@book{mckenney_2023, title={Applied Ecology}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/147069}, DOI={10.52750/147069}, author={McKenney, Erin}, editor={McKenney, Erin and Rund, EmilyEditors}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{burnham_mckenney_ange-van heugten_minter_trivedi_2023, title={Effect of fecal preservation method on captive southern white rhinoceros gut microbiome}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2328-5540"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.1436}, abstractNote={The southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) faces an uncertain future in the wild due to increased poaching pressure and habitat fragmentation, thus the management of reproductively successful populations is of critical importance. Successful reproductive outcomes in rhinoceros may be mediated by diet and gut microbial diversity; therefore, understanding gut microbial dynamics within and between captive and wild populations may help improve conservation efforts. Accordingly, gut microbiome preservation methods are needed that are practical for in situ field sampling of wild populations. We evaluated the efficacy of 3 different preservation methods over 2 timepoints for stabilizing microbial communities in feces from southern white rhinoceros (n = 10) at the North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro, North Carolina, USA, during July–September 2020 and January–March 2021. Samples were immediately frozen at −80°C, stored in PERFORMAbiome™·GUT (PB) tubes or stored in 95% ethanol at ambient temperatures (to simulate field conditions), and processed after 14 or 230 days post-collection. We quantitatively compared alpha and beta diversity across microbial communities and identified taxa that were enriched in each treatment group. Samples preserved in 95% ethanol consistently harbored lower Shannon diversity index (SHDI) and Simpson's diversity (SDI) values compared to Frozen and PB samples. This trend was apparent in both Ethanol day-14 samples (SHDI 4.94; SDI 0.98) versus Frozen day-14 (SHDI 5.19; W = 518, P < 0.001; SDI 0.99; W = 476, P < 0.001) and PB day-14 (SHDI 5.15; W = 430, P < 0.01; SDI 0.99; W = 1075, P = 1) samples, and in Ethanol day-230 samples (SHDI 4.48; SDI 0.97) versus Frozen day-230 (SHDI 5.18; W = 0, P < 0.05; SDI 0.99; W = 0, P = 0.032) and PB day-230 (SHDI 5.23; W = 0, P < 0.05; SDI 0.99; W = 0, P = 0.032) samples. Ethanol day 230 samples differed (P < 0.05) from all other treatments in both alpha and beta diversity indices. Notably, frozen and PB preservation methods maintained compositionally similar microbial communities across both time points. Our results indicate that PB tubes stored at ambient temperatures perform similarly to freezing at −80°C, highlighting their utility for microbiome fieldwork applications. Identifying optimal and versatile microbiome preservation techniques will enable future studies of the gut microbiome in reproductively-successful wild populations, an effort central to conservation efforts in the southern white rhinoceros and other threatened species.}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Burnham, Christina M. and McKenney, Erin A. and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly and Minter, Larry J. and Trivedi, Shweta}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{burnham_mckenney_ange-van heugten_minter_trivedi_2023, title={Effects of age, seasonality, and reproductive status on the gut microbiome of Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) at the North Carolina zoo}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2524-4671"]}, DOI={10.1186/s42523-023-00249-5}, abstractNote={Managed southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) serve as assurance populations for wild conspecifics threatened by poaching and other anthropocentric effects, though many managed populations experience subfertility and reproductive failure. Gut microbiome and host health are inextricably linked, and reproductive outcomes in managed southern white rhinoceros may be mediated in part by their diet and gut microbial diversity. Thus, understanding microbial dynamics within managed populations may help improve conservation efforts. We characterized the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome in the managed population of female southern white rhinoceros (n = 8) at the North Carolina Zoo and investigated the effects of seasonality (summer vs. winter) and age classes (juveniles (n = 2; 0-2 years), subadults (n = 2; 3-7 years), and adults (n = 4; >7 years)) on microbial richness and community structure. Collection of a fecal sample was attempted for each individual once per month from July-September 2020 and January-March 2021 resulting in a total of 41 samples analyzed. Microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced using the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene. Total operational taxonomic units (OTUs), alpha diversity (species richness, Shannon diversity), and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, linear discriminant analysis effect size) indices were examined, and differentially enriched taxa were identified.There were differences (p < 0.05) in alpha and beta diversity indices across individuals, age groups, and sampling months. Subadult females had higher levels of Shannon diversity (Wilcoxon, p < 0.05) compared to adult females and harbored a community cluster distinct from both juveniles and adults. Samples collected during winter months (January-March 2021) possessed higher species richness and statistically distinct communities compared to summer months (July-September 2020) (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). Reproductively active (n = 2) and currently nonreproductive adult females (n = 2) harbored differentially enriched taxa, with the gut microbiome of nonreproductive females significantly enriched (p = 0.001) in unclassified members of Mobiluncus, a genus which possesses species associated with poor reproductive outcomes in other animal species when identified in the cervicovaginal microbiome.Together, our results increase the understanding of age and season related microbial variation in southern white rhinoceros at the North Carolina Zoo and have identified a potential microbial biomarker for reproductive concern within managed female southern white rhinoceros.}, number={1}, journal={ANIMAL MICROBIOME}, author={Burnham, Christina M. M. and McKenney, Erin A. A. and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly and Minter, Larry J. J. and Trivedi, Shweta}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{mckenney_hale_anderson_larsen_grant_dunn_2023, title={Hidden diversity: comparative functional morphology of humans and other species}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.15148}, abstractNote={Gastrointestinal (GI) morphology plays an important role in nutrition, health, and epidemiology; yet limited data on GI variation have been collected since 1885. Here we demonstrate that students can collect reliable data sets on gut morphology; when they do, they reveal greater morphological variation for some structures in the GI tract than has been documented in the published literature. We discuss trait variability both within and among species, and the implications of that variability for evolution and epidemiology. Our results show that morphological variation in the GI tract is associated with each organ's role in food processing. For example, the length of many structures was found to vary significantly with feeding strategy. Within species, the variability illustrated by the coefficients of variation suggests that selective constraints may vary with function. Within humans, we detected significant Pearson correlations between the volume of the liver and the length of the appendix (t-value = 2.5278, df = 28, p = 0.0174, corr = 0.4311) and colon (t-value = 2.0991, df = 19, p = 0.0494, corr = 0.4339), as well as between the lengths of the small intestine and colon (t-value = 2.1699, df = 17, p = 0.0445, corr = 0.4657), which are arguably the most vital organs in the gut for nutrient absorption. Notably, intraspecific variation in the small intestine can be associated with life history traits. In humans, females demonstrated consistently and significantly longer small intestines than males (t-value15 = 2.245, p = 0.0403). This finding supports the female canalization hypothesis, specifically, increased female investment in the digestion and absorption of lipids.