@article{cardenas_valencio_sanchez_o’hara_machado_2024, title={Analyzing the intrastate and interstate swine movement network in the United States}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.25.576551}, DOI={10.1101/2024.01.25.576551}, abstractNote={Abstract}, author={Cardenas, Nicolas C. and Valencio, Arthur and Sanchez, Felipe and O’Hara, Kathleen C. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{campler_hall_mills_galvis_machado_arruda_2024, title={Description of swine producer biosecurity planning for foreign animal disease preparedness using the Secure Pork Supply framework}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2024.1380623}, abstractNote={Preventing potential foreign animal diseases is a high priority, with re-emerging threats such as African Swine Fever emerging close to North American borders. The Secure Pork Supply (SPS) plan provides a voluntary framework for swine producer biosecurity planning and disease outbreak preparedness. However, biosecurity knowledge varies greatly among swine veterinarians, managers, and caretakers within the industry, which impacts the understanding, quality, implementation and biosecurity plan agreements with the SPS guidelines unless review procedures and quality control mechanisms are in place. Therefore, this study aimed to describe and identify the level of biosecurity planning agreements between producer-and/or swine veterinarian-made biosecurity plans for commercial swine sites and the SPS plan guidelines during a review process.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Campler, Magnus R. and Hall, Marissa and Mills, Kelsey and Galvis, Jason A. and Machado, Gustavo and Arruda, Andreia G.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{safari_fleming_galvis_deka_sanchez_machado_yeh_2024, title={Modeling the impact of optimized airflow and sick pen management on the spread of infectious diseases in swine barns}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.13.584486}, DOI={10.1101/2024.03.13.584486}, abstractNote={Abstract}, author={Safari, Maryam and Fleming, Christian and Galvis, Jason A. and Deka, Aniruddha and Sanchez, Felipe and Machado, Gustavo and Yeh, Chi-An}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{galvis_machado_2024, title={The role of vehicle movement in swine disease dissemination: Novel method accounting for pathogen stability and vehicle cleaning effectiveness uncertainties}, volume={226}, ISSN={["1873-1716"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106168}, abstractNote={Several propagation routes drive animal disease dissemination, and among these routes, contaminated vehicles traveling between farms have been associated with indirect disease transmission. In this study, we used near-real-time vehicle movement data and vehicle cleaning efficacy to reconstruct the between-farm dissemination of the African swine fever virus (ASFV). We collected one year of Global Positioning System data of 823 vehicles transporting feed, pigs, and people to 6363 swine production farms in two regions in the U.S. Without cleaning, vehicles connected up to 2157 farms in region one and 437 farms in region two. Individually, in region one vehicles transporting feed connected 2151 farms, pigs to farms 2089 farms, pigs to market 1507 farms, undefined vehicles 1760 farm, and personnel three farms. The simulation results indicated that the contact networks were reduced the most for crew transport vehicles with a 66% reduction, followed by vehicles carrying pigs to market and farms, with reductions of 43% and 26%, respectively, when 100% cleaning efficacy was achieved. The results of this study showed that even when vehicle cleaning and disinfection are 100% effective, vehicles are still connected to numerous farms. This emphasizes the importance of better understanding transmission risks posed by vehicles to the swine industry and regulatory agencies.}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={Galvis, Jason A. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{sykes_galvis_kathleen c. o'hara_corzo_machado_2023, title={Estimating the effectiveness of control actions on African swine fever transmission in commercial swine populations in the United States}, volume={217}, ISSN={["1873-1716"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105962}, DOI={10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105962}, abstractNote={Given the proximity of African swine fever (ASF) to the U.S., there is an urgent need to better understand the possible dissemination pathways of the virus within the U.S. swine industry and to evaluate mitigation strategies. Here, we extended PigSpread, a farm-level spatially-explicit stochastic compartmental transmission model incorporating six transmission routes including between-farm swine movements, vehicle movements, and local spread, to model the dissemination of ASF. We then examined the effectiveness of control actions similar to the ASF national response plan. The average number of secondary infections during the first 60 days of the outbreak was 49 finisher farms, 17 nursery farms, 5 sow farms, and less than one farm in other production types. The between-farm movements of swine were the predominant route of ASF transmission with an average contribution of 71.1%, while local spread and movement of vehicles were less critical with average contributions of 14.6% and 14.4%. We demonstrated that the combination of quarantine, depopulation, movement restrictions, contact tracing, and enhanced surveillance, was the most effective mitigation strategy, resulting in an average reduction of 79.0% of secondary cases by day 140 of the outbreak. Implementing these control actions led to a median of 495,619 depopulated animals, 357,789 diagnostic tests, and 54,522 movement permits. Our results suggest that the successful elimination of an ASF outbreak is likely to require the deployment of all control actions listed in the ASF national response plan for more than 140 days, as well as estimating the resources needed for depopulation, testing, and movement permits under these controls.}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={Sykes, Abagael L. and Galvis, Jason A. and Kathleen C. O'Hara and Corzo, Cesar and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{janouskova_rokhsar_jara_entezami_horton_dias_machado_prada_2023, title={Quantifying Spillover Risk with an Integrated Bat-Rabies Dynamic Modeling Framework}, volume={2023}, ISSN={["1865-1682"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2611577}, DOI={10.1155/2023/2611577}, abstractNote={Vampire bat-transmitted rabies has recently become the leading cause of rabies mortality in both humans and livestock in Latin America. Evaluating risk of transmission from bats to other animal species has thus become a priority in the region. An integrated bat-rabies dynamic modeling framework quantifying spillover risk to cattle farms was developed. The model is spatially explicit and is calibrated to the state of São Paulo, using real roost and farm locations. Roost and farm characteristics, as well as environmental data through an ecological niche model, are used to modulate rabies transmission. Interventions aimed at reducing risk in roosts (such as bat culling or vaccination) and in farms (cattle vaccination) were considered as control strategies. Both interventions significantly reduce the number of outbreaks in farms and disease spread (based on distance from source), with control in roosts being a significantly better intervention. High-risk areas were also identified, which can support ongoing programs, leading to more effective control interventions.}, journal={TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES}, author={Janouskova, Eva and Rokhsar, Jennifer and Jara, Manuel and Entezami, Mahbod and Horton, Daniel L. and Dias, Ricardo Augusto and Machado, Gustavo and Prada, Joaquin M.}, editor={Diaz, DanielEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{sanchez_galvis_cardenas_corzo_jones_machado_2023, title={Spatiotemporal relative risk distribution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the United States}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1158306}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2023.1158306}, abstractNote={Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains widely distributed across the U.S. swine industry. Between-farm movements of animals and transportation vehicles, along with local transmission are the primary routes by which PRRSV is spread. Given the farm-to-farm proximity in high pig production areas, local transmission is an important pathway in the spread of PRRSV; however, there is limited understanding of the role local transmission plays in the dissemination of PRRSV, specifically, the distance at which there is increased risk for transmission from infected to susceptible farms. We used a spatial and spatiotemporal kernel density approach to estimate PRRSV relative risk and utilized a Bayesian spatiotemporal hierarchical model to assess the effects of environmental variables, between-farm movement data and on-farm biosecurity features on PRRSV outbreaks. The maximum spatial distance calculated through the kernel density approach was 15.3 km in 2018, 17.6 km in 2019, and 18 km in 2020. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed greater variability throughout the study period, with significant differences between the different farm types. We found that downstream farms (i.e., finisher and nursery farms) were located in areas of significant-high relative risk of PRRSV. Factors associated with PRRSV outbreaks were farms with higher number of access points to barns, higher numbers of outgoing movements of pigs, and higher number of days where temperatures were between 4°C and 10°C. Results obtained from this study may be used to guide the reinforcement of biosecurity and surveillance strategies to farms and areas within the distance threshold of PRRSV positive farms.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Sanchez, Felipe and Galvis, Jason A. and Cardenas, Nicolas C. and Corzo, Cesar and Jones, Christopher and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{machado_galvis_cardenas_santos ebling_sykes_fleming_sanchez_mills_2023, title={The Rapid Access Biosecurity (RAB) app™ Handbook}, url={https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/p5uwq}, DOI={10.31219/osf.io/p5uwq}, abstractNote={The well-established U.S. Secure Pork Supply (SPS) Plan for Continuity of Business serves as a guideline for enhancing the biosecurity features of swine farms to improve preparedness for outbreaks of foreign animal diseases. Participation in the SPS Plan program is voluntary but highly recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) due to the need for feasible, standardized procedures for restarting safe animal, semen, and transportation vehicle movements during outbreaks. Although the role of biosecurity is well understood in preventing disease spread, the U. S. swine industry lacks knowledge of individual farm biosecurity plans and the efficacy of existing biosecurity measures. The Rapid Access Biosecurity (RAB) app (RABapp™) consortium aimed to 1) reduce ambiguity regarding the construction of on-farm enhancement biosecurity plans; 2) provide rapid access to standardized biosecurity plans at a national level; and 3) track movements between farms allows for the ability to efficiently develop disease spread transmission model and transform these models into decision support tools for animal health official and swine industry. As a result, the RABapp™ project was developed by an assembled consortium of the swine industry, government officials, and academic scholars members.In this work, we focus on demonstrating the steps to enhance the on-farm biosecurity of individual swine farms and implement effective contact tracing by tracking between-farm movement data to help prevent the spread of infection to other farms.Enhance the on-farm biosecurityAlthough SPS plans help swine farms enhance their biosecurity features in preparation for infectious disease outbreaks, updating and accessing these plans in a timely manner before and during an emergency, is critical for swine industry resilience. Here, RABapp™ serves as a vital tool by providing producers, veterinarians, and government officials with:1) Rapid access to the SPS plan status of farms across regions and states to expedite the distribution of movement permits within control zones2) Visual, interactive maps of farm sites and their biosecurity features to help producers and veterinarians view and update their plans for multiple sites and enhance their preparedness.3) A secure portal to quickly update and edit SPS plans to ensure producers, veterinarians, and animal health officials have access to the latest biosecurity information.Movement data for animals and related productsThe integration of movement (animal, semen, and vehicle) data with SPS plans is a unique feature of RABapp™. RABapp™ calculates the transportation network of farms and displays this network within an interactive easy-to-use plot. Utilizing information extracted from SPS plans, RABapp™ also calculates the risk level of individual farms based on each farm’s biosecurity infrastructure and the volume of animals moving through specific sites. Combined, this enables pork producers, industry veterinarians, and animal health officials across the state lines to:1) Perform effective contact tracing to identify movement among infected and susceptible farms.2)  Draw control zones within the app, which are used to guide the implementation of quarantines and other control strategies.3) Efficiently distributes the data needed to expedite movement permits to be issued by the animal health authorities to farms based on their location within the transportation network and control zone.Disease surveillance and transmission modelsThanks to the increasingly broad participation of the swine industry in the RABapp™ project, the team has utilized extensive movement and farm location data from swine companies to develop three state-of-the-art transmission models. The first two models enable the reconstruction of weekly outbreaks for two endemic diseases, PRRS and PEDV, while also providing short forecasts. In addition to the PRRS and PEDV models, the third and arguably most critical model is a transmission model for African swine fever (ASF). Tracking the spread of this major infectious disease threat as soon as the first case is detected on U.S. soil is a prominent goal of the RABapp™ project.}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Galvis, Jason Onell Ardila and Cardenas, Nicolas Cespedes and Santos Ebling, Denilson and Sykes, Abagael and Fleming, Christian and Sanchez, Felipe and Mills, Kelsey Roxane}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{trostle_corzo_reich_machado_2022, title={A discrete-time survival model for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus}, volume={6}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.03.494708}, DOI={10.1101/2022.06.03.494708}, abstractNote={Abstract}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Trostle, Parker and Corzo, Cesar A. and Reich, Brian J. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{trostle_corzo_reich_machado_2022, title={A discrete-time survival model for porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1865-1682"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14739}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.14739}, abstractNote={Since the arrival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the United States in 2013, elimination and control programs have had partial success. The dynamics of its spread are hard to quantify, though previous work has shown that local transmission and the transfer of pigs within production systems are most associated with the spread of PEDV. Our work relies on the history of PEDV infections in a region of the southeastern United States. This infection data is complemented by farm-level features and extensive industry data on the movement of both pigs and vehicles. We implement a discrete-time survival model and evaluate different approaches to modeling the local-transmission and network effects. We find strong evidence in that the local-transmission and pig-movement effects are associated with the spread of PEDV, even while controlling for seasonality, farm-level features, and the possible spread of disease by vehicles. Our fully Bayesian model permits full uncertainty quantification of these effects. Our farm-level out-of-sample predictions have a receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) of 0.779 and a precision-recall AUC of 0.097. The quantification of these effects in a comprehensive model allows stakeholders to make more informed decisions about disease prevention efforts.}, journal={TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES}, author={Trostle, Parker and Corzo, Cesar A. and Reich, Brian J. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{costa_cobellini_cardenas_groff_machado_2022, title={Assessing epidemiological parameters and dissemination characteristics of the 2000 and 2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.22.492961}, DOI={10.1101/2022.05.22.492961}, abstractNote={Since 1998 the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, has been free of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) with yearly mandatory vaccination, until the 2000 and 2001 reintroductions. This study gathers data from both outbreaks including official veterinary state service archives and field investigation reports to quantify epidemiological parameters such as epidemic duration, number of secondary infected farms and animals, and estimate the epidemic rate of growth. We apply a Bayesian latent variable approach to estimate the time-varying reproduction number and calculate new confirmed cases by infection date. Additionally, we utilized between-farm animal movements to reconstruct possible FMD transmission and characteristics of spread over the current at-risk population, by incorporating bovine movement data from 2018 to 2020 as standard to benchmark infected network parameters. The results were consistent with the reports generated by the official investigation of the outbreaks and the models and results presented in this study may be useful for assessing the transmission dynamics and support control measures in the future.}, author={Costa, Joao Marcos Nacif and Cobellini, Luis Gustavo and Cardenas, Nicolas Cespedes and Groff, Fernando Henrique Sauter and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{cardenas_sanchez_lopes_machado_2022, title={Coupling spatial statistics with social network analysis to estimate distinct risk areas of disease circulation to improve risk-based surveillance}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1865-1682"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14627}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.14627}, abstractNote={Abstract Most animal disease surveillance systems concentrate efforts in blocking transmission pathways and tracing back infected contacts while not considering the risk of transporting animals into areas with elevated disease risk. Here, we use a suite of spatial statistics and social network analysis to characterize animal movement among areas with an estimated distinct risk of disease circulation to ultimately enhance surveillance activities. Our model utilized equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) outbreaks, between‐farm horse movements, and spatial landscape data from 2015 through 2017. We related EIAV occurrence and the movement of horses between farms with climate variables that foster conditions for local disease propagation. We then constructed a spatially explicit model that allows the effect of the climate variables on EIAV occurrence to vary through space (i.e., non‐stationary). Our results identified important areas in which in‐going movements were more likely to result in EIAV infections and disease propagation. Municipalities were then classified as having high 56 (11.3%), medium 48 (9.66%), and low 393 (79.1%) spatial risk. The majority of the movements were between low‐risk areas, altogether representing 68.68% of all animal movements. Meanwhile, 9.48% were within high‐risk areas, and 6.20% were within medium‐risk areas. Only 5.37% of the animals entering low‐risk areas came from high‐risk areas. On the other hand, 4.91% of the animals in the high‐risk areas came from low‐ and medium‐risk areas. Our results demonstrate that animal movements and spatial risk mapping could be used to make informed decisions before issuing animal movement permits, thus potentially reducing the chances of reintroducing infection into areas of low risk.}, journal={TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cardenas, Nicolas C. and Sanchez, Felipe and Lopes, Francisco P. N. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{espindola_machado_diehl_santos_vargas_gressler_2022, title={Culturable Microbial Population From the Upper Respiratory Tract of 1,010 Clinically Healthy Horses in Southern Brazil}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103946}, abstractNote={Microbiological diagnosis of equine respiratory infections is essential for disease management. However, reliable diagnosis can be a challenge due to colonization of the upper respiratory tract (URT) by a diverse microbial population, and because there is a lack of studies with samples from healthy animals. Aiming to guide adequate URT culture, this work reports culturable microbial population from the URT of 1,010 apparently healthy horses from 341 farms in Southern Brazil and identifies the putative presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Nasal swabs were cultured in 5% blood agar, and the isolates were phenotypically identified to genus level. A diverse respiratory microbial population was found, mostly composed of Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. The microbiological profile from the nasal cavity of 911 horses was described, with the five most common profiles being: (1) Staphylococcus sp. + Gram-negative bacilli (12.67%), (2) Staphylococcus sp. in pure culture (12.47%), (3) Staphylococcus sp. + Bacillus sp. (10.10%), (4) Gram-negative bacilli in pure culture (6.93%), and (5) Staphylococcus sp. + Bacillus sp. + Gram-negative bacilli (6.73%). Streptococcus equi equi and Rhodococcus equi were detected in 34 horses (3.37%), demonstrating the presence of pathogenic bacteria along with commensal microorganisms in apparently healthy animals. The disclosed data may guide and facilitate microbiological diagnosis of URT infection in horses. The significant presence of Gram-negative bacilli was evidenced, as well as the occurrence of relevant pathogens, such as S. equi equi and R. equi, thus helping to improve diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Espindola, Julia Pires and Machado, Gustavo and Diehl, Gustavo Nogueira and Santos, Lucila Carboneiro and Vargas, Agueda Castagna and Gressler, Leticia Trevisan}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{sykes_galvis_o’hara_corzo_machado_2022, title={Estimating the effectiveness of control actions on African swine fever transmission in commercial swine populations in the United States}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.04.506538}, DOI={10.1101/2022.09.04.506538}, abstractNote={Abstract}, author={Sykes, Abagael L. and Galvis, Jason A. and O’Hara, Kathleen C. and Corzo, Cesar and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{galvis_corzo_prada_machado_2022, title={Modeling between-farm transmission dynamics of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: Characterizing the dominant transmission routes}, volume={208}, ISSN={["1873-1716"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105759}, abstractNote={The role of transportation vehicles, pig movement between farms, proximity to infected premises, and feed deliveries has not been fully considered in the dissemination dynamics of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). This has limited efforts for disease prevention, control and elimination restricting the development of risk-based resource allocation to the most relevant modes of PEDV dissemination. Here, we modeled nine pathways of between-farm transmission represented by a contact network of pig movements between sites, farm-to-farm proximity (local transmission), four distinct contact networks of transportation vehicles (trucks that transport pigs from farm-to-farm and farm-to-markets, as well as trucks transporting feed and staff), the volume of animal by-products in feed diets (e.g., fat and meat-and-bone-meal) to reproduce PEDV transmission dynamics. The model was calibrated in space and time with weekly PEDV outbreaks. We investigated the model performance to identify outbreak locations and the contribution of each route in the dissemination of PEDV. The model estimated that 42.7% of the infections in sow farms were related to vehicles transporting feed, 34.5% of infected nurseries were associated with vehicles transporting pigs between farms, and for both farm types, local transmission or pig movements were the next most relevant transmission routes. On the other hand, finishers were most often (31.4%) infected via local transmission, followed by the vehicles transporting feed and pigs between farms. Feed ingredients did not significantly improve model calibration metrics, sensitivity, and specificity; therefore, it was considered to have a negligible contribution in the dissemination of PEDV. The proposed modeling framework provides an evaluation of PEDV transmission dynamics, ranking the most important routes of PEDV dissemination and granting the swine industry valuable information to focus efforts and resources on the most important transmission routes.}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={Galvis, Jason A. and Corzo, Cesar A. and Prada, Joaquin M. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{cardenas_lopes_machado_2022, title={Modeling foot-and-mouth disease dissemination in Brazil and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.14.496159}, DOI={10.1101/2022.06.14.496159}, abstractNote={Abstract}, author={Cardenas, Nicolas C. and Lopes, Francisco P. N. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{andraud_hammami_hayes_galvis_vergne_machado_rose_2022, title={Modelling African swine fever virus spread in pigs using time-respective network data: Scientific support for decision makers}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1865-1682"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14550}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.14550}, abstractNote={African Swine Fever (ASF) represents the main threat to swine production, with heavy economic consequences for both farmers and the food industry. The spread of the virus that causes ASF through Europe raises the issues of identifying transmission routes and assessing their relative contributions in order to provide insights to stakeholders for adapted surveillance and control measures. A simulation model was developed to assess ASF spread over the commercial swine network in France. The model was designed from raw movement data and actual farm characteristics. A metapopulation approach was used, with transmission processes at the herd level potentially leading to external spread to epidemiologically connected herds. Three transmission routes were considered: local transmission (e.g. fomites, material exchange), movement of animals from infected to susceptible sites, and transit of trucks without physical animal exchange. Surveillance was represented by prevalence and mortality detection thresholds at herd level, which triggered control measures through movement ban for detected herds and epidemiologically related herds. The time from infection to detection varied between 8 and 21 days, depending on the detection criteria, but was also dependent on the types of herds in which the infection was introduced. Movement restrictions effectively reduced the transmission between herds, but local transmission was nevertheless observed in higher proportions highlighting the need of global awareness of all actors of the swine industry to mitigate the risk of local spread. Raw movement data were directly used to build a dynamic network on a realistic time-scale. This approach allows for a rapid update of input data without any pre-treatment, which could be important in terms of responsiveness, should an introduction occur. