@article{torres_denhartog_2024, title={Alternative Method for Predicting Thermal Response in Two-Layer Systems}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2076-3417"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/9/3576}, DOI={10.3390/app14093576}, abstractNote={Thermal balance is paramount to human comfort and safety. To better understand the effects of the material and environment, a modified sweating-hot-plate test was used to incorporate environmental parameters such as the ventilation and microclimate thickness. It was found that at wind speeds ≤ 0.5 m/s, the environment has the most significant effect on the insulation. However, at an increased wind speed (1.3 m/s), the construction of the material has a large influence on the insulation of the system. At a low metabolic rate, the heat storage can be compensated for through dry heat loss; but, at a higher metabolic rate, substantial differences in the sweating rates are required based on the material and environment. The various aspects of the environment wind speed, microclimate thickness, and ventilation are crucial, but, in certain combinations, the material can have a significant impact as well.}, number={9}, journal={APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL}, author={Torres, Edgar Garcia and Denhartog, Emiel}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{gao_deaton_barker_denhartog_fang_2024, title={Effects of incident solar radiation on evaporative heat loss through firefighter turnout composites incorporating microporous and bi-component type moisture barrier components}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2024.2318501}, abstractNote={Solar radiation is a significant source of firefighter heat stress. In this study, the influence of solar radiation on heat transfer through firefighter fabric composites was evaluated using a modified sweating guarded hotplate exposed to simulated solar radiation. It demonstrated that the heat transfer depended on the intensity of the incident radiation, the color of the outer shell materials, and the type of moisture barrier incorporated in the composite. For ensembles with microporous moisture barrier, evaporative resistance decreased steadily with radiation. In contrast, the evaporative resistance of firefighter ensembles with bi-component moisture barriers initially increased in lower-level radiation intensity and then dropped as the exposure became more intense. To the best of our knowledge, these have never been reported before. The new findings from this study demonstrate the need to address the property change in bi-component moisture barriers under radiant heat load in material design, testing, and mathematical modeling.}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, Anthoney Shawn and Barker, Roger L. and DenHartog, Emiel and Fang, Xiaomeng}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{kiryaman_vinod_fang_denhartog_2024, title={Effects of yarn properties on aerosol filtration performance of single jersey fabrics}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175231221297}, DOI={10.1177/00405175231221297}, abstractNote={ A pandemic caused by airborne pathogens raises a great need for N95 respirators and surgical masks. Subsequently, the risk of undersupply becomes a primary challenge requiring the prioritization of those masks for healthcare workers. Health agencies recommend wearing cloth masks in low-risk groups to reduce the demand. Unlike N95 respirators and surgical masks, cloth masks can be made from various fabrics, and their filtration performance becomes material-dependent. However, the existing literature presents limited and contradictory results on the property-performance relationship of fabrics used for cloth masks. Thus, the fundamental parameters determining the effectiveness of the fabrics remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the effects of yarn properties and multilayering on the filtration performance of single jersey fabrics. The fabrics performed up to 45% particle filtration efficiency, with the range of air permeability from 110–330 ft3/min/ft2. The results revealed that while the structural differences associated with the yarn choice had a smaller impact on the particle filtration efficiency of the fabrics compared to air permeability, their effects were great enough to yield statistically significant differences between the fabrics. In addition, our findings demonstrated that multilayering effectively improved the filtration performance of fabrics but resulted in a greater increase in airflow resistance than particle filtration efficiency. To limit the tradeoff between air permeability and particle filtration efficiency, yarn properties should be considered in the material selection of multilayer masks. We anticipate that our work will be a starting point for a guide on cloth masks with minimal filtration and breathability requirements. }, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Kiryaman, Didem and Vinod, Kaushik N. and Fang, Tiegang and Denhartog, Emiel}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{youn_mills_west_denhartog_mathur_2024, title={Enhancing Biosignal Quality in Electrocardiogram Monitoring Garments: Validation of a Simulation-Based Contact Pressure Model}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2771-9545"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.4c00178}, DOI={10.1021/acsaenm.4c00178}, abstractNote={Optimizing contact pressure in a biomonitoring garment system is crucial to improving signal quality by reducing skin impedance and motion artifacts. Building upon previous research, which introduced a strategic methodology for enhancing electrocardiogram (ECG) biosignal quality through material selection and pattern sizing guided by a developed simulation-based contact pressure prediction model (CP model), this study investigates the model's efficacy across varied knits (plain, interlock, plaited single jersey, and plaited interlock) and yarn filament densities to design a more complex ECG chest band. In this study, our CP model demonstrated strong predictive capabilities with R-squared values exceeding 0.87, which are compatible with physical uniaxial tensile test-based prediction showing an R-squared value of 0.88. Our selected appropriate knit substrates (single jersey and interlock plaiting knit) for pattern reduction values of 20 and 5%, respectively, for designing ECG elastic chest bands result in enhanced biosignal quality with signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 42.85 (±0.08) and 40.92 (±0.06), respectively, comparable to the wet electrode with an SNR of 40.02 (±0.32). This study confirms that selected appropriate materials and patterns can significantly enhance ECG signal quality by optimizing contact pressure to the ideal range of at least 0.53 to 1.05 kPa under the chest area, as demonstrated with a female subject. These findings provide valuable insights into using textile-based electrodes in garment designs by strategically engineering contact pressure to mitigate motion artifacts with the CP model and simulation technique.}, number={6}, journal={ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS}, author={Youn, Seonyoung and Mills, Amanda C. and West, Andre and Denhartog, Emiel and Mathur, Kavita}, year={2024}, month={Jun}, pages={1640–1653} }
 @article{torres_abedin_denhartog_2024, title={Latent Heat Loss Through Fabrics During an Alternate Simulated Work-Rest Sequence}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2330-5517"]}, DOI={10.1177/24723444241246305}, abstractNote={Humans produce different rates of sweating depending on the intensity level of a given activity. The clothing worn during the activity has a significant effect on the latent heat loss that can occur before, during, and after the activity. The water adsorption and spreading properties of a material yield differences in the amount of heat exchange that can occur between the person and the environment. Current test methods evaluate this using a value known as evaporative resistance, which is used to determine the heat exchange potential of a material. However, this value is only taken once the material has reached “steady state” and does not consider the sweating period before steady state is reached, or the drying period after steady state is reached. Therefore, an area under the curve (AUC) value was derived during these periods to compare the heat exchange properties of different materials. A sweating guarded hot plate was used to simulate different sweat rates, and therefore activity levels, to compare materials constructed of cotton, viscose, polyester, and wool. The overall latent heat loss of the hydrophobic wool was much less compared to the other samples with a gentler slope and lower AUC values than the other samples. It was found that the segment of time analyzed has a significant impact on the conclusion drawn about the latent heat loss of a material, p < 0.0001. Sweat rate also has a significant impact on the heat loss value, p < 0.0001, but is perhaps less useful when comparing samples to each other. It was found that comparing the different periods of the test could yield different conclusions when comparing materials for latent heat loss. Several current test methods do not consider phases outside of the steady state period and therefore miss valuable information pertinent to user comfort during these phases, especially in the post-exercise phase.}, journal={AATCC JOURNAL OF RESEARCH}, author={Torres, Edgar Garcia and Abedin, Faisal and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{abedin_denhartog_2023, title={A new approach to demonstrate the exothermic behavior of textiles by using a thermal manikin: Correction methods of manikin model}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108195}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108195}, abstractNote={In high humidity environments, certain textile fibers, such as wool, viscose, cotton, and polyester, demonstrate a tendency for exothermic heat generation. Utilizing a comprehensive thermal manikin model, this study sought to examine the intricate heat flux patterns across the manikin's torso post an 1800-s transition under fluctuating humidity levels, ranging from 35% to 80%. Initial findings highlighted a dichotomy: some segments exhibited a marked decrease in heat, subsequently recovering, whereas others showed a rapid escalation. Notably, to maintain a skin temperature of 35 °C on the manikin, there was a transient heat reduction in select segments, emphasizing the pivotal role textiles play in ensuring thermal comfort during transient conditions. The research incorporated two distinct data correction methodologies: the first calibrated heat flux measurements based on steady-state values pre and post humidity alteration, and the second drew upon a consistent reference segment, such as the head, which remained unaffected by the fabric. Intriguingly, these heat flux behaviors correlate directly with a fabric's moisture buffering capability, with wool emerging as the most adept, showcasing a buffering efficiency 26%, 45%, and 96% superior to viscose, cotton, and polyester, respectively. Furthermore, the microclimate—a critical layer between garment and skin—plays a determinant role, with wool's microclimate witnessing a sharp 58% surge when external humidity reached 80% after the stipulated transition period. This investigation highlights the unique thermal insulation properties of wool in varying humidity contexts, providing a strong basis for future scholarly investigations into the intricate thermal characteristics of textiles.}, journal={Polymer Testing}, author={Abedin, Faisal and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{abedin_denhartog_2023, title={Clothing impact on post-exercise comfort: skin-clothing physiology in transient environment}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2023.2281272}, abstractNote={Sportswear manufactured from hygroscopic fibers can absorb moisture during activity or intermittent exercise and may change the thermal management of clothing. This change in the thermal behavior of the fabric can lead to buffer the post-exercise chill. During activity in a moderately cold environment clothing made of 100% wool fiber helps wearers to slow down evaporative and conductive cooling, which can provide more thermal and comfort sensation compared to 100% cotton, 100% viscose, and 100% polyester. Twelve males performed cycling in a controlled climate chamber of temperature:15 ± 0.5 °C, and relative humidity (RH):50 ± 5% followed by a drying phase in a windy environment by wearing full-sleeve t-shirts. Wool shirt was observed to hold a greater torso skin temperature (p < 0.05) than the other fiber types. Participants were asked a range of comfort-related questions at varying intervals. The temperature sensation was found (p < 0.05) significant for wool clothing. Moreover, participants rated wool shirt significantly (p < 0.05) as more comfortable during the post-exercise phase.}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Abedin, Faisal and Denhartog, Emiel}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{abedin_denhartog_2023, title={The Exothermic Effects of Textile Fibers during Changes in Environmental Humidity: A Comparison between ISO:16533 and Dynamic Hot Plate Test Method}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2079-6439"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/11/5/47}, DOI={10.3390/fib11050047}, abstractNote={The exothermic effects of high regain fiber types have been described before; yet, there have not been reliable tests to demonstrate these effects on the human body. Most test methods focus on steady-state measurements; therefore, these exothermic effects during changes in environmental humidity are typically not analyzed or quantified. We have conducted a set of fabric tests that shows the connection between the exothermic effect of water vapor uptake and its consequence for heat loss through the fabric in transient conditions. We have performed the ISO:16533 standard test, a dynamic hot plate test developed by Naylor to measure the exothermic property of the fabric, and dynamic regain tests to connect the dots between these tests and the water vapor uptake phenomenon. Although the ISO:16533 test method tends to show the temperature increase in fibers, it cannot differentiate between the hygroscopic fiber (wool, viscose, cotton) types (p > 0.001). In addition, sensor size and sample folding techniques could impact the temperature increase. On the other hand, the Naylor hot plate test showed a greater difference in heat release among the fiber types (wool showed 20% higher heat release than viscose, 50% more than cotton), although the relative humidity changes in the chamber take time, which might not reflect a step-wise change in humidity. So far, these test methods have proven to be the most reliable for determining the exothermic behavior of textile fiber. However, these test methods still have limitations and cannot simulate realistic environmental conditions considering an instantaneous change in the environment. This paper reflects the comparison between the two test methods and recommends directions to accurately address the theory of water vapor uptake under dynamic conditions.}, number={5}, journal={FIBERS}, author={Abedin, Faisal and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{gao_deaton_barker_denhartog_fang_2022, title={Effects of Air Gaps on Heat Loss through Firefighter Turnout Composites with Different Moisture Barrier Components}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1875-0052"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-022-0420-z}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, Anthoney Shawn and Barker, Roger and DenHartog, Emiel and Fang, Xiaomeng}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{gao_deaton_fang_barker_denhartog_watson_2022, title={Effects of Outer Shell Fabric Color, Smoke Contamination, and Washing on Heat Loss through Turnout Suit Systems}, volume={92}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405175211073353}, DOI={10.1177/00405175211073353}, abstractNote={ Firefighters frequently have to work in direct solar radiant heat. To reduce firefighter heat stress, the influence of turnout garment properties on heat gain from solar radiation must be understood. This research studied the effects of color, texture, washing, and contamination of outer shell fabrics on heat loss through firefighter turnout fabric materials in simulated solar exposures. It showed that solar radiation could be a major factor in heat loss through turnout suits. Solar radiation equivalent to a sunny day completely reversed heat exchange through the turnout fabric systems, converting a heat loss of about 240 W/m2 to a heat gain exceeding 100 W/m2. Solar radiation caused turnout fabric systems to dry out and this decreased the performance of turnout systems that incorporated bi-component moisture barriers. Most significantly, the color of the outer shell had a major influence on lowering turnout heat loss in solar exposures. Composites with a black-dyed outer shell absorbed more solar energy than composites with lighter colored shell materials. Soot and fire-ground contaminants present on turnout outer shell fabrics also reduced heat loss under solar exposure. The findings of this study answered long-standing questions about the importance of turnout fabric color on heat exchange with the environment. The results provide additional motivation for efficient turnout cleaning practices, not only to reduce potentially toxic exposure to smoke contaminants, but to reduce turnout-gear-related heat strain on firefighters. }, number={11-12}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, A. Shawn and Fang, Xiaomeng and Barker, Roger L. and DenHartog, Emiel and Watson, Kyle}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={1909–1922} }