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={McKenney, Erin A. and Hale, Amanda R. and Anderson, Janiaya and Larsen, Roxanne and Grant, Colleen and Dunn, Robert R.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{mckenney_2023, title={The Human Gut Microbiome}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/219830}, DOI={10.52750/219830}, abstractNote={We evolved in a bacterial world. The gut microbiome affects our development, our behaviors and moods, our immune system and overall health, and our ability to break down toxins and harvest energy from the foods that we eat. Microbes affect our health, behavior, and other aspects of our lives and well-being. Decisions we make in our daily lives, from what foods we eat, to how much time we spend outdoors can help us make the most of our gut microbiome, and all the good that it can do for us.}, author={McKenney, Erin}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{shoaf_french_clifford_mckenney_ott_2022, title={A gut microbiome tactile teaching tool and guided-inquiry activity promotes student learning}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1664-302X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmicb.2022.966289}, abstractNote={The gut microbiome and its physiological impacts on human and animal health is an area of research emphasis. Microbes themselves are invisible and may therefore be abstract and challenging to understand. It is therefore important to infuse this topic into undergraduate curricula, including Anatomy and Physiology courses, ideally through an active learning approach. To accomplish this, we developed a novel tactile teaching tool with guided-inquiry (TTT-GI) activity where students explored how the gut microbiome ferments carbohydrates to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This activity was implemented in two sections of a large-enrollment Human Anatomy and Physiology course at a research intensive (R1) university in the Spring of 2022 that was taught using a hyflex format. Students who attended class in person used commonly available building toys to assemble representative carbohydrates of varying structural complexity, whereas students who attended class virtually made these carbohydrate structures using a digital learning tool. Students then predicted how microbes within the gut would ferment different carbohydrates into SCFAs, as well as the physiological implications of the SCFAs. We assessed this activity to address three research questions, with 182 students comprising our sample. First, we evaluated if the activity learning objectives were achieved through implementation of a pre-and post-assessment schema. Our results revealed that all three learning objectives of this activity were attained. Next, we evaluated if the format in which this TTT-GI activity was implemented impacted student learning. While we found minimal and nonsignificant differences in student learning between those who attended in-person and those who attended remotely, we did find significant differences between the two course sections, which differed in length and spacing of the activity. Finally, we evaluated if this TTT-GI approach was impactful for diverse students. We observed modest and nonsignificant positive learning gains for some populations of students traditionally underrepresented in STEM (first-generation students and students with one or more disabilities). That said, we found that the greatest learning gains associated with this TTT-GI activity were observed in students who had taken previous upper-level biology coursework.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Shoaf, Parker T. and French, Katie S. and Clifford, Noah J. and McKenney, Erin A. and Ott, Laura E.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{trujillo_mckenney_hilderbrand_mangipane_rogers_joly_gustine_erlenbach_mangipane_lafferty_2022, title={Correlating gut microbial membership to brown bear health metrics}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-022-19527-4}, abstractNote={Abstract The internal mechanisms responsible for modulating physiological condition, particularly those performed by the gut microbiome (GMB), remain under-explored in wildlife. However, as latitudinal and seasonal shifts in resource availability occur, the myriad micro-ecosystem services facilitated by the GMB may be especially important to wildlife health and resilience. Here, we use brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) as an ecological model to quantify the relationship between wildlife body condition metrics that are commonly used to assess individual and population-level health and GMB community composition and structure. To achieve these aims, we subsampled brown bear fecal samples collected during United States National Park Service research activities at three National Parks and Preserves (Katmai, Lake Clark, and Gates of the Arctic) and extracted microbial DNA for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and microbial taxonomic classification. We analyzed GMB communities using alpha diversity indices, subsequently using Spearman’s correlation analysis to examine relationships between alpha diversity and brown bear health metrics. We found no differences in GMB composition among bears with differing body conditions, nor any correlations between alpha diversity and body condition. Our results indicate that GMB composition reflects diverse foraging strategies while allowing brown bears to achieve similar body condition outcomes.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Trujillo, Sarah M. and McKenney, Erin A. and Hilderbrand, Grant V and Mangipane, Lindsey S. and Rogers, Matthew C. and Joly, Kyle and Gustine, David D. and Erlenbach, Joy A. and Mangipane, Buck A. and Lafferty, Diana J. R.