@article{gookin_stebbins_hunt_burlone_fulton_hochel_talaat_poore_levy_2004, title={Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritichomonas foetus and Giardia infection}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1098-660X"]}, DOI={10.1128/JCM.42.6.2707-2710.2004}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Data were gathered for 117 cats from 89 catteries at an international cat show to examine prevalence and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection. Prevalence of T. foetus was 31% among cats (36 out of 117) and catteries (28 out of 89) based on results of fecal smear examination (5 out of 36), fecal culture in modified Diamond's medium (9 out of 36), fecal culture in In Pouch TF medium (20 out of 36), or PCR amplification of the ribosomal RNA gene from feces with T. foetus -specific primers (34 out of 36). Catteries in which T. foetus was identified were more likely to have had a recent history of diarrhea, historical diagnosis of coccidia infection in adult cats, and a decreased number of square feet of facility per cat. Evidence did not exist for the ongoing transmission of T. foetus by water, food, or contact with other species.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Gookin, JL and Stebbins, ME and Hunt, E and Burlone, K and Fulton, M and Hochel, R and Talaat, M and Poore, M and Levy, MG}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={2707–2710} }
 @article{cole_blikslager_hunt_gookin_argenzio_2003, title={Cyclooxygenase blockade and exogenous glutamine  enhance sodium absorption in infected bovine ileum}, volume={284}, ISSN={0193-1857 1522-1547}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00172.2002}, DOI={10.1152/ajpgi.00172.2002}, abstractNote={We have previously shown that prostanoids inhibit electroneutral sodium absorption in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected porcine ileum, whereas glutamine stimulates electroneutral sodium absorption. We postulated that glutamine would stimulate sodium absorption via a cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent pathway. We tested this hypothesis in C. parvum-infected calves, which are the natural hosts of cryptosporidiosis. Tissues from healthy and infected calves were studied in Ussing chambers and analyzed via immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Treatment of infected tissue with selective COX inhibitors revealed that COX-1 and -2 must be blocked to restore electroneutral sodium absorption, although the transporter involved did not appear to be the expected Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 isoform. Glutamine addition also stimulated sodium absorption in calf tissue, but although this transport was electroneutral in healthy tissue, sodium absorption was electrogenic in infected tissue and was additive to sodium transport uncovered by COX inhibition. Blockade of both COX isoforms is necessary to release the prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of electroneutral sodium uptake in C. parvum-infected calf ileal tissue, whereas glutamine increases sodium uptake by an electrogenic mechanism in this same tissue.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology}, publisher={American Physiological Society}, author={Cole, Jeffrey and Blikslager, Anthony and Hunt, Elaine and Gookin, Jody and Argenzio, Robert}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={G516–G524} }
 @article{hunt_fu_armstrong_rennix_webster_galanko_chen_weaver_argenzio_rhoads_2002, title={Oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0031-3998"]}, DOI={10.1203/00006450-200203000-00017}, abstractNote={Cryptosporidium parvum produces a prolonged watery diarrhea unresponsive to conventional antimicrobials. Because of reported efficacy of antibody-based immunotherapy, we studied the effect of inexpensive, commercially available oral bovine serum concentrate (BSC) in experimental cryptosporidiosis. Twenty-four calves were treated with 57 g/d BSC (n = 12) or soy protein (n = 12) added to their standard whey protein-based milk replacer (227 g/2 L twice daily). Of the 24, 9 were also treated with L-glutamine (GLN), 8 g/L (50 mM) in the milk (5 calves in the BSC group and 4 in the soy group). Animals were inoculated with 10(8) cryptosporidium oocysts per os on d 8 of life and received oral rehydration on d 12-14. Eight uninfected controls were treated with BSC or soy protein. Fecal and urine volume and urinary Cr-EDTA excretion were measured. Animals were killed on d 18 of life. Cryptosporidiosis induced severe watery diarrhea lasting >9 d and produced a 25% increase in intestinal permeability, a 33% decrease in villous surface area, and a 40% reduction in mucosal lactase specific activity. Glutamine treatment had no effect on the diarrhea or any of the intestinal tests; and therefore pooled data were used to compare the 12 calves treated with BSC with the 12 treated with soy. In animals receiving BSC, peak diarrheal volume and intestinal permeability were reduced 33%, fewer oocysts were shed, intestinal crypts were significantly deeper, and villous surface area returned to normal by 9 d after infection (all p <or= 0.05). BSC should be studied as a treatment for human cryptosporidiosis.}, number={3}, journal={PEDIATRIC RESEARCH}, author={Hunt, E and Fu, Q and Armstrong, MU and Rennix, DK and Webster, DW and Galanko, JA and Chen, WN and Weaver, EM and Argenzio, RA and Rhoads, JM}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={370–376} }