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, journal={TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andraud, Mathieu and Hammami, Pachka and Hayes, Brandon H. and Galvis, Jason A. and Vergne, Timothee and Machado, Gustavo and Rose, Nicolas}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{galvis_corzo_machado_2022, title={Modelling and assessing additional transmission routes for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: Vehicle movements and feed ingredients}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1865-1682"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14488}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.14488}, abstractNote={Accounting for multiple modes of livestock disease dissemination in epidemiological models remains a challenge. We developed and calibrated a mathematical model for transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), tailored to fit nine modes of between-farm transmission pathways including: farm-to-farm proximity (local transmission), contact network of batches of pigs transferred between farms (pig movements), re-break probabilities for farms with previous PRRSV outbreaks, with the addition of four different contact networks of transportation vehicles (vehicles to transport pigs to farms, pigs to markets, feed and crew) and the amount of animal by-products within feed ingredients (e.g. animal fat or meat and bone meal). The model was calibrated on weekly PRRSV outbreaks data. We assessed the role of each transmission pathway considering the dynamics of specific types of production (i.e., sow, nursery). Although our results estimated that the networks formed by transportation vehicles were more densely connected than the network of pigs transported between-farms, pig movements and farm proximity were the main PRRSV transmission routes regardless of farm types. Among the four vehicle networks, vehicles transporting pigs to farms explained a large proportion of infections, sow = 20.9%; nursery = 15%; and finisher = 20.6%. The animal by-products showed a limited association with PRRSV outbreaks through descriptive analysis, and our model results showed that the contribution of animal fat contributed only 2.5% and meat and bone meal only 0.03% of the infected sow farms. Our work demonstrated the contribution of multiple routes of PRRSV dissemination, which has not been deeply explored before. It also provides strong evidence to support the need for cautious, measured PRRSV control strategies for transportation vehicles and further research for feed by-products modeling. Finally, this study provides valuable information and opportunities for the swine industry to focus effort on the most relevant modes of PRRSV between-farm transmission.}, journal={TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Galvis, Jason A. and Corzo, Cesar A. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{galvis_corzo_prada_machado_2022, title={Modelling the transmission and vaccination strategy for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus}, volume={69}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14007}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.14007}, abstractNote={Many aspects of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) between-farm transmission dynamics have been investigated, but uncertainty remains about the significance of farm type and different transmission routes on PRRSV spread. We developed a stochastic epidemiological model calibrated on weekly PRRSV outbreaks accounting for the population dynamics in different pig production phases, breeding herds, gilt development units, nurseries, and finisher farms, of three hog producer companies. Our model accounted for indirect contacts by the close distance between farms (local transmission), between-farm animal movements (pig flow), and reinfection of sow farms (re-break). The fitted model was used to examine the effectiveness of vaccination strategies and complementary interventions such as enhanced PRRSV detection and vaccination delays and forecast the spatial distribution of PRRSV outbreak. The results of our analysis indicated that for sow farms, 59% of the simulated infections were related to local transmission (e.g. airborne, feed deliveries, shared equipment) whereas 36% and 5% were related to animal movements and re-break, respectively. For nursery farms, 80% of infections were related to animal movements and 20% to local transmission; while at finisher farms it was split between local transmission and animal movements. Assuming that the current vaccines are 1% effective in mitigating between-farm PRRSV transmission, weaned pigs vaccination would reduce the incidence of PRRSV outbreaks by 3%, indeed under any scenario vaccination alone was insufficient for completely controlling PRRSV spread. Our results also showed that intensifying PRRSV detection and/or vaccination pigs at placement increased the effectiveness of all simulated vaccination strategies. Our model reproduced the incidence and PRRSV spatial distribution; therefore, this model could also be used to map current and future farms at-risk. Finally, this model could be a useful tool for veterinarians, allowing them to identify the effect of transmission routes and different vaccination interventions to control PRRSV spread.}, number={2}, journal={Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Galvis, Jason A. and Corzo, Cesar A. and Prada, Joaquin M. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={485–500} }
 @article{cardenas_sykes_lopes_machado_2022, title={Multiple species animal movements: network properties, disease dynamics and the impact of targeted control actions}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1297-9716"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13567-022-01031-2}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Cardenas, Nicolas C. and Sykes, Abagael L. and Lopes, Francisco P. N. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{jara_holcomb_wang_goss_machado_2022, title={The Potential Distribution of Pythium insidiosum in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia (vol 8, 640339, 2021)}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.893668}, abstractNote={[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.640339.].}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Jara, Manuel and Holcomb, Kevin and Wang, Xuechun and Goss, Erica M. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{galvis_jones_prada_corzo_machado_2022, title={The between-farm transmission dynamics of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: A short-term forecast modelling comparison and the effectiveness of control strategies}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1865-1682"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13997}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.13997}, abstractNote={A limited understanding of the transmission dynamics of swine disease is a significant obstacle to prevent and control disease spread. Therefore, understanding between-farm transmission dynamics is crucial to developing disease forecasting systems to predict outbreaks that would allow the swine industry to tailor control strategies. Our objective was to forecast weekly Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDV) outbreaks by generating maps to identify current and future PEDV high-risk areas, and simulating the impact of control measures. Three epidemiological transmission models were developed and compared: a novel epidemiological modelling framework was developed specifically to model disease spread in swine populations, PigSpread, and two models built on previously developed ecosystems; SimInf (a stochastic disease spread simulations) and PoPS (Pest or Pathogen Spread). The models were calibrated on true weekly PEDV outbreaks from three spatially related swine production companies. Prediction accuracy across models was compared using the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC). Model outputs had a general agreement with observed outbreaks throughout the study period. PoPS had an AUC of 0.80, followed by PigSpread with 0.71, and SimInf had the lowest at 0.59. Our analysis estimates that the combined strategies of herd closure, controlled exposure of gilts to live viruses (feedback) and on-farm biosecurity reinforcement reduced the number of outbreaks. On average, 76% to 89% reduction was seen in sow farms, while in gilt development units (GDU) was between 33% to 61% when deployed to sow and GDU farms located in probabilistic high-risk areas. Our multi-model forecasting approach can be used to prioritize surveillance and intervention strategies for PEDV and other diseases potentially leading to more resilient and healthier pig production systems.}, number={2}, journal={TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Galvis, Jason A. and Jones, Chris M. and Prada, Joaquin M. and Corzo, Cesar A. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={396–412} }
 @article{jara_crespo_roberts_chapman_banda_machado_2021, title={Development of a Dissemination Platform for Spatiotemporal and Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85105984090&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.624233}, abstractNote={Infecting large portions of the global poultry populations, the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) remains a major economic burden in North America. With more than 30 serotypes globally distributed, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, and Massachusetts are among the most predominant serotypes in the United States. Even though vaccination is widely used, the high mutation rate exhibited by IBV is continuously triggering the emergence of new viral strains and hindering control and prevention measures. For that reason, targeted strategies based on constantly updated information on the IBV circulation are necessary. Here, we sampled IBV-infected farms from one US state and collected and analyzed 65 genetic sequences coming from three different lineages along with the immunization information of each sampled farm. Phylodynamic analyses showed that IBV dispersal velocity was 12.3 km/year. The majority of IBV infections appeared to have derived from the introduction of the Arkansas DPI serotype, and the Arkansas DPI and Georgia 13 were the predominant serotypes. When analyzed against IBV sequences collected across the United States and deposited in the GenBank database, the most likely viral origin of our sequences was from the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Delaware. Information about vaccination showed that the MILDVAC-MASS+ARK vaccine was applied on 26% of the farms. Using a publicly accessible open-source tool for real-time interactive tracking of pathogen spread and evolution, we analyzed the spatiotemporal spread of IBV and developed an online reporting dashboard. Overall, our work demonstrates how the combination of genetic and spatial information could be used to track the spread and evolution of poultry diseases, providing timely information to the industry. Our results could allow producers and veterinarians to monitor in near-real time the current IBV strain circulating, making it more informative, for example, in vaccination-related decisions.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Jara, Manuel and Crespo, Rocio and Roberts, David L. and Chapman, Ashlyn and Banda, Alejandro and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{machado_corbellini_frias-de-diego_dieh_santos_jara_costa_2021, title={Impact of changes of horse movement regulations on the risks of equine infectious anemia: A risk assessment approach}, volume={190}, ISSN={["1873-1716"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105319}, DOI={10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105319}, abstractNote={Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a transboundary disease affecting a large number of equines worldwide. In this study, we assessed the transmission risk of EIAV in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Serum samples from 1010 animals from 341 farms were initially analyzed using agar gel immunodiffusion to detect viral antibodies, and no antibody-positive animals were found. A risk assessment stochastic model was applied to generate the expected number of potential infections per month and to estimate the time to new infections. Our results estimated 6.5 months as the interval for new infections in the worst-case scenario. Among the variables evaluated, the number of transported animals and the test sensitivity influenced the model the most. These results were then used to revisit the impact of EIAV control regulations, which triggered a change in the diagnostic testing required for animal movement, in which the validity of a negative test for EIAV was extended from 60 to 180 days. Finally, revisiting the annual average of infected farms before and after the new regulation, the number of infected farms increased pre-implementation, and then, the number of culled animals increased, which should impact future EIAV incidence in this region. Our results demonstrated the importance of constant reviews of disease control programs and provided quantitative-based knowledge for decision-makers in official veterinary services.}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Corbellini, Luis Gustavo and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Dieh, Gustavo Nogueira and Santos, Diego Viali and Jara, Manuel and Costa, Eduardo de Freitas}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{sykes_silva_holtkamp_mauch_osemeke_linhares_machado_2021, title={Interpretable machine learning applied to on-farm biosecurity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1865-1682"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14369}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.14369}, abstractNote={Effective biosecurity practices in swine production are key in preventing the introduction and dissemination of infectious pathogens. Ideally, on-farm biosecurity practices should be chosen by their impact on bio-containment and bio-exclusion, however quantitative supporting evidence is often unavailable. Therefore, the development of methodologies capable of quantifying and ranking biosecurity practices according to their efficacy in reducing disease risk have the potential to facilitate better informed choices of biosecurity practices. Using survey data on biosecurity practices, farm demographics, and previous outbreaks from 139 herds, a set of machine learning algorithms were trained to classify farms by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus status, depending on their biosecurity practices and farm demographics, to produce a predicted outbreak risk. A novel interpretable machine learning toolkit, MrIML-biosecurity, was developed to benchmark farms and production systems by predicted risk, and quantify the impact of biosecurity practices on disease risk at individual farms. Quantifying the variable impact on predicted risk 50% of 42 variables were associated with fomite spread while 31% were associated with local transmission. Results from machine learning interpretations identified similar results, finding substantial contribution to predicted outbreak risk from biosecurity practices relating to: the turnover and number of employees; the surrounding density of swine premises and pigs; the sharing of haul trailers; distance from the public road; and farm production type. In addition, the development of individualized biosecurity assessments provides the opportunity to better guide biosecurity implementation on a case-by-case basis. Finally, the flexibility of the MrIML-biosecurity toolkit gives it the potential to be applied to wider areas of biosecurity benchmarking, to address biosecurity weaknesses in other livestock systems and industry relevant diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, journal={TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sykes, Abagael L. and Silva, Gustavo S. and Holtkamp, Derald J. and Mauch, Broc W. and Osemeke, Onyekachukwu and Linhares, Daniel C. L. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{sykes_silva_holtkamp_mauch_osemeke_linhares_machado_2021, title={Interpretable machine learning applied to on-farm biosecurity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85109134111&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, journal={arXiv}, author={Sykes, A.L. and Silva, G.S. and Holtkamp, D.J. and Mauch, B.W. and Osemeke, O. and Linhares, D.C.L. and Machado, G.}, year={2021} }
 @article{machado_farthing_andraud_lopes_lanzas_2021, title={Modeling the role of mortality-based response triggers on the effectiveness of African swine fever control strategies}, volume={4}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.05.438400}, DOI={10.1101/2021.04.05.438400}, abstractNote={African swine fever (ASF) is considered the most impactful transboundary swine disease. In the absence of effective vaccines, control strategies are heavily dependent on mass depopulation and movement restrictions. Here we developed a nested multiscale model for the transmission of ASF, combining spatially explicit network model of animal movements with a deterministic compartmental model for the dynamics of two ASF strains within-pixels of 3 km x 3 km, amongst the pig population in one Brazilian state. The model outcomes are epidemic duration, number of secondary infected farms and pigs, and distance of ASF spread. The model also shows the spatial distribution of ASF epidemics. We analyzed quarantine-based control interventions in the context of mortality trigger thresholds for the deployment of control strategies.}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Farthing, Trevor and Andraud, Mathieu and Lopes, Francisco Paulo Nunes and Lanzas, Cristina}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{galvis_corzo_machado_2021, title={Modelling and assessing additional transmission routes for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: vehicle movements and feed ingredients}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.26.453902}, DOI={10.1101/2021.07.26.453902}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={bioRxiv}, author={Galvis, Jason A. and Corzo, Cesar A. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{machado_farthing_andraud_nunes lopes_lanzas_2021, title={Modelling the role of mortality-based response triggers on the effectiveness of African swine fever control strategies}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1865-1682"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14334}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.14334}, abstractNote={African swine fever (ASF) is considered the most impactful transboundary swine disease. In the absence of effective vaccines, control strategies are heavily dependent on mass depopulation and shipment restrictions. Here, we developed a nested multiscale model for the transmission of ASF, combining a spatially explicit network model of animal shipments with a deterministic compartmental model for the dynamics of two ASF strains within 3 km × 3 km pixels in one Brazilian state. The model outcomes are epidemic duration, number of secondary infected farms and pigs, and distance of ASF spread. The model also shows the spatial distribution of ASF epidemics. We analyzed quarantine-based control interventions in the context of mortality trigger thresholds for the deployment of control strategies. The mean epidemic duration of a moderately virulent strain was 11.2 days, assuming the first infection is detected (best-case scenario), and 15.9 days when detection is triggered at 10% mortality. For a highly virulent strain, the epidemic duration was 6.5 days and 13.1 days, respectively. The distance from the source to infected locations and the spatial distribution was not dependent on strain virulence. Under the best-case scenario, we projected an average number of infected farms of 23.77 farms and 18.8 farms for the moderate and highly virulent strains, respectively. At 10% mortality-trigger, the predicted number of infected farms was on average 46.27 farms and 42.96 farms, respectively. We also demonstrated that the establishment of ring quarantine zones regardless of size (i.e. 5 km, 15 km) was outperformed by backward animal movement tracking. The proposed modelling framework provides an evaluation of ASF epidemic potential, providing a ranking of quarantine-based control strategies that could assist animal health authorities in planning the national preparedness and response plan.}, journal={TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Farthing, Trevor S. and Andraud, Mathieu and Nunes Lopes, Francisco Paulo and Lanzas, Cristina}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{fountain-jones_kozakiewicz_forester_landguth_carver_charleston_gagne_greenwell_kraberger_trumbo_et al._2021, title={MrIML: Multi-response interpretable machine learning to model genomic landscapes}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1755-0998"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85114320453&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/1755-0998.13495}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES}, author={Fountain-Jones, Nicholas M. and Kozakiewicz, Christopher P. and Forester, Brenna R. and Landguth, Erin L. and Carver, Scott and Charleston, Michael and Gagne, Roderick B. and Greenwell, Brandon and Kraberger, Simona and Trumbo, Daryl R. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{cardenas_sykes_lopes_machado_2021, title={Multiple species animal movements: Network properties, disease dynamic and the impact of targeted control actions}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85112559981&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, journal={arXiv}, author={Cardenas, N.C. and Sykes, A.L. and Lopes, F.P.N. and Machado, G.}, year={2021} }
 @article{jara_rasmussen_corzo_machado_2021, title={Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dissemination across pig production systems in the United States}, volume={68}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13728}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.13728}, abstractNote={Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains widespread in the North American pig population. Despite improvements in virus characterization, it is unclear whether PRRSV infections are a product of viral circulation within a farm, within production systems (local) or across production systems (external). Here we examined the dissemination dynamics of PRRSV and the processes facilitating its spread within and among pig farms in three production systems. Overall, PRRSV genetic diversity declined since 2018, while phylodynamic results support frequent transmission across-production systems. We found that PRRSV dissemination occurred mostly through transmission between farms of different production companies, which were predominant for several months, especially from November until May when PRRSV tends to peak in the studied region. Within production systems, dissemination occurred mainly through regular pig flow (from sow to nursery and then to finisher farms); nevertheless, an important flux of PRRSV dissemination from finisher to sow and nursery farms highlighted the importance of downstream farms as sources of the virus. Farms at areas with pig density from500 to 1000 pig/km2 and farms located at a range within 0.5 km and 0.7 km from major roads were more likely to infect by PRRSV, whereas farms at elevation between41 and 61 meters and denser vegetation acted as dissemination barriers. Although remains a challenge, there is a need to disentangle the route of PRRSV transmission, results evidenced that dissemination among commercially unrelated pig production systems was intense, reinforcing the importance of farm proximity on PRRSV spread. Thus, consideration of farm location and their geographic characteristics may help to forecast dissemination. The understanding of PRRSV transmission routes has the potential to inform targeted strategies for its prevention and control. Further studies are needed to quantify the relative contribution of PRRSV transmission routes.}, number={2}, journal={Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Jara, Manuel and Rasmussen, David A. and Corzo, Cesar A. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={667–683} }
 @article{machado_galvis_lopes_voges_medeiros_cárdenas_2021, title={Quantifying the dynamics of pig movements improves targeted disease surveillance and control plans}, volume={68}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85092052880&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.13841}, abstractNote={Tracking animal movements over time may fundamentally determine the success of disease control interventions. In commercial pig production growth stages determine animal transportation schedule, thus it generates time-varying contact networks showed to influence the dynamics of disease spread. In this study, we reconstructed pig networks of one Brazilian state from 2017 to 2018, comprising 351,519 movements and 48 million transported pigs. The static networks view did not capture time-respecting movement pathways. For this reason, we propose a time-dependent network approach. A susceptible-infected model was used to spread an epidemic over the pig network globally through the temporal between-farm networks, and locally by a stochastic model to account for within-farm dynamics. We propagated disease to calculate the cumulative contacts as a proxy of epidemic sizes and evaluate the impact of network-based disease control strategies in the absence of other intervention alternatives. The results show that targeting 1,000 farms ranked by degree would be sufficient and feasible to diminish disease spread considerably. Our modeling results indicated that independently from where initial infections were seeded (i.e., independent, commercial farms), the epidemic sizes and the number of farms needed to be targeted to effectively control disease spread were quite similar, indeed this finding can be explained by the presence of contact among all pig operation types The proposed strategy limited the transmission the total number of secondarily infected farms to 29, over two simulated years. The identified 1,000 farms would benefit from enhanced biosecurity plans and improved targeted surveillance. Overall, the modeling framework provides a parsimonious solution for targeted disease surveillance when temporal movement data is available.}, number={3}, journal={Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, author={Machado, G. and Galvis, J.A. and Lopes, F.P.N. and Voges, J. and Medeiros, A.A.R. and Cárdenas, N.C.}, year={2021}, pages={1663–1675} }
 @article{jara_holcomb_wang_goss_machado_2021, title={The Potential Distribution of Pythium insidiosum in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia}, volume={8}, ISBN={2297-1769}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85102310807&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.640339}, abstractNote={Pythium insidiosumis a widespread pathogen that causes pythiosis in mammals. Recent increase in cases reported in North America indicates a need to better understand the distribution and persistence of the pathogen in the environment. In this study, we reconstructed the distribution ofP. insidiosumin the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, located on Assateague Island, Virginia, and based on 136 environmental water samples collected between June and September of 2019. The Refuge hosts two grazing areas for horses, also known as the Chincoteague Ponies. In the past 3 years, 12 horses have succumbed to infection byP. insidiosum. Using an ecological niche model framework, we estimated and mapped suitable areas forP. insidiosumthroughout the Refuge. We foundP. insidiosumthroughout much of the study area. Our results showed significant monthly variation in the predicted suitability, where the most influential environmental predictors were land-surface water and temperature. We found that June, July, and August were the months with the highest suitability forP. insidiosumacross the Refuge, while December through March were less favorable months. Likewise, significant differences in suitability were observed between the two grazing areas. The suitability map provided here could also be used to make management decisions, such as monitoring horses for lesions during high risk months.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Jara, Manuel and Holcomb, Kevin and Wang, Xuechun and Goss, Erica M. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2021} }
