}, ISSN={0378-7796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(90)90006-o}, DOI={10.1016/0378-7796(90)90006-o}, abstractNote={This paper describes an approach for incorporating reliability criteria into the design of protective coordination for distribution feeders. This approach introduces a mechanism for considering the impact of momentary interruptions, caused by excessive switching, upon power quality sensitive loads. The development of a decision support tool for implementing this strategy is also presented. This tool aids the protection engineer by selecting appropriate reclosers and fuses from a component database, checking recloser-to-fuse coordination for all device selections and ranking these selections according to user-selected reliability criteria. An example is included to illustrate the concepts described above.}, number={1}, journal={Electric Power Systems Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Matulic, Ivan and Lubkeman, David}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={47–56} }
 @article{ebron_lubkeman_white_1990, title={A neural network approach to the detection of incipient faults on power distribution feeders}, volume={5}, ISSN={0885-8977}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.53101}, DOI={10.1109/61.53101}, abstractNote={A neural network strategy for the detection of high-impedance faults on electric power distribution feeders is described. This approach consists of collecting samples of substation current during normal and abnormal feeder operation and using these samples to teach a neural network the rules for fault detection. The learning capability utilized in a neural network approach makes it possible to adapt partially trained fault detectors to individual feeders. The data preprocessing required to set up the training cases and the implementation of the neural network itself are described in detail. the potential of the neural network approach is demonstrated by applying the detection scheme to high-impedance faults simulated on a model distribution system. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Ebron, S. and Lubkeman, D.L. and White, M.}, year={1990}, month={Apr}, pages={905–914} }
 @article{taylor_lubkeman_1990, title={Implementation of heuristic search strategies for distribution feeder reconfiguration}, volume={5}, ISSN={0885-8977}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.107279}, DOI={10.1109/61.107279}, abstractNote={A method for feeder reconfiguration with the potential for handling realistic operating constraints is presented. The approach taken is to set up a decision tree to represent the various switching operations available. A best-first tree searching strategy, based on heuristics, is used to evaluate the various alternatives. Switching options which could result in overloads, voltage problems, or other operating constraints, such as those associated with system protection, are quickly eliminated as possibilities. The development of a rule-based system aimed at the reduction of the search space is presented as a means of implementing the above strategy. An example is used to illustrate the concepts described. >}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Taylor, T. and Lubkeman, D.}, year={1990}, pages={239–246} }
 @article{taylor_lubkeman_1989, title={Applications of knowledge-based programming to power engineering problems}, volume={4}, ISSN={0885-8950}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.32498}, DOI={10.1109/59.32498}, abstractNote={Application of knowledge-based expert systems to typical power engineering problems involving diagnosis, control and design is described. A review of prototype projects completed at North Carolina State University serves to demonstrate what is involved in expert system development. The examples include a diagnostic tool for rotating-machine vibration problems, implementation of a distribution-feeder reconfiguration control scheme, and a design aid for distribution-feeder capacitor placement. >}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Taylor, T. and Lubkeman, D.}, year={1989}, pages={345–352} }
 @inproceedings{ramesh_lubkeman_matulic_1989, place={Seattle, Washington}, title={Decision Support Applications for Electric Power Distribution Facility Design and Management}, booktitle={Second Symposium on Expert Systems Application to Power Systems Conference Proceedings}, author={Ramesh, V.C. and Lubkeman, David and Matulic, Ivan}, year={1989}, pages={303–309} }
 @inproceedings{ebron_lubkeman_white_harper_1989, place={Chicago, IL}, title={Neural Network Applications for Data Interpretation and Diagnostic Analysis}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1989 American Power Conference}, author={Ebron, Sonja and Lubkeman, David and White, Mark and Harper, J.}, year={1989}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{siddiqi_lubkeman_1988, title={An Expert System Dispatcher's Aid for Distribution Feeder Fault Diagnosis}, DOI={10.1109/SSST.1988.17105}, abstractNote={A description is given of an expert system designed to serve as a dispatcher's aid for locating sources of outages on electric power distribution feeders. Normally, a dispatcher is responsible for evaluating information received from both customers and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) sources. The goal of using an expert-system approach is to speed up the search for the cause of the disturbance by applying a heuristic strategy based on past operating experience, the probability associated with a possible event and the configuration of the feeder. Potential contingencies are identified through the use of a hybrid strategy that has both heuristic and algorithmic components. The authors provide an introduction to the distribution fault identification problem, a discussion on the heuristic aspects of this problem, and a description of how such a system can be implemented. Examples are included to illustrate the viability of this approach.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Twentieth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory}, author={Siddiqi, Uzma and Lubkeman, David}, year={1988}, pages={519–523} }