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{trujillo_mckenney_hilderbrand_mangipane_rogers_joly_gustine_erlenbach_mangipane_lafferty_2022, title={Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence on an omnivore's gut microbiome}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266698}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0266698}, abstractNote={Gut microbiomes (GMBs), complex communities of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of their hosts, perform countless micro-ecosystem services such as facilitating energy uptake and modulating immune responses. While scientists increasingly recognize the role GMBs play in host health, the role of GMBs in wildlife ecology and conservation has yet to be realized fully. Here, we use brown bears (Ursus arctos) as an ecological model to (1) characterize GMB community composition associated with location, season, and reproductive condition of a large omnivore; (2) investigate how both extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence GMB community membership and structure; and (3) quantify differences in GMB communities among different locations, seasons, sex, and reproductive conditions. To achieve these aims, we subsampled brown bear fecal samples collected during United States National Park Service research activities at three National Parks and Preserves (Katmai, Lake Clark, and Gates of the Arctic) and extracted microbial DNA for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and microbial taxonomic classification. We analyzed GMB communities using alpha and beta diversity indices, subsequently using linear mixed models to examine relationships between alpha diversity and extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Katmai brown bears hosted the greatest alpha diversity, whereas Gates brown bears hosted the least alpha diversity. Our results indicate that location and diet drive GMB variation, with bears hosting less phylogenetic diversity as park distance inland increases. Monitoring brown bear GMBs could enable managers to quickly detect and assess the impact of environmental perturbations on brown bear health. By integrating macro and micro-ecological perspectives we aim to inform local and landscape-level management decisions to promote long-term brown bear conservation and management.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Trujillo, Sarah M. and McKenney, Erin A. and Hilderbrand, Grant V and Mangipane, Lindsey S. and Rogers, Matthew C. and Joly, Kyle and Gustine, David D. and Erlenbach, Joy A. and Mangipane, Buck A. and Lafferty, Diana J. R.}, editor={Gorokhova, ElenaEditor}, year={2022} }
 @article{lafferty_gillman_jeakle_roell_mckenney_2022, title={Mink (Neovison vison) fecal microbiomes are influenced by sex, temperature, and time postdefecation}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1545-1542"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmammal/gyab140}, abstractNote={Abstract Gut microbiomes encode myriad metabolic functions critical to mammalian ecology and evolution. While fresh fecal samples provide an efficient, noninvasive method of sampling gut microbiomes, collecting fresh feces from elusive species is logistically challenging. Nonfresh feces, however, may not accurately represent the gut microbiome of the host due to succession of gut microbial consortia postdefecation as well as colonization by microbes from the surrounding environment. Using American mink (Neovison vison) as a model species, we examined postdefecation microbial community succession to learn how ambient temperature and temporal sampling constraints influence the reliability of nonfresh feces to represent host gut microbiomes. To achieve our goal, we analyzed fresh mink feces (n = 5 females; n = 5 males) collected at the time of defecation from captive mink at a farm in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and we subsequently subsampled each fecal specimen to investigate microbial community succession over five days, under both warm (21°C) and cold (–17°C to –1°C) temperature treatments. We found that both temperature and time influenced fecal microbiome composition; and we also detected significant sexual dimorphism in microbial community structures, with female mink microbiomes exhibiting significantly greater variation than males’ when exposed to the warm temperature treatment. Our results demonstrate that feces from unknown individuals can be a powerful tool for examining carnivore gut microbiomes, though rigorous study design is required because sex, ambient temperature, and time since defecation drive significant microbial variation and the sample size requirements necessary for detecting statistically significant differences between target populations is an important consideration for future ecologically meaningful research.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY}, author={Lafferty, Diana J. R. and Gillman, Sierra J. and Jeakle, Lane K. and Roell, Brian J. and McKenney, Erin A.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={316–327} }
 @article{lafferty_mckenney_gillman_kailing_walimaa_kailing_roell_2022, title={The gut microbiome of wild American marten in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0275850}, abstractNote={Carnivores are ecologically important and sensitive to habitat loss and anthropogenic disruption. Here we measured trophic level and gut bacterial composition as proxies of carnivore ecological status across the Upper Peninsula, Michigan, for wild American marten ( Martes americana ; hereafter marten). In contrast to studies that have focused on omnivorous and herbivorous species, we find that marten, like other carnivore species without a cecum, are dominated by Firmicutes (52.35%) and Proteobacteria (45.31%) but lack Bacteroidetes. Additionally, a majority of the 12 major bacterial genera (occurring at ≥1%) are known hydrogen producers, suggesting these taxa may contribute to host energy requirements through fermentative production of acetate. Our study suggests that live trapping and harvest methods yield similar marten gut microbiome data. In addition, preserving undisturbed forest likely impacts marten ecology by measurably increasing marten trophic level and altering the gut microbiome. Our study underscores the utility of the gut microbiome as a tool to monitor the ecological status of wild carnivore populations.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Lafferty, Diana J. R. and McKenney, Erin A. and Gillman, Sierra J. and Kailing, Chris D. and Walimaa, Myles C. and Kailing, Macy J. and Roell, Brian J.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{calvert_madden_nichols_haddad_lahne_dunn_mckenney_2021, title={A review of sourdough starters: ecology, practices, and sensory quality with applications for baking and recommendations for future research}, volume={5}, url={https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11389}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.11389}, abstractNote={The practice of sourdough bread-making is an ancient science that involves the development, maintenance, and use of a diverse and complex starter culture. The sourdough starter culture comes in many different forms and is used in bread-making at both artisanal and commercial scales, in countries all over the world. While there is ample scientific research related to sourdough, there is no standardized approach to using sourdough starters in science or the bread industry; and there are few recommendations on future directions for sourdough research. Our review highlights what is currently known about the microbial ecosystem of sourdough (including microbial succession within the starter culture), methods of maintaining sourdough (analogous to land management) on the path to bread production, and factors that influence the sensory qualities of the final baked product. We present new hypotheses for the successful management of sourdough starters and propose future directions for sourdough research and application to better support and engage the sourdough baking community.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Calvert, Martha D. and Madden, Anne A. and Nichols, Lauren M. and Haddad, Nick M. and Lahne, Jacob and Dunn, Robert R. and McKenney, Erin A.