@article{lahiri_orr_sorenson_cardoza_2017, title={Behavior of Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) Adults under Overwintering Conditions(1)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/jes16-06.1}, abstractNote={Abstract  To assess overwintering refuge preferences by Telenomus podisi Ashmead, artificial refuges of varying geometries and composition were provided to wasps when exposed to overwintering conditions in an environmental chamber. Field sampling of leaf-litter and tree bark was also used in an effort to determine site preference of overwintering wasps. Under artificial overwintering conditions, wasps preferred to hang inverted while quiescent, regardless of the refuge design, indicating behavior that avoids precipitation or extreme temperature fluctuations during overwintering in field conditions. Wasps preferred refuges with wider gaps between upper and lower surfaces, avoiding spaces that were narrower than their standing height. Parasitoids also preferred settling at least 60 mm from refuge edges. Results suggest that T. podisi has a preference for the type of overwintering refuge that leaf-litter may offer.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Lahiri, Sriyanka and Orr, David and Sorenson, Clyde and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={15–28} }
 @article{lahiri_orr_cardoza_sorenson_2017, title={Longevity and fecundity of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi provided with different carbohydrate diets}, volume={162}, DOI={10.1111/eea.12531}, abstractNote={AbstractIn order for successful biological pest control using parasitoids, the most suitable naturally available food resources, as well as the fitness of parasitoids feeding on these resources, need to be ascertained. The goal of this study was to improve the understanding of the ecological requirements and consequent fitness of one such parasitoid, Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a predominant stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) egg parasitoid native to southeastern USA. We assessed the effects of carbohydrate resources readily available in the wasp's natural habitat on longevity and fecundity of female T. podisi under laboratory conditions. Carbohydrate diets included in the study were buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Polygonaceae) nectar and honeydew from cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), compared with honey or water controls, which are normally used for laboratory rearing of this species. Eggs of Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were provided as hosts for oviposition. Honeydew of cowpea aphid proved to be as good a nutrition source as buckwheat nectar, in enhancing wasp longevity and fecundity. We also assessed the importance of honeydew freshness on the biological attributes of T. podisi, as honeydew becomes crystallized or highly viscous on drying up and therefore may pose an issue for uptake by parasitoids. We found that fresh honeydew of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) significantly enhanced wasp longevity when compared to a diet of 1‐day‐old honeydew and the fava bean leaf (control). However, fresh honeydew of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) had the same effect on wasp longevity, fecundity, and proportion of male progeny as radish leaf (control). The potential of certain ubiquitously available food resources, in enhancing biological control of economically damaging pests by parasitoids, is being highlighted in this study; information which could be valuable in similar parasitoid‐host systems as well.}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, author={Lahiri, S. and Orr, D. and Cardoza, Y. J. and Sorenson, C.}, year={2017}, pages={178–187} }
 @article{adams_orr_arellano_cardoza_2017, title={Soil and Foliar Arthropod Abundance and Diversity in Five Cropping Systems in the Coastal Plains of North Carolina}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvx081}, abstractNote={Abstract Soil and foliar arthropod populations in agricultural settings respond to environmental disturbance and degradation, impacting functional biodiversity in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate system level management effects on soil and foliar arthropod abundance and diversity in corn and soybean. Our field experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replicates for five farming systems which included: Conventional clean till, conventional long rotation, conventional no-till, organic clean till, and organic reduced till. Soil arthropod sampling was accomplished by pitfall trapping. Foliar arthropod sampling was accomplished by scouting corn and sweep netting soybean. Overall soil arthropod abundance was significantly impacted by cropping in corn and for foliar arthropods in soybeans. Conventional long rotation and organic clean till systems were highest in overall soil arthropod abundance for corn while organic reduced till systems exceeded all other systems for overall foliar arthropod abundance in soybeans. Foliar arthropod abundance over sampling weeks was significantly impacted by cropping system and is suspected to be the result of in-field weed and cover crop cultivation practices. This suggests that the sum of management practices within production systems impact soil and foliar arthropod abundance and diversity and that the effects of these systems are dynamic over the cropping season. Changes in diversity may be explained by weed management practices as sources of disturbance and reduced arthropod refuges via weed reduction. Furthermore, our results suggest agricultural systems lower in management intensity, whether due to organic practices or reduced levels of disturbance, foster greater arthropod diversity.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Adams, Paul R., III and Orr, David B. and Arellano, Consuelo and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={771–783} }
 @misc{marshall_orr_bradley_moorman_2015, title={A Review of Organic Lawn Care Practices and Policies in North America and the Implications of Lawn Plant Diversity and Insect Pest Management}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.25.4.437}, abstractNote={There are ≈40 million acres of turfgrass lawns throughout the United States, most of which are managed under chemical-intensive pest and fertilizer programs. “Organic lawn care” is being adopted more widely; however, unlike the formally defined policies and regulations that govern organic agriculture, the label organic lawn management has not been formally defined and is used to describe a variety of practices. Neighborhoods, cities, states, and provinces across North America are adopting policies regulating the use of pesticides and fertilizers in the landscape. In addition, a small but growing number of public institutions and individual consumers are successfully adopting alternative lawn care methods, including organic lawn care. Although perceived as environmentally friendly, the effects of organic management on insect diversity and pest management remain understudied. Organic lawn management may lead to increased lawn plant diversity, which in agroecosystems has enhanced ecological services provided by beneficial insect species. Effects of vegetative diversity on lawn pest management are less clear. Vegetative complexity and increased plant diversity in urban landscapes may enhance insect predator efficacy. The diversity of predatory insects varies between turfgrass varieties in response to prey populations. Mortality of insectivorous and granivorous ground beetles (Carabidae) while not directly impacted by pest management programs in turfgrass may be indirectly impacted by a reduction in the prevalence of plant species that provide alternative food resources. Previous studies have focused on herbivorous insects as well as predatory and parasitic insects that feed on them. Future studies should assess how lawn plant diversity resulting from organic management practices might impact insect communities in turfgrass.}, number={4}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Marshall, Sam and Orr, David and Bradley, Lucy and Moorman, Christopher}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={437–446} }