 @inproceedings{wickramasekara_lubkeman_1988, title={Application of Sensitivity Factors for the Harmonic Analysis of Distribution System Reconfiguration and Capacitor Problems}, booktitle={Proceedings of Third International Conference on Harmonics in Power Systems}, author={Wickramasekara, M.G. and Lubkeman, David}, year={1988}, pages={141–148} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_gyurcsik_white_1988, title={Integration of Artificial Intelligence Approaches into Electric Power Distribution Analysis, Monitoring and Control}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IASTED International Symposium on High Technology in the Power Industry}, author={Lubkeman, D. and Gyurcsik, R. and White, M.}, year={1988}, pages={193–197} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_wickramasekara_1987, place={New Jersey}, title={A Knowledge-Based Approach for Solving Distribution Feeder Harmonic Problems}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Nineteenth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Lubkeman, D. and Wickramasekara, G.}, year={1987}, month={Mar}, pages={106–113} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_wickramasekara_1987, title={A Knowledge-Based Expert System Approach for the Analysis of Distribution Feeder Harmonics}, booktitle={Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference Record}, author={Lubkeman, D. and Wickramasekara, G.}, year={1987}, pages={64–71} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_massey_1987, title={A Knowledge-Based Expert System for the Diagnosis of Rotating Machine Problems}, volume={2}, booktitle={Conference proceedings IEEE Southeastcon '87, Holiday Inn, Tampa International Airport, Tampa, Florida, April 5-8, 1987}, author={Lubkeman, D. and Massey, T.}, year={1987}, pages={461–466} }
 @inproceedings{civanlar_lubkeman_taylor_yin_1987, title={A Switching Operation to Improve the Operation of Electric Distribution Systems}, volume={49}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Power Conference}, author={Civanlar, S. and Lubkeman, D. and Taylor, T. and Yin, H.}, year={1987}, pages={475–482} }
 @inproceedings{wickramasekara_lubkeman_1986, place={Anaheim, CA}, title={A Rule-Based Heuristic Approach to the Analysis of Distribution Feeder Harmonics}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IASTED International Symposium High Technology in the Power Industry}, publisher={Acta Press}, author={Wickramasekara, G. and Lubkeman, D.}, year={1986}, pages={292–295} }
 @inproceedings{taylor_tapp_wall_lubkeman_1986, place={New Jersey}, title={Applications of Knowledge-Based Expert Systems to Power Engineering}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Eighteenth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Taylor, T. and Tapp, T. and Wall, J. and Lubkeman, D.}, year={1986}, month={Apr}, pages={2–6} }
 @inproceedings{taylor_wall_lubkeman_1986, place={Anaheim}, title={Knowledge-Based Expert Systems for Power Engineering Problems}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IASTED International Symposium High Technology in the Power Industry}, publisher={Acta Press}, author={Taylor, T. and Wall, J. and Lubkeman, D.}, year={1986}, pages={357–361} }
 @article{lubkeman_heydt_1985, title={The Application of Dynamic Programming in a Discrete Supplementary Control for Transient Stability Enhancement of Multimachine Power Systems}, volume={PAS-104}, ISSN={0018-9510}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpas.1985.318956}, DOI={10.1109/tpas.1985.318956}, abstractNote={This paper considers the use of a discrete supplementary control for transient stability enhancement of multimachine power systems. The principle advantage of the method presented in this paper is that off-line compuations are used. This permits the application of the supplementary control of a ``multimachine'' power system. The designation ``multimachine'' is used in this context to denote systems of up to three machines; for practical systems containing more than three machines, appropriate model order reduction is suggested. Supplementary controls differ from primary controls in that they are only used during disturbances rather than continuously. Attention is focused on the insertion of braking resistors and a specially designed dynamic programming algorithm is described for optimal resistor switching. The switching strategy is computed off-line so that the online computational requirements are minimal. The contribution of this paper is in the area of multimachine control and, in particular, a power system emergency state control. Topics concerning control models, optimization criteria and characteristics of discrete supplementary controls have been addressed. Control strategies are evaluated through digital and analog simulation involving a ten machine test system. A systematic approach to the optimization of multi-stage decision processes, called dynamic programming, was introduced by Bellman in the 1950' s [1-2]. Dynamic programming principles provide a perspective for examining optimization problems which lead to iterative functional equations. These equations are efficiently solved by using a digital computer and employing a dynamic programming computational procedure described by Larson [3].}, number={9}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Lubkeman, D. and Heydt, G.}, year={1985}, month={Sep}, pages={2342–2348} }
 @article{lubkeman_heydt_1984, title={TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT IN MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS USING BRAKING RESISTORS}, volume={9}, ISSN={0731-356X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07313568408955511}, DOI={10.1080/07313568408955511}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT In certain situations, it is necessary to consider the use of an alternate control means to enhance and insure power system stability such as an emergency state control. A class of switchable supplementary controls, such as dynamic brakes, shunt reactor or series capacitors could be utilized. The effectiveness of network switching on a one machine system has been well established. However the interaction between closely coupled machines and groups of machines as a result of a control action has not been fully considered. The contribution of the paper is in the area of multimachine control, and, in particular, a power system emergency state control. Topics concerning control models, optimization criteria and characteristics of supplementary controls have been addressed. Dynamic programming is used to derive a switching strategy which takes the form of a closed-loop control. The control strategy is evaluated through the digital simulation of a two machine test system.}, number={1}, journal={Electric Machines & Power Systems}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lubkeman, David L. and Heydt, Gerald T.}, year={1984}, month={Jan}, pages={1–12} }
 @inproceedings{lubkeman_el-abiad_1981, place={New York}, title={Overview Of Automation Of Power Distribution Systems}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/secon.1981.673443}, DOI={10.1109/secon.1981.673443}, booktitle={Conference Proceedings Southeastcon '81.}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Lubkeman, D.L. and El-abiad, A.A.}, year={1981}, month={Aug}, pages={260–264} }