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{eschweiler_clayton_moresco_mckenney_minter_suhr van haute_gasper_hayer_zhu_cooper_et al._2021, title={Host Identity and Geographic Location Significantly Affect Gastrointestinal Microbial Richness and Diversity in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) under Human Care}, volume={11}, ISSN={2076-2615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123399}, DOI={10.3390/ani11123399}, abstractNote={The last few decades have seen an outpouring of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome studies across diverse host species. Studies have ranged from assessments of GI microbial richness and diversity to classification of novel microbial lineages. Assessments of the "normal" state of the GI microbiome composition across multiple host species has gained increasing importance for distinguishing healthy versus diseased states. This study aimed to determine baselines and trends over time to establish "typical" patterns of GI microbial richness and diversity, as well as inter-individual variation, in three populations of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) under human care at three zoological institutions in North America. Fecal samples were collected from 19 western lowland gorillas every two weeks for seven months (n = 248). Host identity and host institution significantly affected GI microbiome community composition (p < 0.05), although host identity had the most consistent and significant effect on richness (p = 0.03) and Shannon diversity (p = 0.004) across institutions. Significant changes in microbial abundance over time were observed only at Denver Zoo (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that individuality contributes to most of the observed GI microbiome variation in the study populations. Our results also showed no significant changes in any individual's microbial richness or Shannon diversity during the 7-month study period. While some microbial taxa (Prevotella, Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) were detected in all gorillas at varying levels, determining individual baselines for microbial composition comparisons may be the most useful diagnostic tool for optimizing non-human primate health under human care.}, number={12}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Eschweiler, Katrina and Clayton, Jonathan B. and Moresco, Anneke and McKenney, Erin A. and Minter, Larry J. and Suhr Van Haute, Mallory J. and Gasper, William and Hayer, Shivdeep Singh and Zhu, Lifeng and Cooper, Kathryn and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={3399} }
 @article{gillman_mckenney_lafferty_2021, title={Human-provisioned foods reduce gut microbiome diversity in American black bears (Ursus americanus)}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1545-1542"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmammal/gyab154}, abstractNote={Abstract The distal gut is home to the dynamic and influential gut microbiome, which is intimately linked to mammalian health by promoting and facilitating countless physiological functions. In a time of increased anthropogenic pressures on wildlife due to widespread habitat destruction, loss of natural prey/foods, and rapid urbanization, the study of wildlife gut microbiomes could prove to be a valuable tool in wildlife management and conservation. Diet is one of the most influential determinants of a host’s gut microbiome; yet many wildlife agencies allow baiting to facilitate wildlife harvest, although the impact of human-provisioned foods on wildlife gut health is largely unknown. We used stable isotope analysis derived from carbon (δ 13C) to index the use of human-provisioned foods by 35 legally harvested American black bears (Ursus americanus), and16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to examine the impact of human-provisioned foods on the gut microbial diversity of black bears. We found that greater long-term consumption of human-provisioned foods was associated with significantly reduced microbial species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Our results indicate that consumption of anthropogenic foods through baiting significantly alters the mammalian gut microbiome.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY}, author={Gillman, Sierra J. and McKenney, Erin A. and Lafferty, Diana J. R.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{landis_oliverio_mckenney_nichols_kfoury_biango-daniels_shell_madden_shapiro_sakunala_et al._2021, title={The diversity and function of sourdough starter microbiomes}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2050-084X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.61644}, DOI={10.7554/eLife.61644}, abstractNote={Humans have relied on sourdough starter microbial communities to make leavened bread for thousands of years, but only a small fraction of global sourdough biodiversity has been characterized. Working with a community-scientist network of bread bakers, we determined the microbial diversity of 500 sourdough starters from four continents. In sharp contrast with widespread assumptions, we found little evidence for biogeographic patterns in starter communities. Strong co-occurrence patterns observed in situ and recreated in vitro demonstrate that microbial interactions shape sourdough community structure. Variation in dough rise rates and aromas were largely explained by acetic acid bacteria, a mostly overlooked group of sourdough microbes. Our study reveals the extent of microbial diversity in an ancient fermented food across diverse cultural and geographic backgrounds.Sourdough bread is an ancient fermented food that has sustained humans around the world for thousands of years. It is made from a sourdough ‘starter culture’ which is maintained, portioned, and shared among bread bakers around the world. The starter culture contains a community of microbes made up of yeasts and bacteria, which ferment the carbohydrates in flour and produce the carbon dioxide gas that makes the bread dough rise before baking. The different acids and enzymes produced by the microbial culture affect the bread’s flavor, texture and shelf life. However, for such a dependable staple, sourdough bread cultures and the mixture of microbes they contain have scarcely been characterized. Previous studies have looked at the composition of starter cultures from regions within Europe. But there has never been a comprehensive study of how the microbial diversity of sourdough starters varies across and between continents. To investigate this, Landis, Oliverio et al. used genetic sequencing to characterize the microbial communities of sourdough starters from the homes of 500 bread bakers in North America, Europe and Australasia. Bread makers often think their bread’s unique qualities are due to the local environment of where the sourdough starter was made. However, Landis, Oliverio et al. found that geographical location did not correlate with the diversity of the starter cultures studied. The data revealed that a group of microbes called acetic acid bacteria, which had been overlooked in past research, were relatively common in starter cultures. Moreover, starters with a greater abundance of this group of bacteria produced bread with a strong vinegar aroma and caused dough to rise at a slower rate. This research demonstrates which species of bacteria and yeast are most commonly found in sourdough starters, and suggests geographical location has little influence on the microbial diversity of these cultures. Instead, the diversity of microbes likely depends more on how the starter culture was made and how it is maintained over time.