 @article{ellington_hebron_crespo_machado_2021, title={Unraveling the Contact Network Patterns between Commercial Turkey Operation in North Carolina and the Distribution of <i>Salmonella</i> Species}, volume={10}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/12/1539}, DOI={10.3390/pathogens10121539}, abstractNote={Salmonellosis originating from poultry poses a significant threat to human health. Surveillance within production is thus needed to minimize risk. The objectives of this work were to investigate the distribution of Salmonella spp. from a commercial turkey operation and describe the animal movement patterns to investigate the association between contact network structure and Salmonella infection status. Four years of routine growout farm samples along with data on facility location, time since barns were built, production style, and bird movement data were utilized. From all of the surveillance samples collected, Salmonella serotyping was performed on positive samples and results showed that the most represented groups were C1 (28.67%), B (24.37%) and C2 (17.13%). The serovar Infantis (26.44%) was the most highly represented, followed by Senftenberg (12.76%) and Albany (10.93%). Results illustrated the seasonality of Salmonella presence with a higher number of positive samples being collected in the second half of each calendar year. We also demonstrated that Salmonella was more likely to occur in samples from older farms compared to farms built more recently. The contact network connectivity was low, although a few highly connected farms were identified. Results of the contact network showed that the farms which tested positive for Salmonella were not clustered within the network, suggesting that even though Salmonella dissemination occurs via transferring infected birds, for this study case it is unlikely the most important route of transmission. In conclusion, this study identified seasonality of Salmonella with significantly more cases in the second half of each year and also uncovered the role of between-farm movement of birds as not a major mode of Salmonella transmission.}, number={12}, journal={Pathogens}, author={Ellington, Cameron and Hebron, Claude and Crespo, Rocio and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{servadio_machado_alvarez_ferreira lima junior_vieira alves_convertino_2020, title={Information differences across spatial resolutions and scales for disease surveillance and analysis: The case of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85088222298&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0235920}, abstractNote={Nationwide disease surveillance at a high spatial resolution is desired for many infectious diseases, including Visceral Leishmaniasis. Statistical and mathematical models using data collected from surveillance activities often use a spatial resolution and scale either constrained by data availability or chosen arbitrarily. Sensitivity of model results to the choice of spatial resolution and scale is not, however, frequently evaluated. This study aims to determine if the choice of spatial resolution and scale are likely to impact statistical and mathematical analyses. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil is used as a case study. Probabilistic characteristics of disease incidence, representing a likely outcome in a model, are compared across spatial resolutions and scales. Best fitting distributions were fit to annual incidence from 2004 to 2014 by municipality and by state. Best fits were defined as the distribution family and parameterization minimizing the sum of absolute error, evaluated through a simulated annealing algorithm. Gamma and Poisson distributions provided best fits for incidence, both among individual states and nationwide. Comparisons of distributions using Kullback-Leibler divergence shows that incidence by state and by municipality do not follow distributions that provide equivalent information. Few states with Gamma distributed incidence follow a distribution closely resembling that for national incidence. These results demonstrate empirically how choice of spatial resolution and scale can impact mathematical and statistical models.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Servadio, Joseph L. and Machado, Gustavo and Alvarez, Julio and Ferreira Lima Junior, Francisco Edilson and Vieira Alves, Renato and Convertino, Matteo}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{galvis_prada_corzo_machado_2020, title={Modeling the transmission and vaccination strategy for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus}, volume={5}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.112946}, DOI={10.1101/2020.05.23.112946}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Galvis, Jason A. and Prada, Joaquin M. and Corzo, Cesar A. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{krasteva_jara_frias-de-diego_machado_2020, title={Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: A Historical and Epidemiological Perspective}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85089210118&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.00419}, abstractNote={Nairobi Sheep Disease virus (NSDv) is a zoonotic and tick-borne disease that can cause over 90% mortality in small ruminants. NSDv has historically circulated in East Africa and has recently emerged in the Asian continent. Despite efforts to control the disease, some regions, mostly in warmer climates, persistently report disease outbreaks. Consequently, it is necessary to understand how environmental tolerances and factors that influence transmission may shed light on its possible emergence in other regions. In this study, we quantified the available literature of NSDv from which occurrence data was extracted. In total, 308 locations from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, India, Sri Lanka and China were coupled with landscape conditions to reconstruct the ecological conditions for NSDv circulation and identify areas of potential disease transmission risk. Our results identified areas suitable for NSDv in Ethiopia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Southeastern China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Unsuitable areas included Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, and Southern Somalia. In summary, soil moisture, livestock density, and precipitation predispose certain areas to NSDv circulation. It is critical to investigate the epidemiology of NSDv in order to promote better allocation of resources to control its spread in regions that are more at risk. This will help reduce disease impact worldwide as climate change will favor emergence of such vector-borne diseases in areas with dense small ruminant populations.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Krasteva, Stephanie and Jara, Manuel and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{krasteva_jara_frias-de-diego_machado_2020, title={Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: a historical and epidemiological perspective}, volume={4}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.040014}, DOI={10.1101/2020.04.13.040014}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Krasteva, Stephanie and Jara, Manuel and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{jara_frias-de-diego_machado_2020, title={Phylogeography of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2296-701X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85085374042&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fevo.2020.00127}, abstractNote={Equine Infectious Anemia virus (EIAV) is the causative agent of one of the most impacting infectious diseases affecting equids. EIAV is genetically diverse with several lineages circulating globally. To elucidate EIAV global spread patterns, we studied its spatiotemporal dynamics applying Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, using a worldwide compiled dataset composed of unique sequences of the gag gene. In addition, we performed a scoping review of 1.470 publications on EIAV to characterize the spatiotemporal trends in EAIV research. Phylogeographic reconstruction suggested Hungary as the most likely country of origin for current EIAV circulation (root state posterior probability = 0.21), and one of the most important centers of diversification for the disease. Historical EIAV spread was predominantly characterized by long-distance spread across continents. As a result, we found that the American and Asian circulating EIAV (i.e., Mongolia) are more related to European lineages than to other Asian countries, being Europe the continent with the highest EIAV phylogenetic diversity. Our bibliometric analysis showed a continuous increment in the number of publications per year, where the United States and China appeared as the countries with highest EIAV-related scientific production. This study provides a historical geographic mapping of the EIAV linages’ spread patterns. In addition, we identified important asymmetry between the current research effort and the availability of genetic data which restricted our abilities to quantify for example the time frame of virus dispersal.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Jara, Manuel and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{jara_rasmussen_corzo_machado_2020, title={Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dissemination across pig production systems in the United States}, volume={4}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.034181}, DOI={10.1101/2020.04.09.034181}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Jara, Manuel and Rasmussen, David A. and Corzo, Cesar A. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{escobar_pritzkow_winter_grear_kirchgessner_dominguez‐villegas_machado_peterson_soto_2020, title={The ecology of chronic wasting disease in wildlife}, volume={95}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12568}, DOI={10.1111/brv.12568}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={Biological Reviews}, author={Escobar, Luis E. and Pritzkow, Sandra and Winter, Steven N. and Grear, Daniel A. and Kirchgessner, Megan S. and Dominguez‐Villegas, Ernesto and Machado, Gustavo and Peterson, A. Townsend and Soto, Claudio}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={393–408} }
 @article{jara_frias-de-diego_dellicour_baele_machado_2020, title={Tracing foot-and-mouth disease virus phylogeographical patterns and transmission dynamics.}, volume={1}, url={https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.20387/v1}, DOI={10.21203/rs.2.20387/v1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, publisher={Research Square}, author={Jara, Manuel and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Dellicour, Simon and Baele, Guy and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{polo_machado_rodrigues_hamrick_munoz-zanzi_pereira_bercini_timm_schneider_2019, title={A One Health Approach to Investigating <i>Leptospira</i> Serogroups and Their Spatial Distributions among Humans and Animals in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2013–2015}, volume={4}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/4/1/42}, DOI={10.3390/tropicalmed4010042}, abstractNote={Leptospirosis is an endemic zoonotic disease in Brazil and is widespread throughout rural populations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This study aimed to identify presumptive infecting Leptospira serogroups in human and animal cases and describe their occurrences within the ecoregions of the state by animal species. Data for human and animal leptospirosis cases were gathered from the government’s passive surveillance systems and presumptive infecting serogroups were identified based on a two-fold titer difference in serogroups in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) panel. A total of 22 different serogroups were reported across both human and animal cases. Serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae was the most common among humans, while serogroup Sejroe predominated among animal cases, particularly bovines. Each ecoregion had a large distribution of cases, with 51% of the human cases in the Parana–Paraiba ecoregion, and 81% of the animal cases in the Savannah ecoregion. Identifying and mapping the serogroups circulating using the One Health approach is the first step for further understanding the distribution of the disease in the state. This study has the potential to aid in guiding public health and agricultural practices, furthering the need for a human vaccine in high-risk populations to complement control and prevention efforts.}, number={1}, journal={Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease}, author={Polo, Noemi and Machado, Gustavo and Rodrigues, Rogerio and Hamrick, Patricia Najera and Munoz-Zanzi, Claudia and Pereira, Martha Maria and Bercini, Marilina and Timm, Loeci Natalina and Schneider, Maria Cristina}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{baquero_machado_2019, title={Author Correction: Spatiotemporal dynamics and risk factors for human Leptospirosis in Brazil}, volume={9}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42747-0}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-019-42747-0}, abstractNote={ A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, author={Baquero, Oswaldo Santos and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @article{appelt_silva_cazarotto_machado_rodrigues_norbury_baldissera_alba_gris_mendes_et al._2019, title={Cholinesterase as an inflammatory marker of subclinical infection of dairy cows infected by Neospora caninum and risk factors for disease}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1878-1667"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85068791582&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101330}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cows, as well as to verify the risk factors for N. caninum infection and inflammatory response in dairy cows. Using the indirect immunofluorescence reaction, the seroprevalence of neosporosis was determined to be 32.82%. Based on regression analysis, the presence of dogs at a farm increased the probability of a cow testing positive for N. caninum (OR = 20.01 [5.21–123.12]). These data suggest that N. caninum has a relevant prevalence in dairy cows of the Microregion of Rio do Sul (Brazil), with elevated frequencies of anti-N. caninum IgG. The data also suggest that the parasite is widely distributed in dairy herds of the micro-region, because 94.4% of properties screened had at least one seropositive animal. The principal risk factors for disease maintenance in herds may be considered the presence of dogs and absence of a diagnostic test when introducing new animals. Blood from these cows was used to measure variables related to the inflammatory response. Serum cholinesterase activity, as well as serum levels of globulins and C-reactive protein were higher in seropositive to N. caninum than in seronegative cows. Furthermore, the infection by parasite causes an intense inflammatory process, contributing to disease pathophysiology.}, journal={COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Appelt, Marciana Anita and Silva, Aleksandro Schafer and Cazarotto, Chrystian Jassana and Machado, Gustavo and Rodrigues, Rafael Sachet and Norbury, Luke James and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Alba, Davi F. and Gris, Anderson and Mendes, Ricardo Evandro and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{valle_farias_duda_machado_costa_2019, title={Correlação entre as contagens de reticulócitos manual e automática em amostras de felinos anêmicos}, volume={71}, url={https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10156}, DOI={10.1590/1678-4162-10156}, abstractNote={RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar os valores de reticulócitos pontilhados e agregados obtidos por metodologia manual com a metodologia automática de contagem de reticulócitos totais em amostras de sangue de gatos anêmicos, analisados em um contador hematológico com citometria de fluxo. Para isso, 40 amostras de sangue de pacientes felinos anêmicos, independentemente de idade e sexo, foram utilizadas para a determinação das contagens absolutas de reticulócitos totais pela metodologia automatizada por citometria de fluxo fluorescente e pela técnica manual com corante supravital, em duplicata. Na contagem manual, houve a discriminação entre reticulócitos pontilhados e agregados. Para a correlação entre os métodos, foi realizada a análise de regressão de Passing-Bablok. A média do hematócrito dos gatos foi de 15,25%, tendo a maioria dos gatos (32,5%) apresentado anemia moderada (hematócrito = 17,81%). Como resultados, a análise de regressão demonstrou que a correlação entre a contagem absoluta total automática foi superior à contagem manual de reticulócitos agregados (rho= 0,71; P<0,001) do que a contagem absoluta de reticulócitos pontilhados (rho= 0,68; P<0,001). Os resultados apresentados sugerem que a contagem de reticulócitos total absoluta realizada pelo analisador hematológico ProCyte Dx em gatos anêmicos se refere à contagem absoluta de reticulócitos. Dessa maneira, recomenda-se que os valores possam ser utilizados para a avaliação imediata da condição hematológica de gatos anêmicos.}, number={2}, journal={Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Valle, S.F. and Farias, C.S. and Duda, N.C.B. and Machado, G. and Costa, F.A.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={577–583} }
 @article{biazus_cazarotto_machado_bottari_alves_morsch_schetinger_leal_fernandes_moresco_et al._2019, title={Diphenyl diselenide subcutaneous supplementation of dairy sheep: effects on oxidant and antioxidant status, inflammatory response and milk composition}, volume={59}, ISSN={1836-0939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN17374}, DOI={10.1071/an17374}, abstractNote={Diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) is a organoselenium compound with potent antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether subcutaneous supplementation of (PhSe)2 in dairy sheep has positive effects on milk composition, as well as on the prevention of oxidative stress and exacerbated inflammatory response. For this, 16 primiparous recently calved sheep were divided into the following two groups, with eight animals in each: Group A, the control group; and Group B, the group subcutaneously supplemented with five doses of (PhSe)2 of 3.0µmol/kg each every 7 days. Blood samples from supplemented animals showed increased concentration of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase), and reduced reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, which prevented oxidative damage in the lactation period, as well as increased seric interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the sera, supplemented animals showed increased total antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of plasma compared with the control group. As a consequence, supplemented animals showed increased antioxidant variables, as well as reduced protein oxidation in milk samples. Moreover, milk from supplemented sheep showed a higher fat content, and lower total protein and lactose contents in some periods in the study, than did not-supplemented ewes. Seric concentrations of interleukin-1 were lower on Days 30 and 45 in supplemented animals, as well as the concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α in all periods, than were those in the control group, whereas the interleukin-10 concentrations were higher. Thus, dairy sheep supplementation of (PhSe)2 activated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, and increased milk fat content. Moreover, this protocol increased the antioxidant and, consequently, reduced the oxidant concentration in milk, which is desirable for product quality.}, number={3}, journal={Animal Production Science}, publisher={CSIRO Publishing}, author={Biazus, Angelisa H. and Cazarotto, Chrystian J. and Machado, Gustavo and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Alves, Mariana S. and Morsch, Vera M. and Schetinger, Maria R. C. and Leal, Marta L. R. and Fernandes, Natieli F. and Moresco, Rafael N. and et al.}, year={2019}, pages={461} }
 @article{dos santos_boito_klauck_dos reis_gebert_glombowsky_biazus_bottari_sousa_machado_et al._2019, title={Health benefits of subcutaneous zinc edetate and diphenyl diselenide in calves during the weaning period}, volume={91}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85064152989&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/0001-3765201920171042}, abstractNote={The aims of this study were to investigate whether treatments with zinc edetate (Zn) and diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) enhance performance, immune responses, protein metabolism, and oxidant/antioxidant status in calf serum and muscle. Animals were divided into four groups (n=6 each): control (without supplementation), and groups supplemented on days 50 and 70 of life with (PhSe)2, Zn, and a combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn. Animals treated with (PhSe)2 gained more weight by experimental day 220 than did the control group, but there was no difference by the end of the experiment (day 300). The absolute number of leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in groups Zn and (PhSe)2+Zn on day 20 of experiment, but decreased on day 40 in groups (PhSe)2, and (PhSe)2+Zn. The number of monocytes decreased in all groups compared with control. One of the principal findings was that (PhSe)2+Zn together had beneficial effects on protein metabolism, represented by increases total protein and globulin levels, compared with the control group. The combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn led to low levels of TBARS and ROS in serum and muscle, and stimulated antioxidant enzyme activities. Thus, supplementation with (PhSe)2+Zn may be a compelling approach to augmenting the calf antioxidant system during weaning.}, number={1}, journal={Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, author={Dos Santos, D.S. and Boito, J.P. and Klauck, V. and Dos Reis, J.H. and Gebert, R.R. and Glombowsky, P. and Biazus, A.H. and Bottari, N.B. and Sousa, R.S. and Machado, G. and et al.}, year={2019} }
 @article{fountain‐jones_machado_carver_packer_recamonde‐mendoza_craft_2019, title={How to make more from exposure data? An integrated machine learning pipeline to predict pathogen exposure}, volume={88}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13076}, DOI={10.1111/1365-2656.13076}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Ecology}, author={Fountain‐Jones, Nicholas M. and Machado, Gustavo and Carver, Scott and Packer, Craig and Recamonde‐Mendoza, Mariana and Craft, Meggan E.}, editor={Fenton, AndyEditor}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={1447–1461} }
 @article{fountain-jones_machado_carver_packer_recamonde-mendoza_craft_2019, title={How to make more from exposure data? An integrated machine learning pipeline to predict pathogen exposure}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85095620202&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1101/569012}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={bioRxiv}, author={Fountain-Jones, N.M. and Machado, G. and Carver, S. and Packer, C. and Recamonde-Mendoza, M. and Craft, M.E.}, year={2019} }
 @article{machado_vilalta_recamonde-mendoza_corzo_torremorell_perez_vanderwaal_2019, title={Identifying outbreaks of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus through animal movements and spatial neighborhoods}, volume={9}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36934-8}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-018-36934-8}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Vilalta, Carles and Recamonde-Mendoza, Mariana and Corzo, Cesar and Torremorell, Montserrat and Perez, Andrez and VanderWaal, Kimberly}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{perez_linhares_arrude_vanderwaal_machado_vilalta_sanhueza_torrison_torremorell_corzo_et al._2019, title={Individual or Common Good? Voluntary Data Sharing to Inform Disease Surveillance Systems in Food Animals}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85068839260&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2019.00194}, abstractNote={Livestock producers have traditionally been reluctant to share information related to their business, including data on health status of their animals, which, sometimes, has impaired the ability to implement surveillance programs. However, during the last decade, swine producers in the United States (US) and other countries have voluntarily begun to share data for the control and elimination of specific infectious diseases, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv). Those surveillance programs have played a pivotal role in bringing producers and veterinarians together for the benefit of the industry. Examples of situations in which producers have decided to voluntarily share data for extended periods of time to support applied research and, ultimately, disease control in the absence of a regulatory framework have rarely been documented in the peer-reviewed literature. Here, we provide evidence of a national program for voluntary sharing of disease status data that has helped the implementation of surveillance activities that, ultimately, allowed the generation of critically important scientific information to better support disease control activities. Altogether, this effort has supported, and is supporting, the design and implementation of prevention and control approaches for the most economically devastating swine disease affecting the US. The program, which has been voluntarily sustained and supported over an extended period of time by the swine industry in the absence of any regulatory framework and that includes data on approximately 50% of the sow population in the US, represents a unique example of a livestock industry self-organized surveillance program to generate scientific-driven solutions for emerging swine health issues in North America.}, number={JUN}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Perez, Andres M. and Linhares, Daniel C. L. and Arrude, Andreia G. and VanderWaal, Kimberly and Machado, Gustavo and Vilalta, Caries and Sanhueza, Juan M. and Torrison, Jerry and Torremorell, Montserrat and Corzo, Cesar A. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @article{boaz_corberán-vallet_lawson_ferreira lima_donato_alves_machado_carvalho m. freire_pompei_vilas_et al._2019, title={Integration of animal health and public health surveillance sources to exhaustively inform the risk of zoonosis: An application to visceral leishmaniasis data in Brazil}, volume={29}, ISSN={1877-5845}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2018.09.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.sste.2018.09.001}, abstractNote={Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease that is endemic in more than 80 countries, and leads to high fatality rates when left untreated. We investigate the relationship of VL cases in dogs and human cases, specifically for evidence of VL in dogs leading to excess cases in humans. We use surveillance data for dogs and humans for the years 2007-2011 to conduct both spatial and spatio-temporal analyses. Several models are evaluated incorporating varying levels of dependency between dog and human data. Models including dog data show marginal improvement over models without; however, for a subset of spatial units with ample data, models provide concordant risk classification for dogs and humans at high rates (∼70%). Limited reported dog case surveillance data may contribute to the results suggesting little explanatory value in the dog data, as excess human risk was only explained by dog risk in 5% of regions in the spatial analysis.}, journal={Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Boaz, R. and Corberán-Vallet, A. and Lawson, A. and Ferreira Lima, F.E. and Donato, L. Edel and Alves, R. Vieira and Machado, Gustavo and Carvalho M. Freire and Pompei, Julio and Vilas, V.J. Del Rio and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={177–185} }
 @article{maciel_machado_avancini_2019, title={Investigation of resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from products and raw material of animal origin (swine and poultry)to antibiotics and disinfectants}, volume={20}, url={https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-9940200162019}, DOI={10.1590/s1519-9940200162019}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The genus Salmonella spp. Has worldwide geographical distribution, and represents a potential risk both to animal and human health. Inadequate use as well as continuous exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants might lead to the appearance of resistance of these microorganisms to antimicrobial compounds. The aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of resistance in Salmonella spp., isolated from products and raw material of animal origin (swine and poultry), to antibiotics and disinfectants, and check whether the phenomenon of simultaneous resistance to disinfectants occurs among the antibiotic-resistant isolates. The test of susceptibility to antimicrobials (TSA) applied in 134 isolates indicated that 51 (38%) were resistant to at least one of the eight antibiotics used, and 28 (55%) of resistant isolates were multi-resistant. Resistant isolates were submitted to the test of quantitative suspension against four concentrations of disinfectants in three contact times, and the result was compared with that of the reference strain (Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 10.708). While the reference strain was sensitive considering the highest concentration (200 ppm) and the lowest contact time (5 min) as indicators, 12 (24%) isolates were resistant to cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (ammonia quaternary); the reference strain was resistant to chlorhexidine, which also occurred with 22 (43%) of the isolates; similar to the reference strain, all isolates were sensitive/inactivated by sodium hypochlorite and iodophore. There were no significant relations of simultaneous resistance between the antibiotics and the disinfectants tested.}, journal={Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Maciel, Mônica Jachetti and Machado, Gustavo and Avancini, Cesar Augusto Marchionatti}, year={2019} }