 @article{blikslager_hunt_guerrant_rhoads_argenzio_2001, title={Glutamine transporter in crypts compensates for loss of villus absorption in bovine cryptosporidiosis}, volume={281}, ISSN={0193-1857 1522-1547}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.3.G645}, DOI={10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.3.g645}, abstractNote={Cryptosporidium parvum infection represents a significant cause of diarrhea in humans and animals. We studied the effect of luminally applied glutamine and the PG synthesis inhibitor indomethacin on NaCl absorption from infected calf ileum in Ussing chambers. Infected ileum displayed a decrease in both mucosal surface area and NaCl absorption. Indomethacin and glutamine or its stable derivative alanyl-glutamine increased the net absorption of Na(+) in infected tissue in an additive manner and to a greater degree than in controls. Immunohistochemical and Western blot studies showed that in control animals neutral amino acid transport system ASC was present in villus and crypts, whereas in infected animals, ASC was strongly present only on the apical border of crypts. These results are consistent with PGs mediating the altered NaCl and water absorption in this infection. Our findings further illustrate that the combined use of a PG synthesis inhibitor and glutamine can fully stimulate Na(+) and Cl(-) absorption despite the severe villous atrophy, an effect associated with increased expression of a Na(+)-dependent amino acid transporter in infected crypts.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology}, publisher={American Physiological Society}, author={Blikslager, Anthony and Hunt, Elaine and Guerrant, Richard and Rhoads, Marc and Argenzio, Robert}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={G645–G653} }
 @inproceedings{hunt_argenzio_blikslager_1999, title={New therapies for calf diarrhea: therapy and prevention for the new millennium}, volume={32}, booktitle={Proceedings of the thirty second annual conference, American Association of Bovine Practitioners: September 23-26, 1999, Nashville, TN}, publisher={Stillwater, OK: American Association of Bovine Practitioners}, author={Hunt, E. and Argenzio, R. and Blikslager, A.}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={118–122} }
 @article{perryman_kapil_jones_hunt_1999, title={Protection of calves against cryptosporidiosis with immune bovine colostrum induced by a Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant protein}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0264-410X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00477-0}, abstractNote={The purpose of the study was to determine if immunization with a recombinant protein (rC7) of Cryptosporidium parvum would induce immune bovine colostrum that protected calves against cryptosporidiosis following oral challenge with C. parvum oocysts. Late gestation Holstein cows with low titers of antibody to the p23 antigen of C. parvum were immunized three times with 300 microg affinity purified rC7 C. parvum recombinant protein (immune cows), or left nonimmunized (control cows). Colostrum was obtained from each cow in both groups and partitioned into identical aliquots of pooled immune colostrum or pooled control colostrum. Twelve calves obtained at birth received either immune or control colostrum within the first 2 h, and again at 12 and 24 h of age. Each calf was challenged orally with 10(7) C. parvum oocysts at 12 h of age and monitored for signs of cryptosporidiosis. All six calves administered pooled control colostrum developed severe diarrhea (mean total fecal volume = 8447+/-5600 ml) and shed an average of 1.87+/-1.66 x 10(12) C. parvum oocysts. None of the six calves administered pooled immune colostrum developed diarrhea (mean total fecal volume = 740+/-750 ml, p < 0.05), and shed significantly fewer oocysts (3.05+/-2.26 x 10(9), p < 0.05). The absence of diarrhea and 2.79 log10 (99.8%) reduction in oocyst excretion indicates that immune bovine colostrum induced by immunization with C. parvum recombinant protein rC7 provided substantial protection against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves.}, number={17}, journal={VACCINE}, author={Perryman, LE and Kapil, SJ and Jones, ML and Hunt, EL}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={2142–2149} }