}, journal={ELIFE}, author={Landis, Elizabeth A. and Oliverio, Angela M. and McKenney, Erin A. and Nichols, Lauren M. and Kfoury, Nicole and Biango-Daniels, Megan and Shell, Leonora K. and Madden, Anne A. and Shapiro, Lori and Sakunala, Shravya and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gillman_mckenney_lafferty_2020, title={Wild black bears harbor simple gut microbial communities with little difference between the jejunum and colon}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77282-w}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-020-77282-w}, abstractNote={Abstract The gut microbiome (GMB), comprising the commensal microbial communities located in the gastrointestinal tract, has co-evolved in mammals to perform countless micro-ecosystem services to facilitate physiological functions. Because of the complex inter-relationship between mammals and their gut microbes, the number of studies addressing the role of the GMB on mammalian health is almost exclusively limited to human studies and model organisms. Furthermore, much of our knowledge of wildlife–GMB relationships is based on studies of colonic GMB communities derived from the feces of captive specimens, leaving our understanding of the GMB in wildlife limited. To better understand wildlife–GMB relationships, we engaged hunters as citizen scientists to collect biological samples from legally harvested black bears ( Ursus americanus ) and used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize wild black bear GMB communities in the colon and jejunum, two functionally distinct regions of the gastrointestinal tract. We determined that the jejunum and colon of black bears do not harbor significantly different GMB communities: both gastrointestinal sites were dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. However, a number of bacteria were differentially enriched in each site, with the colon harboring twice as many enriched taxa, primarily from closely related lineages.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Gillman, Sierra J. and McKenney, Erin A. and Lafferty, Diana J. R.}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{finn_scheuermann_holzknecht_gao_ibrahim_parker_granek_lin_mckenney_barbas_2019, title={The effect of levofloxacin on the lung microbiota of laboratory rats}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1521-0499"]}, DOI={10.1080/01902148.2019.1639225}, abstractNote={Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term effect of levofloxacin on the microbiota of healthy lungs.Material and methods: Male F344 rats received either no levofloxacin (n = 9), intravenous levofloxacin (n = 12), oral levofloxacin (n = 12), or subcutaneous levofloxacin (n = 14). Rats received a clinically applicable dose (5.56 mg/kg) of levofloxacin via the assigned delivery route once daily for three days. On day four, lung tissue was collected and the lung microbiota composition was investigated using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.Results: Untreated lungs showed a microbiota dominated by bacteria of the genera Serratia. After treatment with levofloxacin, bacteria of the genus Pantoea dominated the lung microbiota. This was observed for all routes of antibiotic administration, with a significant difference compared to no-antibiotic control group (PERMANOVA: P < 0.001; homogeneity of dispersions: P = 0.656).Conclusion: Our study is the first to demonstrate the effects of levofloxacin therapy on lung microbiota in laboratory rats. Levofloxacin treatment by any route of administration leads to profound changes in the rat lung microbiota, resulting in the predominance of bacteria belonging to the genus Pantoea. Further studies regarding the role of long-term application of broad spectrum antibiotics on induction of lung, allergic and autoimmune diseases are indicated.}, number={7}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH}, author={Finn, Sade M. B. and Scheuermann, Uwe and Holzknecht, Zoie E. and Gao, Qimeng and Ibrahim, Mohamed M. and Parker, William and Granek, Joshua A. and Lin, Shu S. and McKenney, Erin A. and Barbas, Andrew S.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={200–208} }
 @misc{greene_bornbusch_mckenney_harris_gorvetzian_yoder_drea_2019, title={The importance of scale in comparative microbiome research: New insights from the gut and glands of captive and wild lemurs}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1098-2345"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajp.22974}, abstractNote={Abstract Research on animal microbiomes is increasingly aimed at determining the evolutionary and ecological factors that govern host–microbiome dynamics, which are invariably intertwined and potentially synergistic. We present three empirical studies related to this topic, each of which relies on the diversity of Malagasy lemurs (representing a total of 19 species) and the comparative approach applied across scales of analysis. In Study 1, we compare gut microbial membership across 14 species in the wild to test the relative importance of host phylogeny and feeding strategy in mediating microbiome structure. Whereas host phylogeny strongly predicted community composition, the same feeding strategies shared by distant relatives did not produce convergent microbial consortia, but rather shaped microbiomes in host lineage‐specific ways, particularly in folivores. In Study 2, we compare 14 species of wild and captive folivores, frugivores, and omnivores, to highlight the importance of captive populations for advancing gut microbiome research. We show that the perturbational effect of captivity is mediated by host feeding strategy and can be mitigated, in part, by modified animal management. In Study 3, we examine various scent‐gland microbiomes across three species in the wild or captivity and show them to vary by host species, sex, body site, and a proxy of social status. These rare data provide support for the bacterial fermentation hypothesis in olfactory signal production and implicate steroid hormones as mediators of microbial community structure. We conclude by discussing the role of scale in comparative microbial studies, the links between feeding strategy and host–microbiome coadaptation, the underappreciated benefits of captive populations for advancing conservation research, and the need to consider the entirety of an animal's microbiota. Ultimately, these studies will help move the field from exploratory to hypothesis‐driven research.}, number={10-11}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Greene, Lydia K. and Bornbusch, Sally L. and McKenney, Erin A. and Harris, Rachel L. and Gorvetzian, Sarah R. and Yoder, Anne D. and Drea, Christine M.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{finn_scheuermann_holzknecht_parker_granek_lin_mckenney_barbas_2018, title={Effect of gastric fluid aspiration on the lung microbiota of laboratory rats}, volume={44}, DOI={10.1080/01902148.2018.1482976}, abstractNote={Aim of the Study: The pulmonary microbiota is important for both normal homeostasis and the progression of disease, and may be affected by aspiration of gastric fluid. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the lung microbiota induced by aspiration of gastric fluid in a laboratory rat model. Material and Methods: Using the intratracheal application method, male rats received aspiration with 0.9% normal saline (n = 11); gastric fluid (n = 24) or sterilized (gamma-irradiated) gastric fluid (n = 12) once-weekly for four weeks. On the fifth week, the animals were sacrificed, and the microbiota of the lung was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results: Lungs without aspiration and lungs after aspiration with normal saline had similar microbial compositions, dominated by bacteria of the genera Serratia, Ralstonia and Brucella. Evaluation of the microbiota following aspiration of gastric fluid revealed a much different profile that was dominated by bacteria from the genera Romboutsia and Turicibacter and largely independent of sterilization of the gastric fluid. Conclusion: In a laboratory rat model, aspiration with gastric fluid caused a substantial shift of the lung microbiota that could be characterized as a shift from Proteobacteria towards Firmicutes, possibly of enteric origin. Bacteria contained in the gastric fluid are not apparently responsible for this change.}, number={4-5}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH}, author={Finn, Sade M. B. and Scheuermann, Uwe and Holzknecht, Zoie E. and Parker, William and Granek, Joshua A. and Lin, Shu S. and McKenney, Erin and Barbas, Andrew S.}, year={2018}, pages={201–210} }