 @article{lahiri_orr_sorenson_cardoza_2015, title={Overwintering refuge sites for Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae)}, volume={50}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-50.1.69}, abstractNote={Megacopta cribraria F. (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) was first reported in the United States near Atlanta, Georgia, in fall 2009 (Suiter et al. 2010, J. Integr. Pest Manag. 1: 1–4) and has since spread throughout the southeastern United States (http:// www.kudzubug.org/distribution_map.cfm). In Asia and the United States, it is commonly associated with its preferred host plant, kudzu, Pueraria montana Lour (Merr.) var. lobata (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) (Medal et al. 2013, Fla. Entomol. 96: 631–633). Nonetheless, M. cribraria has emerged as a significant pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill and may damage a few other legumes in the United States (Eger et al. 2010, Insecta Mundi 0121: 1–11; Hu and Carroll 2012, htpp://agfax.com/2012/05/18/Alabama-soybean-kudzubugs-making-their-move/). In Georgia and South Carolina, yield losses in untreated soybean fields averaged 18% and ranged up to 59.6% (Greene et al. 2012, United Soybean Board, Chesterfield, MO; Seiter et al. 2012, J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 1676–1683). Apart from being odoriferous, crushed nymphs have reportedly caused skin rashes, thereby raising health concerns for workers in soybean fields (Ruberson et al. 2013, Appl Entomol Zool. 48: 3–13). Megacopta cribraria is also viewed as a nuisance pest in fall through spring when adults aggregate on or around homes to overwinter, apparently close to kudzu patches (Eger et al. 2010, Insecta Mundi 0121: 1–11; Ruberson et al. 2013). Little is known about the biology and ecology of M. cribraria in North America. Prominently, we do not understand their behavior and population dynamics when host plants are not available, as in the winter. Knowledge of the overwintering behavior and biology of this species could inform surveillance and management. This study was undertaken to identify overwintering refuge areas preferred by M.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, author={Lahiri, S. and Orr, D. and Sorenson, C. and Cardoza, Y.}, year={2015}, pages={69–73} }
 @article{fox_orr_cardoza_2015, title={The Influence of Habitat Manipulations on Beneficial Ground-Dwelling Arthropods in a Southeast US Organic Cropping System}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvu002}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Habitat manipulations, intentional provisioning of natural vegetation along crop edges, have been shown to enhance beneficial epigaeic invertebrate activity in many agricultural settings, but little research has been conducted on this practice in the southeast United States. We conducted a field-scale study to determine if habitat manipulations along the field edges of an organic crop rotation increase the activity—density of beneficial ground-dwelling invertebrates. Pitfall traps were used to collect micro and macro ground-dwelling organisms in nine organic crop fields (three each of maize, soybeans, and hay; 2.5–4.0 ha each) surrounded by four experimental habitat manipulations (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) during 2009 and 2010 in eastern North Carolina. Beneficial macro and micro invertebrates collected in these pitfall traps consisted primarily of Carabidae, Araneae, Collembola, and mite species. Results show that habitat manipulations had little effect on the activity—density of the dominant epigaeic invertebrates in our study system. Our results suggest that the activity—density of these organisms were instead determined by a combination of in-field characteristics, such as crop type, weed management practices, and within-field resources, along with the diversity of crop type in neighboring fields and the availability of other resources in the area.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Fox, Aaron F. and Orr, David B. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={114–121} }
 @article{xu_huigens_orr_groot_2014, title={Differential response of Trichogramma wasps to extreme sex pheromone types of the noctuid moth Heliothis virescens}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1365-2311"]}, DOI={10.1111/een.12142}, abstractNote={1. Chemical espionage in nature may occur when predators or parasitoids home in on animal or plant communication signals. Parasitoid wasps are known to use pheromones emitted by adults hosts to locate host eggs, larvae or pupae. The response of Trichogramma egg parasitoids to a synthetic sex pheromone blend of moths has been shown in a number of studies over the past 40 years.2. Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) is a tiny parasitic wasp, attacking the eggs of the noctuid moth Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). This study investigated whether T. pretiosum homes in on the sex pheromone of H. virescens at close range. The arrestment response of the wasps to sex pheromone gland extracts of two types of female moths, so‐called high and low females, was also tested, referring to two selected extreme pheromone types of H. virescens. The study also investigated whether the wasps would mount females, possibly to hitchhike with them.3. The wasps were arrested by the common, ‘low’ pheromone, but not by the rare, ‘high’ pheromone or by extracts from male hairpencils. The wasps did not show a preference for separate sex pheromone compounds, but when pre‐exposed to the major sex pheromone component of H. virescens before the tests together with H. virescens eggs, they did show a preference, indicating learning behaviour. In the mounting experiments, mated females were mounted significantly more than virgin females or males, suggesting that hitchhiking is a strategy used by these wasps to locate moth eggs.4. This represents the first study to show a differential response of parasitoid wasps to two different sex pheromone types in a single host species. The results warrant further investigations into the potential role of parasitic wasps in the evolution of sexual communication in moths.}, number={5}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Xu, Jinzhu and Huigens, Martinus E. and Orr, David and Groot, Astrid T.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={627–636} }