 @article{silva_machado_baker_holtkamp_linhares_2019, title={Machine-learning algorithms to identify key biosecurity practices and factors associated with breeding herds reporting PRRS outbreak}, volume={171}, ISSN={["1873-1716"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85071982247&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104749}, abstractNote={Investments in biosecurity practices are made by producers to reduce the likelihood of introducing pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv). The assessment of biosecurity practices in breeding herds is usually done through surveys. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of machine-learning (ML) algorithms to identify key biosecurity practices and factors associated with breeding herds self-reporting (yes or no) a PRRS outbreak in the past 5 years. In addition, we explored the use of the positive predictive value (PPV) of these models as an indicator of risk for PRRSv introduction by comparing PPV and the frequency of PRRS outbreaks reported by the herds in the last 5 years. Data from a case control study that assessed biosecurity practices and factors using a survey in 84 breeding herds in U.S. from 14 production systems were used. Two methods were developed, method A identified 20 variables and accurately classified farms that had reported a PRRS outbreak in the previous 5 years 76% of the time. Method B identified six variables which 5 of these had already been selected by model A, although model B outperformed the former model with an accuracy of 80%. Selected variables were related to the frequency of risk events in the farm, swine density around the farm, farm characteristics, and operational connections to other farms. The PPVs for methods A and B were highly correlated to the frequency of PRRSv outbreaks reported by the farms in the last 5 years (Pearson r = 0.71 and 0.77, respectively). Our proposed methodology has the potential to facilitate producer's and veterinarian's decisions while enhancing biosecurity, benchmarking key biosecurity practices and factors, identifying sites at relatively higher risk of PRRSv introduction to better manage the risk of pathogen introduction.}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={Silva, Gustavo S. and Machado, Gustavo and Baker, Kimberlee L. and Holtkamp, Derald J. and Linhares, Daniel C. L.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{machado_korennoy_alvarez_picasso-risso_perez_vanderwaal_2019, title={Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus}, volume={2}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/531343}, DOI={10.1101/531343}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Machado, G. and Korennoy, F. and Alvarez, J. and Picasso-Risso, C. and Perez, A. and VanderWaal, K.}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{machado_korennoy_alvarez_picasso‐risso_perez_vanderwaal_2019, title={Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus}, volume={6}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13253}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.13253}, abstractNote={Transboundary and Emerging DiseasesVolume 66, Issue 5 p. 2045-2057 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus Gustavo Machado, Corresponding Author Gustavo Machado gmachad@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-7552-6144 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Correspondence Gustavo Machado, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC. Email: gmachad@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorFedor Korennoy, Fedor Korennoy orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-3531 Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, RussiaSearch for more papers by this authorJulio Alvarez, Julio Alvarez VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorCatalina Picasso-Risso, Catalina Picasso-Risso Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorAndres Perez, Andres Perez Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorKimberly VanderWaal, Kimberly VanderWaal Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Gustavo Machado, Corresponding Author Gustavo Machado gmachad@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-7552-6144 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Correspondence Gustavo Machado, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC. Email: gmachad@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorFedor Korennoy, Fedor Korennoy orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-3531 Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, RussiaSearch for more papers by this authorJulio Alvarez, Julio Alvarez VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorCatalina Picasso-Risso, Catalina Picasso-Risso Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorAndres Perez, Andres Perez Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorKimberly VanderWaal, Kimberly VanderWaal Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 May 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13253Citations: 15Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by arthropod vectors which results in substantial economic losses due to impact on production efficiency and profitability, and represents an emerging threat to international trade of livestock products and live animals. Since 2015, the disease has spread into the Northern Hemisphere including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and the Balkans. The rapid expansion of LSDV in those regions represented the emergence of the virus in more temperate regions than those in which LSDV traditionally occurred. The goal of this study was to assess the risk for further LSDV spread through the (a) analysis of environmental factors conducive for LSDV, and (b) estimate of the underlying LSDV risk, using a combination of ecological niche modelling and fine spatiotemporally explicit Bayesian hierarchical model on LSDV outbreak occurrence data. We used ecological niche modelling to estimate the potential distribution of LSDV outbreaks for 2014–2016. That analysis resulted in a spatial representation of environmental limits where, if introduced, LSDV is expected to efficiently spread. The Bayesian space-time model incorporated both environmental factors and the changing spatiotemporal distribution of the disease to capture the dynamics of disease spread and predict areas in which there is an increased risk for LSDV occurrence. Variables related to the average temperature, precipitation, wind speed, as well as land cover and host densities were important drivers explaining the observed distribution of LSDV in both modelling approaches. Areas of elevated LSDV risks were identified mainly in Russia, Turkey, Serbia and Bulgaria. The results suggest that, if current ecological and epidemiological conditions persist, further spread of LSDV in Eurasia may be expected. The results presented here advance our understanding of the ecological requirements of LSDV in temperate regions and may help in the design and implementation of prevention and surveillance strategies in the region. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Citing Literature Supporting Information Filename Description tbed13253-sup-0001-Supinfo.pdfPDF document, 983.4 KB Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume66, Issue5September 2019Pages 2045-2057 RelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Korennoy, Fedor and Alvarez, Julio and Picasso‐Risso, Catalina and Perez, Andres and VanderWaal, Kimberly}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={2045–2057} }
 @article{espindola_balbinott_gressler_machado_klein_rebelatto_martin_kreutz_schryvers_frandoloso_et al._2019, title={Molecular serotyping of clinical strains of Haemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis brings new insights regarding Glasser's disease outbreaks in Brazil}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85074223902&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.6817}, abstractNote={Glässer’s disease (GD) is an important infectious disease of swine caused byHaemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis. Vaccination with inactivated whole cell vaccines is the major approach for prevention ofH. parasuisinfection worldwide, but the immunity induced is predominantly against the specific polysaccharide capsule. As a consequence, the available vaccines may not induce adequate protection against the field strains, when the capsules present in the vaccine strains are different from those in strains isolated from the farms. Therefore, it is crucial to mapH. parasuisserovars associated with regional outbreaks so that appropriate bacterin vaccines can be developed and distributed for prevention of infection. In this study, 459H. parasuisfield strains isolated from different Glässer’s disease outbreaks that occurred in 10 different Brazilian States were analyzed for serotype using PCR-based approaches. Surprisingly, non-typeable (NT) strains were the second most prevalent group of field strains and along with serovars 4, 5 and 1 comprised more than 70% of the isolates. A PCR-based approach designed to amplify the entire polysaccharide capsule locus revealed 9 different band patterns in the NT strains, and 75% of the NT strains belonged to three clusters, suggesting that a number of new serovars are responsible for a substantial proportion of disease. These results indicate that commercially available vaccines in Brazil do not cover the most prevalentH. parasuisserovars associated with GD.}, number={5}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Espindola, Julia Pires and Balbinott, Natalia and Gressler, Leticia Trevisan and Machado, Gustavo and Klein, Catia Silene and Rebelatto, Raquel and Martin, Cesar Bernardo Gutierrez and Kreutz, Luiz Carlos and Schryvers, Anthony Bernard and Frandoloso, Rafael and et al.}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @article{cazarotto_boito_glombowsky_baggio_galli_machado_bottari_leal_kessler_baldissera_et al._2019, title={Nutraceutical Effect of Trace Elements as Additional Injectable Doses to Modulate Oxidant and Antioxidant Status, and Improves the Quality of Lamb Meat}, volume={191}, ISSN={["1559-0720"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85059486838&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s12011-018-1612-7}, abstractNote={Our study aimed to evaluate whether zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese subcutaneous mineral application (trace elements) reduced mortality, improved performance, and modulated oxidant and antioxidant balance in lamb meat, thereby improving its quality. We divided the 110 newborn Lacaune lambs into two groups: non-treated (control), and treated (application of minerals) with three doses of 0.33 mL/kg of body weight mineral complex on days of life 1, 30, and 60. All animals were weighed on day of life 1, 30, 60, 90, and 150. At the end of the experiment, 12 animals were slaughtered for physical and chemical analysis of meat, oxidant, and antioxidant status, and for allometric analysis. Mineral-application animals had greater live-weight (P < 0.05) on days of life 60 and 90. There was an increase in fat thickness (P = 0.004); pH levels (P = 0.002) were lower in mineral-application animal meat than in that of the control group. Meat was paler (according to lightness (L color)) in the control group (P = 0.04). Weight loss from cooking was greater in control animals (P = 0.004). Shear strength values were lower in the meat of treated lambs (P = 0.008) suggesting that mineral application was associated with increased meat tenderness. In addition, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were higher (P = 0.01) in mineral-treated animals, associated with a reduction in reactive oxygen species levels (P < 0.01), and lipid peroxidation products (P = 0.02). These data suggest that mineral application modulated oxidant and antioxidant status, reflecting better meat quality.}, number={1}, journal={BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH}, author={Cazarotto, Chrystian J. and Boito, Jhonatan P. and Glombowsky, Patricia and Baggio, Rafael A. and Galli, Gabriela M. and Machado, Gustavo and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Leal, Marta L. R. and Kessler, Julcemar D. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={115–125} }
 @article{migliorini_boiago_roza_barreta_arno_robazza_galvão_galli_machado_baldissera_et al._2019, title={Oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare) to feed laying hens and its effects on animal health}, volume={91}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85061857200&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/0001-3765201920170901}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the effect of oregano essential oil added to the feed of commercial laying hens. This research was focused on the analysis of biochemical changes linked to hepatic function, and protein and lipid metabolism. It was used 240 laying hens (59 weeks-old) distributed in a completely randomized design of six treatments (five repetitions with eight birds each). The experiments were constituted by a control treatment (CT) with the inclusion of zinc bacitracin and five treatments of oregano essential oil (OEO: 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg.kg-1), respectively. After 28 days of feeding, an increase on serum levels of total proteins and globulins was observed on groups T150 and T200, as well as an increase on albumin levels on group CT. After 84 days of feeding, a significant reduction on total proteins and albumin was observed on group T200, as well as an increase in serum triglycerides. OEO at 200 mg.kg-1 increased globulin levels on day 28, which may be considered an effect in the inflammatory response, which increases serum immunoglobulins and proteins.}, number={1}, journal={Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, author={Migliorini, M.J. and Boiago, M.M. and Roza, L.F. and Barreta, M. and Arno, A. and Robazza, W.S. and Galvão, A.C. and Galli, G.M. and Machado, G. and Baldissera, M.D. and et al.}, year={2019} }
 @article{jara_frias-de-diego_machado_2019, title={Phylogeography of equine infectious anemia virus}, volume={12}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/867747}, DOI={10.1101/867747}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Jara, Manuel and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{ebling_krummenauer_machado_carazzo_rego leal_2019, title={Prevalence and distribution of feet lesions in dairy cows raised in the freestall}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1679-0359"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85062387931&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p239}, abstractNote={Foot lesions are one of the main causes of productivity losses in the dairy industry. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of claudication and distribution of hoof lesions by associating them with preventive hoof trimming, as well as list the main causes of involuntary discarding and the main health problems reported in dairy farms. The study included 10 farms distributed in 7 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state. The body condition score (BCS) and locomotion score (LS) of the cows were assessed. Hoof examination, lesion classification, and hoof trimming of the animals were performed. Of the 492 animals, 38.4% presented lameness and 36% had foot lesions, 81.4% of which were observed in the pelvic limbs and 19.6% in the thoracic limbs. Of the lesions in the limbs, 47.1% were of infectious origin and 52.9% were noninfectious. The main lesions were sole ulcers (31.6%), digital dermatitis (30.3%), thin soles (12%), and interdigital dermatitis (11.2%). Cows aged 4 to 6 years had a higher number of lesions and a higher LS. Preventive hoof trimming reduced the chances of lameness by 55% as the locomotive system was the main sanitary problem and the first reason for involuntary disposal of the farms. The results show that dairy cows raised in a free stall system have a high prevalence of claudication and foot diseases. These data should be taken into account when altering the livestock management of these animals in order to reduce significant economic losses in the herd.}, number={1}, journal={SEMINA-CIENCIAS AGRARIAS}, author={Ebling, Rafael Costa and Krummenauer, Amanda and Machado, Gustavo and Carazzo, Luis Paulo and Rego Leal, Marta Lizandra}, year={2019}, pages={239–247} }
 @article{biezus_machado_ferian_costa_silva pereira_withoeft_coelho nunes_muller_cristo_casagrande_2019, title={Prevalence of and factors associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in cats of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1878-1667"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85059173072&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.004}, abstractNote={A cross-sectional study was conducted in 274 cats for determination of FeLV antigenemia and FIV seropositivity and factors associated with those infections in cats presented at the Veterinary Hospital of the Santa Catarina State University - UDESC (Brazil). Apparent prevalence for sick cats at the hospital population was 28.41% (95%CI 21.88–34.94%) for FeLV, 7.65% (95%CI 3.71–11.50%) for FIV and 2.18% (95%CI 0.56–5.47%) for both viruses. For healthy cats, the apparent prevalence was 9.89% (95%CI 3.75–16.02%) for FeLV, 2.20% (95%CI 0.34–7.75%) for FIV by immunoassay (ELISA). Average age for FeLV- and FIV-positive individuals was 38.32 and 64.25 months, respectively. Behavior such as aggressiveness and sex (male) were both associated with increased odds of result positivity test for FeLV and FIV; older animals were also associated with FIV test results. A very small proportion of the animals were vaccinated against FeLV and none against FIV. Most of the animals were adopted from shelters or rescued from streets, living with multiple cats that had access to outdoors. The high prevalence of FeLV suggests a need for better control strategies against this disease.}, journal={COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Biezus, Giovana and Machado, Gustavo and Ferian, Paulo Eduardo and Costa, Ubirajara Maciel and Silva Pereira, Leonardo Henrique Hasckel and Withoeft, Jessica Aline and Coelho Nunes, Igor Augusto and Muller, Thiago Rinaldi and Cristo, Thierry Grima and Casagrande, Renata Assis}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={17–21} }
 @article{machado_galvis_lopes_voges_medeiros_cárdenas_2019, title={Quantifying the dynamics of pig movements improves targeted disease surveillance and control plans}, volume={12}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.29.886408}, DOI={10.1101/2019.12.29.886408}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Galvis, Jason Ardila and Lopes, Francisco Paulo Nunes and Voges, Joana and Medeiros, Antônio Augusto Rosa and Cárdenas, Nicolas Cespedes}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{silva_souza_baldissera_von laer_lovato_sarturi_herrmann_moura_favaretto_frias-de-diego_et al._2019, title={Relation of reproductive disturbance in sheep and Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae infection: Impacts on cellular oxidation status}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1096-1208"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85062451784&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.029}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the seropositivity of Brucella abortus and Leptospira interrogans in ewes with reproductive disturbances in southern Brazil and verified the creatine kinase (CK) activity and oxidation status via assessment of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in serum of seropositive animals for L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. For Leptospira infection 381 animals with clinical history of reproductive disturbance from Planalto Serrano de Santa Catarina (Brazil) were analyzed, showing an occurrence for L. interrogans of 20.2% from which 81.8% were seropositive for L. interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae. Serovars Wolfii, Grippothyphosa, Bratislava, Canicola and Butembo were also identified. In the case of B. abortus, positive cases were identified by buffered acidified antigen, finding 14 positive samples, but none of them were positive after a second test (2-mercaptoethanol), showing the absence of relationship between infection with B. abortus and abortion in the tested individuals. Serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and CK activity were found higher in animals positive for Leptospira infection, presenting higher titrations (1:320) than non-infected individuals. Serum glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in positive animals with titrations 1:160 and 1:320, while serum glutathione S-transferase was higher in positive individuals only for titrations 1:320. Serum superoxide dismutase showed lower activity in infected animals with titrations of 1:320. Our results show the region of Planalto Serrano de Santa Catarina with a high occurrence levels of sheep infected by L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, from which animals with high titrations (1:320) present oxidative stress elicited by excessive ROS production, triggering the stimulation of antioxidant systems to counter this excess. In summary, ovine with higher titrations (1:320) present oxidative damage that can contribute to disease pathophysiology.}, journal={MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Silva, Aleksandro S. and Souza, Carine F. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Von Laer, Ana Eucares and Lovato, Luciane T. and Sarturi, Janine A. and Herrmann, Geder P. and Moura, Anderson B. and Favaretto, Jorge A. and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and et al.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={65–70} }
 @article{machado_alvarez_bakka_perez_donato_ferreira lima júnior_alves_vilas_2019, title={Revisiting area risk classification of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil}, volume={19}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3564-0}, DOI={10.1186/s12879-018-3564-0}, abstractNote={Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease of public health relevance in Brazil. To prioritize disease control measures, the Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde of Brazil’s Ministry of Health (SVS/MH) uses retrospective human case counts from VL surveillance data to inform a municipality-based risk classification. In this study, we compared the underlying VL risk, using a spatiotemporal explicit Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM), with the risk classification currently in use by the Brazil’s Ministry of Health. We aim to assess how well the current risk classes capture the underlying VL risk as modelled by the BHM. Annual counts of human VL cases and the population at risk for all Brazil’s 5564 municipalities between 2004 and 2014 were used to fit a relative risk BHM. We then computed the predicted counts and exceedence risk for each municipality and classified them into four categories to allow comparison with the four risk categories by the SVS/MH. Municipalities identified as high-risk by the model partially agreed with the current risk classification by the SVS/MH. Our results suggest that counts of VL cases may suffice as general indicators of the underlying risk, but can underestimate risks, especially in areas with intense transmission. According to our BHM the SVS/MH risk classification underestimated the risk in several municipalities with moderate to intense VL transmission. Newly identified high-risk areas should be further evaluated to identify potential risk factors and assess the needs for additional surveillance and mitigation efforts.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Alvarez, Julio and Bakka, Haakon Christopher and Perez, Andres and Donato, Lucas Edel and Ferreira Lima Júnior, Francisco Edilson and Alves, Renato Vieira and Vilas, Victor Javier Del Rio}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{boggs_scheible_machado_meiklejohn_2019, title={Single Fragment or Bulk Soil DNA Metabarcoding: Which is Better for Characterizing Biological Taxa Found in Surface Soils for Sample Separation?}, volume={10}, ISSN={2073-4425}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060431}, DOI={10.3390/genes10060431}, abstractNote={In forensic geology casework, sample size typically limits routine characterization of material using bulk approaches. To address this, DNA-based characterization of biological taxa has received attention, as the taxa present can be useful for sample-to-sample comparisons and source attribution. In our initial work, low biodiversity was captured when DNA barcodes were Sanger-sequenced from plant and insect fragments isolated from 10 forensic-type surface soils. Considering some forensic laboratories now have access to massively parallel sequencing platforms, we assessed whether biological taxa present in the same surface soils could be better characterized using DNA metabarcoding. To achieve this, plant and animal barcodes were amplified and sequenced on an Illumina® MiniSeq for three different DNA sample types (n = 50): individual fragments used in our initial study, and 250 and 100 mg of bulk soil (from the 10 sites used in the initial study). A total of 572 unique target barcode sequences passed quality filtering and were used in downstream statistical analyses: 54, 321, and 285 for individual fragments, 100 mg, and 250 mg bulk soil samples, respectively. Plant barcodes permitted some spatial separation of sample sites in non-metric multidimensional scaling plots; better separation was obtained for samples prepared from bulk soil. This study confirmed that bulk soil DNA metabarcoding is a better approach for characterizing biological taxa present in surface soils, which could supplement traditional geologic examinations.}, number={6}, journal={Genes}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Boggs, Laura M. and Scheible, Melissa K. R. and Machado, Gustavo and Meiklejohn, Kelly A.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={431} }
 @article{jara_escobar_rodriges_frias_sanhueza_machado_2019, title={Spatial distribution and spread potential of sixteen Leptospira serovars in a subtropical region of Brazil}, volume={2}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/559609}, DOI={10.1101/559609}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Jara, Manuel and Escobar, Luis E. and Rodriges, Rogério O. and Frias, Alba and Sanhueza, Juan and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{jara_escobar_rodriges_frias‐de‐diego_sanhueza_machado_2019, title={Spatial distribution and spread potential of sixteen Leptospira serovars in a subtropical region of Brazil}, volume={66}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13306}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.13306}, abstractNote={Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that represents a major problem in animal and public health due to its high prevalence and widespread distribution. This zoonotic disease is most prevalent in tropical environments where conditions favour pathogen survival. The ecological preferences of Leptospira serovars are poorly understood, limiting our knowledge of where and when outbreaks can occur, which may result in misinformed prevention and control plans. While the disease can occur consistently in time and space in tropical regions, research on the ecology of leptospirosis remains limited in subtropical regions. This research gap regarding Leptospira ecology brings public and veterinary health problems, impacting local economies. To fill this gap of knowledge, we suggest to assess geographic and ecological features among Leptospira serovars in a subtropical area of Brazil where leptospirosis is endemic to (a) highlight environmental conditions that facilitate or limit Leptospira spread and survival and (b) reconstruct its geographic distribution. An ecological niche modelling framework was used to characterize and compare Leptospira serovars in both geographic and environmental space. Our results show that despite the geographic overlap exhibited by the different serovars assessed, we found ecological divergence among their occupied ecological niches. Ecological divergences were expressed as ranges of potential distributions and environmental conditions found suitably by serovar, Sejroe being the most asymmetric (<0.15). Most important predictors for the potential distribution of most serovars were soil pH (31.7%) and landscape temperature (24.2%). Identification of environmental preferences will allow epidemiologists to better infer the presence of a serovar based on the environmental characteristics of regions rather than inferences based solely on historical epidemiological records. Including geographic and ecological ranges of serovars also may help to forecast transmission potential of Leptospira in public health and the food animal practice.}, number={6}, journal={Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Jara, Manuel and Escobar, Luis E. and Rodriges, Rogério O. and Frias‐De‐Diego, Alba and Sanhueza, Juan and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={2482–2495} }