 @article{luan_kirkwood_newman_west_denhartog_2022, title={New insight into the flexural rigidity of multi-filament yarn}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175221114655}, DOI={10.1177/00405175221114655}, abstractNote={ Filament yarn is one of the most widely used soft strands in the textile industry; it exhibits excellent flexibility and is capable of being used in various productions, including knitting, weaving, braiding, sewing, and embroidery. The inherent complex interlacement between fibers, including twist, entanglement, and yarn geometry, often exhibits a nonlinear response to external loads. In addition, the interlacement of fibers also introduces difficulties when accurately measuring the flexural property of multi-filament yarn. In particular, the flexural rigidity of the yarn strongly influences the quality of end products when incorporated into novel textile technologies. In this paper, we developed a three-point bending instrument and a method for measuring the flexural rigidity of filament yarn. A representative point obeyed from Coplan’s construction on the bending constitutive curve was determined to obtain pure flexural rigidity. Furthermore, the bending process and deformations across cross-sections of filament yarns were discussed. The research provides new physical insights into the yarn bending property with the consideration of eliminating the sub-deformation variabilities. The work also paves the way for the accurate and quick measurement of the flexural rigidity of high length-to-width ratio soft materials by a three-point bending method. }, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Luan, Kun and Kirkwood, Elizabeth and Newman, Zoe and West, Andre and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{smith_wustrow_sui_demmler_denhartog_collier_trate_vinueza_2022, title={Time Course Of Dermal Anthracene Absorption Utilizing Intradermal Microdialysis}, volume={54}, ISSN={1530-0315 0195-9131}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000883332.74962.9f}, DOI={10.1249/01.mss.0000883332.74962.9f}, abstractNote={Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants encountered through daily exposures, including smoking, vehicular exhaust, industry sources, and occupational settings, such as firefighting. Inhalation has received greatest attention as a major exposure route, with limited data regarding dermal absorption. PURPOSE: Utilizing the non-carcinogenic PAH, anthracene (ANT), we aimed to assess 1) time course of dermal ANT absorption and 2) effects of local skin temperature on the magnitude of dermal absorption. METHODS: Two intradermal microdialysis (MD) fibers were inserted in the ventral forearm of 6 healthy participants (32 ± 5 yrs, 5 male, 1 female). MD fibers were perfused with 10% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin with lactated Ringer’s at 1 μl/min. A 2% ANT solution was applied to skin over each MD site with overlying local heaters (LH) housing laser Doppler flowmeters for assessment of skin blood flow (SkBf). LH were clamped at 33 °C during baseline dialysate sampling. Following baseline, LH were set to 1) 43 °C (Hot, HT) and 2) 33 °C as thermoneutral (TN) for the duration of the protocol. Dialysate samples were collected intermittently over 4 hours and 15 minutes, and SkBf, blood pressure and HR were recorded throughout the protocol. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify ANT dialysate concentrations. RESULTS: Preliminary data indicate that no ANT was detected in any baseline samples. From 1 h30 to 1 h 45 min, ANT was detected in 3 of 6 and 0 of 6 samples for the HT and TN sites, respectively. One HT sample was quantifiable at 317.5 ppb. Sampling from 4 h to 4 h 15 min, ANT was detected in all samples at the HT site and quantified in one (344.9 ppb). ANT was detected in only 1 of 6 samples at the TN site during this sampling period. SkBf was significantly higher at HT versus TN at both 1 h 45 min (8.7 ± 5.7 and 29.2 ± 20.5 CVC%max, P < 0.05) and 4 h 15 min (12.8 ± 8.3 and 42.8 ± 22.3 CVC%max, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary data indicate that dermal absorption and recovery of the PAH anthracene is increased when skin is heated versus thermoneutral, increasing over time. This has potential implications for dermal absorption of contaminants in individuals working in the heat. These data also suggest that microdialysis may be an effective method of assessing dermal absorption of PAHs.}, number={9S}, journal={Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Smith, Caroline J. and Wustrow, Killian D. and Sui, Xinyi and Demmler, Morgan and DenHartog, Emiel A. and Collier, Scott R. and Trate, Dristen D. and Vinueza, Nelson R.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={662–662} }
 @article{gary_denhartog_2021, title={An Overview of Usability and Ergonomics Aspects of PAPRs & EHMRs in Healthcare}, volume={38}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection}, author={Gary, Jazmen and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2021} }
 @article{gao_deaton_fang_watson_denhartog_barker_2021, title={Effects of environmental temperature and humidity on evaporative heat loss through firefighter suit materials made with semi-permeable and microporous moisture barriers}, volume={92}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405175211026537}, DOI={10.1177/00405175211026537}, abstractNote={ The goal of this research was to understand how firefighter protective suits perform in different operational environments. This study used a sweating guarded hotplate to examine the effect of environmental temperature (20–45°C) and relative humidity (25–85% RH) on evaporative heat loss through firefighter turnout materials. Four firefighter turnout composites containing three different bi-component (semi-permeable) and one microporous moisture barriers were selected. The results showed that the evaporative resistance of microporous moisture barrier systems was independent of environmental testing conditions. However, absorbed moisture strongly affected evaporative heat loss through semi-permeable moisture barriers coated with a layer of nonporous hydrophilic polymer. Moisture absorption in mild environment (20–25°C) tests, or when testing at high humidity (>85% RH), significantly increased water vapor transmission in semi-permeable turnout systems. It was also found that environmental conditions used in the total heat loss (THL) test (25°C and 65% RH) produced moisture condensation in bi-component barrier systems, making them appear more breathable than could be expected when worn in hotter environments. Regression models successfully qualified the relationships between moisture uptake levels in semi-permeable barrier systems and evaporative resistance and THL. These findings reveal the limitations in relying on THL, the heat strain index currently called for by the NFPA 1971 Standard for Structural Firefighter personal protective equipment, and supports the need to measure turnout evaporative resistance at 35°C (Ret), in addition to THL at 25°C. }, number={1-2}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, Anthoney Shawn and Fang, Xiaomeng and Watson, Kyle and DenHartog, Emiel A and Barker, Roger}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={219–231} }
 @article{barker_fang_deaton_denhartog_gao_tutterow_schmid_2021, title={Identifying factors that contribute to structural firefighter heat strain in North America}, volume={28}, ISSN={1080-3548 2376-9130}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1987024}, DOI={10.1080/10803548.2021.1987024}, abstractNote={This article describes results from a survey of firefighters designed to identify conditions that contribute to heat strain in structural firefighting. Based on responses from about 3000 firefighters across the USA and Canada, the article provides invaluable information about how firefighters associate environmental conditions, work tasks and other factors with heat strain. One-half of firefighters surveyed have experienced heat stress during their service. They can wear fully deployed turnout gear for 2 h or more at the fire scene, reinforcing the importance of turnout suit breathability as a factor in heat strain. Survey results are useful in weighing the comparative value of total heat loss (THL) and evaporative heat resistance (Ref) for predicting turnout-related heat strain. Survey findings support the inclusion of a performance criterion in the National Fire Protection Association 1971 standard for firefighter personal protective equipment based on limiting Ref of turnout materials along with current THL requirement.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Barker, Roger and Fang, Xiaomeng and Deaton, Shawn and DenHartog, Emiel and Gao, Huipu and Tutterow, Robert and Schmid, Marni}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={2183–2192} }
 @article{luan_west_mccord_denhartog_shi_bettermann_li_travanty_mitchell_cave_et al._2021, title={Mosquito-Textile Physics: A Mathematical Roadmap to Insecticide-Free, Bite-Proof Clothing for Everyday Life}, volume={12}, ISSN={2075-4450}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070636}, DOI={10.3390/insects12070636}, abstractNote={Garments treated with chemical insecticides are commonly used to prevent mosquito bites. Resistance to insecticides, however, is threatening the efficacy of this technology, and people are increasingly concerned about the potential health impacts of wearing insecticide-treated clothing. Here, we report a mathematical model for fabric barriers that resist bites from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes based on textile physical structure and no insecticides. The model was derived from mosquito morphometrics and analysis of mosquito biting behavior. Woven filter fabrics, precision polypropylene plates, and knitted fabrics were used for model validation. Then, based on the model predictions, prototype knitted textiles and garments were developed that prevented mosquito biting, and comfort testing showed the garments to possess superior thermophysiological properties. Our fabrics provided a three-times greater bite resistance than the insecticide-treated cloth. Our predictive model can be used to develop additional textiles in the future for garments that are highly bite resistant to mosquitoes.}, number={7}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Luan, Kun and West, Andre J. and McCord, Marian G. and DenHartog, Emiel A. and Shi, Quan and Bettermann, Isa and Li, Jiayin and Travanty, Nicholas V. and Mitchell, Robert D., III and Cave, Grayson L. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={636} }
 @article{baby_mathur_denhartog_2021, title={Nondestructive Quantitative Evaluation of Yarns and Fabrics and Determination of Contact Area of Fabrics Using the X-ray Microcomputed Tomography System for Skin-Textile Friction Analysis}, volume={13}, ISSN={1944-8244 1944-8252}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18300}, DOI={10.1021/acsami.0c18300}, abstractNote={In different mechanical conditions, repetitive friction in combination with pressure, shear, temperature, and moisture leads to skin discomfort and imposes the risks of developing skin injuries such as blisters and pressure ulcers, frequently reported in athletes, military personnel, and in people with compromised skin conditions and/or immobility. Textiles next to skin govern the skin microclimate, have the potential to influence the mechanical contact with skin, and contribute to skin comfort and health. The adhesion-friction theory suggests that contact area is a critical factor to influence adhesion, and therefore, friction force. Friction being a surface phenomenon, most of the studies concentrated on the surface profile or topographic analysis of textiles. This study investigated both the surface profiles and the inner construction of the fabrics through X-ray microcomputed tomographic three-dimensional image analysis. A novel nondestructive method to evaluate yarn and fabric structural details quantitatively and calculate contact area (in fiber area %) experimentally has been reported in this paper. Plain and satin-woven fabrics with different thread densities and made from 100% cotton ring-spun yarns with two different linear densities (40 and 60 Ne) were investigated in this study. The measurements from the tomographic images (pixel size: 1.13 μm) and the fiber area % analysis were in good agreement to comprehend and compare the yarn and fabric properties reported. The fiber area % as reported in this paper can be used to evaluate the skin-textile interfaces and quantitatively determine the contact area under different physical, mechanical, and microclimatic conditions to understand the actual skin-textile interaction during any physical activity or sports. The proposed method can be helpful in engineering textiles to enhance skin comfort and prevent injuries, such as blisters and pressure ulcers, in diversified application areas, including but not limited to, sports and healthcare apparel, military apparel, and firefighter's protective clothing. In addition, the images were capable of precisely evaluating yarn diameters, crimp %, and packing factor as well as fabric thickness, volumetric densities, and cover factors as compared with those obtained from theoretical evaluation and existing classical test methods. All these findings suggest that the proposed new method can reliably be used to quantify the yarn and fabric characteristics, compare their functionality, and understand the structural impacts in an objective and nondestructive way.}, number={3}, journal={ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Baby, Ruksana and Mathur, Kavita and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={4652–4664} }
 @article{kim_michielsen_denhartog_2021, title={Wicking in textiles at rates comparable to human sweating}, volume={622}, ISSN={0927-7757}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126726}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126726}, abstractNote={To understand liquid transport mechanisms in textiles for thermal comfort, the textile field has developed standard test methods, such as vertical wicking or a droplet test. However, experience has shown that these tests can give contradictory results. Here we try to understand how liquid moves along capillary channels in textiles by simulating realistic human sweating generated from each sweat gland pore. The SWEAT test mimics realistic human sweating by supplying a continuous microfluidic flow to only a single yarn at a single point within the fabric substrate at a similar flow rate to a single sweat gland. We compare the results of typical test methods with either infinite liquid reservoirs or limited, but large amounts of liquid with those of a new test method, the SWEAT test. In the SWEAT test, we found transfer of liquid from one capillary channel to another occurred only at contact points between the yarns and not through the space between yarns. Additionally, we observed a wicking lengthtime superposition: liquid wicked within a single yarn initially, subsequently it spilled over to adjacent yarns, and the initial wicking rate in adjacent yarns was the same as the initial course yarn but with a time offset.}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kim, Hey-sang and Michielsen, Stephen and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={126726} }
 @article{yin_shim_denhartog_2020, title={A Study of Skin Physiology, Sensation and Friction of Nonwoven Fabrics Used in Absorbent Hygiene Products in Neutral and Warm Environments}, volume={24}, ISSN={2352-5738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotri.2020.100149}, DOI={10.1016/j.biotri.2020.100149}, abstractNote={Absorbent hygiene products like diapers, feminine hygiene, and wet wipes are life necessities. These products commonly use nonwoven fabrics as the layer that is in contact with the skin. Their performance in terms of skin health and comfort is receiving increased attention because of the existence of concerns for skin health issues such as skin irritation and dermatitis, and the large influence of skin sensation on individuals' preference. Friction is usually recognized as an important factor for skin comfort and dermatitis issues, but there is a lack of understanding of the relationship between friction and skin physiology, skin sensation, in the use of absorbent hygiene products. This study reports a measurement of friction in vivo with the evaluation of skin physiology and sensation in neutral and warm environments to explore the effects of fabric and friction on skin comfort. Friction tests between the volar forearm and nonwoven fabrics were conducted with the measurement of transepidermal water loss, skin redness, and the evaluation of subjective skin sensation. The interaction between skin and eight nonwoven fabrics with a surface roughness (arithmetic mean height) between 3 μm and 20 μm was evaluated in neutral (22 °C) and warm (35 °C) environments. Skin physiological changes after friction were able to be detected quantitatively by the transepidermal water loss and skin redness measurement. In the warm environment, there was significantly higher friction, less pleasantness, more changes in transepidermal water loss but not in skin redness. The friction can only relate to skin physiology and sensation in the neutral environment while the surface roughness of fabrics related to them in both neutral and warm environments. Both rough and smooth fabrics caused high friction in the warm environment, but the rough fabric caused a higher adverse impact on skin physiology and sensation than smooth fabrics that suggested the adhesion and deformation friction could have different effects on skin comfort. Deformation friction is more likely to have effects on skin physiology and pleasantness sensation than adhesion friction. The pleasantness sensation has a negative relationship with skin physiology. A more unpleasant sensation can indicate more impact on skin physiology. This provides a potential that the unpleasant sensation can be a precaution signal for the adverse effects on skin physiology.}, journal={Biotribology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Yin, Lanjun and Shim, Eunkyoung and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={100149} }
 @article{smith_wustrow_root_collier_denhartog_sui_vinueza_2020, title={Effect Of Skin Temperature On Dermal Absorption Of Anthracene}, volume={52}, ISSN={1530-0315 0195-9131}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000676868.79055.22}, DOI={10.1249/01.mss.0000676868.79055.22}, abstractNote={Exposure to a variety of ubiquitous pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), occurs during daily exposure to vehicular exhaust fumes, smoking, grilling, and in many occupations, including firefighting. Dermal absorption of potential carcinogens has received limited attention compared to respiratory routes due to the challenges with measurement in vivo. PURPOSE: Our aims were 1) establish the efficacy of microdialysis (MD) as a sampling technique for dermal absorption of PAHs and 2) determine the effect of skin temperature on dermal absorption of the non-carcinogenic PAH, anthracene (ANT). METHODS: Two MD fibers were inserted into the ventral forearm of 6 healthy participants (32 ± 5 yrs, 5 male, 1 female) and perfused with lactated Ringers and 10% 2-hyroxypropyl-βcyclodextrin at a rate of 1 μl/min. 2% ANT cream was applied over each site, dialysate samples were collected and skin blood flow (SkBF) measured at a locally heated (HT, 43°C) and thermoneutral (TN, 33°C) site. The concentration of ANT from dialysate samples were measured via targeted tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Dialysate ANT concentration was similar between the HT and TN sites (2.9 ± 0.4 vs. 3.5 ± 0.4 ppm, P=0.26). Absolute SkBF was significantly higher at the HT versus TN site (35.7 ± 11.8 and 7.2 ± 1.0 CVC, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide support for MD as a sampling technique for dermal absorption of PAHs. Despite similar ANT concentrations between sites, dermal absorption and sampling can be modulated by multiple factors. Further research is required to elucidate the influence of skin temperature versus clearance on dermal absorption of ANT and other PAHs. This has important implications for understanding dermal absorption of potentially carcinogenic compounds in occupational workers and the general poulation.}, number={7S}, journal={Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Smith, Caroline J. and Wustrow, Killian D. and Root, Martin R. and Collier, Scott R. and DenHartog, Emiel A. and Sui, Xinyi and Vinueza, Nelson R.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={300–300} }