 @article{moorman_plush_orr_reberg-horton_2013, title={Beneficial Insect Borders Provide Northern Bobwhite Brood Habitat}, volume={8}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083815}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0083815}, abstractNote={Strips of fallow vegetation along cropland borders are an effective strategy for providing brood habitat for declining populations of upland game birds (Order: Galliformes), including northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), but fallow borders lack nectar-producing vegetation needed to sustain many beneficial insect populations (e.g., crop pest predators, parasitoids, and pollinator species). Planted borders that contain mixes of prairie flowers and grasses are designed to harbor more diverse arthropod communities, but the relative value of these borders as brood habitat is unknown. We used groups of six human-imprinted northern bobwhite chicks as a bioassay for comparing four different border treatments (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) as northern bobwhite brood habitat from June-August 2009 and 2010. All field border treatments were established around nine organic crop fields. Groups of chicks were led through borders for 30-min foraging trials and immediately euthanized, and eaten arthropods in crops and gizzards were measured to calculate a foraging rate for each border treatment. We estimated arthropod prey availability within each border treatment using a modified blower-vac to sample arthropods at the vegetation strata where chicks foraged. Foraging rate did not differ among border treatments in 2009 or 2010. Total arthropod prey densities calculated from blower-vac samples did not differ among border treatments in 2009 or 2010. Our results showed plant communities established to attract beneficial insects should maximize the biodiversity potential of field border establishment by providing habitat for beneficial insects and young upland game birds.}, number={12}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Moorman, Christopher E. and Plush, Charles J. and Orr, David B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, editor={Boyce, Mark S.Editor}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={e83815} }
 @article{fox_reberg-horton_orr_moorman_frank_2013, title={Crop and field border effects on weed seed predation in the southeastern U.S. coastal plain}, volume={177}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.AGEE.2013.06.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2013.06.006}, abstractNote={Weed seed predation was studied in nine organic crop fields (three each of maize, soybeans and hay; 2.5–4.0 ha each) surrounded by four experimental field border types (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) during the fall of 2009 and 2010 in eastern North Carolina. We used predator exclusion cages to determine the amount of weed seed removal caused by invertebrates and vertebrates. Three common agricultural weed species, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla), and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), were adhered to individual cards and placed inside the exclosure cages once a month for two weeks. Activity-density of invertebrate weed seed predators was measured with pitfall traps. Results show that field border type had no effect on seed removal rates, but that crop type heavily influenced both weed seed predation and invertebrate seed predator activity-density. Weed seed predation was highest in the dense, perennial hay fields and lowest in the more open harvested maize fields. Activity-densities for field crickets (Gryllus sp.) and the ground beetle Harpalus pennsylvanicus were also high in the hay fields and low in the maize fields, while the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) seemed to prefer the open maize fields. These results show that increasing vegetative diversity in field borders is not always an effective method for conserving weed seed predators, but that higher quality habitat inside the crop field can be achieved by increasing ground cover.}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fox, Aaron F. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Orr, David B. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Frank, Steven D.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={58–62} }
 @article{plush_moorman_orr_reberg-horton_2013, title={Overwintering sparrow use of field borders planted as beneficial insect habitat}, volume={77}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.436}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.436}, abstractNote={AbstractField borders are an effective conservation strategy for providing habitat to overwintering sparrows, and may be a venue through which beneficial insect populations are promoted. However, traditional fallow field borders lack sufficient pollen and nectar sources required to sustain beneficial insect populations; therefore, borders planted to a mix of native prairie flowers and grasses may be needed if increases in beneficial insect populations are desired. Although the value of fallow borders to birds has been established, little is known about bird use of beneficial insect habitats. Using single‐observer transect surveys, we compared overwintering sparrow densities among 4 field border treatments (planted native warm season grasses and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow, and mowed) replicated around 9 organic crop fields from November to March 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. Sparrow densities were 5–10 times lower in mowed borders than in other border treatments in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, but did not differ among planted and fallow borders in either year. Planted field borders may be a useful conservation practice for providing habitat for both overwintering sparrows and beneficial insects. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Plush, Charles J. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Orr, David B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={200–206} }
 @article{moorman_plush_orr_reberg-horton_gardner_2013, title={Small mammal use of field borders planted as beneficial insect habitat}, volume={37}, ISSN={1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.226}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.226}, abstractNote={AbstractField borders established for wildlife conservation have been recognized as a possible venue for also promoting beneficial insect populations, such as parasitic wasps and pollinators, on agricultural lands. However, traditional fallow field borders lack nectar sources required to sustain beneficial insect communities, and their value to small mammals is not well‐understood. In October–November 2009, we trapped small mammals in four field‐border treatments (planted native, warm‐season grasses and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, and frequently mowed vegetation) replicated around nine organic crop fields, and developed closed‐population models in Program MARK to estimate abundance in each border. We also measured vegetation cover within each border treatment from June to August 2009. We captured 491 individuals of two species, the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) and house mouse (Mus musculus). Cotton rat abundance was ≥2 times greater in grass and flower borders and flowers‐only borders than in fallow borders, likely because of greater vegetation density and availability of preferred foods in planted borders. No cotton rats were captured in mowed borders, and house mouse abundance was ≥5 times lower in mowed borders than in other border types. Lower abundance of cotton rats and house mice in mowed borders emphasizes the importance of structurally complex non‐crop vegetation for supporting small‐mammal communities in agricultural landscapes. Field borders planted to promote beneficial insects may be a useful tool for maximizing the ecological services provided by non‐crop vegetation. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Moorman, Christopher E. and Plush, Charles J. and Orr, David B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Gardner, Beth}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={209–215} }