 @article{greene_mckenney_o’connell_drea_2018, title={The critical role of dietary foliage in maintaining the gut microbiome and metabolome of folivorous sifakas}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-018-32759-7}, abstractNote={Abstract The gut microbiome (GMB) of folivores metabolizes dietary fiber into nutrients, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); however, experiments probing the consequences of foliage quality on host GMBs are lacking. We therefore examined GMB structure and function via amplicon sequencing and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in 31 captive sifakas ( Propithecus coquereli ) during dietary manipulations associated with husbandry. Supplementing standard diets with diverse foliage blends, versus with a single plant species, promoted more diverse GMBs, enriched for taxa implicated in plant-fiber metabolism, but depleted in taxa implicated in starch metabolism and bile tolerance. The consumption of diverse blends was associated with greater concentrations of colonic SCFAs. Abundant foliage, via forest access, promoted compositionally distinct and more stable GMBs, but reduced concentrations of SCFAs, possibly reflecting selection of high-quality leaves. In 11 subjects denied forest access, we examined the temporal pace of microbial shifts when supplemental foliage was abruptly switched between diverse blends and single species. The sifaka GMB responded within days, with community diversity and composition closely tracking foliage diversity. By providing experimental evidence that the folivore GMB is sensitive to minor changes in dietary foliage, we reveal the fragility of specialist GMBs, with implications for managing the wellbeing of endangered wildlife.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Nature America, Inc}, author={Greene, Lydia K. and McKenney, Erin A. and O’Connell, Thomas M. and Drea, Christine M.}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{mckenney_koelle_dunn_yoder_2018, title={The ecosystem services of animal microbiomes}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1365-294X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14532}, DOI={10.1111/mec.14532}, abstractNote={Microbiologists often evaluate microbial community dynamics by formulating functional hypotheses based on ecological processes. Indeed, many of the methods and terms currently used to describe animal microbiomes derive from ecology and evolutionary biology. As our understanding of the composition and functional dynamics of "the microbiome" grows, we increasingly refer to the host as an ecosystem within which microbial processes play out. Even so, an ecosystem service framework that extends to the context of the host has thus far been lacking. Here, we argue that ecosystem services are a useful framework with which to consider the value of microbes to their hosts. We discuss those "microbiome services" in the specific context of the mammalian gut, providing a context from which to develop new hypotheses and to evaluate microbial functions in future studies and novel systems.}, number={8}, journal={MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={McKenney, E. A. and Koelle, K. and Dunn, R. R. and Yoder, A. D.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={2164–2172} }
 @article{greene_mckenney_2018, title={The inside tract: The appendicular, cecal, and colonic microbiome of captive aye-ayes}, volume={166}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.23481}, abstractNote={Abstract Objectives The aye‐aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis ) is famous for its feeding strategies that target structurally defended, but high‐quality resources. Nonetheless, the influence of this digestible diet on gut microbial contributions to aye‐aye metabolism and nutrition remains unexplored. When four captive aye‐ayes were unexpectedly lost to persin toxicity, we opportunistically collected samples along the animals' gastrointestinal tracts. Here we describe the diversity and composition of appendicular, cecal, and colonic consortia relative to the aye‐aye's unusual feeding ecology. Materials and methods During necropsies, we collected digestive content from the appendix, cecum, and distal colon. We determined microbiome structure at these sites via amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and an established bioinformatics pipeline. Results The aye‐ayes' microbiomes exhibited low richness and diversity compared to the consortia of other lemurs housed at the same facility, and were dominated by a single genus, Prevotella . Appendicular microbiomes were differentiated from more homogenized cecal and colonic consortia by lower richness and diversity, greater evenness, and a distinct taxonomic composition. Discussion The simplicity of the aye‐aye's gut microbiome could be attributed to captivity‐induced dysbiosis, or it may reflect this species' extreme foraging investment in a digestible diet that requires little microbial metabolism. Site‐specific appendicular consortia, but more similar cecal and colonic consortia, support the theory that the appendix functions as a safe‐house for beneficial bacteria, and confirm fecal communities as fairly reliable proxies for consortia along the lower gut. We encourage others to make similar use of natural or accidental losses for probing the primate gut microbiome.}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Greene, Lydia K. and McKenney, Erin A.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={960–967} }
 @article{bamboo specialists from two mammalian orders (primates, carnivora) share a high number of low-abundance gut microbes._2017, volume={11}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/29188302}, DOI={10.1007/s00248-017-1114-8}, journal={Microbial ecology}, year={2017}, month={Nov} }
 @article{down for the count: cryptosporidium infection depletes the gut microbiome in coquerel's sifakas._2017, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28740461}, DOI={10.1080/16512235.2017.1335165}, abstractNote={Background: The gut microbiome (GMB) is the first line of defense against enteric pathogens, which are a leading cause of disease and mortality worldwide. One such pathogen, the protozoan Cryptosporidium, causes a variety of digestive disorders that can be devastating and even lethal. The Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) - an endangered, folivorous primate endemic to Madagascar - is precariously susceptible to cryptosporidiosis under captive conditions. If left untreated, infection can rapidly advance to morbidity and death. Objective: To gain a richer understanding of the pathophysiology of this pathogen while also improving captive management of endangered species, we examine the impact of cryptosporidiosis on the GMB of a flagship species known to experience a debilitating disease state upon infection. Design: Using 16S sequencing of DNA extracted from sifaka fecal samples, we compared the microbial communities of healthy sifakas to those of infected individuals, across infection and recovery periods. Results: Over the course of infection, we found that the sifaka GMB responds with decreased microbial diversity and increased community dissimilarity. Compared to the GMB of unaffected individuals, as well as during pre-infection and recovery periods, the GMB during active infection was enriched for microbial taxa associated with dysbiosis and rapid transit time. Time to recovery was inversely related to age, with young animals being slowest to recover GMB diversity and full community membership. Antimicrobial treatment during infection caused a significant depletion in GMB diversity. Conclusions: Although individual sifakas show unique trajectories of microbial loss and recolonization in response to infection, recovering sifakas exhibit remarkably consistent patterns, similar to initial community assembly of the GMB in infants. This observation, in particular, provides biological insight into the rules by which the GMB recovers from the disease state. Fecal transfaunation may prove effective in restoring a healthy GMB in animals with specialized diets.}, journal={Microbial ecology in health and disease}, year={2017} }