 @article{jara_frias-de-diego_dellicour_baele_machado_2019, title={Tracing foot-and-mouth disease virus phylogeographical patterns and transmission dynamics}, volume={3}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/590612}, DOI={10.1101/590612}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Jara, Manuel and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Dellicour, Simon and Baele, Guy and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kanankege_machado_zhang_dokkebakken_schumann_wells_perez_alvarez_2019, title={Use of a voluntary testing program to study the spatial epidemiology of Johne's disease affecting dairy herds in Minnesota: a cross sectional study}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1746-6148"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85075952431&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-019-2155-7}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Kanankege, K. S. T. and Machado, G. and Zhang, L. and Dokkebakken, B. and Schumann, V and Wells, S. J. and Perez, A. M. and Alvarez, J.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{volpato_da silva_crecencio_tomasi_fortuoso_ribeiro_secco_pereira_bottari_schetinger_et al._2018, title={A prophylactic protocol to stimulate the immune response also controls infectious disease and, consequently, minimizes diarrhea in newborn heifers}, volume={121}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.031}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.031}, abstractNote={The immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties of selenium (Se), an essential trace element for animals, has increase its use because may prevent/or reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether Se and vitamins (A and E) applied via subcutaneous associated with secnidazole via oral exert positive effects in the antioxidant and immune systems, as well as whether prevent infections caused by protozoan and bacteria, and consequently, reduce the number of cases of diarrhea in heifers. Thirty-two newborn Holstein heifers were divided into two groups with sixteen animals each: the control group and the treated group that received sodium selenite (0.2 mg/kg) and vitamins A (35 mg/kg) and E (1 mg/kg) with one day of life, and a second application associated with secnidazole (400 mg/animal) on day 10 of life. Sample collection (blood and feces) were performed on days 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 of life. Heifers from the treated group showed higher hematocrit values compared to the control group on day 60 of life, while total serum protein levels were higher on days 15 and 30. The ceruloplasmin (days 15, 30 and 60), IgG of heavy chain (days 15, 30, 45 and 60), IgG of light chain (days 45 and 60) and haptoglobin (days 15, 30, 45 and 60) were higher in the treated group compared to the control group. Serum levels of glucose decreased in treated animals on day 60 of life, while serum levels of albumin, triglycerides, urea, cholesterol, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reactive oxygen species and glutathione S-transferase activity did not differ between groups. Secnidazole was able to prevent infections caused by Giardia duodenalis in the first few days of life, but no difference was observed between groups. Moreover, there was no difference on total bacteria count and the incidence of diarrhea between groups. No difference on weight gain was observed on day 60 of life, but on day 210 of life treated animals had higher weight gain compared to the control group. Based on these evidences, we concluded that the injectable application of Se and vitamins (A and E) associated to secnidazole can improve the immunological system, and consequently, favor animal's performance.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Volpato, Andreia and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Crecencio, Regiane B. and Tomasi, Thainã and Fortuoso, Bruno F. and Ribeiro, Marluciana P. and Secco, Rodrigo and Pereira, Wanderson A.B. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={262–268} }
 @article{faria_rossi_da silva_bottari_olsson_dalberto_mendes_sueiro_pereira_mueller_et al._2018, title={Actividad de acetilcolinesterasa y niveles totales de antioxidantes en perros con tumores de mama antes y después de la extirpación quirúrgica}, volume={9}, ISSN={1909-0544}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1369}, DOI={10.21897/rmvz.1369}, abstractNote={Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad de la AChE en sangre total y los niveles de FRAP en muestras de perros con tumores mamarios antes y después de la cirugía, así como la relación entre estas variables con marcadores inmunohistoquímicos de tumores (E-caderina, ki-67 , COX - 2). Materiales y métodos. En este estudio, 13 perros con tumores mamarios se dividieron en dos grupos (A y B). El grupo A estaba formado por perros con tumores menores de 3 cm de diámetro y el grupo B estaba formado por perros con tumor de 3 cm de diámetro o más. La actividad de AChE y los niveles de FRAP se evaluaron antes y después de la cirugía y la inmunohistoquímica se realizó en los tumores. Resultados. La actividad de la AChE aumentó significativamente (p <0,05) en perros con cáncer mamario en comparación con los animales control, y ni la cirugía ni el tamaño tumoral afectaron la actividad de la AChE (p> 0,05). Los niveles de FRAP antes de la cirugía fueron significativamente más bajos (p <0,05) en comparación con los animales control. Además, los niveles de FRAP aumentaron significativamente después de la cirugía en animales del grupo A en comparación con los datos antes de la cirugía, hecho que no se observó en perros del grupo B. La E-cadherina mostró correlación positiva baja con los niveles de FRAP (r = 0,37, valor P = 0,05); COX-2 mostró una moderada correlación positiva significativa con FRAP (r = 0,55, P-valor <0,05); Y la COX-2 mostró una correlación positiva de baja significación con la AChE (r = 0.32, P-valor = 0.01). Conclusiones. AChE y los niveles de antioxidantes se modifican en perros con cáncer de mama. Estas variables están implicadas en diversas funciones fisiológicas, y por lo tanto, pueden estar relacionadas con la patogénesis de la enfermedad.}, number={3}, journal={Revista MVZ Córdoba}, publisher={Universidad de Cordoba}, author={Faria, Joice LM and Rossi, Raissa I and Da Silva, Aleksandro S and Bottari, Nathieli B and Olsson, Débora and Dalberto, Jéssica L and Mendes, Ricardo E and Sueiro, Felipe AR and Pereira, Wanderson AB and Mueller, Eduardo N and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={6799–6812} }
 @article{bianchi_zortea_cazzarotto_machado_pellegrini_richards_baldissera_silva_galvao_paula macedo_et al._2018, title={Addition of Palm Oil in Diet of Dairy Ewes Reduces Saturates Fatty Acid and Increases Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1679-9216"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85066145924&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.22456/1679-9216.85894}, number={1}, journal={ACTA SCIENTIAE VETERINARIAE}, author={Bianchi, Anderson Elias and Zortea, Talyta and Cazzarotto, Chrystian Jassana and Machado, Gustavo and Pellegrini, Luis Gustavo and Richards, Neila Silvia Santos and Baldissera, Matheus Dellamea and Silva, Aleksandro Schafer and Galvao, Alessandro Cazonatto and Paula Macedo, Vicente and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @article{cárdenas_galvis_farinati_grisi‐filho_diehl_machado_2018, title={Burkholderia mallei
            : The dynamics of networks and disease transmission}, volume={66}, ISSN={1865-1674 1865-1682}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13071}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.13071}, abstractNote={Glanders is a highly infectious zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. The transmission of B. mallei occurs mainly by direct contact, and horses are the natural reservoir. Therefore, the identification of infection sources within horse populations and animal movements is critical to enhance disease control. Here, we analysed the dynamics of horse movements from 2014 to 2016 using network analysis in order to understand the flow of animals in two hierarchical levels, municipalities and farms. The municipality-level network was used to investigate both community clustering and the balance between the municipality's trades and the farm-level network associations between B. mallei outbreaks and the network centrality measurements, analysed by spatio-temporal generalized additive model (GAM). Causal paths were established for the dispersion of B. mallei outbreaks through the network. Our approach captured and established a direct relationship between movement of infected equines and predicted B. mallei outbreaks. The GAM model revealed that the parameters in degree and closeness centrality out were positively associated with B. mallei. In addition, we also detected 10 communities with high commerce among municipalities. The role of each municipality within the network was detailed, and significant changes in the structures of the network were detected over the course of 3 years. The results suggested the necessity to focus on structural changes of the networks over time to better control glanders disease. The identification of farms with a putative risk of B. mallei infection using the horse movement network provided a direct opportunity for disease control through active surveillance, thus minimizing economic losses and risks for human cases of B. mallei.}, number={2}, journal={Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cárdenas, Nicolás C. and Galvis, Jason O. A. and Farinati, Alicia A. and Grisi‐Filho, José H. H. and Diehl, Gustavo N. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={715–728} }
 @article{souza_da silva_müller_baldissera_bottari_schetinger_santurio_gloria_machado_zanette_et al._2018, title={Changes of adenosinergic system in piglets fed a diet co-contaminated by mycotoxin and their effects on the regulation of adenosine}, volume={114}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.007}, abstractNote={The effects of diets co-contaminated with 300 μg/kg of aflatoxins and 8000 μg/kg of fumonisins on adenosinergic system of the pigs weaned at 15 days of age were studied. Piglets were inspected daily, and body weight measurement and blood collections were performed at every five days. Piglets intoxicated by mycotoxins presented lower weight gain (p < 0.001) in comparison to control. Intoxicated piglets also showed a reduction in the serum levels of zinc and adenosine and in adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity (p < 0.001). Positive correlations between zinc levels and ADA activity (p < 0.001) and between adenosine levels and ADA activity (p < 0.05) were observed. Ternary plot shows the influence of zinc levels on ADA activity and on adenosine levels, suggesting that low zinc levels, caused by subclinical mycotoxin intoxication, can cause immunomodulatory effects in piglets. We conclude that piglets intoxicated by fumonisins and aflatoxins have low ADA activity and adenosine levels in serum. This can be directly related to zinc reduction, which is a cofactor for ADA. The co-contamination by these mycotoxins in piglet feed impairs growth and immune defenses of the animals, adversely affecting animal health and production. Therefore, changes in the purinergic pathway may affect the pathogenesis of the disease.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Souza, Carine F. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Müller, Lucieli K.F. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Santurio, Janio M. and Gloria, Eduardo M. and Machado, Gustavo and Zanette, Régis A. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={328–332} }
 @article{baldissera_müller_souza_santurio_gloria_machado_boiago_paiano_da silva_2018, title={Creatine kinase and ATPase activities in piglets fed a fungal mycotoxin co-contaminated diet: Consequences in the pathogenesis of subclinical intoxication}, volume={122}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.044}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.044}, abstractNote={Creatine kinase (CK) activity, through the creatine-kinase-phosphocreatine (CK/PCr) system, provides a temporal and spatial energy buffer to maintain cellular energetic homeostasis, being responsible to provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the proper function of ATPases enzymes, such as the sodium-potassium (Na+, K+-ATPase) and hydrogen (H+-ATPase) pumps. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of CK/PCr system in the impairment of energetic homeostasis in piglets fed with a diet co-contaminated with mycotoxins, as well as the effects on ATPases enzymes. Animals were randomly divided in two groups (eight repetitions with two animals each): CON (basal diet) and MYC (mycotoxin diet; 9300 μg/kg of aflatoxins and 8000 μg/kg of fumonisins) which were feed during 15 days. Piglets that received a diet containing 300 μg/kg of aflatoxins and 8000 μg/kg of fumonisins (MYC group) presented lower body weight on days 10 and 15 of experiment when compared to control (CON group). Serum CK activity was lower on days 5, 10 and 15 of experiment in the MYC group. The same occurred for serum Na+, K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase activities on days 10 and 15 when compared to CON group. Moreover, serum calcium levels were superior on day 15 of experiment in the MYC group, while serum potassium and sodium levels were lower in comparison to CON group. Based on these evidences, a diet co-contaminated by aflatoxins and fumonisins inhibits serum CK activity, impairing the energetic homeostasis. This inhibition alters the activities of ATPases (Na+, K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase), contributing to the imbalance of Na+, K+ and Ca+ ionic levels. In summary, the cascade of alterations contributes directly to disease pathogenesis of piglets intoxicated by mycotoxins.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Baldissera, Matheus D. and Müller, Lucieli K.F. and Souza, Carine F. and Santurio, Janio M. and Gloria, Eduardo M. and Machado, Gustavo and Boiago, Marcel M. and Paiano, Diovani and da Silva, Aleksandro S.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={13–18} }
 @article{boito_da silva_dos reis_santos_gebert_biazus_santos_quatrin_ourique_boligon_et al._2018, title={Efecto insecticida y repelente del aceite de canela sobre moscas asociadas con el ganado}, volume={5}, ISSN={1909-0544}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1337}, DOI={10.21897/rmvz.1337}, abstractNote={Objetivo. Debido a la mayor resistencia parásita, hay una necesidad de explorar insecticidas alternativos, incluidos los productos naturales, tales como aceites esenciales. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, para el primer equipo, el efecto insecticida y repelente de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (formas libres y nanoemulsión) in vitro e in vivo. Materiales y métodos. Para ello, el efecto insecticida de la forma libre se ensayó a 1.0, 5.0 y 10%, mientras que la forma nanoemulsión se ensayó a 0.5, 1.0 y 5.0% frente a las moscas domésticas adultas, Musca domestica. Para la validación de la prueba, las moscas fueron rociados con el diluyente (agua y triton 10%) y con nanoemulsión en blanco (sin aceite esencial de C. zeylanicum). También, fueron realizados pruebas in vivo usando vacas naturalmente infestadas con Haemotobia irritans. Resultados. Los resultados demostraron que el aceite de canela (10%) y la nanoemulsión (5%) fueron 100% eficaz contra M. domestica después de 90 minutos de exposición. El efecto repelente se ensayó in vivo usando 5% de aceite de canela en vacas Holstein, naturalmente infestados por Haemotobia irritans. Se contaron las moscas a las 0, 1, 2, 3, 9 y 24 h después del tratamiento el aceite de canela. Se verificó disminución significativa (p<0.05) en el número de moscas vivas de vacas canela pulverizada en todo momento. Conclusiones. En base a estos resultados, C. zeylanicum mostró un efecto insecticida (in vitro) contra las moscas domésticas y efecto repelente (in vivo) contra la mosca de los cuernos.}, number={2}, journal={Revista MVZ Córdoba}, publisher={Universidad de Cordoba}, author={Boito, Jhonatan P. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and dos Reis, João H. and Santos, Daiane S. and Gebert, Roger R. and Biazus, Angelisa H. and Santos, Roberto C. V. and Quatrin, Priscilla M. and Ourique, Aline F. and Boligon, Aline A. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={6628–6636} }
 @article{schneider_machado_2018, title={Environmental and socioeconomic drivers in infectious disease}, volume={2}, ISSN={2542-5196}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30069-X}, DOI={10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30069-x}, abstractNote={To respond to the current challenges that the world is facing, the integrated vision that human beings, animals, and the environment are linked has never been so important. Understanding these links is necessary to better recommend strategies to predict, prevent, respond to, and mitigate the challenges, taking into account an environmental and socioeconomic background that might not change in a short period of time, but which could worsen if we do not take action. Several published studies1Hamrick PN Aldighieri S Machado G et al.Geographic patterns and environmental factors associated with human yellow fever presence in the Americas.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017; 11: e0005897Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 2Muñoz-Zanzi C Mason MR Encina C Astroza A Romero A Leptospira contamination in household and environmental water in rural communities in southern Chile.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 6666-6680Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 3Semenza JC Sudre B Oni T Suk JE Giesecke J Linking environmental drivers to infectious diseases: the European Environment and Epidemiology Network.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2013; 7: e2323Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar have analysed the association of infectious diseases with possible environmental or geographical factors as drivers, such as precipitation, temperature, ecoregions, soil types, and altitude; as well as socioeconomic or demographic factors such as gross domestic product, poverty rate, percentage rural population, cattle raising methods, and agricultural processes. Spatial epidemiology is one method of measuring these drivers that was applied in these studies. Among authors reviewing the concept of space in epidemiology, Pavlovsky was one of the first researchers to study the interrelated components of microclimate, flora, and fauna in disease occurrence.4Pavlovsky EN Natural nidality of transmissible diseases.Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1967; 57: 913Crossref Google Scholar, 5Czeresnia D Ribeiro AM The concept of space in epidemiology: a historical and epistemological interpretation.Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2000; 16: 595-605Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Considering environmental factors as the basic setting, when human beings penetrate and interfere in this scenario, more components could be added in the form of social determinants. Spatial analyses in epidemiology are a vast field and a viable option to study the geographical distribution of diseases. Different methods could be used, including disease mapping, geographical correlation studies, risk assessment in relation to a point-source or line-source, and disease clustering.6Elliott P Wakefield J Best N Briggs D Spatial epidemiology: methods and applications. Oxford Scholarship Online, 2001; published online Sep 2009.http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515326.001.0001/acprof-9780198515326-chapter-1Date accessed: April 11, 2018Google Scholar A wide range of methods and software have been developed and applied to understand disease distribution, and used to explore underlying risk factors considered to be spatially, temporally, or spatiotemporally structured.7Walter SD Elliott P Wakefield JC Best NG Briggs D Disease mapping: a historical perspective. Spatial epidemiology: methods and applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford2000Google Scholar The selection of which analytical tool to use can be a challenge. This was the topic of a study by Helen J Mayfield and colleagues published in The Lancet Planetary Health.8Mayfield H Lowry JH Watson CH Kama M Nilles EJ Lau CL Use of geographically weighted logistic regression to quantify spatial variation in the environmental and sociodemographic drivers of leptospirosis in Fiji: a modelling study.Lancet Planet Health. 2018; 2: e223-e232Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar They compared two types of regression (geographically weighted logistic regression [GWLR] and a standard logistic regression) to quantify the spatial variation in the relative importance of five environmental and sociodemographic covariates: maximum rainfall, cattle density, distance to rivers, poverty rate, and residential setting [urban or rural]) on leptospirosis transmission in Fiji. Mayfield and colleagues showed that the Aikaike information criterion value of the GWLR model was 1935·2 compared with 1254·2 for the standard logistic regression model, indicating that the GWLR model was more efficient. Both models produced similar odds ratios for the covariates, but GWLR also detected spatial variation in the effect of each covariate. Maximum rainfall had the least variation across space (median OR 1·30, IQR 1·27–1·35), and distance to river varied the most (1·45, 1·35–2·05). Mayfield and colleagues used the spatial regression method applied to point-reference data that were further integrated into area data (ie municipality) to describe risk factors associated with human cases of leptospirosis. Among the widely used techniques to model such multilevel disease distribution data (individual, clustered, or grouped)9Kreft I de Leeuw J Introducing multilevel modeling. SAGE Publications, London1998Crossref Google Scholar are the maximum likelihood and the Bayesian methods. Both approaches tend to achieve the same objective of estimating spatially the structure of the disease system under investigation. These types of studies often use computer-based spatial information and remote sensing data10US National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationRemote sensing: all images 2018; published online April 11.https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Images/category.php?cat_id=96Date accessed: April 11, 2018Google Scholar, 11Melesse AM Weng Q Thenkabail PS Senay GB Remote sensing sensors and applications in environmental resources mapping and modelling.Sensors (Basel). 2007; 7: 3209-3241Crossref PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar for the environmental variables that, together with public health data, can support decision making. A study on leptospirosis in Nicaragua was undertaken in 2012 with the participation of the country's decision makers.12Schneider MC Nájera P Aldighieri S et al.Leptospirosis outbreaks in Nicaragua: identifying critical areas and exploring drivers for evidence-based planning.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012; 9: 3883-3910Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar Nicaragua had experienced floods and outbreaks of leptospirosis for many years, and spatial and statistical analysis were used to describe the critical areas and drivers. The variable presenting the most evident pattern of association was soil type (volcanic origin had the highest association). Precipitation and percentage of rural population were also associated with areas of high transmission. This information could be used in planning prevention and response strategies to leptospirosis outbreaks in Nicaragua, taking into consideration the critical areas, and periods of the year with higher precipitation and an increase in cases. This transdisciplinary approach to create tools for decision making in public health could be more widely used. Several open-access platforms with environmental and socioeconomic data, disaggregated at subnational administrative levels, are available to facilitate this kind of analysis. Collation of all different types of information related to ecosystems, animals, and human beings in a multidisciplinary view is part of the concept of the American Veterinary Medical Association's One Health approach.13King LJ Anderson LR Blackmore CG et al.Executive summary of the AVMA One Health Initiative Task Force report.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008; 233: 259-261Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar Leptospirosis is an excellent example of this approach, because the disease affects a many animal species, both wild and domestic, which serve as sources of infection for human beings, most of the time from exposure through water and soil.14WHOHuman leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. World Health Organization, Geneva2003http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42667Date accessed: April 11, 2018Google Scholar Some studies mention the importance of environmental and socioeconomic drivers in leptospirosis.15Lau CL Dobson AJ Smythe LD et al.Leptospirosis in American Samoa 2010: epidemiology, environmental drivers, and the management of emergence.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 86: 309-319Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar, 16Schneider MC Najera P Pereira M et al.Leptospirosis in in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: an ecosystem approach in the animal-human interface.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015; 9: e0004095Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar Additionally, leptospirosis outbreaks with thousands of cases have increasingly been reported associated with natural disasters and flooding, such as those in Malaysia (2000), Jakarta (2002), Mumbai (2000 and 2005), and the Philippines (2009).16Schneider MC Najera P Pereira M et al.Leptospirosis in in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: an ecosystem approach in the animal-human interface.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015; 9: e0004095Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar With climate change, these occurrences could become more frequent. There is no doubt that leptospirosis is an important public health issue globally, with an estimated one million human cases per year. Oceania represents one of the highest estimates of disease morbidity and mortality in the world, just behind south and southeast Asia.17Costa F Hagan JE Calcagno J et al.Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015; 9: e0003898Crossref PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar More information is urgently needed to advance leptospirosis so that it no longer remains a neglected tropical disease. We are responsible for the views expressed in this publication, and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of the Pan American Health Organization. We declare no competing interests. Use of geographically weighted logistic regression to quantify spatial variation in the environmental and sociodemographic drivers of leptospirosis in Fiji: a modelling studyGWLR provided a valuable method for modelling spatial heterogeneity of covariates for leptospirosis infection and their relative importance over space. Results of GWLR could be used to inform more place-specific interventions, particularly for diseases with strong environmental or sociodemographic drivers of transmission. Full-Text PDF Open Access}, number={5}, journal={The Lancet Planetary Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schneider, Maria Cristina and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={e198–e199} }
 @article{fortuoso_volpato_rampazzo_glombowsky_griss_galli_stefani_baldissera_ferreira_machado_et al._2018, title={Homeopathic treatment as an alternative prophylactic to minimize bacterial infection and prevent neonatal diarrhea in calves}, volume={114}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.041}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.041}, abstractNote={Bovine neonatal diarrhea is common due low immunity in newborn calves, poor management (or absence) of sanitary barriers, and other factors. Newborn calves with diarrhea in the first days of life suffer failure to thrive and may die if left untreated. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether prophylactic administration of a homeopathic product (Dia 100®) can control bovine neonatal diarrhea in calves born on a farm with substantial sanitary challenges. We counted total bacteria and protozoan parasites in fecal samples. We measured serum glucose, total protein, globulin, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides on days 1, 7 and 14 of life. Twenty newborn calves were maintained in individual stalls, and were divided in two groups: ten untreated animals (control) and ten animals treated with Dia 100®. Fecal consistency was evaluated daily. We diagnosed diarrhea in five animals in the treated group, and in all animals from the control group. Infections with Escherichia coli and Giardia duodenalis were identified as the responsible organisms. The E. coli count was low in the treatment group on day 7 of life compared with the control group. Antibiotics were given to eight animals in the control group, and to two animals in the treatment group. On day of life 7, serum levels of total protein and globulins were higher in the control group, but were lower on day 14. Serum levels of glucose and triglycerides were greater in treated animals on days 7 and 14, suggesting that the homeopathic product contributes to improvement of intestinal health and absorption and nutrients. We conclude that Dia 100® controls diarrhea with 50% of efficacy, and reduces antibiotic utilization.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fortuoso, Bruno F. and Volpato, Andreia and Rampazzo, Luana and Glombowsky, Patrícia and Griss, Luiz Gustavo and Galli, Gabriela M. and Stefani, Lenita M. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Ferreira, Emanuel B. and Machado, Gustavo and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={95–98} }