 @inbook{deaton_watson_denhartog_barker_2020, title={Effectiveness of Using a Thermal Sweating Manikin Coupled with a Thermoregulation Model to Predict Human Physiological Response to Different Firefighter Turnout Suits}, url={https://doi.org/10.1520/STP162420190077}, DOI={10.1520/STP162420190077}, abstractNote={Manikins have been used for almost 100 years to help understand the properties of clothing materials and garments. Data from sweating manikins also have been used within thermoregulation computer models to estimate the physiological responses of humans. In recent years, the development of the ManikinPC system has incorporated a thermoregulation model into a thermal sweating manikin system to provide a real-time analysis of predicted physiological response. This paper describes an experimental study that demonstrates the utility of this manikin-model system to predict the effects of three composite materials used in firefighter suits on human physiological response. This study addresses this question: Can ManikinPC emulate the physiological response of a controlled wear trial using three different sets of firefighter turnout gear in one environmental condition? The average core temperature, skin temperature, and sweat loss from human subjects are compared with the predicted values generated from the manikin coupled with the model. Results indicate similar trends and ranking of the three suits. The data revealed slightly higher predictive responses from the manikin-model system compared with the collected human data.}, author={Deaton, A. Shawn and Watson, Kyle and DenHartog, Emiel A. and Barker, Roger L.}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @inbook{denhartog_fang_deaton_2020, title={Effects of Total Heat Loss versus Evaporative Resistance of Firefighter Garments in a Physiological Heat Strain Trial}, url={https://doi.org/10.1520/STP162420190075}, DOI={10.1520/STP162420190075}, author={DenHartog, Emiel A. and Fang, Xiaomeng and Deaton, A. Shawn}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kim_michielsen_denhartog_2020, title={New wicking measurement system to mimic human sweating phenomena with continuous microfluidic flow}, volume={55}, ISSN={0022-2461 1573-4803}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04543-4}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-020-04543-4}, number={18}, journal={Journal of Materials Science}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kim, Hey-sang and Michielsen, Stephen and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={7816–7832} }
 @article{baby_mathur_denhartog_2020, title={Skin-textiles friction: importance and prospects in skin comfort and in healthcare in prevention of skin injuries}, volume={112}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2020.1827582}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2020.1827582}, abstractNote={Abstract Frictional characteristics of textiles play a big role in skin comfort and health, and in the development of friction related skin injuries such as tissue deformation, skin damage, decubitus ulcers or pressure ulcers and friction blisters, especially in people with compromised skin conditions and/or immobility. All these skin injuries cause severe pain and can be life threatening. This review paper is focused on decubitus, and how friction from textiles contribute to both skin comfort, and in the formation or prevention of skin injuries such as decubitus. More than 2.5 million individuals develop decubitus annually that costs the US healthcare system $9.1-11.6 billion per year due to increased health care utilization. There’s been a significant amount of research on decubitus alone, unfortunately the role of textiles in formation and prevention of decubitus is yet understudied. This review provided an understanding of the importance of friction in textiles and skin, and factors influencing friction on respective surfaces. Along with demonstrating the mechanism of decubitus ulcer formation and some recent commendable work from textiles point of view, few critical research questions and suggestions for future work have also been provided.}, number={9}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Baby, Ruksana and Mathur, Kavita and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={1514–1530} }
 @article{luan_west_denhartog_mccord_2019, title={Auxetic deformation of the weft-knitted Miura-ori fold}, volume={90}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519877468}, DOI={10.1177/0040517519877468}, abstractNote={ Negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) material with unique geometry is rare in nature and has an auxetic response under strain in a specific direction. With this unique property, this type of material is significantly promising in many specific application fields. The curling structure commonly exists in knitted products due to the unbalanced force inside a knit loop. Thus, knitted fabric is an ideal candidate to mimic natural NPR materials, since it possesses such an inherent curly configuration and the flexibility to design and process. In this work, a weft-knitted Miura-ori fold (WMF) fabric was produced that creates a self-folding three-dimensional structure with NPR performance. Also, a finite element analysis model was developed to simulate the structural auxetic response to understand the deformation mechanism of hierarchical thread-based auxetic fabrics. The simulated strain–force curves of four WMF fabrics quantitatively agree with our experimental results. The auxetic morphologies, Poisson’s ratio and damping capacity were discussed, revealing the deformation mechanism of the WMF fabrics. This study thus provides a fundamental framework for mechanical-stimulating textiles. The developed NPR knitted fabrics have a high potential to be employed in areas of tissue engineering, such as artificial blood vessels and artificial folding mucosa. }, number={5-6}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Luan, Kun and West, Andre and DenHartog, Emiel and McCord, Marian}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={617–630} }
 @article{denhartog_2019, title={Exertional Strain and Task Performance Consequences of a Reduction in Protection in Structural Fire Fighter PPE - A Pilot Study}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1530-0315"]}, DOI={10.1249/01.mss.0000562771.32308.7d}, abstractNote={PURPOSE: A major concern for working in structural firefighter PPE is the heat strain that is caused by the heat protection it provides. This is a multi-faceted challenge that requires studying heat protection, firefighter strain and task performance. To initialize this a pilot study on the consequences of reducing firefighter heat and flame protection on thermal strain, task performance and overall experiences of user safety was conducted at a firefighter training facility in The Netherlands. METHODS: Ten experienced firefighters between the ages of 25 and 50 participated in a protocol approved by the local ethical committee. They performed a simulated rescue of two dummies in a small kitchen fire in a current structural firefighters garment (S) and in a one layer FR coverall with Reduced protection (R), both with full safety gear, including SCBA. Measurements were conducted on heart rate, skin temperatures (4 sites), core temperature, task performance (speed, rescue result), mood and comfort sensations. RESULTS: In all conditions all firefighters were able to execute the rescue in the R-gear as well as in the S-gear with no differences in time, on average 8.5 min. There were significant reductions in heart rate in the R-gear versus the S-gear (p=0.02) and in core temperature increase: 1.69 (0.80 C/hr) in R-gear versus 2.52 (1.20) C/hr in S-gear (p=0.04). Mean skin temperature was slightly higher in the R-gear, possibly due to the reduction in protection (35.1C (R) versus 34.3C (S), p=0.009). But it did not reach dangerous levels, none of the maximum skin temperatures was higher than 37C. Comfort and strain ratings were lower in the R-gear, but there was an increase in the R-gear just prior to entering the room with the fire. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study addressed multiple aspects of the balance strain, protection and performance, all crucial to ensure safety and health for structural firefighters. The results showed that a small fire scenario could be addressed by the gear as effectively as the current gear, which was unexpected. The R-gear is expected to further reduce strain in most of the firefighter day-to-day work activities. The results also indicated that experienced firefighters would need to build confidence in the activities that can be executed safely in this clothing.}, number={6}, journal={MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE}, author={DenHartog, Emiel A.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={762–762} }
 @article{halbkat_luan_cave_mccord_roe_denhartog_travanty_apperson_west_2019, title={Fabric infused with a botanical repellent for protection against mosquitoes}, volume={110}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2019.1603576}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2019.1603576}, abstractNote={Abstract Mosquito resistant apparel has become increasingly sought-after due to the rise in vector-borne illnesses such as the Zika Virus, Malaria, and Dengue Fever. Botanical insect repellents have been introduced to the market for consumers that desire a natural solution involving no pesticides or added chemicals. Fabric swatches consisting of 80% nylon and 20% elastane were separately treated with an organic repellent using a patented nonwoven vessel. The fabrics were then tested for effectiveness in repelling the mosquito Aedes aegypti using an arm-in-cage assay, the most commonly used method for mosquito repellents. The repellents were also evaluated and rated by study participants according to their preference for the appeal of the scent. The treatment method is user-friendly, enabling consumers to treat their clothing with an organic insect repellent as opposed to applying a synthetic chemical to their clothing and skin. The infused fabrics showed to be effective at repelling mosquitoes for up to 8 h after repellent infusion.}, number={10}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Halbkat, Lilah and Luan, Kun and Cave, Grayson and McCord, Marian and Roe, Michael and DenHartog, Emiel and Travanty, Nicholas J. and Apperson, Charles S. and West, Andre J.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={1468–1474} }
 @article{cannon_denhartog_2019, title={Quantitative evaluation of mattresses using a thermal seat tester}, volume={110}, ISBN={1754-2340}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2019.1598315}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2019.1598315}, abstractNote={Abstract Mattresses have the ability to deliver different degrees of thermal comfort to users. However, there is no current standardized test method for assessing the thermal comfort of mattresses. In efforts to create such a test method, the following research utilized an inverted thermal hotplate heated to 35 °C that was placed on three different mattresses at three testing temperatures. The three types of mattresses tested were innerspring, foam, and foam with phase change materials (PCMs). By analyzing surface temperature, heat flux generated, thermal resistance, and the time required to reach steady state thermal resistance, differences in the thermal properties of the mattresses were found in the short term (initial 30 min) and in the long term. The data showed very good repeatability and significant differences between the very different mattresses. The inverted hot plate served as a reliable tool to assess thermal differences between mattresses in the dry state.}, number={9}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Cannon, Forrest R. and DenHartog, Emiel A.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={1352–1358} }
 @article{oswald_denhartog_2019, title={Transient heat loss analysis of fabrics using a dynamic sweating guarded hot plate protocol}, volume={90}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519888257}, DOI={10.1177/0040517519888257}, abstractNote={ Moisture management is important for the human comfort of clothing, especially while perspiring. Ideally, the fabric chosen for a garment enables moisture to migrate away from the skin surface, facilitating the liquid to be evaporated into the surrounding environment, which causes a cooling sensation for the wearer. This process is influenced by factors such as fiber type, fabric construction, and fabric treatments, all of which impact the resulting wicking and moisture management properties of the fabric. This research explored the heat loss associated with combined water absorption, wicking, and evaporative cooling during wetting of fabrics. A dynamic sweating guarded hot plate was used to measure transitional heat loss as water was introduced at a steady rate over a 65-minute testing period. The results on a cotton and polyester blend fabric as well as a wool fabric indicated that the liquid water absorption and transport processes significantly influence heat loss properties during this transition. However, the results also show novel aspects in the efficiency of cooling associated with the wicking of sweat and different stages of wetting of fabrics leading to different cooling power. Furthermore, this method raises questions as to whether current sweating guarded hot plate technologies are an appropriate representation of human sweat production or that the scalability of sweat production per unit area is limited. This developed testing method can be successful in quantifying the differences in transitional heat loss and will enable testing of fabrics for comfort in changing conditions. }, number={9-10}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Oswald, Courtney and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1130–1140} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2018, title={Analysis of air gap volume in structural firefighter turnout suit constructions in relation to heat loss}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85045086810&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0040517517723024}, abstractNote={ Air layers in multi-layer firefighter clothing ensembles resist heat transfer from the body to the environment. By reducing the volume of air between clothing layers, heat loss may be improved throughout the multi-layer firefighter turnout suit clothing system, potentially leading to reduced heat strain for the wearer. This research utilized a systems-level approach to the methodology in order to measure the effects of fabric properties and garment air gap dimensions on clothing system heat loss through specially configured turnout suit constructions. One experimental configuration incorporated a tight fitting stretchable moisture barrier garment. Another construction used thermal knit underwear to represent a closer fitting thermal liner. Air gap surface area, volume, and thickness were estimated using three-dimensional body scanning. This study showed the significant impact of fabric air permeability and clothing air gap volume on heat loss through structural firefighter suits. Tested individually, the tighter fitting moisture barrier construction permitted greater heat loss in comparison to the traditional fit moisture barrier. Heat loss differences associated with moisture barrier fit were not observed when the moisture barriers were configured in the three-layer turnout clothing system. This research showed that microclimate air gap volume is strongly correlated with total heat loss. It confirmed the significant impact of clothing air layers on heat loss through firefighter turnout systems. }, number={21}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={2475–2484} }
 @article{mcquerry_barker_denhartog_2018, title={Functional Design and Evaluation of Structural Firefighter Turnout Suits for Improved Thermal Comfort: Thermal Manikin and Physiological Modeling}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1940-2473"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85041928868&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0887302x18757348}, abstractNote={ Structural firefighter prototype designs incorporating ventilation, stretch, and modularity were developed following Watkins’ functional design process. Prototypes were designed and manufactured, including single-layer, vented, stretch, and combination prototypes. Prototype garments were evaluated for improved thermal comfort and heat loss using sweating thermal manikin assessments in two conditions: static (standing still with no wind) and dynamic (walking with wind). Raw thermal and evaporative resistance data from the manikin testing were input into a thermal modeling software system (RadTherm®) and physiological responses (core temperature, skin temperature, and sweat rate) were predicted for each prototype. A significant improvement in heat loss was measured when ventilation openings and modularity were added to the design of the clothing system. The single-layer, vented, and combination prototypes also had significantly lower increases in predicted physiological responses. }, number={3}, journal={CLOTHING AND TEXTILES RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and Barker, Roger and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={165–179} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2018, title={Impact of reinforcements on heat stress in structural firefighter turnout suits}, volume={109}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2018.1423881}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2018.1423881}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of additional textile layer reinforcements on garment heat loss and the physiological comfort of the firefighter. Four structural firefighter turnouts with varying levels of ‘bulk’ were assessed. A base composite analysis was conducted and each suit was evaluated for thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and overall total heat loss (THL) on a sweating thermal manikin. Raw resistance data were then modeled to predict the physiological responses of firefighters for each turnout suit. Base composite percentages were compared to the heat loss values and predicted physiological responses. The Light Weight suit along with the Control, demonstrated the greatest heat loss values and lowest rise in predicted core temperature. Overall, results depicted the harmful impact that bulky reinforcements may have on wearer physiological comfort as the Heavy Duty suit had significantly lower heat loss and a potentially fatal maximum predicted core temperature.}, number={10}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={1367–1373} }