 @article{evolution of the hygiene hypothesis into biota alteration theory: what are the paradigms and where are the clinical applications?_2017, volume={11}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/29133248}, DOI={10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.001}, abstractNote={For thousands of years, changes in human cultures have altered the biota associated with the human body, and those alterations have strongly influenced human health. The hygiene hypothesis has evolved over the past 30 years into a nuanced biota alteration theory, but modern medical priorities and regulatory policies have resulted in tragic underutilization of the acquired knowledge.}, journal={Microbes and infection}, year={2017}, month={Nov} }
 @article{feeding strategy shapes gut metagenomic enrichment and functional specialization in captive lemurs._2017, volume={11}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/29182421}, DOI={10.1080/19490976.2017.1408762}, abstractNote={Many studies have demonstrated the effects of host diet on gut microbial membership, metagenomics, and fermentation individually; but few have attempted to interpret the relationship among these biological phenomena with respect to host features (e.g. gut morphology). We quantitatively compare the fecal microbial communities, metabolic pathways, and fermentation products associated with the nutritional intake of frugivorous (fruit-eating) and folivorous (leaf-eating) lemurs. Our results provide a uniquely multidimensional and comparative perspective on the adaptive dynamics between host and microbiome. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed significant differential taxonomic and metabolic pathway enrichment, tailored to digest and detoxify different diets. Frugivorous metagenomes feature pathways to degrade simple carbohydrates and host-derived glycosaminoglycans, while folivorous metagenomes are equipped to break down phytic acid and other phytochemical compounds in an anaerobic environment. We used nuclear magnetic resonance based metabolic profiling of fecal samples to link metabolic pathways to fermentation products, confirming that the dissimilar substrates provided in each diet select for specific microbial functions. Fecal samples from frugivorous lemurs contained significantly different profiles of short chain fatty acids, alcohol fermentation products, amino acids, glucose, and glycerol compared to folivorous lemurs. We present the relationships between these datasets as an integrated visual framework, which we refer to as microbial geometry. We use microbial geometry to compare empirical gut microbial profiles across different feeding strategies, and suggest additional utility as a tool for hypothesis-generation.}, journal={Gut microbes}, year={2017}, month={Nov} }
 @article{williamson_mckenney_holzknecht_belliveau_rawls_poulton_parker_bilbo_2016, title={Got worms? Perinatal exposure to helminths prevents persistent immune sensitization and cognitive dysfunction induced by early-life infection}, volume={51}, DOI={10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.006}, abstractNote={The incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has risen dramatically in post-industrial societies. "Biome depletion" - loss of commensal microbial and multicellular organisms such as helminths (intestinal worms) that profoundly modulate the immune system - may contribute to these increases. Hyperimmune-associated disorders also affect the brain, especially neurodevelopment, and increasing evidence links early-life infection to cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders. We have demonstrated previously that rats infected with bacteria as newborns display life-long vulnerabilities to cognitive dysfunction, a vulnerability that is specifically linked to long-term hypersensitivity of microglial cell function, the resident immune cells of the brain. Here, we demonstrate that helminth colonization of pregnant dams attenuated the exaggerated brain cytokine response of their offspring to bacterial infection, and that combined with post-weaning colonization of offspring with helminths (consistent with their mothers treatment) completely prevented enduring microglial sensitization and cognitive dysfunction in adulthood. Importantly, helminths had no overt impact on adaptive immune cell subsets, whereas exaggerated innate inflammatory responses in splenic macrophages were prevented. Finally, helminths altered the effect of neonatal infection on the gut microbiome; neonatal infection with Escherichia coli caused a shift from genera within the Actinobacteria and Tenericutes phyla to genera in the Bacteroidetes phylum in rats not colonized with helminths, but helminths attenuated this effect. In sum, these data point toward an inter-relatedness of various components of the biome, and suggest potential mechanisms by which this helminth might exert therapeutic benefits in the treatment of neuroinflammatory and cognitive disorders.}, journal={Brain, Behavior, and Immunity}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Williamson, Lauren L. and McKenney, Erin A. and Holzknecht, Zoie E. and Belliveau, Christine and Rawls, John F. and Poulton, Susan and Parker, William and Bilbo, Staci D.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={14–28} }
 @article{mckenney_dunn_urban_stalls_millis_flythe_stevens_2016, title={Symbiosis in the Soil: Citizen Microbiology in Middle and High School Classrooms †}, volume={17}, ISSN={1935-7877 1935-7885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1016}, DOI={10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1016}, abstractNote={Microorganisms are vital to environmental health, yet their association with disease often overshadows these benefits. Building citizen-science activities around the positive role of microorganisms and an understanding of their ubiquity can begin to dispel misconceptions while simultaneously engaging the public in research. Here, we describe a citizen-science microbiology project geared toward implementation in middle and high school classrooms. Students culture environmental microorganisms and document microbial diversity of plant root systems compared with adjacent bulk soil. Results contribute data toward research on microbiome recruitment of weeds and other successful plants while addressing core topics in science education.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={McKenney, Erin and Dunn, Robert R. and Urban, Julie M. and Stalls, Jennifer and Millis, Courtney and Flythe, Taylar and Stevens, Julia L.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={60–62} }