 @article{machado_kanankege_schumann_wells_perez_alvarez_2018, title={Identifying individual animal factors associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) milk ELISA positivity in dairy cattle in the Midwest region of the United States}, volume={14}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1354-y}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-018-1354-y}, abstractNote={Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a widespread chronic disease of ruminants that causes severe economic losses to the dairy cattle industry worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between individual cow MAP-ELISA and relevant milk production predictors in dairy cattle using data routinely collected as part of quality and disease control programs in the Midwest region of the U.S. Milk ELISA results of 45,652 animals from 691 herds from November 2014 to August 2016 were analyzed. The association between epidemiological and production factors and ELISA results for MAP in milk was quantified using four individual-level mixed multivariable logistic regression models that accounted for clustering of animals at the farm level. The four fitted models were one global model for all the animals assessed here, irrespective of age, and one for each of the categories of < 4 year-old, 4–8 year-old, and > 8 year-old cattle, respectively. A small proportion (4.9%; n = 2222) of the 45,652 tested samples were MAP-seropositive. Increasing age of the animals and higher somatic cell count (SCC) were both associated with increased odds for MAP positive test result in the model that included all animals, while milk production, milk protein and days in milk were negatively associated with MAP milk ELISA. Somatic cell count was positively associated with an increased risk in the models fitted for < 4 year-old and 4–8 year-old cattle. Variables describing higher milk production, milk protein content and days in milk were associated with significantly lower risk in the models for 4–8 year-old cattle and for all cattle. Our results suggest that testing cows with high SCC (> 26 × 1000/ml), low milk production and within the first 60 days of lactation may maximize the odds of detecting seropositive animals. These results could be useful in helping to design better surveillance strategies based in testing of milk.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Kanankege, Kaushi and Schumann, Val and Wells, Scott and Perez, Andres and Alvarez, Julio}, year={2018}, month={Jan} }
 @article{cazarotto_boito_gebert_reis_machado_bottari_morsch_schetinger_doleski_leal_et al._2018, title={Metaphylactic effect of minerals on immunological and antioxidant responses, weight gain and minimization of coccidiosis of newborn lambs}, volume={121}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.003}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the metaphylactic effect of minerals on immunological and antioxidant responses, as well as performance and prevention of coccidiosis in newborn lambs. We divided 110 newborn lambs into two groups (55/group): control (untreated) and treated with two doses of 0.33 mL/kg of a mineral complex (zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese) on day of life (DOL) 1 and 30. Total blood was collected at DOL 1, 15, 30 and 45 to measure antioxidant enzymes, biochemical and immunology analyses, and haemogram. Treated animals were heavier (P < .05) than untreated lambs on DOL 15 and 45, but not on DOL 30 due to a coccidiosis outbreak. Catalase activity did not differ between groups, while superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase activities were higher (P < .05) in treated lambs compared with control animals. Serum levels of total protein and globulins were higher (P < .05) in treated animals (DOL 15, 30 and 45). A significant increased on the number of lymphocytes (DOL 45), as well as on seric levels of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) was observed in treated animals (DOL 15 and 30). Serum Ig levels remained constant throughout the experiment in the treated group, but fluctuated in the control group. Serum glucose levels were greater in treated animals (DOL 15 and 30). It is possible to conclude that subcutaneous administration of minerals has beneficial effects on lambs by increasing antioxidant and immunological defenses, reflected by greater weight gain, which could mitigate the impact of coccidiosis.}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cazarotto, Chrystian J. and Boito, Jhonatan P. and Gebert, Roger R. and Reis, João H. and Machado, Gustavo and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Morsch, Vera M. and Schetinger, Maria R.C. and Doleski, Pedro H. and Leal, Marta L.R. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={46–52} }
 @article{tomasi_volpato_pereira_debastiani_bottari_morsch_schetinger_leal_machado_silva_et al._2018, title={Metaphylactic effect of minerals on the immune response, biochemical variables and antioxidant status of newborn calves}, volume={102}, ISSN={0931-2439}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12890}, DOI={10.1111/jpn.12890}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Tomasi, T. and Volpato, A. and Pereira, W. A. B. and Debastiani, L. H. and Bottari, N. B. and Morsch, V. M. and Schetinger, M. R. C. and Leal, M. L. R. and Machado, Gustavo and Silva, A. S. Da and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={819–824} }
 @article{glombowsky_da silva_soldá_galli_biazus_campigotto_bottari_sousa_brisola_stefani_et al._2018, title={Mineralization in newborn calves contributes to health, improve the antioxidant system and reduces bacterial infections}, volume={114}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.012}, abstractNote={The first phase of life of dairy calves has elevated mortality indices linked with low immunity and sanitary challenges, mainly bacterial infections are involved in the pathogenesis of diarrhea, the leading cause of death. Also, other important problem is the nutritional deficiencies, such as the mineral deficiency. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether an intramuscular mineral supplementation based on selenium, copper, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus possess beneficial effects on health of dairy calves. For this, ten calves were divided in two groups: the group A was supplemented with injectable mineral, while the group B was used as control group (without mineral supplementation). The mineral complex was administrated via intramuscularly at dose of 3 mL/animal on days 2 and 14 post-birth. The total blood was collected on days 2, 10, 20 and 30 of life of animals in order to analyze the antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), blood count and seric biochemistry linked with proteic, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Feces samples were also collected on days 10, 20 and 30 of life of animals to perform the total bacterial count, parasitological exam and fecal consistency score. Moreover, the weight and corporal temperature were also evaluated. The mineral supplementation presented beneficial properties to calves from birth to the 30th of life through the increase on activity of antioxidant enzymes, improvement of immunity, and avoiding problems linked with diarrhea and anemia, can be considered an interesting approach to prevent these alterations linked with high mortality in the period of life.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Glombowsky, Patrícia and da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Soldá, Natan M. and Galli, Gabriela M. and Biazus, Angelisa H. and Campigotto, Gabriela and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Sousa, Rejane S. and Brisola, Maiara C. and Stefani, Lenita M. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={344–349} }
 @article{favero_da silva_bottari_schetinger_morsch_baldissera_stefani_machado_2018, title={Physiological changes in the adenosine deaminase activity, antioxidant and inflammatory parameters in pregnant cows and at post-partum}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1439-0396"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12917}, DOI={10.1111/jpn.12917}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Favero, Juscivete Fatima and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Morsch, Vera Maria M. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Stefani, Lenita M. and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={910–916} }
 @article{machado_weiblen_escobar_2018, title={Potential distribution of Pythium insidiosum
 in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and projections to neighbour countries}, volume={65}, ISSN={1865-1674}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12925}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.12925}, abstractNote={Pythium insidiosum is a widespread pathogen that causes pythiosis, a disease with severe health consequences in horses and humans worldwide. Latin America hosts one of the largest, but scattered, horse herds, making it critical to identify areas at high risk of pythiosis transmission to help guide surveillance in areas with disease transmission risk. We utilized ecological niche modelling and epidemiological data to reconstruct the ecological conditions for pathogen circulation to identify areas with potential risk of pythiosis in Brazil and Uruguay. We surveyed 338 horse farm locations in southern Brazil and reconstructed the landscape conditions where the disease is endemic, based on the association between high-resolution satellite imagery and P. insidiosum serology. The final model was projected to the entire Brazil-Uruguay border region to predict areas at risk of disease transmission. We detected 66 seropositive farms and risk of infection in areas with low vegetation and low temperatures. There was a significant difference between seropositive and seronegative locations, mainly during the summer, suggesting that P. insidiosum circulates under specific landscape conditions. Areas that were unsuitable for P. insidiosum circulation were clustered in the central, north-eastern, and north-western regions of the study area. Our findings suggest that P. insidiosum is a generalist pathogen that has the potential to circulate across broad areas in Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The risk maps generated may help stakeholders with disease prevention, as well as highlight pythiosis as a potential transboundary disease with economic and public health importance.}, number={6}, journal={Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Weiblen, Carla and Escobar, Luis E.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={1671–1679} }
 @article{gressler_machado_da silveira_cohen_corbellini_leotti_diehl_dos santos_de vargas_2018, title={Prevalence of Rhodococcus equi
 from the nasal cavity of 1010 apparently healthy horses}, volume={50}, ISSN={0425-1644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12804}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12804}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={5}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gressler, L.T. and Machado, G. and da Silveira, B.P. and Cohen, N.D. and Corbellini, L.G. and Leotti, V.B. and Diehl, G.N. and dos Santos, L.C. and de Vargas, A.C.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={667–671} }
 @article{moura_ribeiro_souza_silva_machado_klauck_pazinato_silva_2018, title={Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii  Infection in Goats in Southern Brazil}, volume={44}, ISSN={1679-9216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81073}, DOI={10.22456/1679-9216.81073}, abstractNote={Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidium, obligate intracellular protozoan, with complex life cycle, affecting virtually all-animal species homoeothermics. Goats are considered susceptible to infection by T. gondii, alterations being reported as pathological fetal death (with subsequent reabsorption), abortion, mummification, and/or the birth of weak goats. Because of these consequences to the animal, the disease is investigated throughout the Brazilian territory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and identify risk factors in goats.Materials, Methods & Results: It were collected 654 blood samples from goats distributed on west and mountainous regions of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The number municipalities with the highest numbers of goats were used, with an expected prevalence of 25%, error of 3.2% and confidence level of 95%. All collected samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and 216 (33.02%; 95% CI 29.43-36.77) had antibodies against T. gondii (IFA ≥ 1: 64). Titration 1:64 was observed more frequently (60.2%; 130/216) among seropositive animals. The region with the highest prevalence was the west, i.e., more prone to infections present, with 1.16 more chances than the mountainous region. Animals Boer were more likely to T. gondii infection, being race is a risk factor for disease. When the presence of cats on the property, and these animals had chances of direct contact with cats, the chance of infection increased significantly, being 1.04 times higher went compared with lack of this feature. Regarding age, the animals aged two to five years had higher seropositivity (77.8%). Statistical analysis of effect-cause studies reported a relationship between soropositive animals and neurological problems (P ≤ 0.05), but no relation was found for T. gondii infection and reproductive problems (P > 0.05).Discussion: In the state of Santa Catarina, approximately 33% of the goats were seropositive for T. gondii, according to results of this study. Several other studies has been performed on T. gondii antibodies detection in Brazil, such as Paraná which was 44.68%, in Rio Grande do Norte was 17.1%, in Rio de Janeiro was 29.12%, in Maranhão was 36.95%, in Bahia was 17.4%, in Minas Gerais was 21.4%, in Alagoas was 39% and in Rio Grande do Sul was 30%. The type of food and water source given to the animals was not considered a risk factor for T. gondii infection, although some authors mention that cat feces contaminated with oocysts of the parasite can be more easily ingested in the diet with concentrated (cats have access) and natural water sources. This study showed that 53% of the animals studied had contact with cats, and this variable was considered a risk factor for disease. Statistically, unverified relationship between reproductive problems and goats seropositive for T. gondii, although of approximately 24% of the animals studied showed some reproductive problems (abortion, mummified or heat repetition). In the effect-cause analysis, neurological issues were related to infection by T. gondii in goats, the that can easily be explained because the parasitic cysts of T. gondii may persist in the central nervous system for a long period. The results suggest that infection by T. gondii occurs in goats in two regions of Santa Catarina, in addition, and the risk factors related to disease was between both studied regions, race and presence and contact with cats, just as there is a relation between disease and neurological disorders in goats.}, number={1}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, publisher={Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}, author={Moura, Anderson Barbosa de and Ribeiro, André and Souza, Antonio Pereira de and Silva, Marcio Orides da and Machado, Gustavo and Klauck, Vanderlei and Pazinato, Rafael and Silva, Aleksandro Schafer Da}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={7} }
 @article{baquero_machado_2018, title={Spatiotemporal dynamics and risk factors for human Leptospirosis in Brazil}, volume={8}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33381-3}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-018-33381-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Baquero, Oswaldo Santos and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{biazus_cazarotto_gebert_reis_zortea_baretta_machado_boito_baldissera_silva_et al._2018, title={Suplemento de difenil diselenuro inyectable en ovejas lecheras}, volume={1}, ISSN={1909-0544}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1239}, DOI={10.21897/rmvz.1239}, abstractNote={Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la suplementación subcutánea con diselenuro de difenilo (PhSe)2 en ovejas lecheras infectadas con nematodos sobre la salud animal y posible daño al ambiente cuando las heces de estos animales se utilicen para fertilizar. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó utilizando 16 ovejas lecheras, que se dividieron en dos grupos: el grupo A se usó como control y el grupo B se suplementó con 3 µmol/kg of (PhSe)2 vía subcutánea. Se utilizaron muestras de sangre para determinar la función hepática, así como el metabolismo de proteínas y lípidos en animales. Las heces se utilizaron para determinar el número de huevos por gramo de heces (EPG), así como para las pruebas de ecotoxicología. Resultados. La suplementación (PhSe)2 no afectó la reproducción de helmintos. Los niveles totales de proteína y globulina aumentan (p<0.05) en los animales suplementados, mientras que los niveles séricos de alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) disminuyen (p<0.05) al final del diseño experimental. Los niveles de colesterol aumentan (p<0.05) en los animales suplementados, mientras que los triglicéridos, la albúmina y la urea no difieren entre los grupos (p>0.05). Las heces de ovejas suplementadas no interferían en la reproducción de las colas de caballo. Conclusiones. A la dosis administrada, el (PhSe)2 no es capaz de controlar el parasitismo; sin embargo, aumenta los niveles de globulinas y colesterol, que son importantes para la respuesta inmune y para la reproducción, respectivamente. Las heces de animales suplementados pueden usarse como fertilizantes orgánicos, sin impactos negativos en el ambiente. }, number={1}, journal={Revista MVZ Córdoba}, publisher={Universidad de Cordoba}, author={Biazus, Angeliza H and Cazarotto, Chrystian J and Gebert, Roger R and Reis, João H. Dos and Zortea, Talyta and Baretta, Dilmar and Machado, Gustavo and Boito, Jhonatan P. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Silva, Aleksandro S Da and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={6438–6447} }
 @article{griss_da silva_galli_fortuoso_campigotto_jaguezeski_souza_fagundes_wagner_gris_et al._2018, title={The use of copaiba oil in broiler chicks feed to replace antibiotic caused an anti-inflammatory effect and promoted weight gain}, volume={27}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2787-1}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-018-2787-1}, number={6}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Griss, Luiz Gustavo and da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Galli, Gabriela M. and Fortuoso, Bruno F. and Campigotto, Gabriela and Jaguezeski, Antonise M. and Souza, Carine F. and Fagundes, Mariane B. and Wagner, Roger and Gris, Anderson and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={1637–1644} }
 @article{galli_da silva_bottari_biazus_petrolli_reis_morsch_schetinger_piva_baggio_et al._2017, title={Addition of yucca extract and glutamine in the diet of chicks had a protective effect against coccidiosis}, volume={27}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2579-z}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-017-2579-z}, number={1}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Galli, Gabriela M. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Biazus, Angelisa H. and Petrolli, Tiago and Reis, João H. and Morsch, Vera M. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Piva, Manoela M. and Baggio, Rafael A. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={205–214} }
 @article{albani_silva_machado_bottari_alves_campigotto_fritzen_schetinger_morsch_zaboot_et al._2017, title={Benefits of a Prepartum Anionic Diet on the Health of Dairy Cows in the Transition Period: Prevented Subclinical Hypocalcemia and Minimizing Oxidative Stress}, volume={45}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Albani, K.D. and Silva, A.S. and Machado, G. and Bottari, N.B. and Alves, M.S. and Campigotto, G. and Fritzen, A. and Schetinger, M.R.C. and Morsch, V.M. and Zaboot, R. and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={1} }
 @article{fávero_de araújo_lilenbaum_machado_tonin_baldissera_stefani_da silva_2017, title={Bovine leptospirosis: Prevalence, associated risk factors for infection and their cause-effect relation}, volume={107}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.032}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.032}, abstractNote={Leptospirosis is a cosmopolitan infectious disease that causes severe reproductive disorders in cattle, especially those related to abortion. This disease has rodents as main reservoirs; however, cattle are responsible for maintenance of the disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with infection and cause-effect relation of leptospirosis in dairy herds from Southern of Brazil. Serum samples of 1242 cows were collected from herds classified as of medium and high density, and tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). These farms were located in the West part of Santa Catarina State (Brazil). A total of 80 cows (6.44%) were considered positives for the infection with titration of 1:100. Using a multivariate analysis, we identified two factors associated to bovine leptospirosis: dog access to pastures (p < 0.001) and feed exposure to rodents (p = 0.05). Cause-effect analysis demonstrated that the occurrence of reproductive disorders was significantly (p = 0.01) linked to leptospirosis. Thus, we conclude that leptospirosis is prevalent in dairy cattle in the west part of Santa Catarina state, as well as the access of dogs to pastures and contact of rodents with feed increase the chance of cattle infection by Leptospira spp.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fávero, Juscivete F. and de Araújo, Hugo L. and Lilenbaum, Walter and Machado, Gustavo and Tonin, Alexandre A. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Stefani, Lenita M. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={149–154} }
 @article{casagrande_machado_guerra_castro_spanamberg_silva_cardoso_driemeier_2017, title={Caracterização anatomopatológica e bacteriológica em frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal}, volume={37}, ISSN={1678-5150 0100-736X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000900009}, DOI={10.1590/s0100-736x2017000900009}, abstractNote={RESUMO: A colibacilose é a principal causa infecciosa de condenação total de carcaça em frangos de corte no sul do Brasil. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o grau de concordância entre a condenação total por colibacilose de frangos de corte abatidos em estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) com o diagnóstico anatomopatológico e bacteriológico. O estudo foi realizado com 45 frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose (caso) e seus respectivos 45 controles (frangos sem lesões). Em todos os frangos condenados pelo SIF havia lesões macroscópicas e, nos controles não se observou. Através do teste Kappa-Cohen´s essas duas variáveis apresentaram concordância quase perfeita. As aves condenadas apresentaram lesões em fígado (27/45); em fígado e sacos aéreos (11/45); em fígado e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e oviduto (1/45); fígado, sacos aéreos, coração e tecido subcutâneo (1/45); e fígado, sacos aéreos, oviduto e baço (1/45). Observou-se concordância quase perfeita entre condenação e lesão hepática. Histologicamente, em 41 casos e 12 controles observaram-se lesões, sendo os mais frequentes hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Nas aves com hepatite identificou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp. e Streptococcus sp. (10/38) e, nas aves com bronquite ou broncopneumonia isolou-se Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (9/14). O PCR em tempo real e a imuno-histoquímica para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativos. Nos casos de condenação total por colibacilose o fígado foi o principal órgão acometido, portanto, o critério de condenação deveria ser revisto, sugerindo condenação por hepatite nesses casos, já que outras bactérias podem causar hepatite, como foi demonstrado nesse estudo.}, number={9}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Casagrande, Renata A. and Machado, Gustavo and Guerra, Priscila R. and Castro, Luiza A. and Spanamberg, Andréia and Silva, Sérgio C. and Cardoso, Marisa R. de Itapema and Driemeier, David}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={949–957} }
 @article{grosskopf_schwertz_machado_bottari_da silva_gabriel_lucca_alves_schetinger_morsch_et al._2017, title={Cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum: Relation between adenosine deaminase activity and zinc levels}, volume={110}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.016}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.016}, abstractNote={The enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is critical for modulating the immune system, and in the presence of zinc, its activity is catalyzed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ADA activity in pancreas of cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum in relation to the results of zinc levels, pathological findings and parasite load. For this study 51 slaughtered cattle were used. The animals were divided into two groups: Group A consisting of animals naturally infected by E. coelomaticum (n = 33) and Group B of uninfected animals (n = 18). Blood and pancreas were collected of each animal for analysis of zinc and ADA, respectively. Infected cattle showed a reduction on seric levels of zinc, and decreased ADA activity in the pancreas (P > 0.05). A positive correlation between zinc levels and ADA activity was observed. Thus, high parasite load and severity of histopathologic lesions affect the ADA activity in pancreas, as well as the zinc levels in serum of infected animals (negative correlation between these variables). Therefore, we can conclude that cattle infected by E. coelomaticum have low ADA activity in pancreas, which can be directly related to zinc reduction, responsible for ADA activation and catalyzes.}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Grosskopf, Hyolanda M. and Schwertz, Claiton I. and Machado, Gustavo and Bottari, Nathieli B. and da Silva, Ester S. and Gabriel, Mateus E. and Lucca, Neuber J. and Alves, Mariana S. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Morsch, Vera M. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={79–84} }
 @article{glombowsky_soldá_campigotto_volpato_galli_fávero_bottari_schetinger_morsch_baldissera_et al._2017, title={Cholinesterase’s activities in cows supplemented with selenium, copper, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium intramuscularly during the transition period}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2423-5}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-017-2423-5}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Glombowsky, Patrícia and Soldá, Natan M. and Campigotto, Gabriela and Volpato, Andréia and Galli, Gabriela M. and Fávero, Juscivete F. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Morsch, Vera M. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={575–579} }
 @article{da silva_baldissera_bottari_doleski_carmo_schwertz_lucca_henker_piva_giacomin_et al._2017, title={Ectonucleotidase and adenosine deaminase as inflammatory marker in dairy cows naturally infected by Dictyocaulus viviparus}, volume={51}, ISSN={0147-9571}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.01.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2017.01.001}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dictyocaulosis (mild or severe) on enzymes of NTPDase, 5′-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) of dairy cows naturally infected by Dictyocaulus viviparus. Blood and faeces were collected from 22 dairy cows of the same farm to evaluate NTPDase (ATP and ADP substrate), 5′-nucleotidase, and ADA activities on days 0 (pre-treatment) and 10 (post-treatment). Seric activities of NTPDase (ATP substrate), 5′-nucleotidase, and ADA were lower (P < 0.05) in D. viviparus infected animals compared to uninfected cows. The number of D. viviparus larvae per gram of faeces varied among the animals, and they showed different degrees of severity according to respiratory clinical signs of the disease (cough and nasal discharge). Later, these cows were divided into two groups: those with mild (n = 10) and severe (n = 12) disease. Cows with severe disease showed higher NTPDase activity (ATP substrate) than those with mild disease (P ≤ 0.05). The opposite occurred with NTPDase (ADP substrate), 5′-nucleotidase, and ADA in cows with severe disease, that is, the enzymatic activity of these seric enzymes significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) compared to animals with mild disease. Infected animals showed reduced NTPDase activity (ATP and ADP substrate) after treatment. No enzymatic changes were observed for 5′-nucleotidase, and ADA pre- and post-treatment (P > 0.05). Based on these results, we conclude that dictyocaulosis alters NTPDase, 5′-nucleotidase, and ADA activities of cow naturally infected by the parasite, in consequence the enzymes act as inflammatory markers.}, journal={Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Doleski, Pedro H. and Carmo, Guilherme M. and Schwertz, Claiton I. and Lucca, Neuber J. and Henker, Luan C. and Piva, Manoela M. and Giacomin, Patrícia and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={9–13} }