 @article{ramirez_mcdorman_dennis_hunt_1999, title={Radiographic diagnosis: Multicentric schwannoma in an adult Holstein-Freisian cow}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01900.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Radiology & UltrasoundVolume 40, Issue 2 p. 148-150 RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS: MULTICENTRIC SCHWANNOMA IN AN ADULT HOLSTEIN-FREISIAN COW Oscar Ramirez III DVM, Corresponding Author Oscar Ramirez III DVM Departments of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Oscar Ramirez, Gulf Coast Veterinary Imaging, 1111 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77027.Search for more papers by this authorKevin McDorman DVM, Kevin McDorman DVM Departments of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorPamela Dennis DVM, Pamela Dennis DVM Departments of Food Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorElaine Hunt DVM, Elaine Hunt DVM Departments of Food Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this author Oscar Ramirez III DVM, Corresponding Author Oscar Ramirez III DVM Departments of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Oscar Ramirez, Gulf Coast Veterinary Imaging, 1111 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77027.Search for more papers by this authorKevin McDorman DVM, Kevin McDorman DVM Departments of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorPamela Dennis DVM, Pamela Dennis DVM Departments of Food Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorElaine Hunt DVM, Elaine Hunt DVM Departments of Food Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 May 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01900.xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume40, Issue2March 1999Pages 148-150 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Ramirez, O and McDorman, K and Dennis, P and Hunt, E}, year={1999}, pages={148–150} }
 @article{hunt_wood_1999, title={Use of blood and blood products}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30168-7}, abstractNote={It is sometimes necessary for the practitioner to transfuse the ruminant with whole blood or plasma. These techniques are often difficult to perform in practice and are time-consuming, expensive, and stressful to the animal. Acute loss of 20-25% of the blood volume will result in marked clinical signs of anemia, including tachycardia and maniacal behavior. The PCV is only a useful tool with which to monitor acute blood loss after intravascular equilibration with other fluid compartments has occurred. An acutely developing PCV of 15% or less may require transfusion. Chronic anemia with PCV of 7-12% can be tolerated without transfusion if the animal is not stressed and no further decline in erythrocyte mass occurs. Seventy-five per cent of transfused bovine erythrocytes are destroyed within 48 hours of transfusion. A transfusion rate of 10-20 ml/kg, recipient weight, is necessary to result in any appreciable increase in PCV. A nonpregnant donor can contribute 10-15 ml of blood/kg body weight at 2-4 week intervals. Sodium citrate is an effective anticoagulant, but acid citrate dextrose should be used if blood is to be stored for more than a few hours. Blood should not be stored more than 2 weeks prior to administration. Heparin is an unsuitable anticoagulant because the quantity of heparin required for clot-free blood collection will lead to coagulation defects in the recipient. Blood crossmatching is only rarely performed in the ruminant. In field situations, it is advisable to inject 200 ml of donor blood into the adult recipient and wait 10 minutes. If no reaction occurs, the rest of the blood can probably be safely administered as long as volume overload problems do not develop. Adverse reactions are most commonly seen in very young animals or pregnant cattle. Signs of blood or plasma transfusion reaction include hiccoughing, tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, muscle tremors, pruritus, salivation, cough, dyspnea, fever, lacrimation, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, collapse, apnea, and opisthotonos. Intravenous epinephrine HCl 1:1000 can be administered (0.2 to 0.5 ml) intravenously or (4 to 5 ml) intramuscularly if clinical signs are severe. Pretreatment with antipyretics and slowing the administration rate may decrease the febrile response. Blood or plasma administered too rapidly will also result in signs of cardiovascular overload, acute heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension and edema. Furosemide and slower administration of blood or plasma should alleviate this problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Hunt, E and Wood, B}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={641-+} }
 @article{hunt_van camp_fleming_1988, title={Developing technologies for prevention of bovine failure of passive transfer of antibody (FPTA)}, number={23}, journal={Bovine Practitioner}, author={Hunt, E. and Van Camp, S. D. and Fleming, S.}, year={1988}, pages={131} }