 @article{mcquerry_barker_denhartog_2018, title={Relationship between novel design modifications and heat stress relief in structural firefighters' protective clothing}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85044162826&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2018.03.004}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to investigate design modifications in structural firefighter turnout suits for their ability to reduce heat stress during firefighting activities. A secondary aim of this research established a benchmark for the manikin heat loss value necessary to achieve significant improvements in physiological comfort. Eight professional firefighters participated in five simulated exercise sessions wearing a control turnout suit and one of four turnout prototypes: Single Layer, Vented, Stretch, and Revolutionary. Physiological responses (internal core body temperature, skin temperature, physiological strain, heart rate, and sweat loss) were measured when wearing each turnout suit prototype. Results demonstrated a significant increase in work time and significant reductions in heat stress (core temperature, skin temperature, and physiological strain) when participants wore the Single Layer, Vented, and Revolutionary prototypes. An estimated garment heat loss value of 150 W/m2 was determined in order to achieve a significant reduction in heat stress.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and Barker, Roger and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={260–268} }
 @article{sun_denhartog_zhang_mccord_2018, title={Study of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted cotton fabrics initiated by atmospheric pressure plasma}, volume={453}, ISSN={["1873-5584"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047156232&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.05.056}, abstractNote={There is a significant interest in developing environmentally responsive or stimuli-responsive smart materials. In this paper, the thermo-responsiveness of cotton fabrics treated by helium atmospheric pressure plasma was investigated. Thermo-responsive cotton fabrics were prepared by grafting poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) on their surfaces using atmospheric plasma. The thermoregulation properties under different environmental temperatures have been evaluated via thermal imaging analysis, comfort test and SEM. The grafting of PNIPAM on cotton fabrics was verified via ATR-FTIR, XPS, and ToF-SIMS. The analysis results indicate that cotton fabrics with PNIPAM treatments possess thermo-responsiveness when wetted. It was found that fabrics with plasma-initiated PNIPAM treatments have higher heat transfer coefficient above 32 °C and lower heat transfer coefficient below 32 °C than untreated fabrics. The heat transfer coefficient of a PNIPAM grafted cotton has a 10% difference from that of an untreated cotton at temperatures above and below LCST.}, journal={APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sun, Xiaohang and DenHartog, Emiel and Zhang, Xiangwu and McCord, Marian}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={182–191} }
 @article{bogerd_langenberg_denhartog_2017, title={A Novel Adjustable Concept for Permeable Gas/Vapor Protective Clothing: Balancing Protection and Thermal Strain}, volume={62}, ISSN={2398-7308 2398-7316}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxx101}, DOI={10.1093/annweh/wxx101}, abstractNote={Armed forces typically have personal protective clothing (PPC) in place to offer protection against chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) agents. The regular soldier is equipped with permeable CBRN-PPC. However, depending on the operational task, these PPCs pose too much thermal strain to the wearer, which results in a higher risk of uncompensable heat stress. This study investigates the possibilities of adjustable CBRN-PPC, consisting of different layers that can be worn separately or in combination with each other. This novel concept aims to achieve optimization between protection and thermal strain during operations. Two CBRN-PPC (protective) layers were obtained from two separate manufacturers: (i) a next-to-skin (NTS) and (ii) a low-burden battle dress uniform (protective BDU). In addition to these layers, a standard (non-CBRN protective) BDU (sBDU) was also made available. The effect of combining clothing layers on the levels of protection were investigated with a Man-In-Simulant Test. Finally, a mechanistic numerical model was employed to give insight into the thermal burden of the evaluated CBRN-PPC concepts. Combining layers results in substantially higher protection that is more than the sum of the individual layers. Reducing the airflow on the protective layer closest to the skin seems to play an important role in this, since combining the NTS with the sBDU also resulted in substantially higher protection. As expected, the thermal strain posed by the different clothing layer combinations decreases as the level of protection decreases. This study has shown that the concept of adjustable protection and thermal strain through multiple layers of CBRN-PPC works. Adjustable CBRN-PPC allows for optimization of the CBRN-PPC in relation to the threat level, thermal environment, and tasks at hand in an operational setting.}, number={2}, journal={Annals of Work Exposures and Health}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bogerd, Cornelis Peter and Langenberg, Johannes Pieter and DenHartog, Emiel A}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={232–242} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2017, title={Effect of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) on Heat Loss in Structural Firefighter Turnout Suits}, volume={4}, ISSN={2330-5517}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.4.5.1}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.4.5.1}, abstractNote={The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of firefighter's self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) on heat loss through clothing ventilation openings in structural firefighter turnout suits. Passive and active ventilation openings were fabricated into structural turnout suits and tested with and without the SCBA to determine the effect on clothing ventilation. Turnout suits were evaluated under two test conditions on a sweating manikin to measure thermal and evaporative resistance. A predicted total heat loss (THL) value was calculated for each suit and compared to a control turnout without ventilation openings. A significant improvement in heat loss was measured when the SCBA harness, mask, and thermal hood were removed from the structural ensemble. Results showed the SCBA harness significantly decreased heat loss in firefighter turnouts.}, number={5}, journal={AATCC Journal of Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{rubenstein_denhartog_deaton_bogerd_dekant_2017, title={Fluid replacement advice during work in fully encapsulated impermeable chemical protective suits}, volume={14}, ISSN={1545-9624 1545-9632}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2017.1296230}, DOI={10.1080/15459624.2017.1296230}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A major concern for responders to hazardous materials (HazMat) incidents is the heat strain that is caused by fully encapsulated impermeable chemical protective suits. In a research project, funded by the US Department of Defense, the thermal strain experienced when wearing these suits was studied. One particular area of interest was the fluid loss of responders during work in these suits as dehydration may be an additional health concern to the heat strain. 17 City of Raleigh firemen and 24 students were tested at two different labs. Subjects between the ages of 25 and 51 were used for human subject trials in a protocol approved by the local ethical committee. Six different Level A HazMat suits were evaluated in three climates: moderate (24°C, 50% RH, 20°C WBGT), warm-wet (32°C, 60% RH, 30°C WBGT), and hot-dry (45°C, 20% RH, 37°C WBGT, 200 W/m2 radiant load) and at three walking speeds: 2.5 km/hr, 4 km/hr, and 5.5 km/hr. 4 km/hr was tested in all three climates and the other two walking speeds were tested in the moderate climate. Weight loss data was collected to determine fluid loss during these experiments. Working time ranged from as low as 20 min in the hot-dry condition to 60 min (the maximum) in the moderate climate, especially common at the lowest walking speed. The overall results from all experiments showed that fluid loss ranged from 0.2–2.2 L during these exposures, with the average fluid loss being 0.8 L, with 56% of the data between 0.5 L and 1 L of fluid loss. Further analysis showed that a suggestion of drinking 0.7 Liter per hour would safely hydrate over 50% of responders after one work-rest cycle. Applying this fluid volume over three work-rest cycles only put 11% of responders at risk of hypohydration vs. the 57% at risk with no fluid intake.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Rubenstein, Candace D. and DenHartog, Emiel A. and Deaton, A. Shawn and Bogerd, Cornelis P. and DeKant, Saskia}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={448–455} }
 @article{heus_denhartog_2017, title={Maximum allowable exposure to different heat radiation levels in three types of heat protective clothing}, volume={55}, ISSN={0019-8366 1880-8026}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0137}, DOI={10.2486/indhealth.2017-0137}, abstractNote={To determine safe working conditions in emergency situations at petro-chemical plants in the Netherlands a study was performed on three protective clothing combinations (operator’s, firefighter’s and aluminized). The clothing was evaluated at four different heat radiation levels (3.0, 4.6, 6.3 and 10.0 k∙W∙m−2) in standing and walking posture with a thermal manikin RadMan™. Time till pain threshold (43°C) is set as a cut-off criterion for regular activities. Operator’s clothing did not fulfil requirements to serve as protective clothing for necessary activities at heat radiation levels above 1.5 k∙W∙m−2 as was stated earlier by Den Hartog and Heus1). With firefighter’s clothing it was possible to work almost three min up to 4.6 k∙W∙m−2. At higher heat radiation levels firefighter’s clothing gave insufficient protection and aluminized clothing should be used. Maximum working times in aluminized clothing at 6.3 k∙W∙m−2 was about five min. At levels of 10.0 k∙W∙m−2 (emergency conditions) emergency responders should move immediately to lower heat radiation levels.}, number={6}, journal={Industrial Health}, publisher={National Institute of Industrial Health}, author={Heus, Ronald and Denhartog, Emiel A.}, year={2017}, pages={529–536} }
 @article{ciesielska-wróbel_denhartog_barker_2017, title={The influence of designs of protective uniforms on firefighters’ performance during moderate physical exercises}, volume={88}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517715084}, DOI={10.1177/0040517517715084}, abstractNote={ The aim of this study was to verify whether the minor differences in the design of uniforms and their fit can be quantified in terms of their impact on firefighters’ cardiorespiratory parameters and subjective perception of these uniforms. The impact of minor design improvements compared to the existing designs of personal protective clothing (PPC) is still relatively difficult to quantify due to the lack of sensitive devices used in smart measuring methodologies; however, the perception of these slight differences is reported by PPC users. The impact of these design differences in PPC on firefighters was studied via physiological tests based on occupation-related activities in which cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored and three-dimensional (3D) silhouette scanning was performed on the firefighters. Apart from heart rate (beats/min), none of the other measured physiological parameters, for example, oxygen consumption (VO2, ml/min) demonstrated statistically significant differences when firefighters were testing uniforms: ergonomic (ER), standard (ST), bulky (BU), and reference outfit (RO), the latter being T-shirt and shorts. A statistically significant correlation was found between parameters measured via 3D body scanning and selected cross-sections of the silhouettes as well as subjective assessments of easiness of specific movement performance during the physiological test and assessment of bulkiness of the uniforms. There is a limited influence of the minor design differences between firefighters’ uniforms on the selected physiological parameters of the subjects wearing them. The outcome of the study can be utilized when performing the test on subjects and improving designs of PPC. }, number={17}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Ciesielska-Wróbel, Izabela and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1979–1991} }
 @article{denhartog_rubenstein_deaton_bogerd_2017, title={Variability in Heat Strain in Fully Encapsulated Impermeable Suits in Different Climates and at Different Work Loads}, volume={61}, ISSN={["2398-7316"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85033466174&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1093/annweh/wxw019}, abstractNote={A major concern for responders to hazardous materials (HazMat) incidents is the heat strain that is caused by fully encapsulated impermeable (NFPA 1991) suits. In a research project, funded by the US Department of Defense, the thermal strain experienced when wearing these suits was studied. Forty human subjects between the ages of 25 and 50 participated in a protocol approved by the local ethical committee. Six different fully encapsulated impermeable HazMat suits were evaluated in three climates: moderate (24°C, 50% RH, 20°C WBGT), warm-wet (32°C, 60% RH, 30°C WBGT), and hot-dry (45°C, 20% RH, 37°C WBGT, 200 W m-2 radiant load) and at three walking speeds: 2.5, 4, and 5.5 km h-1. The medium speed, 4 km h-1, was tested in all three climates and the other two walking speeds were only tested in the moderate climate. Prior to the test a submaximal exercise test in normal clothing was performed to determine a relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption (pretest). In total, 163 exposures were measured. Tolerance time ranged from as low as 20 min in the hot-dry condition to 60 min (the maximum) in the moderate climate, especially common at the lowest walking speed. Between the six difference suits limited differences were found, a two-layered aluminized suit exhibited significant shorter tolerance times in the moderate climate, but no other major significant differences were found for the other climates or workloads. An important characteristic of the overall dataset is the large variability between the subjects. Although the average responses seem suitable to be predicted, the variability in the warmer strain conditions ranged from 20 min up to 60 min. The work load in these encapsulated impermeable suits was also significantly higher than working in normal clothing and higher than predicted by the Pandolf equation. Heart rate showed a very strong correlation to body core temperature and was in many cases the limiting factor. Setting the heart rate maximum at 80% of predicted individual maximum (age based) would have prevented 95% of the cases with excessive heat strain. Monitoring of heart rate under operational conditions would further allow individually optimize working times and help in preventing exertional heat stroke.}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF WORK EXPOSURES AND HEALTH}, author={DenHartog, Emiel A. and Rubenstein, Candace D. and Deaton, A. Shawn and Bogerd, Cornelis Peter}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={248–259} }
 @article{denhartog_rubenstein_deaton_bogerd_2017, title={Variability in heat strain in fully encapsulated impermeable suits in different climates and at different work loads (vol 61, pg 248, 2017)}, volume={61}, number={2}, journal={Annals of Work Exposures and Health}, author={DenHartog, E. A. and Rubenstein, C. D. and Deaton, A. S. and Bogerd, C. P.}, year={2017}, pages={267–267} }
 @article{denhartog_2017, title={Variability in human responses when working in chemical protective impermeable suits}, volume={49}, DOI={10.1249/01.mss.0000518304.79717.f8}, abstractNote={PURPOSE: A major concern for responders to hazardous materials (HazMat) incidents is the heat strain that is caused by impermeable (NFPA1991) suits. In a research project, funded by the US Department of Defense, the thermal strain experienced when wearing these suits was studied. One area of interest was determining whether individual or anthropometric factors of age and body mass index could be predictors for individual physiological responses to allow more accurate predictions of work time in HazMat suits. METHODS: 40 subjects between the ages of 25 and 50 participated in a protocol approved by the local ethical committee. Six different fully encapsulated impermeable HazMat suits were evaluated in three climates: moderate (24°C, 50% RH, 20°C WBGT), warm-wet (32°C, 60% RH, 30°C WBGT), and hot-dry (45°C, 20% RH, 37°C WBGT, 200 W/m2 radiant load) and at three walking speeds: 2.5 km/hr, 4 km/hr, and 5.5 km/hr. The medium speed, 4 km/hr, was tested in all three climates and the other two walking speeds were only tested in the moderate climate. Prior to the test a submaximal exercise test in normal clothing was performed to determine a relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption (Pre-Test). RESULTS: In total 163 exposures were measured. Tolerance time ranged from as low as 20 minutes in the hot-dry condition to 60 minutes (the maximum) in the moderate climate, especially common at the lowest walking speed. An important aspect of the dataset was the large variability between the subjects. Although the average responses seemed predictable, the variability in the high strain conditions ranged from 20 minutes up to 60 minutes. Individual characteristics showed very limited power in predicting individual tolerance times; only age versus final heart rate and the pre-test versus tolerance time showed a significant correlation with tolerance time (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Individual variability was much larger than expected, partly due to the inhomogeneous groups used in these experiments. Furthermore, rather than maximum core temperature reaching maximum heart rate was the most important reason for terminating the work. The data show the importance of individual monitoring for these high thermal and physiological strain exposure in the work place.}, number={5}, journal={Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise}, author={DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2017}, pages={510–510} }