 @article{paiano_moreira_r.b. quadros_milani_nunes z_machado_da silva_2017, title={Effect of stocking rate and floor types on performance, skin temperature and leucogram in pigs raising}, volume={1}, ISSN={1909-0544}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.921}, DOI={10.21897/rmvz.921}, abstractNote={Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento, las características de termorregulación, y el leucograma de cerdos de engorde, criados en diferentes densidad mantenidos en corrales de piso compactos o en piscinas de poca profundidad. Material y métodos. Treinta y seis cerdos se utilizaron en dos etapas (un total de 72 animalles utilizados). En el primer paso, se analizaron las características zootécnicas (consumo diario de alimento, ganancia de peso y alimento: ganancia) y el espesor de grasa dorsal (P2). En el segundo paso, los mismos análisis se repitieron, además, el análisis de leucograma y temperatura de la piel se realizó en P2 y la región anal, al final del crecimiento y del acabado de fase. Resultados. Se evaluaron las diferencias entre los tratamientos y media. No se encontró efecto del tipo de suelo en fase de crecimiento, pero el uso de la piscina de poca profundidad tuvo un efecto negativo sobre la ganancia y la alimentación: ración de ganancia en la fase de acabado. El aumento de efecto lineal de espesor de grasa dorsal como la tasa media se redujo, así como una menor temperatura de la superficie en la región anal en el tratamiento con piscina de poca profundidad en la fase de acabado. No hubo efecto de los tratamientos y tipo de suelo sobre el Leucograma de los cerdos. Permitiendo más espacio/animal disminuyó el espesor de grasa dorsal. El uso de la piscina de poca profundidad afectó negativamente al rendimiento en la fase de acabado. Conclusiones. El uso de la piscina de poca profundidad afectó el rendimiento de los cerdos de acabado, a pesar de la mejora de termólisis, sin efecto visible en la respuesta inmune celular.}, number={1}, journal={Revista MVZ Córdoba}, publisher={Universidad de Cordoba}, author={Paiano, Diovani and Moreira, Ivan and R.B. Quadros, Arley and Milani, Natalia Cristina and Nunes Z, Maria Luisa A. and Machado, Gustavo and Da Silva, Aleksandro S.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={5610–5618} }
 @article{müller_silva_baldissera_santurio_glombowsky_gugel_campigotto_gloria_paiano_machado_et al._2017, title={Effects of supplementation with spray-dried porcine plasma on blood variables on piglets feed with diet contaminated by mycotoxins}, volume={110}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.028}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.028}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) effects on body weight, glucose levels and hematological and immunology variables for piglets fed with diet contaminated with low or high aflatoxin and fumonisin levels. Thus, 24 piglets were allotted in four groups, and the group A received a control diet; the group B received a diet with 6% of SDPP; the group C 300 μg/kg of aflatoxins and 8000 μg/kg of fumonisin; the group D 300 μg/kg of aflatoxins, 8000 μg/kg of fumonisin and 6% of SDPP, respectively. A significant increase on hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit levels was observed between C and A groups, result similar also in group D to hemoglobin concentration. A significant reduction on leukocytes and monocytes levels was observed in the group C compared to group A. Most important finding was that SDPP prevented reduction on leukocytes, but not in the monocytes levels in animals of group D. Moreover, the animals of group C presented lower weight, in the same way presented lower on glucose levels. In the other hand, animals in the group C had higher levels of nitrate/nitrite (NOx) and C-reactive protein (CRP) compared other groups. Based on these evidences, the present study showed ingestion of diet contaminated with elevated aflatoxins and fumonisins levels may negatively affected the white cell count and the weight, increasing the seric biomarkers related to inflammatory response, and consequently impairs the immune system. Additionally, SDPP supplementation for piglets prevents the reduction on leukocytes levels and the negative effects associated with weight gain, as well as minimizing the inflammatory response, demonstrating that SDPP can modulate the inflammatory processes and consequently may improve the immune system due active proteins presents in SDPP.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Müller, Lucieli K.F. and Silva, Aleksandro S. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Santurio, Janio M. and Glombowsky, Patricia and Gugel, Jeferson and Campigotto, Gabriela and Gloria, Eduardo M. and Paiano, Diovani and Machado, Gustavo and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={464–470} }
 @article{paz_machado_costa_2017, title={Fatores relacionados a problemas de comportamento em gatos}, volume={37}, ISSN={1678-5150 0100-736X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001100023}, DOI={10.1590/s0100-736x2017001100023}, abstractNote={RESUMO: Os problemas de comportamento apresentam importância não só no bem estar animal e na qualidade da relação humana-animal como também em saúde publica. Problemas de comportamento são uma das principais razões de abandono e subsequentemente o destino destes animais são abrigos ou até mesmo eutanásia. Além disso, a agressividade é um fator de risco para transmissão de zoonoses. Com o objetivo de avaliar a frequência de fatores relacionados a problemas de comportamento em gatos, foram coletadas informações de 229 gatos através de um questionário aplicado em tutores que aguardavam atendimento no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Dentre os comportamentos arranhadura em móveis foi o problema comportamental mais frequente (65,1%- IC 95%: 58,5-71,4%) seguido de agressividade (61,3%- IC 95%: 54,2-67,1%), eliminação inapropriada (37,1%- IC 95%: 31,3-42,1%) e vocalização excessiva (23,6%- IC 95%: 20,1-29,8%). Os dados foram analisados por regressão logística com uma função de ligação logit. De acordo com a análise univariada, a presença de um arranhador teve uma relação significativa protetiva, podendo contribuir para a redução do comportamento de arranhar móveis (risco relativo [RR]=0.31- IC 95%:0.19 - 0.53). Fêmeas e gatos assustados foram identificados com maior dificuldade de ter uma relação amigável com outros gatos RR=3.56 (IC 95%:1.78 - 7.11), RR=2.84( IC 95%:1.60 - 5.04) respectivamente também quanto maior o número de gatos na residência, maiores as chances de haver eliminação inapropriada. Os gatos castrados antes da puberdade apresentaram menos chances de desenvolver eliminação inapropriada RR=0.43 (IC 95%:0.21-0.88) e, finalmente, a vocalização excessiva foi relacionada com busca de atenção RR=2.62 (IC 95%:1.54 - 4.45). Os resultados desse estudo podem ajudar a prevenir problemas comportamentais em felinos domésticos.}, number={11}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Paz, Juliane E.G. and Machado, Gustavo and Costa, Fernanda V. Amorim da}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={1336–1340} }
 @article{volpato_tonin_machado_stefani_campigotto_glombowsky_miotto galli_favero_schafer da silva_2017, title={Gastrointestinal protozoa in dairy calves: identification of risk factors for infection}, volume={5}, ISSN={1909-0544}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1027}, DOI={10.21897/rmvz.1027}, abstractNote={Objetivo. El objetivo evaluar la ocurrencia de protozoos gastrointestinales en terneros lecheros y de identificar posibles factores de riesgo para infección. Materiales y métodos. Se recogieron 243 muestras de heces de terneros de hasta 60 días de edad en 43 granjas lecheras ubicadas en la región del oeste del estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Las muestras fueron examinadas por la técnica de centrifugación-flotación. Resultados. Como resultado, Giardia estaba presente en 26.75% (65/243) de todas las muestras, Eimeria en 21.81% (53/243), y Cryptosporidium en 20.99% (51/243). Además, 46.50% (113/243) de las muestras fueron negativas para cualquier protozoos, mientras que 39.10% (95/243) y 14.40% (35/208) mostraron infecciones simples y mixtas, respectivamente. Hubo una mayor asociación entre Cryptosporidium y Giardia (6.99%) en los casos de infecciones mixtas. Sin embargo, la asociación de triple protozoos tenía la menor prevalencia de infecciones mixtas (2.06%). Epidemiológicamente, se aplicó un cuestionario para determinar los factores de riesgo para estas infecciones parasitarias. Se han identificado algunos factores de riesgo de infecciones por Cryptosporidium, destacando manejo de la alimentación, periodo de tiempo que los terneros permanecieron con sus madres (vacas), y el contacto con los perros; el riesgo de contraer Giardia incrementado en función de la fuente de la leche, mientras que el tipo de suelo de las camas, y la edad fueron nombrados como los riesgos de factores de Eimeria. Conclusiones. Es posible confirmar que Giardia, Cryptosporidium y Eimeria pueden infectar a terneros lecheros, y el conocimiento de algunos factores de riesgo asociados a la infección en terneros.}, number={2}, journal={Revista MVZ Córdoba}, publisher={Universidad de Cordoba}, author={Volpato, Andreia and Tonin, Alexandre Alberto and Machado, Gustavo and Stefani, Lenita Moura and Campigotto, Gabriela and Glombowsky, Patricia and Miotto Galli, Gabriela and Favero, Juscivete Fatima and Schafer da Silva, Aleksandro}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={5910–5924} }
 @article{hamrick_aldighieri_machado_leonel_vilca_uriona_schneider_2017, title={Geographic patterns and environmental factors associated with human yellow fever presence in the Americas}, volume={11}, ISSN={1935-2735}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897}, abstractNote={Background In the Americas, yellow fever virus transmission is a latent threat due to the proximity between urban and wild environments. Although yellow fever has nearly vanished from North and Central America, there are still 13 countries in the Americas considered endemic by the World Health Organization. Human cases usually occur as a result of the exposure to sylvatic yellow fever in tropical forested environments; but urban outbreaks reported during the last decade demonstrate that the risk in this environment still exists. The objective of this study was to identify spatial patterns and the relationship between key geographic and environmental factors with the distribution of yellow fever human cases in the Americas. Methodology/Principal findings An ecological study was carried out to analyze yellow fever human cases reported to the Pan American Health Organization from 2000 to 2014, aggregated by second administrative level subdivisions (counties). Presence of yellow fever by county was used as the outcome variable and eight geo-environmental factors were used as independent variables. Spatial analysis was performed to identify and examine natural settings per county. Subsequently, a multivariable logistic regression model was built. During the study period, 1,164 cases were reported in eight out of the 13 endemic countries. Nearly 83.8% of these cases were concentrated in three countries: Peru (37.4%), Brazil (28.1%) and Colombia (18.4%); and distributed in 57 states/provinces, specifically in 286 counties (3.4% of total counties). Yellow fever presence was significantly associated with altitude, rain, diversity of non-human primate hosts and temperature. A positive spatial autocorrelation revealed a clustered geographic pattern in 138/286 yellow fever positive counties (48.3%). Conclusions/Significance A clustered geographic pattern of yellow fever was identified mostly along the Andes eastern foothills. This risk map could support health policies in endemic countries. Geo-environmental factors associated with presence of yellow fever could help predict and adjust the limits of other risk areas of epidemiological concern.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Hamrick, Patricia Najera and Aldighieri, Sylvain and Machado, Gustavo and Leonel, Deise Galan and Vilca, Luz Maria and Uriona, Sonia and Schneider, Maria Cristina}, editor={Barker, Christopher M.Editor}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={e0005897} }
 @article{bergamini_santos_wartchow_heck_uhrig_francelino_stein_machado_valle_2017, title={Hematologic Variation Values of Captive  Red-footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) in South Brazil}, volume={45}, ISSN={1679-9216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.79176}, DOI={10.22456/1679-9216.79176}, abstractNote={Background: Reference hematological values for chelonians are uncommon, especially those that take account of seasonal variations. While there exists controversy over how climate influences hematological values in different reptile species, the identification of this influence would help with the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of diseases that affect these species, often kept as pets. Chelonians are ectotherms and, therefore, intrinsic and extrinsic factors may affect physiological and hematological values, affecting the interpretation of clinical information on these species. The aims of this study were to assess the hematological values of captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) and to check their variation according to the cold and warmer seasons of the year.Materials, Methods &Results: Blood samples were collected from nine red-footed tortoises (C. carbonaria) of indeterminate sex and different ages, bred in captivity without control over environmental variables during one year, one each season (summer, fall, winter and spring). A total of 36 samples were considered to study. The colder seasons were collapsed together into one group that holds winter and fall (colds) and the months whit warmer weather spring and summer were grouped as a class called (warm). The complete blood count was performed manually, and medians, maximum values, and minimum values were obtained from the animals in each season of the year. The samples were grouped in “cold” and “warm” classes as above. Repeated measures ANOVA were used in order to compare the influence of climate variation on hematologic variables. For this mater Bonferroni’s test was employed as post-hoc analysis. As results, the erythrocytes total count, hemoglobin value, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, absolute numbers of heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and total plasma proteins varied significantly (P < 0.05) between colder and warmer seasons. Erythrocyte values yielded significantly higher values in warmer seasons than in the other seasons. The seasonality was verified in erythrocytes total count (P < 0.001), hemoglobin value (P < 0.001), hematocrit values (P < 0.001) and differential white blood cell count (P < 0.001).Discussion: The hematological alterations detected in C. carbonaria were similar observed in similar studies in reptiles species and due to the distinct method and management used and different species, it was not possible to compare the statistical results. In previously studies, as a C. carbonaria, the hematological variations between climatic seasons were identified in other reptile species due particular ectothermic metabolism. The variation in total WBC count produced by seasons of the year had already been described in snakes, such as in South American rattlesnakes and in tropical snakes. Changes in metabolic activity may be influence in TPP values in reptiles when season of the year is included as a variable. In hibernating species, the variation in TPP values is attributed to hibernating behavior when the lower food intake led to a decrease in plasma protein levels. In the case of C. carbonaria, which does not hibernate, other variables could influence the difference between seasons. All hematological changes observed in studied animals confirm the influence of climate between cold and hot months, given the peculiar metabolism of chelonians. The results point out the importance is to consider the seasonal climate variations in the interpretation of hematological values of C. carbonaria under uncontrolled environmental conditions.}, number={1}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, publisher={Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}, author={Bergamini, Bruno Carvalho da Silva and Santos, Elisandro Oliveira dos and Wartchow, Bárbara Schiller and Heck, Lilian and Uhrig, Luiza and Francelino, Lygia Karla Sanches and Stein, Gisele Guiomara and Machado, Gustavo and Valle, Stella De Faria}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={6} }
 @article{silva bergamini_santos_wartchow_heck_uhrig_francelino_stein_machado_faria valle_2017, title={Hematologic variation values of captive red-footed tortoise (chelonoidis carbonaria) in South Brazil}, volume={45}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85018696937&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Silva Bergamini, B.C. and Santos, E.O. and Wartchow, B.S. and Heck, L. and Uhrig, L. and Francelino, L.K.S. and Stein, G.G. and Machado, G. and Faria Valle, S.}, year={2017}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{costa_valle_machado_corbellini_coelho_rosa_gonzález_2017, title={Hematological findings and factors associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) positivity in cats from southern Brazil}, volume={37}, ISSN={1678-5150 0100-736X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2017001200028}, DOI={10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200028}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: Using a retrospective study, 493 cats tested for FeLV and FIV were selected for analysis of the association between hematologic findings and positivity at immunoassay test. Individual and hematologic variables were assessed considering the influence of results using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Out 153 of the 493 cats were positive for FeLV (31%), 50 were positive for FIV (10.1%) and 22 were positive for both FIV and FeLV (4.4%). Multivariate analysis detected significant associations between FeLV infection and age below 1 year (p=0.01), age from 1 to 10 years (p=0.03), and crossbreed (p=0.04). Male cats were more likely to be FIV-positive (p=0.002). Regarding hematological changes, FeLV-positive cats have higher odds to anemia, leukopenia and lymphopenia than FeLV-negative cats. FIV-positive cats are more likely to have anemia than negative. Identification of associated factors related to animal status and correlation of hematological disorders with infection by retroviruses in cats could be useful for detecting these retroviral diseases in cats.}, number={12}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Costa, Fernanda V.A. da and Valle, Stella de F. and Machado, Gustavo and Corbellini, Luís G. and Coelho, Elisa M. and Rosa, Rafael B. and González, Félix H.D.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={1531–1536} }
 @article{reis_da silva_gebert_santos_boito_rigo_grosskopf_galli_silva_baldissera_et al._2017, title={Monepantel in the control of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. and possible side effects of treatment in naturally infected sheep}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2487-2}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-017-2487-2}, number={5}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Reis, João H. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Gebert, Roger R. and Santos, Daiane and Boito, Jhonatan P. and Rigo, Taisa and Grosskopf, Hyolanda M. and Galli, Gabriela M. and Silva, Anielen D. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1069–1073} }
 @article{lorenzett_lucca_henker_machado_gomes_mendes_driemeie_casagrande_2017, title={Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cattle in the western of Santa Catarina, Brazil}, volume={38}, journal={Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Lorenzett, M.P. and Lucca, N.J. and Henker, L.C. and Machado, G. and Gomes, D.C. and Mendes, R.E. and Driemeie, D. and Casagrande, R.A.}, year={2017}, pages={243–249} }
 @article{perin_fávero_severo_silva_machado_araújo_lilenbaum_morsch_schetinger_jordão_et al._2017, title={Occurrence of oxidative stress in dairy cows seropositives for Brucella abortus}, volume={110}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.043}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.043}, abstractNote={Bovine brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus that leads to economic losses due to animal discard and commercial restrictions. Since positive animals for brucellosis are culled, little is known about the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate possible changes in the activity of deaminase adenosine (ADA) and the oxidative stress in cows seropositives for brucellosis (Experiment I), and to evaluate the seroprevalence of B. abortus in dairy cows from the Western state of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil (Experiment II). The Experiment I evaluated 20 pregnant cows: ten seropositives for B. abortus and ten seronegatives that were used as controls. The ADA activity and markers of oxidative stress (TBARS, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were evaluated in these animals. A reduction in the activity of ADA and catalase enzymes in seropositive animals was observed (p < 0.001). Conversely, there was an increase in TBARS levels and superoxide dismutase activity in cows infected by B. abortus (p < 0.001). The presence of oxidative stress and a reduction of ADA might be related to the modulation of the inflammatory response. The experiment II was performed due to a high number of herds with restrictions imposed by cases of brucellosis in the state of Santa Catarina in the last two years, and thus, the seroprevalence for B. abortus was evaluated in 1242 serum samples of cows of 69 herds. The serodiagnosis was performed using two tests: buffered acidified antigen and 2-mercaptoethanol. However, none of the serum samples were positive for B. abortus. Although we did not find seropositive animals for brucellosis in our study, the disease still requires continued surveillance, due to its economic impact, and to the oxidative stress caused by it, which may have contributed to cases of abortion in three seropositive cows (Experiment I) in the final third of the gestation.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Perin, Géssica and Fávero, Juscivete F. and Severo, Diego R.T. and Silva, Anielen D. and Machado, Gustavo and Araújo, Hugo L. and Lilenbaum, Walter and Morsch, Vera M. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Jordão, Ricardo S. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={196–201} }
 @article{martinez_leotti_silva_nunes_machado_corbellini_2017, title={Odds Ratio or Prevalence Ratio? An Overview of Reported Statistical Methods and Appropriateness of Interpretations in Cross-sectional Studies with Dichotomous Outcomes in Veterinary Medicine}, volume={4}, ISSN={2297-1769}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00193}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2017.00193}, abstractNote={One of the most commonly observational study designs employed in veterinary is the cross-sectional study with binary outcomes. To measure an association with exposure, the use of prevalence ratios (PR) or odds ratios (OR) are possible. In human epidemiology, much has been discussed about the use of the OR exclusively for case–control studies and some authors reported that there is no good justification for fitting logistic regression when the prevalence of the disease is high, in which OR overestimate the PR. Nonetheless, interpretation of OR is difficult since confusing between risk and odds can lead to incorrect quantitative interpretation of data such as “the risk is X times greater,” commonly reported in studies that use OR. The aims of this study were (1) to review articles with cross-sectional designs to assess the statistical method used and the appropriateness of the interpretation of the estimated measure of association and (2) to illustrate the use of alternative statistical methods that estimate PR directly. An overview of statistical methods and its interpretation using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted and included a diverse set of peer-reviewed journals among the veterinary science field using PubMed as the search engine. From each article, the statistical method used and the appropriateness of the interpretation of the estimated measure of association were registered. Additionally, four alternative models for logistic regression that estimate directly PR were tested using our own dataset from a cross-sectional study on bovine viral diarrhea virus. The initial search strategy found 62 articles, in which 6 articles were excluded and therefore 56 studies were used for the overall analysis. The review showed that independent of the level of prevalence reported, 96% of articles employed logistic regression, thus estimating the OR. Results of the multivariate models indicated that logistic regression was the method that most overestimated the PR. The findings of this study indicate that although there are methods that directly estimate PR, many studies in veterinary science do not use these methods and misinterpret the OR estimated by the logistic regression.}, number={NOV}, journal={Frontiers in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Martinez, Brayan Alexander Fonseca and Leotti, Vanessa Bielefeldt and Silva, Gustavo de Sousa e and Nunes, Luciana Neves and Machado, Gustavo and Corbellini, Luís Gustavo}, year={2017}, month={Nov} }
 @article{biezus_casagrande_baldissera_bottari_ferian_morsch_schetinger_withoeft_pereira_silva_et al._2017, title={Oxidative Stress and Changes on the Adenosinergic System  of Cats Infected by Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)}, volume={45}, ISSN={1679-9216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80760}, DOI={10.22456/1679-9216.80760}, abstractNote={Background: The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is clinically important retroviruses that infect domestic and wild feline worldwide, affecting more than 3 million cats representing a great risk for premature death. Some studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress, as well as the adenosinergic system, exert an important role in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. Oxidative stress is considered a disturbance in the antioxidant/oxidant status in favor of the excessive generation or lower removal of free radicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether changes on the adenosinergic system and oxidative stress occurred in cats positives for feline leukemia virus (FeLV).Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-nine serum samples of cats (between 4 months and 13 years of age) seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Santa Catarina State (UDESC - Lages, SC, Brazil) were used. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein and stored in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum. An aliquot was used to detect both viral infections using the kit SNAP FIV/FeLV, that detects the p27 protein from FeLV and antibodies against the p24 protein from FIV. The test was performed according the manufacture’s recommendations. Based on this result, this study involved 20 FeLV negative cats, 20 FeLV positive symptomatic cats, and 9 FeLV positives asymptomatic cats. Serum samples were used to determine the activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen levels (ROS). Seric ADA and GST activities, as well as TBARS (lipid peroxidation) and ROS (free radical) levels were determined spectrophotometrically according to the specific method. Seric ADA activity was increased in symptomatic animals compared to negatives and also to asymptomatic positive animals, and the same was observed for seric TBARS levels. On the other hand, GST activity decreased in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups compared to the negative control group. No difference was observed regarding seric ROS levels.Discussion: The upregulation of seric ADA activity observed in this present study could contribute to the inflammatory process since it would decrease seric levels of Ado, a nucleoside with anti-inflammatory effects. Lipids, especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids, are sensitive to oxidation by free radicals, generating MDA, and cause to increase of TBARS levels. A significant negative correlation between lipid peroxidation and ADA activity in kidney samples of rats experimentally infected by protozoan, and these authors demonstrated that increase on lipid peroxidation is linked to decreased ADA activity. The reduction on seric GST activity can be explained since the antioxidant enzyme was unable to remove the excess of peroxides and superoxide anion, resulting on decreased cellular antioxidant activity. Based on these evidences, it is possible to conclude that symptomatic FeLV cats showed an upregulation on seric ADA activity associated to the impairment of the immune response, contributing to inflammatory processes. Moreover, FeLV symptomatic cats showed damage to lipids and an impairment on antioxidant/oxidant status, alterations compatible to oxidative stress and oxidative damage. In summary, these alterations contribute to the pathophysiology of FeLV infection, and can be used as markers of this disease.}, number={1}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, publisher={Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}, author={Biezus, Giovana and Casagrande, Renata Assis and Baldissera, Matheus Dellaméa and Bottari, Nathieli Bianchi and Ferian, Paulo Eduardo and Morsch, Vera Maria and Schetinger, Maria Rosa Chitolina and Withoeft, Jéssica Aline and Pereira, Leonardo Henrique Hasckel da Silva and Silva, Aleksandro Schafer da and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={5} }