 @article{mckenney_williamson_yoder_rawls_bilbo_parker_2015, title={Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminthHymenolepis diminuta}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1080/19490976.2015.1047128}, abstractNote={The microbiome is now widely recognized as being important in health and disease, and makes up a substantial subset of the biome within the ecosystem of the vertebrate body. At the same time, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms such as helminths are being recognized as an important component of the biome that shaped the evolution of our genes. The absence of these macroscopic organisms during the early development and life of humans in Western culture probably leads to a wide range of human immunological diseases. However, the interaction between the microbiome and macroscopic components of the biome remains poorly characterized. In this study, the microbiome of the cecum in rats colonized for 2 generations with the small intestinal helminth Hymenolepis diminuta was evaluated. The introduction of this benign helminth, which is of considerable therapeutic interest, led to several changes in the cecal microbiome. Most of the changes were within the Firmicutes phylum, involved about 20% of the total bacteria, and generally entailed a shift from Bacilli to Clostridia species in the presence of the helminth. The results point toward ecological relationships between various components of the biome, with the observed shifts in the microbiome suggesting potential mechanisms by which this helminth might exert therapeutic effects.}, number={3}, journal={Gut Microbes}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={McKenney, Erin A and Williamson, Lauren and Yoder, Anne D and Rawls, John F and Bilbo, Staci D and Parker, William}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={182–193} }
 @article{mckenney_rodrigo_yoder_2015, title={Patterns of Gut Bacterial Colonization in Three Primate Species}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0124618}, abstractNote={Host fitness is impacted by trillions of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract that facilitate development and are inextricably tied to life history. During development, microbial colonization primes the gut metabolism and physiology, thereby setting the stage for adult nutrition and health. However, the ecological rules governing microbial succession are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the relationship between host lineage, captive diet, and life stage and gut microbiota characteristics in three primate species (infraorder, Lemuriformes). Fecal samples were collected from captive lemur mothers and their infants, from birth to weaning. Microbial DNA was extracted and the v4 region of 16S rDNA was sequenced on the Illumina platform using protocols from the Earth Microbiome Project. Here, we show that colonization proceeds along different successional trajectories in developing infants from species with differing dietary regimes and ecological profiles: frugivorous (fruit-eating) Varecia variegata, generalist Lemur catta, and folivorous (leaf-eating) Propithecus coquereli. Our analyses reveal community membership and succession patterns consistent with previous studies of human infants, suggesting that lemurs may serve as a useful model of microbial ecology in the primate gut. Each lemur species exhibits distinct species-specific bacterial diversity signatures correlating to life stages and life history traits, implying that gut microbial community assembly primes developing infants at species-specific rates for their respective adult feeding strategies.}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={McKenney, Erin A. and Rodrigo, Allen and Yoder, Anne D.}, editor={Heimesaat, Markus M.Editor}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={e0124618} }
 @article{lambert_fellner_mckenney_hartstone-rose_2014, title={Binturong (Arctictis binturong) and Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Digestive Strategy: Implications for Interpreting Frugivory in Carnivora and Primates}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105415}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0105415}, abstractNote={Exclusive frugivory is rare. As a food resource, fruit is temporally and spatially patchy, low in protein, and variable in terms of energy yield from different carbohydrate types. Here, we evaluate the digestive physiology of two frugivorous Carnivora species (Potos flavus, Arctictis binturong) that converge with primates in a diversity of ecological and anatomical traits related to fruit consumption. We conducted feeding trials to determine mean digestive retention times (MRT) on captive animals at the Carnivore Preservation Trust (now Carolina Tiger Rescue), Pittsboro, NC. Fecal samples were collected on study subjects for in vitro analysis to determine methane, pH, and short chain fatty acid profiles; fiber was assayed using standard neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fiber methods. Results indicate that both carnivoran species have rapid digestive passage for mammals that consume a predominantly plant-based diet: A. binturong MRT = 6.5 hrs (0.3); P. flavus MRT = 2.5 hrs (1.6). In vitro experiments revealed no fermentation of structural polysaccharides--methane levels did not shift from 0 h to either 24 or 48 hours and no short chain fatty acids were detected. In both species, however, pH declined from one incubation period to another suggesting acidification and bacterial activity of microbes using soluble carbohydrates. A comparison with primates indicates that the study species are most similar in digestive retention times to Ateles--the most frugivorous anthropoid primate taxon.}, number={8}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Lambert, Joanna E. and Fellner, Vivek and McKenney, Erin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, editor={Taylor, Andrea B.Editor}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={e105415} }
 @article{mckenney_ashwell_lambert_fellner_2014, title={Fecal microbial diversity and putative function in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and binturongs (Arctictis binturong)}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1749-4869"]}, DOI={10.1111/1749-4877.12112}, abstractNote={Microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract contribute to host health and nutrition. Although gut microbial ecology is well studied in livestock and domestic animals, little is known of the endogenous populations inhabiting primates or carnivora. We characterized microbial populations in fecal cultures from gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and binturongs (Arctictis binturong) to compare the microbiomes associated with different gastrointestinal morphologies and different omnivorous feeding strategies. Each species was fed a distinct standardized diet for 2 weeks prior to fecal collection. All diets were formulated to reflect the species' feeding strategies in situ. Fresh fecal samples were pooled within species and used to inoculate in vitro batch cultures. Acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate were measured after 24 h of incubation. Eubacterial DNA was extracted from individual fecal samples, pooled, and the cpn60 gene region was amplified and then sequenced to identify the major eubacterial constituents associated with each host species. Short chain fatty acids (P < 0.001) and methane (P < 0.001) were significantly different across species. Eubacterial profiles were consistent with fermentation data and suggest an increase in diversity with dietary fiber.}, number={5}, journal={INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={McKenney, Erin A. and Ashwell, Melissa and Lambert, Joanna E. and Fellner, Vivek}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={557–569} }