 @article{williams_hain_orr_2011, title={Influence of Four Ground Cover Vegetation Types Used in North Carolina Fraser Fir Christmas Tree Plantations on Abundance and Species Composition of Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-46.3.216}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to determine the utility of ground cover vegetation in managing the natural enemies of spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis Jacobi) in Fraser fir production areas in 2 locations in North Carolina (Laurel Springs, Waynesville). Predatory phytoseiid mites were sampled by collecting vegetation from 4 ground cover species in experimental Fraser fir plots: white Dutch clover (Trifolium repens L.), mammoth red clover (Trifolium pretense L.), birdfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and fescue (Festuca spp.). The most abundant phytoseiid mite species were Typhlodromips sessor(DeLeon), Arrenoseius morgani(Chant), Proprioseiopsis solens (DeLeon), and Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma). There were no statistical differences in the effects of ground cover vegetation on phytoseiid mite abundance or diversity.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Williams, Logan and Hain, Fred P. and Orr, David}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={216–222} }
 @article{witting-bissinger_orr_linker_2008, title={Effects of floral resources on fitness of the parasitoids Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.07.013}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine if floral resources enhanced longevity and fecundity of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner and longevity of the larval parasitoid Cotesia congregata (Say). Newly eclosed (⩽12 h) female wasps were provisioned with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.) or buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flowers or one of two controls: honey or water. Wasps were monitored daily until all had died. Daily egg production by T. exiguum was monitored using Ephestia kuehniella Keller egg cards. Longevity of both T. exiguum (6.7 d) and C. congregata (5.1 d) provided buckwheat flowers was increased approximately 8.5-fold compared with wasps provided only water. Buckwheat-provisioned T. exiguum exhibited 2-fold greater longevity than those provided fennel. Longevity of C. congregata provisioned with fennel and honey was not statistically different. Water-provisioned T. exiguum and C. congregata exhibited the shortest longevity (0.8 and 0.6 d, respectively). Total fecundity was 6.3-fold greater in T. exiguum provisioned with buckwheat and 2.3-fold greater in T. exiguum provisioned with fennel than in water controls. Average female to male ratio of progeny over the lifetime of each female was significantly greatest in T. exiguum provisioned with water alone, likely because of sperm depletion in wasps exhibiting greater longevity. Total mean number of female offspring produced was significantly greatest in T. exiguum provided honey or buckwheat flowers although no difference in total female offspring were observed between adults provisioned with buckwheat or fennel flowers. Our results show that provisioning T. exiguum with honey and buckwheat flowers resulted in greater longevity, total fecundity, and lifetime production of female offspring than water alone. Buckwheat flowers also lead to greater longevity in C. congregata.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Witting-Bissinger, B. E. and Orr, D. B. and Linker, H. M.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={180–186} }
 @article{philip_orr_2008, title={Operational considerations for augmentation of Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) for suppression of Rhyacionia frustrana (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in Pinus taeda plantations}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[421:OCFAOT]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were performed to assess the operational feasibility of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) augmentation for suppression of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in commercial loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., plantations. Single inundative releases containing two cohorts of encapsulated T. exiguum at a potential rate of 224,200 ± 27,600 females per ha per cohort were made into two 4-ha plots during the second R. frustrana generation in 2000. Augmentation failed to increase parasitism rates above those occurring naturally; yet, 10% fewer shoots were attacked by R. frustrana, but not below acceptable levels. Quality control data suggest that low emergence levels and intense predation by ants upon developing T. exiguum lowered actual release rates to 13,000 ± 900 females per ha per cohort. The effect of capsule distribution and microclimate on the discovery of capsules by predators (indicated by some E. kuehniella egg removal), parasitoid predation (percentage of eggs removed or destroyed), and subsequent parasitoid emergence was investigated. Uniformly distributed capsules experienced significantly higher predation levels than clustered capsules, and capsules exposed to field conditions for 5 d experienced higher predation than those exposed for 3 d, independently of distribution. Discovery of capsules by predators was unaffected by distribution or exposure period. Microhabitat significantly impacted average maximum daily temperature, the number of consecutive hours per day at or above 35°C, and parasitoid emergence percentages. Parasitoid emergence declined significantly in response to increasing number of consecutive hours per day above 35°C. Microclimate did not impact capsule discovery by predators or predation levels. Augmentation of T. exiguum for suppression of R. frustrana damage may not be practical within P. taeda plantations.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Philip, Michael M. and Orr, David B.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={421–429} }
 @article{witting_orr_linker_2007, title={Attraction of insect natural enemies to habitat plantings in north carolina}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-42.4.439}, abstractNote={Two studies were conducted to evaluate the relative attractiveness of floral habitats that may provide nectar and pollen food resources to natural enemies of agricultural insect pests in North Carolina. In the first study, timed observations were made of insect flower-feeding to estimate attraction of natural enemies to 16 plant species in 2004 and 5 plant species in 2005. Insects were identified to the family level and assigned to 1 of 6 feeding groups. In both years, crop predators fed from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.) flowers in greater abundance than from any other flowers observed. Crop parasitoids fed most often on fennel in 2005. In both years, the remaining insect feeding groups other than pollinators were not significantly affected by flower species. In 2005 the response of representatives of 3 families of egg parasitoids (Mymaridae, Scelionidae, and Trichogrammatidae) to 6 habitat plants (black-eyed Susan, buckwheat, fennel, cock's comb [Celosia cristata L.], Shasta daisy [Leucanthemum × superbum (J. W. Ingram) Berg, ex Kent.], and yarrow [Achillea millefolium L.]) was determined. Crabgrass (Digitaria spp. Haller), that exhibited no obvious flowering, served as a control. Results demonstrated that flower species and height affected insects of all 3 families of parasitoids, but removal of flowers only affected scelionids which were trapped in greater abundance in cock's comb plots at flower height. Mymarids were most abundant at 0.5 times the flower height in black-eyed Susan plots regardless of flower presence, and trichogrammatids were trapped in greatest abundance at 0.5 times the canopy height in unmowed crabgrass plots. Our results indicate that habitat plantings may attract egg parasitoids, but that flowers themselves do not appear to be responsible for this attraction.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Witting, B. E. and Orr, D. B. and Linker, H. M.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={439–456} }
