@article{butler_galle_kerns_2019, title={Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Timing, Fungicide Application Method, and Simulated Rainfall after Fungicide Application on Brown Patch Severity in Tall Fescue}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2019.03.0018}, abstractNote={In North Carolina, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely grown throughout the Mountain and Piedmont regions. North Carolina is in the transition zone, which is subject to hot, humid summers that predispose tall fescue to brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn). Field trials were conducted over a 2-year period (2015–2016) to evaluate the effects of nitrogen rate and timing, application method of a fungicide, and rainfall following fungicide application on brown patch severity on lawn height tall fescue. Seven rates of urea providing 0 to 6 lb N 1000 ft-2 year-1 were initiated each year in March with repeat applications monthly at 1 lb N 1000 ft-2. In a separate study, various timings of urea were conducted throughout the year for a total of 3 lb N 1000 ft-2 yr-1. In 2015, no significant differences in disease severity or turfgrass quality were observed among the seven N rates. Only the application of 6 lb N 1000 ft-2 yr-1 resulted in significantly higher brown patch compared with the non-treated control in 2016. No significant differences in disease severity or turfgrass quality were observed in the timing study in both years. Azoxystrobin was applied with a ride-on spreader/sprayer (11 gal water-carrier acre-1), a commercial applicator gun (130 gal water-carrier acre-1), and a research spray boom (88 gal water-carrier acre-1). No differences were detected among application methods. A rainfall event of 0.5 inches was simulated with overhead irrigation 30 min after application of fungicides. No differences were detected among the fungicide treatments, and all provided excellent control of brown patch. T fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely planted in North Carolina in residential and commercial landscapes. Based on the most recent survey of turfgrass in North Carolina (NCAS 1999), 47.8% of the total turfgrass acreage was planted with tall fescue. The total maintained turfgrass acreage in North Carolina is 2.14 million acres, and of that, 69% of the area is in single-family dwellings. Singlefamily dwellings also accounted for 60% of the expenditures and 79% of the value of turfgrass equipment. Tall fescue is selected for this region mainly because of its adaptability to multiple soil types, Crop Forage Turfgrass Manage. 5:190018. doi:10.2134/cftm2019.03.0018 © 2019 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published September 5, 2019}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Butler, E. Lee and Galle, Glenn H. and Kerns, James P.}, year={2019}, month={Sep} }
 @article{galle_opperman_kerns_2016, title={Population dynamics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus in Central North Carolina}, volume={48}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Nematology}, author={Galle, G. and Opperman, C. H. and Kerns, J. P.}, year={2016}, pages={322–323} }