 @misc{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_hummel_2016, title={Alternative Methodologies for Determining the Impact of Clothing Ventilation in Structural Firefighter Turnout Suits}, volume={1593}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7631-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/STP159320160003}, DOI={10.1520/stp159320160003}, journal={Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: 10<sup>th</sup>Volume, Risk Reduction Through Research and Testing}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger and Hummel, Alex}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={313–330} }
 @article{ormond_denhartog_2016, title={Effect of Clothing Layers on Mass Transfer of Methyl Salicylate Vapor Through CBRN Materials in a Cylinder Test}, volume={45}, ISSN={0090-3973}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JTE20150491}, DOI={10.1520/jte20150491}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Ormond, R. B. and DenHartog, E. A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={20150491} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2016, title={Evaluating turnout composite layering strategies for reducing thermal burden in structural firefighter protective clothing systems}, volume={87}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516651101}, DOI={10.1177/0040517516651101}, abstractNote={ A modular approach for arranging the component layers used in the construction of structural firefighter turnout garments is explored as a strategy for reducing the thermal burden contributed by these protective garments to firefighter heat stress. An instrumented sweating manikin was used to measure the insulation, evaporative resistance and total heat loss through turnout systems configured to represent different layering strategies. The outer shell, moisture barrier and thermal liner layers of the structural turnout base composite were tested individually to determine each layer's thermal insulation and evaporative resistance. Multiple two- and three-layer combinations were analyzed for their application in specific working conditions. This study demonstrates that the moisture barrier layer contributes the most resistance to evaporative heat loss through the turnout system, while dry heat loss is most restricted by the thermal liner component. Removal of a single inner liner layer was equally beneficial for heat loss, regardless of material properties. It shows the potential benefit of turnout design strategy that utilizes a modular or adaptive layering approach to reduce turnout-related heat strain in conditions consistent with fire protection. }, number={10}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1217–1225} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2016, title={Garment Ventilation Strategies for Improving Heat Loss in Structural Firefighter Clothing Ensembles}, volume={3}, ISSN={2330-5517}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.3.3.2}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.3.3.2}, abstractNote={The purpose of this research was to evaluate clothing ventilation designs for their ability to reduce heat stress incurred during firefighting activities. Ventilation applications were implemented on structural turnout suits, including both active and passive systems, to determine the benefit of ventilation towards heat loss. A total of five different designs were evaluated on a sweating manikin for thermal and evaporative resistance. From these measurements, a predicted total heat loss (THL) was calculated for each design and compared back to a control suit with no ventilation. A significant improvement in heat loss was measured, specifically, with the maximum open ventilation design. Overall, ventilation designs in structural firefighter turnout gear showed a statistically significant increase in heat loss improvement for the wearer.}, number={3}, journal={AATCC Journal of Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={9–14} }
 @article{ciesielska-wróbel_denhartog_barker_2016, title={Measuring the effects of structural turnout suits on firefighter range of motion and comfort}, volume={60}, ISSN={0014-0139 1366-5847}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1229044}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2016.1229044}, abstractNote={Abstract Range of motion (ROM) can be restricted by wearing stiff and bulky clothing. This is particularly true of firefighter suits that are constructed using fabric layers to provide thermal protection from fire. This study developed an evaluation technique to quantify the loss of mobility associated with wearing firefighters’ protective suits that were deliberately selected to represent similar ergonomic design features. The ROM of 10 firefighters was measured using electro-goniometers attached to their bodies while they wore uniforms and a reference outfit, and performed specific movements. The most restrictive uniform is the Bulky suit that contained additional layers of materials in sleeves and on the knees. The Traditional Suit was more ROM restrictive than Ergonomic. The subjective evaluation of suits supported the objective assessments provided by the electro-goniometers. A 3-D body scanning technique was employed to establish a correlation between the bulkiness of firefighter outfits and subject ROM. Practitioner Summary: This study presents a methodology for measurements of range of motion (ROM) in firefighters wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Even small differences in designs of PPE may impact firefighters’ ROM, which can be detected by electro-goniometers providing measurements if they are attached along the joint to measure limb angular movement.}, number={7}, journal={Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Ciesielska-Wróbel, Izabela and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={997–1007} }
 @article{denhartog_koerhuis_2016, title={Mutual interaction effects between discomfort and cognitive task performance in clothing systems}, volume={108}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.1179089}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2016.1179089}, abstractNote={Abstract The focus of this study was to establish a relationship between physical discomfort and performance. Eleven healthy male subjects participated in this pilot study. The subjects performed a 2-h protocol without and with significant thermal and mechanical discomfort. Various cognitive tasks were executed repeatedly during the protocol to evaluate cognitive performance on memory, tracking, and vigilance tasks. Prior and after each task, subjective comfort scores were asked and objective task performance was measured. Mechanical and/or thermal discomfort only minimally influenced the overall scores for comfort. The only significant change in objective performance was a 2% increase in percentage missed stimuli during thermal discomfort. The type of task did influence the change in comfort scores, increasing the scores during the attention and memory task and decreasing during the vigilance and tracking task and fine motor tasks. Surprisingly, not discomfort, but the type of task mainly influenced the changes in comfort, discomfort became worse (increased) during easy, less challenging tasks.}, number={5}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={DenHartog, Emiel A. and Koerhuis, Claudy L.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={664–673} }
 @article{martin_meade_berk_heinrichs_siegel_dumortier_galli_damour_sanial_berchtold_et al._2016, title={North America beckons the industry in early May}, volume={25}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84996490457&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Technical Textiles International}, author={Martin, K. and Meade, K. and Berk, C. and Heinrichs, K. and Siegel, P. and Dumortier, T. and Galli, P. and Damour, A. and Sanial, P. and Berchtold, C. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={21–34} }
 @inproceedings{den hartog_2016, title={Selection of tests to evaluate performance of novel moisture management finishes and fabrics}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84983365421&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={AATCC 2016 - 2016 AATCC International Conference Proceedings}, author={Den Hartog, E.}, year={2016}, pages={441–447} }
 @article{denhartog_walker_barker_2016, title={Total heat loss as a predictor of physiological response in wildland firefighter gear}, volume={86}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515596926}, DOI={10.1177/0040517515596926}, abstractNote={ In most types of protective clothing heat strain is an important issue. The wildland firefighter clothing system in the USA has seen no major revision over the last decades. In this project the wildland firefighter clothing system was studied at the material and the systems level. On the sweating guarded hot plate and the sweating thermal manikin effects of different base layers (cotton and modacrylic) and meta-aramid outer layers of different fabric weights were evaluated. Then, a human subject trial was performed on a limited set of clothing systems to validate the results from materials and manikin testing. The clothing systems were composed of relevant materials for wildland firefighters with extra configurations added to explore the effects of the highest and lowest levels of protection. All measurement techniques were reverted to a calculation of the total heat loss (THL), as predicted from the hot plate and the manikin and compared to the calculated heat loss from the human subjects. }, number={7}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={DenHartog, Emiel A and Walker, Marika A and Barker, Roger L}, year={2016}, pages={710–726} }
 @article{mcquerry_den hartog_barker_ross_2015, title={A review of garment ventilation strategies for structural firefighter protective clothing}, volume={86}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515595029}, DOI={10.1177/0040517515595029}, abstractNote={ The purpose of this review article is to evaluate ventilation, within protective clothing, for its benefit towards heat loss. Literature from ventilation studies in the sports apparel, outdoor clothing, military, chemical, and firefighter protection industries will be examined for future research opportunities. Challenges to ventilation such as garment placement, protection, wearability, and durability will be discussed in the context of turnout suits. Ventilation designs will be considered for further evaluation in structural firefighter turnout garments. This article serves as the first comprehensive review of ventilation literature for structural firefighter turnout ensembles. Researchers, technologists, and functional apparel designers may all benefit from such a review. The value of ventilation and its potential contribution to current firefighter turnout research will be discussed. }, number={7}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and Den Hartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger and Ross, Kevin}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={727–742} }
 @article{denhartog_deaton_2015, title={Combined thermal manikin and thermal model predictions of working times in fully encapsulated impermeable suits}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84995570939&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/2046-7648-4-S1-A142}, abstractNote={This project aimed to develop guidelines for safe working times in fully encapsulated impermeable suits and incorporate these data into an existing Chemical Companion Decision Support System (CCDSS) that is used by First responders in the US and abroad. The CCDSS provides guidelines on many operational aspects of response to a hazardous materials (HazMat). This study addresses the use of a thermos-physiological model, combined with a sweating thermal manikin, to simulate the data and compared that to the experimental data.}, number={1}, journal={Extreme Physiology and Medicine}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Deaton, A.S.}, year={2015} }
 @article{sun_denhartog_jasper_2015, title={Effects of Air Velocity, Air Gap Thickness and Configuration on Heat Transfer of a Wearable Convective Cooling System}, volume={05}, ISSN={2165-8064}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-8064.1000227}, DOI={10.4172/2165-8064.1000227}, abstractNote={The effects of air velocity, air-gap thickness and configuration on heat transfer of a wearable convective cooling system were modeled using a 2-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. Three different configurations, one with eight 1 cm fans (8 × 1 model); one with four 2 cm fans (4 × 2 model); and one with four 1 cm fans (4 × 1 model) were studied at different inlet air velocities of 0.25 m/s, 0.5 m/s, 0.75 m/s and 1.0 m/s and with air gaps of 3 mm, 7 mm and 11 mm. The simulations showed that the convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients varied with a power function of inlet air velocity, but the exponent was larger than reported in the literature. At lower air velocities, the heat transfer coefficients increased as the gap between the skin and the undergarment widened. At higher inlet air velocities, 3 mm and 11 mm air gaps showed the highest heat transfer values. The ratios of the heat transfer coefficients of the 8 × 1 and 4 × 2 models to the 4 × 1 models were both less than 2 indicating that doubling the inlet airflow does not double the heat transfer capability. The ratios of convective to evaporative heat transfer coefficients were around 8.63 K/kPa (SD 0.25 K/kPa), and were independent on the air velocity and configurations of the cooling system, suggesting that convective and evaporative heat transfer are fully coupled. This ratio also shows that the vapor permeability index of our system is around 0.52. Using slightly larger fans should be more effective in enhancing heat transfer than using more fans.}, number={06}, journal={Journal of Textile Science & Engineering}, publisher={OMICS Publishing Group}, author={Sun, Yu and DenHartog, E.A. and Jasper, Warren J}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{denhartog_2015, title={Evaluation of active moisture management effects with standard and adapted test methods}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84969731168&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists International Conference, AATCC 2015}, author={DenHartog, E.}, year={2015}, pages={517–543} }
 @inproceedings{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2015, title={Ventilation of firefighter turnout gear: Reducing heat stress and improving physiological comfort}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84969722192&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists International Conference, AATCC 2015}, author={McQuerry, M. and Denhartog, E. and Barker, R.}, year={2015}, pages={556–575} }
 @inproceedings{denhartog_2014, title={Cooling effect of sweat evaporation from different clothing layers}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84922874692&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists International Conference, AATCC 2014}, author={DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2014}, pages={222–227} }
 @article{havenith_bröde_den hartog_kuklane_holmer_rossi_richards_farnworth_wang_2013, title={Evaporative cooling: effective latent heat of evaporation in relation to evaporation distance from the skin}, volume={114}, ISSN={8750-7587 1522-1601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01271.2012}, DOI={10.1152/japplphysiol.01271.2012}, abstractNote={ Calculation of evaporative heat loss is essential to heat balance calculations. Despite recognition that the value for latent heat of evaporation, used in these calculations, may not always reflect the real cooling benefit to the body, only limited quantitative data on this is available, which has found little use in recent literature. In this experiment a thermal manikin, (MTNW, Seattle, WA) was used to determine the effective cooling power of moisture evaporation. The manikin measures both heat loss and mass loss independently, allowing a direct calculation of an effective latent heat of evaporation (λeff). The location of the evaporation was varied: from the skin or from the underwear or from the outerwear. Outerwear of different permeabilities was used, and different numbers of layers were used. Tests took place in 20°C, 0.5 m/s at different humidities and were performed both dry and with a wet layer, allowing the breakdown of heat loss in dry and evaporative components. For evaporation from the skin, λeff is close to the theoretical value (2,430 J/g) but starts to drop when more clothing is worn, e.g., by 11% for underwear and permeable coverall. When evaporation is from the underwear, λeff reduction is 28% wearing a permeable outer. When evaporation is from the outermost layer only, the reduction exceeds 62% (no base layer), increasing toward 80% with more layers between skin and wet outerwear. In semi- and impermeable outerwear, the added effect of condensation in the clothing opposes this effect. A general formula for the calculation of λeff was developed. }, number={6}, journal={Journal of Applied Physiology}, publisher={American Physiological Society}, author={Havenith, George and Bröde, Peter and den Hartog, Emiel den and Kuklane, Kalev and Holmer, Ingvar and Rossi, Rene M. and Richards, Mark and Farnworth, Brian and Wang, Xiaoxin}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={778–785} }