 @article{vasquez_orr_baker_2006, title={Efficacy assessment of Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) for suppression of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera : Aphididae) in greenhouse-grown chrysanthemum}, volume={99}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-99.4.1104}, abstractNote={Abstract To assess biological control as a management tool for the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), the efficacy of Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for suppression of A. gossypii in greenhouse-grown chrysanthemums, Dendranthema grandiflora (Tzvelev), was compared with a pesticide standard, imidacloprid (Marathon 1% G) and an untreated check. No significant differences were found between aphid populations in the two treatments. A. colemani and imidacloprid kept aphid numbers very low, with the correspondent aphid populations exhibiting very low intrinsic rates of increase (rm = −0.0369 and rm = 0.0151, respectively), in contrast to the exponential growth of aphid populations (rm = 0.1085) observed on the untreated plants. Parasitism levels in A. colemani plots ranged from 48.93 to 83.38%. Esthetic damage parameters, including exuviae, honeydew, and sooty mold on leaves, were significantly different between treatments and untreated control, and damage levels were minimal with the insecticide treatment and natural enemy releases. The cost of A. colemani releases was 4.7 times greater than the cost of the imidacloprid treatment.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Vasquez, G. M. and Orr, D. B. and Baker, J. R.}, year={2006}, pages={1104–1111} }
 @article{forehand_orr_linker_2006, title={Evaluation of a commercially available beneficial insect habitat for management of Lepidoptera pests}, volume={99}, DOI={10.1093/jee/99.3.641}, abstractNote={A field study was conducted in 2003 and 2004 at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems in Goldsboro, NC, to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercially available beneficial insect habitat in decreasing pest caterpillar populations in organically managed tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., plots. Six pairs of tomato plots were established and a commercial beneficial insect habitat seed mix (Peaceful Valley's Good Bug Blend) transplanted around the perimeter of treatment plots, whereas a brown-top millet, Brachiaria ramose (L.) Stapf., border was planted around control plots. Egg predation, egg parasitism by trichogrammatid wasps, and larval parasitism by braconid wasps was monitored throughout the growing season to determine whether habitat increased their activity. In both years of this study, the density of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Manduca spp. eggs was not significantly different between treatment and control plots. Although parasitism was the most important component of egg mortality (19-49%), parasitism was not significantly different between habitat types. Identifiable predation was a minor component (3-9%) of egg fate; it is possible that unidentified predation may be part of the approximately 35-52% of eggs that met unknown fates. Larval parasitism levels ranged from approximately 10 to 90% but was not significantly influenced by the presence of beneficial insect habitat in either year of the study. These results demonstrate that natural enemy activity in organic tomatoes was not amplified, and pest populations were not reduced by the presence of a commercially available beneficial insect habitat.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Forehand, L. M. and Orr, D. B. and Linker, H. M.}, year={2006}, pages={641–647} }
 @article{forehand_orr_linker_2006, title={Insect communities associated with beneficial insect habitat plants in North Carolina}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2006)35[1541:ICAWBI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract This study recorded the arthropod communities present in three commercially available beneficial insect habitat seed mixes (Peaceful Valley’s Good Bug Blend, Clyde Robin’s Border Patrol, and Heirloom Seed’s Beneficial Insect Mix) and three commonly grown cut flower/herb plantings (Zinnia, Celosia, and fennel). Communities were sampled three ways: (1) foliar and floral collections were made using a D-Vac and aerial nets, and insects were identified to family and assigned to feeding groups; (2) pitfall traps were used to collect ground beetle and ground-dwelling spider populations; and (3) evening observations recorded visits by noctuid (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) to flowers. Overall, Good Bug Blend had the highest abundance and diversity of beneficial parasitoids, predators, and ground beetles. However, along with Border Patrol, it also harbored the highest diversity and abundance of crop-feeding herbivores. The Border Patrol plantings had the highest diversity and abundance of insect herbivore crop pests and the highest number of feeding visits by pest moth species during evening observations. The moth visits were most likely caused by the presence of evening primrose in this mix that blooms at dusk when moths are most active. Celosia harbored the greatest diversity and abundance of predators and parasitoids in the cut flower/herb plots. Fennel had the lowest overall abundance and diversity of all the plantings, but this may have been caused by late summer flowering.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Forehand, L. M. and Orr, D. B. and Linker, H. M.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={1541–1549} }
 @article{philip_orr_hain_2005, title={Evaluation of biological and biorational control tactics for suppression of nantucket pine tip moth damage in Virginia pine Christmas trees}, volume={98}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-98.2.409}, abstractNote={A study was performed to evaluate the potential of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the newly registered insect growth regulator (IGR) tebufenozide (ConÞrm), and a modiÞed spray technique (top whorl only pesticide application) for suppression of Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), damage in Virginia pine, Pinus virginiana Mill., Christmas trees. Augmentative releases of T. exiguum failed to increase parasitism levels in release plots compared with controls, and signiÞcant reduction in tip moth damage did not occur. High predation levels on released T. exiguummay have contributed to the failure of parasitoid augmentations. Whole-tree and top whorl tebufenozide treatments provided signiÞcantly greater damage control than corresponding applications of acephate (Orthene), a commonly used pesticide in Christmas trees. Damage to trees receiving whole-tree chemical applications did not differ signiÞcantly from trees receiving top whorl treatments for most measurements of damage. Top whorl chemical treatments resulted in a 67% reduction in time required for application and a 70% reduction in pesticide used.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Philip, M. M. and Orr, D. B. and Hain, F. P.}, year={2005}, pages={409–414} }