 @article{ambesi_kleijn_den hartog_bouma_brasser_2013, title={Forced convection mass deposition and heat transfer onto a cylinder sheathed by protective garments}, volume={60}, ISSN={0001-1541}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/AIC.14246}, DOI={10.1002/aic.14246}, abstractNote={In chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear protective clothing, a layer of activated carbon material in between two textile layers provides protection against hazardous gases. A cylinder in cross flow, sheathed by such material, is generally used to experimentally test the garment properties. This is, however, complicated and predictive models are needed. We present a computational fluid dynamics model for the initial phase in which the carbon filter material is not yet saturated. The textiles are modeled as chemically inactive porous layers, the carbon filter particles have been resolved explicitly. The model has been validated against experimental data. We demonstrate that (1) computational fluid dynamics simulations can be used for the efficient design and optimization of protective garments, and (2) the addition of a highly porous active carbon layer highly increases the chemical protection capabilities, while having relatively little negative impact on the thermal comfort of protective garments. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 353–361, 2014}, number={1}, journal={AIChE Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ambesi, Davide and Kleijn, Chris R. and den Hartog, Emiel A. and Bouma, Richard H. B. and Brasser, Paul}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={353–361} }
 @article{ambesi_bouma_den hartog_kleijn_2013, title={Predicting the Chemical Protection Factor of CBRN Protective Garments}, volume={10}, ISSN={1545-9624 1545-9632}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2013.769842}, DOI={10.1080/15459624.2013.769842}, abstractNote={The protection factor and pressure drop coefficient of single layers of active carbon particles in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) protective garments have been computed from computational fluid dynamics simulations of airflow and mass transport. Based on the results from the simulations, a closed-form analytical model has been proposed for the protection factor and the pressure drop coefficient as a function of layer porosity, particle diameter, and cross airflow velocity. This model has been validated against experimental data in literature. It can be used to find an optimal compromise between high protection factor and low pressure drop coefficient. Maximum protection factors are achieved when small carbon particles are employed in a layer with high packing density, at the expense of a high pressure drop coefficient. For a given required protection factor, the lowest pressure drop coefficient is found for layers combining a high porosity and small particle diameter.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Ambesi, Davide and Bouma, Richard and den Hartog, Emiel and Kleijn, Chris R.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={270–276} }
 @article{nocker_denhartog_holmér_kuklane_meinander_havenith_richards_wang_bröde_candas_2012, title={Apparent latent heat of evaporation from clothing}, volume={82}, number={4}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Nocker, W. and DenHartog, E.A. and Holmér, I. and Kuklane, K. and Meinander, H. and Havenith, G. and Richards, M.G. and Wang, X. and Bröde, P. and Candas, V.}, year={2012}, pages={374–384} }
 @article{havenith_den hartog_martini_2011, title={Heat stress in chemical protective clothing: porosity and vapour resistance}, volume={54}, ISSN={0014-0139 1366-5847}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.558638}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2011.558638}, abstractNote={Heat strain in chemical protective clothing is an important factor in industrial and military practice. Various improvements to the clothing to alleviate strain while maintaining protection have been attempted. More recently, selectively permeable membranes have been introduced to improve protection, but questions are raised regarding their effect on heat strain. In this paper the use of selectively permeable membranes with low vapour resistance was compared to textile-based outer layers with similar ensemble vapour resistance. For textile-based outer layers, the effect of increasing air permeability was investigated. When comparing ensembles with a textile vs. a membrane outer layer that have similar heat and vapour resistances measured for the sum of fabric samples, a higher heat strain is observed in the membrane ensemble, as in actual wear, and the air permeability of the textile version improves ventilation and allows better cooling by sweat evaporation. For garments with identical thickness and static dry heat resistance, but differing levels of air permeability, a strong correlation of microclimate ventilation due to wind and movement with air permeability was observed. This was reflected in lower values of core and skin temperatures and heart rate for garments with higher air permeability. For heart rate and core temperature the two lowest and the two highest air permeabilities formed two distinct groups, but they did not differ within these groups. Based on protection requirements, it is concluded that air permeability increases can reduce heat strain levels allowing optimisation of chemical protective clothing. Statement of Relevance: In this study on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing, heat strain is shown to be significantly higher with selectively permeable membranes compared to air permeable ensembles. Optimisation of CBRN personal protective equipment needs to balance sufficient protection with reduced heat strain. Using selectively permeable membranes may optimise protection but requires thorough consideration of the wearer's heat strain.}, number={5}, journal={Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Havenith, George and den Hartog, Emiel and Martini, Svein}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={497–507} }
 @book{moerel_kistemaker_wypkema_oudenhuijzen_van der jagt-deutekom_philippens_denhartog_2011, title={Ontwikkeling Systeemtesten PGU (Development PE System Tests}, number={TNO-DV 2011 A359}, institution={TNO}, author={Moerel, J.L.P.A. and Kistemaker, J.A. and Wypkema, A.W. and Oudenhuijzen, A.J.K. and van der Jagt-Deutekom, M.J. and Philippens, M.M.G.M. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2011} }
 @article{den hartog_havenith_2010, title={Analytical Study of the Heat Loss Attenuation by Clothing on Thermal Manikins Under Radiative Heat Loads}, volume={16}, ISSN={1080-3548 2376-9130}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2010.11076843}, DOI={10.1080/10803548.2010.11076843}, abstractNote={For wearers of protective clothing in radiation environments there are no quantitative guidelines available for the effect of a radiative heat load on heat exchange. Under the European Union funded project ThermProtect an analytical effort was defined to address the issue of radiative heat load while wearing protective clothing. As within the ThermProtect project much information has become available from thermal manikin experiments in thermal radiation environments, these sets of experimental data are used to verify the analytical approach. The analytical approach provided a good prediction of the heat loss in the manikin experiments, 95% of the variance was explained by the model. The model has not yet been validated at high radiative heat loads and neglects some physical properties of the radiation emissivity. Still, the analytical approach provides a pragmatic approach and may be useful for practical implementation in protective clothing standards for moderate thermal radiation environments.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Den Hartog, Emiel A. and Havenith, George}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={245–261} }
 @article{denhartog_2010, title={Challenges in Future Personal Protective Equipment – An Overview of Developments in User Needs}, volume={14}, ISSN={1560-6074}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-14-04-2010-b003}, DOI={10.1108/rjta-14-04-2010-b003}, abstractNote={The challenges to military and first responder personnel have considerably changed over the last few decades. Complex environments which consist of multiple threats also impose larger demands to personal protective clothing and equipment. As military and first responder personnel not only need to be protected, but also to perform their work, the development of their clothing and equipment is challenging. This paper serves as an overview of the issues that currently exist in protective clothing and equipment for these groups, addresses the most important needs, and aims to signal trends in this area, to provide input for research and development.}, number={4}, journal={Research Journal of Textile and Apparel}, publisher={Emerald}, author={DenHartog, Emiel A.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={22–37} }
 @article{mäkinen_den hartog_2010, title={Fourth European conference on protective clothing.}, volume={16}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957277943&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE}, author={Mäkinen, H. and Den Hartog, E.A.}, year={2010}, pages={132–134} }
 @article{bröde_kuklane_candas_den hartog_griefahn_holmér_meinander_nocker_richards_havenith_2010, title={Heat Gain From Thermal Radiation Through Protective Clothing With Different Insulation, Reflectivity and Vapour Permeability}, volume={16}, ISSN={1080-3548 2376-9130}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2010.11076842}, DOI={10.1080/10803548.2010.11076842}, abstractNote={The heat transferred through protective clothing under long wave radiation compared to a reference condition without radiant stress was determined in thermal manikin experiments. The influence of clothing insulation and reflectivity, and the interaction with wind and wet underclothing were considered. Garments with different outer materials and colours and additionally an aluminised reflective suit were combined with different number and types of dry and pre-wetted underwear layers. Under radiant stress, whole body heat loss decreased, i.e., heat gain occurred compared to the reference. This heat gain increased with radiation intensity, and decreased with air velocity and clothing insulation. Except for the reflective outer layer that showed only minimal heat gain over the whole range of radiation intensities, the influence of the outer garments’ material and colour was small with dry clothing. Wetting the underclothing for simulating sweat accumulation, however, caused differing effects with higher heat gain in less permeable garments.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bröde, Peter and Kuklane, Kalev and Candas, Victor and Den Hartog, Emiel A. and Griefahn, Barbara and Holmér, Ingvar and Meinander, Harriet and Nocker, Wolfgang and Richards, Mark and Havenith, George}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={231–244} }
 @article{makinen_denhartog_2010, title={Protective Clothing FOREWORD}, volume={16}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics}, author={Makinen, H. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2010}, pages={1} }
 @book{rypkema_van der horst_gaasbeek_denhartog_koning_van de rijk_2010, title={Task Specific optimization of Clothing and Equipment for First responders [Taakgericht optimaliseren kleding en uitrusting hulpverleners]}, number={TNO-DV 2009 C625.}, institution={TNO}, author={Rypkema, J.A. and van der Horst, M.J. and Gaasbeek, R.C. and DenHartog, E.A. and Koning, L.de and van de Rijk, R.}, year={2010} }
 @book{brasser_oudmaijer_denhartog_2009, title={Design of new CBRN protective clothing [Ontwerp van nieuwe CBRN-beschermende kleding. Stand van zaken 2008]}, number={TNO-DV 2009 A205}, institution={TNO}, author={Brasser, P. and Oudmaijer, H.F.G. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2009} }
 @article{havenith_richards_wang_bröde_candas_denhartog_holmér_kuklane_meinander_nocker_2008, title={Apparent latent heat of evaporation from clothing: attenuation and “heat pipe” effects}, volume={104}, ISSN={8750-7587 1522-1601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00612.2007}, DOI={10.1152/japplphysiol.00612.2007}, abstractNote={ Investigating claims that a clothed person's mass loss does not always represent their evaporative heat loss (EVAP), a thermal manikin study was performed measuring heat balance components in more detail than human studies would permit. Using clothing with different levels of vapor permeability and measuring heat losses from skin controlled at 34°C in ambient temperatures of 10, 20, and 34°C with constant vapor pressure (1 kPa), additional heat losses from wet skin compared with dry skin were analyzed. EVAP based on mass loss ( Emass) measurement and direct measurement of the extra heat loss by the manikin due to wet skin ( Eapp) were compared. A clear discrepancy was observed. Emass overestimated Eapp in warm environments, and both under and overestimations were observed in cool environments, depending on the clothing vapor permeability. At 34°C, apparent latent heat (λapp) of pure evaporative cooling was lower than the physical value (λ; 2,430 J/g) and reduced with increasing vapor resistance up to 45%. At lower temperatures, λapp increases due to additional skin heat loss via evaporation of moisture that condenses inside the clothing, analogous to a heat pipe. For impermeable clothing, λapp even exceeds λ by four times that value at 10°C. These findings demonstrate that the traditional way of calculating evaporative heat loss of a clothed person can lead to substantial errors, especially for clothing with low permeability, which can be positive or negative, depending on the climate and clothing type. The model presented explains human subject data on EVAP that previously seemed contradictive. }, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Physiology}, publisher={American Physiological Society}, author={Havenith, George and Richards, Mark G. and Wang, Xiaoxin and Bröde, Peter and Candas, Victor and DenHartog, Emiel and Holmér, Ingvar and Kuklane, Kalev and Meinander, Harriet and Nocker, Wolfgang}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={142–149} }
 @article{richards_rossi_meinander_broede_candas_den hartog_holmér_nocker_havenith_2008, title={Dry and Wet Heat Transfer Through Clothing Dependent on the Clothing Properties Under Cold Conditions}, volume={14}, ISSN={1080-3548 2376-9130}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2008.11076750}, DOI={10.1080/10803548.2008.11076750}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moisture on the heat transfer through clothing in relation to the water vapour resistance, type of underwear, location of the moisture and climate. This forms part of the work performed for work package 2 of the European Union THERMPROTECT project. Thermal manikin results of dry and wet heat loss are presented from different laboratories for a range of 2-layer clothing with similar dry insulations but different water vapour permeabilities and absorptive properties. The results obtained from the different manikins are generally consistent with one another. For each climate, total wet heat loss is predominately dependent on the permeability of the outer layer. At 10 °C, the apparent evaporative heat loss is markedly higher than expected from evaporation alone (measured at 34 °C), which is attributed to condensation within the clothing and to increased conductivity of the wet clothing layers.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Richards, Mark G.M. and Rossi, René and Meinander, Harriet and Broede, Peter and Candas, Victor and den Hartog, Emiel and Holmér, Ingvar and Nocker, Wolfgang and Havenith, George}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={69–76} }
 @article{bröde_kuklane_candas_denhartog_griefahn_holmér_meinander_nocker_richards_havenit_2008, title={Heat transfer through protective clothing under symmetric and asymmetric long wave thermal radiation}, volume={62}, number={4}, journal={Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft}, author={Bröde, Peter and Kuklane, Kalev and Candas, Victor and DenHartog, Emiel A. and Griefahn, Barbara and Holmér, Ingvar and Meinander, Harriet and Nocker, Wolfgang and Richards, Mark and Havenit, George}, year={2008}, pages={267–276} }
 @article{bröde_havenith_wang_candas_den hartog_griefahn_holmér_kuklane_meinander_nocker_et al._2008, title={Non-evaporative effects of a wet mid layer on heat transfer through protective clothing}, volume={104}, ISSN={1439-6319 1439-6327}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S00421-007-0629-Y}, DOI={10.1007/S00421-007-0629-Y}, abstractNote={In order to assess the non-evaporative components of the reduced thermal insulation of wet clothing, experiments were performed with a manikin and with human subjects in which two layers of underwear separated by an impermeable barrier were worn under an impermeable overgarment at 20°C, 80% RH and 0.5 ms−1 air velocity. By comparing manikin measurements with dry and wetted mid underwear layer, the increase in heat loss caused by a wet layer kept away from the skin was determined, which turned out to be small (5–6 W m−2), irrespective of the inner underwear layer being dry or wetted, and was only one third of the evaporative heat loss calculated from weight change, i.e. evaporative cooling efficiency was far below unity. In the experiments with eight males, each subject participated in two sessions with the mid underwear layer either dry or wetted, where they stood still for the first 30 min and then performed treadmill work for 60 min. Reduced heat strain due to lower insulation with the wetted mid layer was observed with decreased microclimate and skin temperatures, lowered sweat loss and cardiac strain. Accordingly, total clothing insulation calculated over the walking period from heat balance equations was reduced by 0.02 m2 °C W−1 (16%), while for the standing period the same decrease in insulation, representing 9% reduction only showed up after allowing for the lower evaporative cooling efficiency in the calculations. As evaporation to the environment and inside the clothing was restricted, the observed small alterations may be attributed to the wet mid layer’s increased conductivity, which, however, appears to be of minor importance compared to the evaporative effects in the assessment of the thermal properties of wet clothing.}, number={2}, journal={European Journal of Applied Physiology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bröde, Peter and Havenith, George and Wang, Xiaoxin and Candas, Victor and den Hartog, Emiel A. and Griefahn, Barbara and Holmér, Ingvar and Kuklane, Kalev and Meinander, Harriet and Nocker, Wolfgang and et al.}, year={2008}, pages={341–349} }
 @article{kuklane_gao_holmér_giedraitytė_bröde_candas_den hartog_meinander_richards_havenith_2007, title={Calculation of Clothing Insulation by Serial and Parallel Methods: Effects on Clothing Choice by IREQ and Thermal Responses in the Cold}, volume={13}, ISSN={1080-3548 2376-9130}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2007.11076714}, DOI={10.1080/10803548.2007.11076714}, abstractNote={Cold protective clothing was studied in 2 European Union projects. The objectives were (a) to examine different insulation calculation methods as measured on a manikin (serial or parallel), for the prediction of cold stress (IREQ); (b) to consider the effects of cold protective clothing on metabolic rate; (c) to evaluate the movement and wind correction of clothing insulation values. Tests were carried out on 8 subjects. The results showed the possibility of incorporating the effect of increases in metabolic rate values due to thick cold protective clothing into the IREQ model. Using the higher thermal insulation value from the serial method in the IREQ prediction, would lead to unacceptable cooling of the users. Thus, only the parallel insulation calculation method in EN 342:2004 should be used. The wind and motion correction equation (No. 2) gave realistic values for total resultant insulation; dynamic testing according to EN 342:2004 may be omitted.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kuklane, Kalev and Gao, Chuansi and Holmér, Ingvar and Giedraitytė, Lina and Bröde, Peter and Candas, Victor and den Hartog, Emiel and Meinander, Harriet and Richards, Mark and Havenith, George}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={103–116} }
 @book{van es_denhartog_klöpping-ketelaars_2007, title={DigiTex: social and ergonomic evaluation of functionalities}, number={TNO-DV 2007 IN529}, institution={TNO}, author={van Es, E.M. and DenHartog, E.A. and Klöpping-Ketelaars, W.A.A.}, year={2007} }
 @article{kistemaker_den hartog_daanen_2006, title={Reliability of an infrared forehead skin thermometer for core temperature measurements}, volume={30}, ISSN={0309-1902 1464-522X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091900600711381}, DOI={10.1080/03091900600711381}, abstractNote={The SensorTouch thermometer performs an infrared measurement of the skin temperature above the Superficial Temporal Artery (STA). This study evaluates the validity and the accuracy of the SensorTouch thermometer. Two experiments were performed in which the body temperature was measured with a rectal sensor, with an oesophageal sensor and with the SensorTouch. After entering a warm chamber the SensorTouch underestimated the core temperature during the first 10 minutes. After that, the SensorTouch was not significantly different from the core temperature, with an average difference of 0.5°C (SD 0.5°C) in the first study and 0.3°C (SD 0.2°C) in the second study. The largest differences between the SensorTouch and the core temperature existed 15 minutes after the start of the exercise. During this period the SensorTouch was significantly higher than the core temperature. The SensorTouch did not provide reliable values of the body temperature during periods of increasing body temperature, but the SensorTouch might work under stable conditions.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kistemaker, J. A. and Den Hartog, E. A. and Daanen, H. A. M.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={252–261} }
 @article{geng_holmér_denhartog_havenith_jay_makchaire_piette_rintamäki_rissanen_2006, title={Temperature Limit Values For Touching Cold Surfaces with the Fingertip}, volume={50}, ISSN={1475-3162}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mel030}, DOI={10.1093/annhyg/mel030}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
At the request of the European Commission and in the framework of the European Machinery Directive, research was performed in five different laboratories to develop specifications for surface temperature limit values for the short-term accidental touching of the fingertip with cold surfaces.


METHODS
Data were collected in four laboratories with a total of 20 males and 20 females performing a grand total of 1655 exposures. Each touched polished blocks of aluminium, stainless steel, nylon-6 and wood using the distal phalanx of the index finger with a contact force of 1.0, 2.9 and 9.8 N, at surface temperatures from +2 to -40 degrees C for a maximum duration of 120 s. Conditions were selected in order to elicit varying rates of skin cooling upon contact. Contact temperature (TC) of the fingertip was measured over time using a T-type thermocouple.


RESULTS
A database obtained from the experiments was collated and analysed to characterize fingertip contact cooling across a range of materials and surface temperatures. The database was subsequently used to develop a predictive model to describe the contact duration required for skin contact temperature to reach the physiological criteria of onset of pain (15 degrees C), onset of numbness (7 degrees C) and onset of frostbite risk (0 degrees C).


CONCLUSIONS
The data reflect the strong link between the risk of skin damage and the thermal properties of the material touched. For aluminium and steel, skin temperatures of 0 degrees C occurs within 2-6 s at surface temperatures of -15 degrees C. For non-metallic surfaces, onset of numbness occurs within 15-65 s of contact at -35 degrees C and onset of cold pain occurs within 5 s of contact at -20 degrees C. The predictive model subsequently developed was a non-linear exponential expression also reflecting the effects of material thermal properties and initial temperature. This model provides information for the protection of workers against the risk of cold injury by establishing the temperature limits of cold touchable surfaces for a broad range of materials, and it is now proposed as guidance values in a new international standard.}, number={8}, journal={The Annals of Occupational Hygiene}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Geng, Q. and Holmér, I. and DenHartog, E.A. and Havenith, G. and Jay, O. and Makchaire, J. and Piette, A. and Rintamäki, H. and Rissanen, S.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={851–862} }
 @book{denhartog_heus_2006, title={Veilige stralingscontouren bij incidenten - gerelateerd aan warmtebelasting voor hulpverleners [Safe radiation contours during rescue operations - Related to heatload of rescue workers]}, number={TNO-DV3 2006 C024}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Heus, R.}, year={2006} }
 @book{denhartog_koerhuis_veenstra_van der doelen_2005, title={Fysieke belasting ruimersploegen EOCKL [Physical load of employees of the EOCKL - bomb squad]}, number={TNO-DV3 2005-A191}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Koerhuis, C.L. and Veenstra, B.J. and van der Doelen, L.H.M.}, year={2005} }
 @book{sluimer_denhartog_van son_woering_2005, title={Representation of human responses for close combat environments; thinking scheme}, number={TNO-DV3 2005-A 011}, institution={TNO}, author={Sluimer, R.R. and DenHartog, E.A. and van Son, E.N. and Woering, A.A.}, year={2005} }
 @book{willems_denhartog_2005, title={Thermisch comfort van drie soorten onderkleding bij after chill in een koel klimaat [Thermal comfort of three types of underwear during 'after chill' in a cool climate]}, number={TNO-DV3 2005-A 002}, institution={TNO}, author={Willems, J.W.M. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2005} }
 @book{denhartog_hoppenbrouwers_van heijster_rijkeboer_2005, title={Uitrusting van de Toekomst - Systeeminnovatie Brandweer [Equipment for the future - System Innovation Fire fighters]}, number={TNO-DV3 2005-D 004}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Hoppenbrouwers, M. and van Heijster, R.M.E.M. and Rijkeboer, M.}, year={2005} }
 @book{denhartog_2004, title={Bescherming brandweerlieden - inzetduur in de hitte = Protection of fire-fighters - deployment duration in the heat}, number={TM - 04 - C027}, author={DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2004} }
 @book{kistemaker_schols_denhartog_2004, title={Bevriezingsverschijnselen in de Alico skischoen = Cold injury risk in the Alico ski boot}, number={TM - 04 - A040}, author={Kistemaker, J.A. and Schols, E.H.M. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2004} }
 @book{kistemaker_schrijer_denhartog_2004, title={Herijking ambulancekleding = Re-evaluation clothing ambulance workers}, number={TM - 04 - C016}, author={Kistemaker, J.A. and Schrijer, G. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2004} }
 @article{heus_hartog_kistemaker_dijk_swenker_2004, title={Influence of inspiratory resistance on performance during graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer}, volume={35}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4544323921&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2004.05.002}, abstractNote={Due to more stringent requirements to protect personnel against hazardous gasses, the inspiratory resistance of the present generation of respiratory protective devices tends to increase. Therefore an important question is to what extent inspiratory resistance may increase without giving problems during physical work. In this study the effects of three levels (0.24; 1.4 and 8.3 kPa s l(-1)) of inspiratory resistance were tested on maximal voluntary performance. Nine male subjects performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer with and without these three levels of inspiratory resistance. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, time to exhaustion and external work were measured. The results of these experiments showed that increasing inspiratory resistance led to a reduction of time to exhaustion (TTE) on a graded exercise test(GXT). Without inspiratory resistance the mean TTE was 11.9 min, the three levels of resistance gave the following mean TTE's: 10.7, 7.8 and 2.7 min. This study showed that TTE on a GXT can be predicted when physical fitness (VO2-max) of the subject and inspiratory resistance are known. The metabolic rate of the subjects was higher with inspiratory resistance, but no differences were found between the three selected inspiratory loads. Other breathing parameters as minute ventilation, tidal volume, expiration time and breathing frequency showed no or minor differences between the inspiratory resistances. The most important conclusion of these experiments is that the overall workload increases due to an increase in inspiratory resistance by wearing respiratory protective devices.}, number={6}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, author={Heus, R. and Hartog, E.A.D. and Kistemaker, L.J.A. and Dijk, W.J.V. and Swenker, G.}, year={2004}, pages={583–590} }
 @article{havenith_den hartog_heus_2004, title={Moisture accumulation in sleeping bags at − 7°C and − 20°C in relation to cover material and method of use}, volume={47}, ISSN={0014-0139 1366-5847}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130410001704428}, DOI={10.1080/00140130410001704428}, abstractNote={Moisture accumulation in sleeping bags during extended periods of use is detrimental to thermal comfort of the sleeper, and in extreme cases may lead to sleep loss and hypothermia. As sub-zero temperatures were expected to affect vapour resistance of microporous membranes, the effect of using semipermeable and impermeable rain covers for sleeping bags on the accumulation of moisture in the bags during 6 days of use at − 7°C and 5 days at − 20°C were investigated. In addition, the routine of shaking off hoarfrost from the inside of the cover after the sleep period as a preventive measure for moisture accumulation was studied. Moisture accumulation (ranging from 92 to 800 grams) was found to be related to the vapour resistance of the materials used. The best semipermeable material gave the same moisture build-up as no cover at − 7°C, though build-up increased substantially at − 20°C. Shaking off the hoarfrost from the inside of the cover after each use was beneficial in preventing a high moisture build-up. It was concluded that semi-permeable cover materials reduce moisture accumulation in sleeping bags at moderate sub-zero temperatures, but in more extreme cold (− 20°C) the benefits are reduced in comparison to routinely shaking frost from impermeable covers. Compared to fixed impermeable covers, the benefits of all semi-permeable covers are large. For long-term use without drying facilities, the differences observed do favour the semi-permeable covers above impermeable ones, even when regularly removing the hoar frost from the inside in the latter.}, number={13}, journal={Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Havenith, George and den Hartog, Emiel and Heus, Ronald}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1424–1431} }
 @article{hartog_lotens_2004, title={Postmortem time estimation using body temperature and finite-element computer model}, volume={92}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-6344265913&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00421-004-1128-z}, abstractNote={In the Netherlands most murder victims are found 2-24 h after the crime. During this period, body temperature decrease is the most reliable method to estimate the postmortem time (PMT). Recently, two murder cases were analysed in which currently available methods did not provide a sufficiently reliable estimate of the PMT. In both cases a study was performed to verify the statements of suspects. For this purpose a finite-element computer model was developed that simulates a human torso and its clothing. With this model, changes to the body and the environment can also be modelled; this was very relevant in one of the cases, as the body had been in the presence of a small fire. In both cases it was possible to falsify the statements of the suspects by improving the accuracy of the PMT estimate. The estimated PMT in both cases was within the range of Henssge's model. The standard deviation of the PMT estimate was 35 min in the first case and 45 min in the second case, compared to 168 min (2.8 h) in Henssge's model. In conclusion, the model as presented here can have additional value for improving the accuracy of the PMT estimate. In contrast to the simple model of Henssge, the current model allows for increased accuracy when more detailed information is available. Moreover, the sensitivity of the predicted PMT for uncertainty in the circumstances can be studied, which is crucial to the confidence of the judge in the results.}, number={6}, journal={European Journal of Applied Physiology}, author={Hartog, E.A. and Lotens, W.A.}, year={2004}, pages={734–737} }
 @book{cable_denhartog_2003, title={Human factors in IUSS 3.1 - an initial evaluation = Human factors in IUSS 3.1 - een eerste evaluatie}, number={TNO-TM - 03 - B007}, author={Cable, D.R.M. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2003} }
 @article{den hartog_heus_2003, title={Positive pressure breathing during rest and exercise}, volume={34}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037338191&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00084-4}, abstractNote={The requirements to maintain a positive pressure with respiratory protection during heavy exercise and the effects on ventilation and feelings of discomfort were investigated. Eight male subjects participated, using the respirator system during rest and exercise at about 80% of their individual maximum power. A blower was used at maximum and medium capacity and at two pressure levels (3 and 15mbar). Additionally, the mouth pressure was used as a feedback for the blower. The blower decreased the fraction of the breathing cycle with negative pressures from 50% (SD 4%) to 15% (SD 10%) during exercise. Negative pressures occurred at all settings of the blower during exercise. Thus, the currently available commercial blower systems do not supply a sufficient airflow to maintain a positive pressure during heavy exercise. Positive pressure breathing did not affect the ventilation and the circulation. But the oxygen consumption was higher with the blower and respirator than without.}, number={2}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, author={Den Hartog, E.A. and Heus, R.}, year={2003}, pages={185–194} }
 @book{denhartog_2003, title={Presteren in de warmte - Reportage stage heren hockeyteam 2003 [Performance in the heat - Report on the field hockey trip]}, number={TNO-TM - 03 - C041}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2003} }
 @book{holmér_geng_havenith_denhartog_rintamäki_malchaire_piette_2003, place={Stockholm, Sweden}, series={Arbete och Hälsa}, title={Temperature limit values for cold touchable surfaces: Final report on the project: SMT4-CT97-2149}, ISBN={9170456771}, number={NR 2003:7}, institution={Arbetslivsinstitutet}, author={Holmér, Ingvar and Geng, Qiuqing and Havenith, George and DenHartog, Emiel and Rintamäki, Hannu and Malchaire, Jacques and Piette, Alain}, year={2003}, collection={Arbete och Hälsa} }
 @book{van son- de waard_kamstra_denhartog_2003, title={The bi-lateral US-NL collaboration on dismounted combatant operations : summer of 2003}, number={TNO-PML 2003 - A93}, institution={TNO}, author={van Son- de Waard, E.N. and Kamstra, M. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2003} }
 @book{denhartog_reffeltrath_2002, title={Ademen met overdruk tijdens inspanning = Positive pressure breathing during exercise}, number={TNO-TM - 02 - A061}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Reffeltrath, P.A.}, year={2002} }
 @book{reffeltrath_daanen_denhartog_2002, title={Effecten van over de torso geblazen lucht op de warmtebalans en prestatie van helikoptervliegers = Effects of air blown over the torso on heat balance and performance of helicopter flyers}, number={TNO-TM - 02 - A026}, author={Reffeltrath, P.A. and Daanen, H.A.M. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2002} }
 @book{denhartog_brandsma_2002, title={Presteren in de warmte - Literatuurstudie = Performance in the heat – Literature Survey}, number={TNO-TM - 02 - C049}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Brandsma, M.G.}, year={2002} }
 @article{malchaire_geng_den hartog_havenith_holmer_piette_powell_rintamäki_rissanen_2002, title={Temperature limit values for gripping cold surfaces}, volume={46}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036490934&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1093/annhyg/mef032}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
At the request of the European Commission and in the framework of the European Machinery Directive, research was conducted jointly in five different laboratories to develop specifications for surface temperature limit values for the gripping and handling of cold items.