 @article{sun_liu_britton_cai_orr_hough-goldstein_2006, title={Survey of phytophagous insects and foliar pathogens in China for a biocontrol perspective on kudzu, Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen and S. Almeida (Fabaceae)}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.09.007}, abstractNote={A three-year survey of kudzu foliage, seed, stems, and roots for associated phytophagous insects was conducted to establish basic information about the insect communities that kudzu harbors in China and to assess the abundance, diversity and damage caused by these insects. Diseases of kudzu were also surveyed in southern China. A total of 116 phytophagous insect species in 31 families and 5 orders were collected from kudzu in China, in six feeding guilds: foliage, sap, stem, terminal, seed and root feeders. The impact of foliage feeders varied from site to site and year to year, and over the course of the growing season. The mean percent defoliation of kudzu over all plots and years was 13.3 ± 1.9%, but ranged as high as 34%. Two insect species fed on shoots and clipped off terminals. Infestation of new shoots was high, with nearly half of all shoots clipped. Nearly half of the vines showed damage from stem borers, again varying through the season. Two species of insects attacked kudzu roots, mainly the cerambycid beetle Paraleprodera diophthalma (Pascoe), which caused considerable damage to both small (young, <3.4 cm diameter) and large (older, >6 cm diameter) roots. Insects also caused substantial seed damage. Imitation rust, caused by Synchytrium minutum [=S. puerariae (P. Henning) Miyabe], was the most commonly observed disease of kudzu. Several of these species have potential as biological control agents for kudzu in the US.}, number={1}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Sun, JH and Liu, ZD and Britton, KO and Cai, P and Orr, D and Hough-Goldstein, J}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={22–31} }
 @article{rippy_peet_louws_nelson_orr_sorensen_2004, title={Plant development and harvest yields of greenhouse tomatoes in six organic growing systems}, volume={39}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Rippy, J. F. M. and Peet, M. M. and Louws, F. J. and Nelson, P. V. and Orr, D. B. and Sorensen, K. A.}, year={2004}, pages={223–229} }
 @article{vasquez_orr_baker_2004, title={Quality assessment of selected commercially available whitefly and aphid biological control agents in the United States}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493(2004)097[0781:QAOSCA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract This study assessed the quality of three commercially available natural enemies used for pest management in greenhouses: the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and the aphid predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Shipment packaging was consistent for all natural enemies. However, there was high variability in delivery punctuality, product cost, and product information provided by each of the six selected companies. Product quantity, percentage of emergence upon arrival, percentage of total emergence, percentage of females, and percentage of flying insects were assessed using International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) recommended procedures. The parameters with greatest variability between companies were percentage of emergence upon arrival (0.9–10.5%) and percentage of flying insects (35.4–85.0%) for E. formosa; product quantity (623.3–833.8 aphid mummies), percentage of emergence upon arrival (6.1–41.2%) and percentage of females (51.1–54.8%) for A. colemani; and percentage of emergence upon arrival (0.0–7.7%) and percentage of females (54.6–76.2%) for A. aphidimyza. Results are discussed in terms of the value to consumers and compared with IOBC standards.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Vasquez, GM and Orr, DB and Baker, JR}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={781–788} }
 @article{schmidt_linker_orr_kennedy_2003, title={Variation in biological parameters of Trichogramma spp. purchased from commercial suppliers in the United States}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1386-6141"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1025751428043}, number={5}, journal={BIOCONTROL}, author={Schmidt, VB and Linker, HM and Orr, DB and Kennedy, GG}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={487–502} }
 @article{suh_orr_van duyn_borchert_2002, title={Influence of cotton microhabitat on temperature and survival of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) within cardboard capsules}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-31.2.361}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the most suitable release sites in cotton for inundatively released encapsulated Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner. Atypical applications of a plant growth regulator, mepiquat chloride (Pix), were used to manipulate cotton plant size and canopy closure to produce a range of plant sizes that might be present in North Carolina when Trichogramma releases for suppression of third-generation (F3) heliothines were made. Pix treatments had a significant effect on canopy closure, which significantly influenced the number of hours soil surface temperatures between rows were ≥35°C. The mean daily number of hours temperatures were ≥35°C was greatest on the soil surface between rows, followed by in the canopy, then soil surface within rows. A significant correlation between the number of hours preimaginal Trichogramma were exposed to temperatures ≥35°C and Trichogramma emergence was found in 1997. Consequently, suitability of the soil surface as a release site for Trichogramma capsules depended significantly on the level of canopy closure, location of capsules relative to the center of rows, and length of time capsules remained in the field before parasitoid emergence. Our results indicate that these factors should be considered when implementing augmentative releases of Trichogramma wasps in cotton.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Suh, CPC and Orr, DB and Van Duyn, JW and Borchert, DM}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={361–366} }
 @article{orr_suh_philip_mccravy_debarr_2002, title={The potential for Trichogramma releases to suppress tip moth populations in pine plantations}, journal={The Nantucket pine tip moth : old problems, new research : proceedings of an informal conference, the Entomological Society of America, annual meeting, December 12-16, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia}, publisher={Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station}, author={Orr, D. B. and Suh, C. P. C. and Philip, M. and McCravy, K. W. and DeBarr, G. L.}, editor={C. W. Berisford and Grosman, D. M.Editors}, year={2002} }