METHODS
Four hundred and fourteen experiments were run where male and female subjects were invited to grip for up to 20 min cold bars of different contact coefficients, i.e. polished wood, nylon, stone, steel and aluminium. The air temperature and the bars' initial surface temperatures ranged between 0 and -30 degrees C for the various experiments. While gripping the bars, either only the hand or the whole body was exposed to cold.


RESULTS
The data were used to develop a prediction formula and a graph of the surface temperature limit values in order for the skin contact temperature not to reach <15 degrees C. This duration is shown to offer a significant degree of safety with respect to the minimal surface temperature spontaneously tolerated by the subjects.


CONCLUSIONS
Experiments and modelling must be pursued to extend these data to other conditions of exposure.}, number={2}, journal={Annals of Occupational Hygiene}, author={Malchaire, J. and Geng, Q. and Den Hartog, E. and Havenith, G. and Holmer, I. and Piette, A. and Powell, S.L. and Rintamäki, H. and Rissanen, S.}, year={2002}, pages={157–163} }
 @book{kistemaker_tan_denhartog_2002, title={Thermische aspecten van twee modulaire slaapzakken en een enkele slaapzak in extreme kou = Thermal aspects of two modular sleeping bags and a single sleeping bag in extreme cold}, number={TNO-TM - 02 - A060}, author={Kistemaker, J.A. and Tan, T.K. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{malchaire_piette_kampmann_mehnert_gebhardt_havenith_den hartog_holmer_parsons_alfano_et al._2001, title={Development and validation of the predicted heat strain model}, volume={45}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035147403&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0003-4878(00)00030-2}, abstractNote={Eight laboratories participated in a concerted research project on the assessment of hot working conditions. The objectives were, among others, to co-ordinate the work of the main European research teams in the field of thermal factors and to improve the methods available to assess the risks of heat disorders at the workplace, and in particular the "Required Sweat Rate" model as presented in International Standard ISO 7933 Standard (1989). The scientific bases of this standard were thoroughly reviewed and a revised model, called "Predicted Heat Strain" (PHS), was developed. This model was then used to predict the minute by minute sweat rates and rectal temperatures during 909 laboratory and field experiments collected from the partners. The Pearson correlation coefficients between observed and predicted values were equal to 0.76 and 0.66 for laboratory experiments and 0.74 and 0.59 for field experiments, respectively, for the sweat rates and the rectal temperatures. The change in sweat rate with time was predicted more accurately by the PHS model than by the required sweat rate model. This suggests that the PHS model would provide an improved basis upon which to determine allowable exposure times from the predicted heat strain in terms of dehydration and increased core temperature.}, number={2}, journal={Annals of Occupational Hygiene}, author={Malchaire, J. and Piette, A. and Kampmann, B. and Mehnert, P. and Gebhardt, H. and Havenith, G. and Den Hartog, E. and Holmer, I. and Parsons, K. and Alfano, G. and et al.}, year={2001}, pages={123–135} }
 @book{denhartog_daanen_2001, title={Evaluation clinical study AZN}, number={TNO-TM - 01 - C008}, author={DenHartog, E.A.den and Daanen, H.A.M.}, year={2001} }
 @book{denhartog_2001, title={Inzettijd brandweerlieden = Exposure duration fire-fighters}, number={TNO-TM - 01 - C035}, author={DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2001} }
 @book{daanen_denhartog_tan_2001, title={New soccer garments: ventilation}, number={TNO-TM - 01 - C042}, author={Daanen, H.A.M. and DenHartog, E.A.den and Tan, T.K.}, year={2001} }
 @book{denhartog_daanen_2000, title={'Personal cooling systems' - lokale verschillen in koelcapaciteit [‘Personal cooling systems’ - local differences in cooling capacity]}, number={TNO-2000 A 058}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Daanen, H.A.M.}, year={2000} }
 @book{denhartog_daanen_2000, title={Activity Report 'ColdSurf' EU Project SMT4-CT97-2149 [ActiviteitenReportage 'ColdSurf']}, number={TNO-2000 A 059}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Daanen, H.A.M.}, year={2000} }
 @book{denhartog_heus_2000, title={Effectiviteit van 'Phase Change Materials' in kleding [Effectiveness of ‘Phase Change Materials’ in clothing]}, number={TNO-2000 A 029}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Heus, R.}, year={2000} }
 @book{heus_denhartog_kistemaker_2000, title={Evaluatie van brandweerkledij voor het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken in België [Evaluation of fire fighters'  turn-out gear for the Home Office in Belgium]}, number={TNO-2000 C 038}, institution={TNO}, author={Heus, R. and DenHartog, E.A. and Kistemaker, J.A.}, year={2000} }
 @book{denhartog_daanen_heus_2000, title={Evaluation SensorTouch Thermometer [Evaluatie SensorTouch thermometer]}, number={TNO-2000 C 028}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Daanen, H.A.M. and Heus, R.}, year={2000} }
 @book{daanen_denhartog_heus_2000, title={Fever determination at home: A comparison of different methods [Koortsbepaling voor de huismarkt]}, number={TNO-2000 C 048}, institution={TNO}, author={Daanen, H.A.M. and DenHartog, E.A. and Heus, R.}, year={2000} }
 @book{denhartog_2000, title={Modelling study of the effect of the superficial temporal artery on the skin temperature [Modelstudie naar het effect van de Superficiële Temporale Arterie op de huidtemperatuur]}, number={TNO-2000 C 040}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2000} }
 @book{daanen_denhartog_2000, title={Onderkoeling van een zwerver [Hypothermia of a wanderer]}, number={TNO-2000 C 024}, institution={TNO}, author={Daanen, H.A.M. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={2000} }
 @book{denhartog_heus_van de water_1999, title={Ademen met overdruk tijdens rust en inspanning [Positive pressure breathing during rest and exercise]}, number={TNO-1999 B 010}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Heus, R. and van de Water, G.J.}, year={1999} }
 @article{clothing evaporative heat resistance - proposal for improved representation in standards and models_1999, volume={43}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032774708&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0003-4878(99)00052-6}, abstractNote={Clothing heat and vapour resistances are important inputs for standards and models dealing with thermal comfort, heat- and cold-stress. A vast database of static clothing heat resistance values is available, and this was recently expanded with correction equations to account for effects of movement and wind on the static value of heat resistance in order to obtain the dynamic heat resistance of clothing ensembles. For clothing vapour resistance, few data were available so far. Indices for vapour permeability (im) and reduction factors for vapour transfer (Fpcl) of clothing were used instead, using a relation between heat and vapour resistance to derive the clothing vapour resistance from the value for clothing heat resistance. This paper reviews the two commonly used approaches (im and Fpcl), as well as five alternative approaches to the problem. The different approaches were evaluated for their accuracy and their usability. The present paper shows that the currently used relations are not adequate when the wearer of the clothing starts moving, or is exposed to wind. Alternative approaches are shown to improve the determination of dynamic clothing vapour resistance, though some are thought to be too complex. An empirical description of the relation between the clothing permeability index (im) and the changes in clothing heat resistance due to wind and movement was selected as the most promising method for deriving clothing vapour resistance. For this method the user needs to know the static heat resistance, the static im value of the clothing and the wind- and movement-speed of the wearer. This method results in a predicted maximal decrease in clothing vapour resistance by 78%, when clothing heat resistance is reduced by 50%, which is consistent with theoretical expectations and available data.}, number={5}, journal={Annals of Occupational Hygiene}, year={1999}, pages={339–346} }
 @article{havenith_holmér_denhartog_parsons_1999, title={Clothing evaporative heat resistance - Proposal for improved representation in standards and models}, volume={43}, number={5}, journal={Annals of Occupational Hygiene}, author={Havenith, G. and Holmér, I. and DenHartog, E.A. and Parsons, K.C.}, year={1999}, pages={339–346} }
 @book{denhartog_daanen_wammes_1999, title={Koud/nat weer test TNT jacks [Cold/Wet weather tests TNT jackets]}, number={TNO-1999 C 036}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Daanen, H.A.M. and Wammes, L.J.A.}, year={1999} }
 @book{wertheim_heus_denhartog_1999, title={Maximum oxygen uptake measured during a graded exercise test at sea and ashore}, number={TNO-1999 A 072}, institution={TNO}, author={Wertheim, A.H. and Heus, R. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={1999} }
 @article{denhartog_daanen_visser_lelieveld_1999, title={Postmortale tijd (PMT) : PMT-bepaling door temperatuurmeting [Post-mortal time (PMT) assessment by [corpse] temperature measurement]}, volume={8}, number={6}, journal={Modus}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Daanen, H.A.M. and Visser, R. and Lelieveld, J.H.L.M.}, year={1999}, pages={18–21} }
 @book{heus_denhartog_kitemaker_van dijk_1999, title={The influence of inspiration resistance on performance during graded exercise tests}, number={TNO-1999 A 058}, institution={TNO}, author={Heus, R. and DenHartog, E.A. and Kitemaker, J.A. and van Dijk, W.J.}, year={1999} }
 @book{delleman_bergem_varkevisser_denhartog_1999, title={Werkplekinrichting, verlichting / visuele informatiepresentatie en binnenklimaat bij CAWCS: knelpunten en aanbevelingen [Workstation design, lighting conditions / visual information presentation, and indoor climate at CAWCS: bottlenecks and recommendations]}, number={TNO-1999 A 071}, institution={TNO}, author={Delleman, N.J. and Bergem, P.M. and Varkevisser, J. and DenHartog, E.A.}, year={1999} }
 @book{denhartog_wammes_1998, title={Heat strain in NBC-protective suits [Warmtebelasting in NBC-pakken]}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A. and Wammes, L.J.A.}, year={1998} }
 @book{denhartog_1998, title={Out of Area : klimaatevaluatie NBC pak ['Out of Area' climate evaluation CW-suits]}, institution={TNO}, author={DenHartog, E.A.}, year={1998} }
 @article{den hartog_jansen_moens_versprille_1996, title={Systemic filling pressure in the intact circulation determined with a slow inflation procedure}, volume={431}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029981280&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={6}, journal={Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology}, author={Den Hartog, E.A. and Jansen, J.R.C. and Moens, G.H. and Versprille, A.}, year={1996}, pages={863–867} }
 @article{den hartog_versprille_jansen_1994, title={Systemic filling pressure in intact circulation determined on basis of aortic vs. central venous pressure relationships}, volume={267}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028576818&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={6 36-6}, journal={American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology}, author={Den Hartog, E.A. and Versprille, A. and Jansen, J.R.C.}, year={1994} }
 @article{uijttewaal_nijhof_bronkhorst_den hartog_heethaar_1993, title={Near-wall excess of platelets induced by lateral migration of erythrocytes in flowing blood}, volume={264}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027399304&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4 33-4}, journal={American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology}, author={Uijttewaal, W.S.J. and Nijhof, E.-J. and Bronkhorst, P.J.H. and Den Hartog, E. and Heethaar, R.M.}, year={1993} }