 @article{kidd_orr_2001, title={Comparative feeding and development of Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) on kudzu and soybean foliage}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0219:CFADOP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Kudzu, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. variety lobata (Willd.) Maesen & Almeida, a close relative of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., is an adventive and widely distributed weed in the southeastern United States. Conventional wisdom says that native arthropods do not feed heavily on kudzu, but recent evidence has indicated this is not the case. To better understand the interaction of kudzu and native insects, the biology of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), was compared on kudzu and soybean. Insects fed on kudzu had higher mortality, longer development times with supernumerary molts, and lower pupal weights than those fed on soybean. Rearing for up to three generations on either plant host had an effect on length of development time but did not affect other measured parameters. Foliage consumption did not differ between treatments, and nutritional quality of soybean and kudzu did not differ. The instar at which insects were transferred from artificial diet to either kudzu or soybean significantly influenced development time, number of instars, foliage consumption, and pupal weights, with instar 4 being the optimum stage for transfer. In an oviposition test, females readily oviposited on kudzu in a no choice test, but when both kudzu and soybean were provided, more eggs were deposited on soybean than on kudzu. Our studies show that although kudzu is an acceptable host, soybean is a preferred and better quality host.}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Kidd, KA and Orr, DB}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={219–225} }
 @article{suh_orr_van duyn_2000, title={Effect of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum (Trichogrammatidae : Hymenoptera) preimaginal development and adult survival}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.577}, abstractNote={Abstract The effect of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner emergence, adult survival, and fitness parameters was investigated. Insecticides tested were lambda cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, thiodicarb, profenophos, spinosad, methoxyfenozide, and tebufenozide. All insecticides, with the exception of methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, adversely affected Trichogramma emergence from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) host eggs when exposed at different preimaginal stages of development (larval, prepupal, or pupal). Regardless of the developmental stage treated, none of the insecticides tested had a significant effect on the sex ratio or frequency of brachyptery of emerged females. However, the mean life span of emerged T. exiguum females significantly varied among insecticide treatments, and was significantly affected by the developmental stage of parasitoid when treated. Based on LC50 values, spinosad and prophenofos were the most toxic compounds to female T. exiguum adults, followed by lambda cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and thiodicarb. Insecticides field-weathered for four to 6 d on cotton leaves showed no activity against female T. exiguum adults.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Suh, CPC and Orr, DB and Van Duyn, JW}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={577–583} }
 @article{orr_suh_2000, title={Evaluation of inundative releases of Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) for suppression of nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in pine (Pinaceae) plantations}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1918-3240"]}, DOI={10.4039/Ent132373-3}, abstractNote={AbstractInundative releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner were evaluated for suppression of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), in first-year loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., plantations. Three releases, spaced 7 d apart, were made in three 0.4-ha plots during second-generation R. frustrana egg deposition. Each release included three cohorts of T. exiguum developmentally separated by 25 degree-days. Mean ± SD field release rate for each cohort was 328 238 ± 88 379 females/ha. Mean T. exiguum emergence under laboratory conditions for released cohorts was 96 ± 2%, with 74 ± 3% females, of which 1 ± 1% of females displayed brachyptery; female longevity was 18 ± 3 d. Field emergence averaged 96 ± 4%. Parasitism of R. frustrana eggs was significantly increased, ranging from 40 ± 19 to 73 ± 22% in T. exiguum-treated plots and 17 ± 17 to 67 ± 21% in control plots. Data from all treated plots combined showed R. frustrana egg survival (hatching) was significantly reduced by 46%, and larval populations were significantly reduced by 60%. There was no significant difference in the percentage of terminals damaged between T. exiguum-treated (31 ± 16%) and control plots (45 ± 10%); however, length of terminal damage was significantly lower in treated plots. The percentage of damage to top whorl shoots was significantly lower in T. exiguum-treated plots compared with control plots, but there was no significant difference in length of tunneling damage. Damage to remaining shoots was not significantly different between T. exiguum-treated and control plots. Microhabitat significantly influenced both mean maximum and minimum temperature and the number of consecutive hours per day that were at or above 35 °C (critical temperature for T. exiguum survival). Soil surface with no cover had the greatest number of hours at or above 35 °C, followed by soil surface with herbaceous cover, and canopies of small trees (0.4 m tall). Canopy habitats in larger trees (0.9–1.8 m tall) had the most moderate temperature conditions. Parasitoid emergence was significantly reduced in response to increasing number of consecutive hours at or above 35 °C. Predation of parasitoids prior to emergence was significantly affected by microhabitat and by the length of time capsules were in the field before T. exiguum emergence (i.e., cohort number).}, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Orr, DB and Suh, CPC}, year={2000}, pages={373–386} }
 @article{suh_orr_van duyn_borchert_2000, title={Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) releases in North Carolina cotton: Evaluation of heliothine pest suppression}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1127}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to reevaluate the use of augmentative releases of Trichogramma wasps for heliothine management in cotton. In 1996, nine releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner, spaced 3–4 d apart, were made into three 0.4-ha cotton plots. Six weekly releases were made in 1997, each containing two T. exiguum cohorts developmentally staggered by 45°C degree-days. Field release rates, estimated from laboratory and field quality control data, averaged 108,357 T. exiguum ♀♀ per hectare per cohort per release in 1996 and 193,366 ♀♀ per hectare per cohort per release in 1997. In 1996, mean ± SD adult emergence under laboratory conditions for released cohorts was 92 ± 7%; 62 ± 5% of emerged adults were females, 3 ± 2% of females displayed brachyptery (nonfunctional wings), mean female longevity under laboratory conditions was 15 ± 4 d, and mean ± SD field emergence was 97 ± 2%. Quality control measurements were similar in 1997. In 1996, mean ± SD percent parasitism of heliothine eggs in field plots on the sampled dates ranged from 67 ± 4 to 83 ± 5% in T. exiguum release plots and 25 ± 9 to 55 ± 8% in control plots. In 1997, parasitism levels ranged from 74 ± 4 to 89 ± 5% in T. exiguum release plots and 18 ± 18 to 69 ± 11% in control plots. Despite increased parasitism levels in T. exiguum release plots, there were no significant differences in density of fifth instars, boll damage, or yield between T. exiguum release and control plots. Therefore, it is concluded that Trichogramma augmentation is not an effective heliothine management tool in North Carolina cotton.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Suh, CPC and Orr, DB and Van Duyn, JW and Borchert, DM}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={1127–1136} }
 @inbook{orr_garcia-salazar_landis_2000, title={Trichogramma nontarget impacts: A method for biological control risk assessment.}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4615-4577-4_8}, booktitle={Nontarget effects of biological control}, publisher={Boston :Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Orr, D. B. and Garcia-Salazar, C. and Landis, D. A.}, editor={P. A. Follett and Duan, J. J.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={111–125} }
 @article{suh_orr_van duyn_2000, title={Trichogramma releases in North Carolina cotton: Why releases fail to suppress heliothine pests}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1137}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the fate of naturally oviposited F3 heliothine eggs in cotton plots treated with augmentative releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner and nontreated plots. Four cohorts of newly oviposited eggs (<24 h old) were followed in 1996 and two cohorts in 1997. In 1996, mean ± SD percent parasitism, estimated by in-field studies following the fate of naturally oviposited eggs, ranged from 7 ± 7 to 61 ± 8% in T. exiguum release plots and 0 ± 0 to 35 ± 13% in control plots. The mean ± SD percent of eggs hatched in T. exiguum release plots ranged from 1 ± 2 to 11 ± 4% and 7 ± 4 to 28 ± 10% in control plots. In 1997, mean ± SD percent egg parasitism ranged from 27 ± 4 to 40 ± 3% in T. exiguum release plots and 15 ± 18 to 25 ± 8% in control plots. The mean ± SD percent of eggs hatched in T. exiguum release plots ranged from 7 ± 3 to 12 ± 2% and 18 ± 6 to 28 ± 8% in control plots. Despite increased parasitism and reduced egg hatch in T. exiguum release plots, overall, there was no significant difference in larval density (all instars combined) between T. exiguum release and control plots. Combined analysis of the heliothine larval populations and egg fate data revealed that the additional egg mortality produced by released T. exiguum was offset by lower larval mortality in release plots. Because of the occurrence of compensatory mortality, the egg stage of heliothines is not an appropriate target for biological control using Trichogramma wasp releases.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Suh, CPC and Orr, DB and Van Duyn, JW}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={1137–1145} }
 @article{suh_orr_van-duyn_1998, title={Reevaluation of Trichogramma releases for suppression of heliothine pests in cotton}, volume={2}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Suh, C. P. C. and Orr, D. B. and Van-Duyn, J. W.}, year={1998}, pages={1098–1101} }
 @article{orr_landis_mutch_manley_stuby_king_1997, title={Ground cover influence on microclimate and Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) augmentation in seed corn production}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/26.2.433}, abstractNote={As pest management practices include more biological control implementation, the effect of different cropping systems on microclimate and efficacy of natural enemies should be considered. In a 1993 experiment, physical and microolimatic differences between hybrid field corn, Zea mays L., and inbred seed corn were assessed. Seed corn fields had 4.2-fold less leaf surface area and higher maximum temperature at the soil surface than field corn fields. Emergence of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko from cardboard capsules was significantly lower in seed corn when capsules were placed at the soil surface, but was not significantly different when capsules were at canopy level. In 1994, a rye grass Lolium multiflorum Lambert intercrop planted with seed corn significantly reduced maximum soil surface temperature compared with seed corn plots in which soil was bare or was covered (62%) with corn residue. Soil surface temperature was significantly higher in corn residue plots than in bare soil plots. Minimum temperatures were not significantly affected by ground cover. The mean number of hours per day that temperatures were 35°C or higher (lethal to T. brassicae) was significantly higher in residue and bare soil microhabitats than in rye grass plots or the corn canopy. When T. brassicae inside cardboard capsules were put into plots in the same manner as an augmentative release (i.e., 2 developmentally staggered cohorts), emergence from both cohorts was not significantly different in rye grass than in the corn canopy, but was significantly reduced in bare soil and corn residue plots.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Orr, DB and Landis, DA and Mutch, DR and Manley, GV and Stuby, SA and King, RL}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={433–438} }
 @article{orr_landis_1997, title={Oviposition of European corn borer (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) and impact of natural enemy populations in transgenic versus isogenic corn}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/90.4.905}, abstractNote={In a 1994 field experiment, oviposition, predation, and parasitism of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were recorded in transgenic and isogenic corn, Zea nays L. Plots of plants expressing the CrylA(b) protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki and plots of isogenic plants both had 2nd-generation O. nubilalis egg mass densities of =1.1 per plant, indicating a lack of antixenosis by transgenic plants. Distribution and size of egg masses on plants also was unaffected by corn type. Size of plants was the same in both treatments. Levels of egg mass predation were 24.75 and 19.35%, respectively, but not significantly different between the transgenic and isogenic plots. Parasitism of egg masses was not significantly different between transgenic and isogenic plots, and was low at 6.31 and 4.41%, respectively. Percentage of eggs within masses which hatched was 10.2% lower in transgenic than in isogenic plots. However, neither predation, parasitism, or sloughing of eggs from plants were significantly different between the 2 treatments. Densities of O. nubilalis predators were not different between the 2 treatments throughout the O. nubilalis oviposition period. Parasitism of O. nubilalis larvae by Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) and Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich was not significantly different between plots and ranged from 2.4 to 7.0%. Although most differences between transgenic and isogenic plants were nonsignificant, all observed differences in natural enemy population parameters under our conditions were in the direction opposite to that expected if transgenic plants had an adverse impact.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Orr, DB and Landis, DA}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={905–909} }