 @article{glombowsky_da silva_volpato_soldá_campigotto_galli_fávero_da silva santos_machado_2017, title={Relation between diarrhea and infection by protozoans in dairy calves}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2467-6}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-017-2467-6}, number={4}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Glombowsky, Patrícia and da Silva, Aleksandro Schafer and Volpato, Andreia and Soldá, Natan Marcos and Campigotto, Gabriela and Galli, Gabriela Miotto and Fávero, Juscivete Fátima and da Silva Santos, Daiane and Machado, Gustavo}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={929–933} }
 @article{fávero_da silva_campigotto_machado_daniel de barros_garcia_vogel_mendes_stefani_2017, title={Risk factors for Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle and their possible cause-effect relation for disease}, volume={110}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.042}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.042}, abstractNote={Neospora caninum causes reproductive problems in cattle such as abortion, premature birth, retention of fetal membranes, and metritis. Therefore, this study aimed to verify possible risk factors for N. caninum infection in dairy cattle and their cause-effect relation to neosporosis. Serum samples of 1518 dairy cows from the West of Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for N. caninum, where 466 were found to be positives (30.69%-CI95%; 28.3-33.0). In addition, an epidemiological survey was conducted in order to verify possible risk factors for neosporosis and their relation to the disease. The presence of dogs in the farm was strongly associated with IFA positive results for N. caninum, and lack of history for neosporosis in the farm increased the chances of positivity in 66%. It was found a significant cause-effect relation between the occurrence of reproductive problems and the presence of antibodies against N. caninum (p = 0.05). It is possible to conclude that N. caninum is widely distributed in dairy farms of the Western part of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, and that the occurrence of reproductive problems is directly related to the disease with the presence of dogs as a risk factor for N. caninum infection.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fávero, Juscivete F. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Campigotto, Gabriela and Machado, Gustavo and Daniel de Barros, Luiz and Garcia, João Luis and Vogel, Fernanda F. and Mendes, Ricardo E. and Stefani, Lenita M.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={202–207} }
 @article{campigotto_da silva_volpato_fávero_glombowsky_galli_machado_portella_vogel_stefani_et al._2017, title={Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii in sheep of southern Brazil}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2432-4}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-017-2432-4}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Campigotto, Gabriela and da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Volpato, Andréia and Fávero, Juscivete F. and Glombowsky, Patrícia and Galli, Gabriela M. and Machado, Vanessa S. and Portella, Luiza P. and Vogel, Fernanda F. and Stefani, Lenita M. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={631–635} }
 @article{grosskopf_grosskopf_biazus_leal_bottari_alves_schetinger_morsch_machado_baldissera_et al._2017, title={Supplementation with copper edetate in control of Haemonchus contortus of sheep, and its effect on cholinesterase's and superoxide dismutase activities}, volume={173}, ISSN={0014-4894}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.011}, DOI={10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.011}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper edetate on biochemical parameters, oxidative profile, cholinesterase's activities, as well as its capacity to control gastrointestinal parasites in infected sheep. Thus, Lacaune sheep (n = 18) infected by Haemonchus contortus were used and divided into three groups of six animal each: the group A was composed of untreated animals (the control group), the group B was formed by animals treated with 0.3 mg/kg of copper edetate, and the group C was composed of animals treated with 0.5 mg/kg of copper edetate. Blood collection was performed on days 0, 10, 20 and 30 after mineral supplementation and different variables were measured. Cholinergic system was evaluated to determine the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in total blood and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in serum. Eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were evaluated. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups regarding total protein, albumin, globulin and urea levels, GGT activity, as well as the hematocrit, and EPG. ALT activity decreased (P < 0.05) on groups B and C on day 30 compared to the control group (the group A). AChE activity decreased (P < 0.05) in the group C on days 10 and 30 compared to the control group, such decrease (P < 0.05) was also observed for BChE activity in the group C on day 10. ROS levels increased in the group C compared to groups A and B on day 10, while the SOD activity increased in the group C on days 20 and 30 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). CAT activity did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). In summary, the copper edetate was not efficient to control gastrointestinal parasites, but efficiently activated SOD, an important antioxidant enzyme. In addition, copper edetate was able to partially inhibit cholinesterase's activities when supplementated at its highest dose.}, journal={Experimental Parasitology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Grosskopf, Hyolanda M. and Grosskopf, Rhayana K. and Biazus, Angelisa H. and Leal, Marta L.R. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Alves, Mariana S. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Morsch, Vera M. and Machado, Gustavo and Baldissera, Matheus D. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={34–41} }
 @article{custódio_baldissera_machado_cazarotto_boito_biazus_galli_reis_gebert_ferreira_et al._2017, title={Use of homeopathic product to prevent ketosis in the dairy sheep during the transition period}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2414-6}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-017-2414-6}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Custódio, Edimar and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Machado, Gustavo and Cazarotto, Chrystian J. and Boito, Jhonatan P. and Biazus, Angelisa H. and Galli, Gabriela M. and Reis, João H. and Gebert, Roger R. and Ferreira, Emanuel B. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={535–541} }
 @article{lunkes_tonin_machado_corbellini_diehl_santos_bezerra_azevedo_pequeno_silva_et al._2016, title={Antibodies against vesicular stomatitis virus in horses from southern, midwestern and northeastern Brazilian States}, volume={46}, ISSN={0103-8478}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20151135}, DOI={10.1590/0103-8478cr20151135}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is the agent of a vesicular disease that affects many animal species and may be clinically confounded with foot-and-mouth disease in ruminant and swine. Horses are especially susceptible to VSV and may serve as sentinels for virus circulation. The present study investigated the presence of neutralizing antibodies against VSV Indiana III (VSIV-3) in serum samples of 3,626 horses from six states in three Brazilian regions: Southern (RS, n = 1,011), Midwest (GO/DF, n = 1,767) and Northeast (PB, PE, RN and CE, n = 848) collected between 2013 and 2014. Neutralizing antibodies against VSIV-3 (titers ≥40) were detected in 641 samples (positivity of 17.7%; CI95%:16.5-19.0%), being 317 samples from CE (87.3%; CI95%: 83.4-90.5 %); 109 from RN (65.7%; CI95%: 57.8 -72.7%); 124 from PB (45.4%; CI95%: 39.4-51.5%); 78 from GO/DF (4.4%; CI95%: 3.5-5.5%) and nine samples of RS (0.9%; CI95%: 0.4-1.7%). Several samples from the Northeast and Midwest harbored high neutralizing titers, indicating a recent exposure to the virus. In contrast, samples from RS had low titers, possibly due to a past remote exposure. Several positive samples presented neutralizing activity against other VSV serotypes (Indiana I and New Jersey), yet in lower titers, indicating the specificity of the response to VSIV-3. These results demonstrated a relatively recent circulation of VSIV-3 in northeastern Brazilian States, confirming clinical findings and demonstrating the sanitary importance of this infection.}, number={8}, journal={Ciência Rural}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Lunkes, Vinícius Leobet and Tonin, Alexandre Alberto and Machado, Gustavo and Corbellini, Luis Gustavo and Diehl, Gustavo Nogueira and Santos, Lucila Carboneiro dos and Bezerra, Camila de Sousa and Azevedo, Sérgio Santos de and Pequeno, Nebson Fernandes and Silva, Adriana Moraes da and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1424–1429} }
 @article{pereira_silva_mendes_bottari_schwertz_lucca_henker_morsch_schetinger_machado_et al._2016, title={Butyrylcholinesterase activity in dairy cows naturally infected by Dictyocaulus viviparous and treated with eprinomectin}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2358-2}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-016-2358-2}, number={1}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Pereira, Raquel Grande and Silva, Aleksandro Schafer and Mendes, Ricardo E. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Schwertz, Claiton I. and Lucca, Neuber J. and Henker, Luan C. and Morsch, Vera M. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Machado, Gustavo and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={155–158} }
 @article{radavelli_campigotto_machado_bottari_bochi_moresco_morsch_schetinger_bianchi_baldissera_et al._2016, title={Effect of lactation induction on milk production and composition, oxidative and antioxidant status, and biochemical variables}, volume={25}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2243-z}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-016-2243-z}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Radavelli, Willian Mauricio and Campigotto, Gabriela and Machado, Gustavo and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Bochi, Guilherme and Moresco, Rafael N. and Morsch, Vera M and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Bianchi, Anderson and Baldissera, Matheus D. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={639–648} }
 @article{pazinatto boito_santos_vaucher_raffin_machado_tonin_da silva_2016, title={Evaluation of tea tree oil for controlling Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cows}, volume={225}, ISSN={0304-4017}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.031}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.031}, abstractNote={Our research aimed to test the effects of Melaleuca alternifolia oil (pure and in nanocapsules) in the control of Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cattle. For this purpose, the in vivo studies used 15 cows distributed in three different groups with the same number of animals. Five cows remained untreated (Group A), representing the control group; other five cows were sprayed with TTO (at 5%) in its pure form (Group B); and five cows were sprayed with nanocapsules of TTO (at 0.75%) (Group C). On days 1 and 4 post-treatments (PT), all cows had their ticks counted. On day 1 PT, two ticks from each cow were collected to evaluate the effect of the treatment on ticḱs reproduction (in vitro assays). The pure form of TTO caused a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the number of ticks from the Group B compared to the Group A on day 4 PT. However, there was no significant difference in the number of ticks on cows from Groups A and C after treatment (P>0.05). Treatment with TTO in nanocapsules (Group C) interfered with R. microplus reproduction, leading to lower oviposition by female ticks and hatchability (34.5% of efficacy). On the other hand, TTO oil (Group B) did not interfere on ticḱs reproduction, i.e. showed higher hatchability than the control group. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that pure TTO has an acaricidal effect in dairy cows, in addition to an effect on ticḱs reproduction when used its nanocapsulated form.}, journal={Veterinary Parasitology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pazinatto Boito, Jhonatan and Santos, Roberto C. and Vaucher, Rodrigo A. and Raffin, Renata and Machado, Gustavo and Tonin, Alexandre A. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={70–72} }
 @article{solda_da silva_glombowsky_chiocca_cucco_oliveira_machado_2016, title={Gastrointestinal parasites in dairy cows present in farm show in western Santa Catarina, Brazil}, volume={10}, ISSN={1981-5484}, DOI={10.21708/avb.2016.10.4.5594}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal parasites in dairy cattle participants of farm show in western Santa Catarina, in order to know the situation of the animals exposed in these events. In three fairs of great expression of the western region of the state of Santa Catarina, that occurred in the years 2013 and 2014, were collected 153 samples feces of animal exposed, which were analyzed by the McMaster technique to check the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). In the tests performed, was diagnosed 69 samples positive for parasites (45%), i.e., helminth eggs, coccidia oocysts, or mixed infections by helminthes (Strongylida order) and coccidia (Eimeria spp). Eggs Strongylidae family were identified as the parasites Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp., and Oesophagostomun spp. Therefore, cattle present in farm show, despite the required sanitary control and in some cases even with previous treatment, have infection gastrointestinal parasites.}, number={4}, journal={Acta Veterinaria Brasilica}, publisher={Editora da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido - EdUFERSA}, author={Solda, N.M. and Da Silva, A.S. and Glombowsky, P. and Chiocca, M. and Cucco, D.C. and Oliveira, T.C. and Machado, G.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={373–377} }
 @article{soldá_da silva_glombowsky_chiocca_de cordova cucco_oliveira_machado_2016, title={Gastrointestinal parasites in dairy cows present in farm show in western Santa Catarina, Brazil,Parasitos Gastrintestinais Em Vacas Leiteiras Presentes Em Exposições Agropecuárias Na Região Oeste De Santa Catarina, Brasil}, volume={10}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85007044951&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Acta Veterinaria Brasilica}, author={Soldá, N.M. and Da Silva, A.S. and Glombowsky, P. and Chiocca, M. and De Cordova Cucco, D. and Oliveira, T.C. and Machado, G.}, year={2016}, pages={373–377} }
 @article{cazarotto_balzan_grosskopf_boito_portella_vogel_fávero_de c. cucco_biazus_machado_et al._2016, title={Horses seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Neospora spp.: Possible risk factors for infection in Brazil}, volume={99}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.016}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.016}, abstractNote={Many parasitic diseases are considered asymptomatic, even though some studies have shown that they may cause pathological changes in the host. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. in horses, and to identify the risk factors for disease. For this, 174 horses were studied, 90 males and 84 females aged between two and 20 years old. Blood samples were collected and stored in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum, which was subjected to serological tests for T. gondii, Sarcocystis spp., and Neospora spp. using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). IFA results were as follows: Sarcocystis spp. 41.37% (72/174) (CI95%-34.05-49.09); T. gondii 32.18% (56/174) (CI95%-25.42-39.74) and Neospora spp. 48.27% (84/174) (CI95%-40.68.50-55.93). Out of 174 horses, 81 had simple infection, 61 had mixed infections with two or three of these pathogens, and therefore, only 32 horses showed no antibodies to any of these pathogens. No risk factors for Sarcocystis spp. and T. gondii infection were identified. However, there was a significant (1.22-CI95%-1.02-1.52) relationship between animal age and Neospora spp. infection, since older animals showed higher prevalence. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that T. gondii and Neospora spp. affect horses in Southern Brazil, however all the animals studied were asymptomatic without reproductive, neurological or locomotor problems.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cazarotto, Chrystian J. and Balzan, Alexandre and Grosskopf, Rhayana K. and Boito, Jhonatan P. and Portella, Luiza P. and Vogel, Fernanda F. and Fávero, Juscivete F. and de C. Cucco, Diego and Biazus, Angelisa H. and Machado, Gustavo and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={30–35} }
 @article{spanamberg_ferreiro_machado_fraga_araujo_2016, title={Identification and characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from broilers}, volume={36}, ISSN={0100-736X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000700005}, DOI={10.1590/s0100-736x2016000700005}, abstractNote={Abstract: Aspergillosis is one of the main causes of mortality in birds. The pulmonary system is most frequently affected, with lesions observed in the air sacs and lungs of a wide variety of bird species. The aim of this study was to confirm by molecular methods the identification and the genetic diversity of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates of lung's samples from healthy broilers (Galus galus domesticus). Forty-four (9.5%) isolates of lung's samples were confirmed as A. fumigatus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplex (amplification of β-tub and rodA gene fragments). Microsatellite typing for A. fumigatus was used to analyse all avian isolates. Among them, 40 genotypes (90.9%) were observed only one time. The results showed a high variability and multiple genotypes of de A. fumigatus collected from lung's samples of broilers.}, number={7}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Spanamberg, Andréia and Ferreiro, Laerte and Machado, Gustavo and Fraga, Cibele Floriano and Araujo, Ricardo}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={591–594} }
 @article{doyle_fritzen_bottari_alves_da silva_morsch_schetinger_martins_santos_machado_et al._2016, title={Imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Anaplasma marginale in cattle: Effects on enzymes of the antioxidant, cholinergic, and adenosinergic systems}, volume={97}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.001}, abstractNote={Anaplasmosis is a worldwide hemolytic disease in cattle caused by a gram-negative obligatory intracellular bacterium, characterized by anemia and jaundice. Among the treatments used for anaplasmosis is a drug called imidocarb dipropionate, also indicated as an immunomodulator agent. However, it causes side effects associated with increased levels of acetylcholine. In view of this, the effects of imidocarb dipropionate on the purinergic system, and antioxidant enzymes in animals naturally infected by Anaplasma marginale were evaluated. Young cattle (n = 22) infected by A. marginale were divided into two groups: the Group A consisted of 11 animals used as controls; and the Group B composed of 11 animals. Imidocarb dipropionate (5 mg/kg) was used subcutaneously to treat both groups (the Group A on day 6 and the Group B on day 0). The treatment reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities, and increased the dismutase superoxide and catalase activities. No changes on lipid peroxidation (TBARS levels) and BChE activities were noticed. These results suggest that imidocarb dipropionate used to treat A. marginale infection in cattle has effect on antioxidant enzymes, and significantly inhibits the enzymatic activities of ADA and AChE.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Doyle, Rovaina L. and Fritzen, Alexandro and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Alves, Mariana S. and da Silva, Aniélen D. and Morsch, Vera M. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Martins, João R. and Santos, Julsan S. and Machado, Gustavo and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={226–230} }
 @article{doyle_oliveira_frança_doleski_souza_leal_martins_lopes_machado_da silva_et al._2016, title={Influence of experimental Anaplasma marginale infection and splenectomy on NTPDase and 5'nucleotidase activities in platelets of cattle}, volume={95}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.019}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.019}, abstractNote={The objective of this paper was to evaluate NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in platelets of bovine with and without spleen and infected by Anaplasma marginale. Our results demonstrate that infection along with splenectomy is able of inducing a profile of cellular protection, which showed an increase in the degradation of the nucleotides ATP and ADP by NTPDase, in addition to AMP by 5'nucleotidase to form the nucleoside adenosine in platelets, i.e., the enzymatic activities of platelets were increased in splenectomized animals when compared to non-splenectomized group. It notes that adenosine is a molecule with anti-inflammatory function. But this profile is related to a deficiency in immune signaling triggered by nucleotide ATP, which may be related to the increase in bacteremia and disability in combating the parasite in splenectomized host.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Doyle, Rovaina L. and Oliveira, Camila B. and França, Raqueli T. and Doleski, Pedro H. and Souza, Viviane C. and Leal, Daniela B.R. and Martins, João R. and Lopes, Sonia T.A. and Machado, Gustavo and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={49–53} }
 @article{pazinato_machado_stefani_da silva_2016, title={Influence of subclinical infection by agents of tick fever in dairy cows on milk production}, volume={21}, journal={Revista MVZ Córdoba}, author={Pazinato, R. and Machado, G. and Stefani, L.M. and Da Silva, A.S.}, year={2016}, pages={5490–5499} }
 @article{pazinato_machado_klauck_radavelli_boito_weis_miletti_baldissera_sc_stefani_et al._2016, title={Influence of subclinical infection by agents of tick fever in milking dairy cows,Influencia de la infección subclínica por agentes de la fiebre por garrapatas en vacas lecheras}, volume={21}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85008499430&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.21897/rmvz.823}, abstractNote={RESUMENObjetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la infección subclínica por agentes de la fiebre por garrapatas en el ganado lechero en producción de leche, la composición y calidad. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en una finca privada con 75 vacas lecheras alojadas-libre puesto, y de estas se evaluaron 37. Se recogieron muestras de leche individuales mensuales para determinar la composición (grasa, lactosa, proteína y sólidos totales) y la calidad (recuento de células somáticas (SCC)). Además, se recogieron muestras de sangre para identificar vacas que fueron negativas a fiebre de garrapatas y positivos por PCR para uno o más de los siguientes agentes etiológicos: Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina y Anaplasma marginale. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron un aumento de SCC en los animales positivos, al menos para uno de los agentes cuando se comparó con vacas no infectadas (p<0.05). La producción de leche fue significativamente menor en A. marginale animales positivos (p<0.05). Un aumento de aproximadamente el 40% en el contenido de sólidos de la leche fue encontrado en vacas positivas a B. bovis. También, un incremento de aproximadamente el 23% de la lactosa se encontró en vacas positivas para B. bigemina. Conclusiones. Se puede concluir que la presencia de al menos uno de estos parásitos en el ganado lechero afecta composición o calidad de su leche.}, number={3}, journal={Revista MVZ Cordoba}, author={Pazinato, R. and Machado, G. and Klauck, V. and Radavelli, W.M. and Boito, J.P. and Weis, P.H.E. and Miletti, L.C. and Baldissera, M.D. and Sc, M. and Stefani, L.M. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={5490–5499} }
 @article{soldá_glombowsky_campigotto_bottari_schetinger_morsch_favero_baldissera_schogor_barreta_et al._2016, title={Injectable mineral supplementation to transition period dairy cows and its effects on animal health}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2378-y}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-016-2378-y}, number={2}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Soldá, Natan M. and Glombowsky, Patrícia and Campigotto, Gabriela and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Morsch, Vera M. and Favero, Juscivete F. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Schogor, Ana Luiza B. and Barreta, Dilmar and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={335–342} }
 @article{fávero_schwertz_doleski_leal_machado_manzoni_silva_gabriel_stedille_christ_et al._2016, title={NTPDase and 5′-nucleotidase as inflammatory markers in cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum}, volume={48}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84984806899&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2016.07.005}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate seric NTPDase and 5′nucleotidase activities of cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomanticum, as well as to correlate them to histopathological lesions in the pancreas and the degree of parasitism. Blood samples and pancreas of 51 bovines were collected on a slaughterhouse in Southern Brazil: 33 from cattle naturally infected by E. coelomanticum (the Group A), and 18 from uninfected animals (the Group B). Infected animals showed an average of 532 parasites per pancreas. In the pancreatic histology, ducts displayed hyperplasia, stenosis, proliferation of fibrous tissue, and interstitial inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes. The serum from infected animals showed an increase in NTPDase activity when ATP was used as substrate (P < 0.001). For the ADP substrate, there was no difference between groups regarding NTPDase activity (P = 0.37), as well as 5′-nucleotidase activity (P = 0.27). Correlating NTPDase activity (ATP substrate) with the degree of histopathological lesions (rho = 0.66, P < 0.001) and the parasitic load on the pancreas (rho = 0.65, P < 0.001), a positive correlation was observed. Similar results were found between the degree of histopathological lesions and NTPDase activity (ADP substrate; rho = 0.29, P = 0.03), and 5′nucleotidase activity (rho = 0.35, P = 0.01). Based on the results of NTPDase and 5′nucleotidase enzymes in cattle naturally infected by E. coleomanticum, it is possible to suggest that these enzymes are involved in the modulation of inflammation, and they can act as markers of inflammatory response.}, journal={Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fávero, Juscivete F. and Schwertz, Claiton I. and Doleski, Pedro H. and Leal, Daniela B.R. and Machado, Gustavo and Manzoni, Alessandra G. and Silva, Ester S. and Gabriel, Mateus E. and Stedille, Fernanda A. and Christ, Ricardo and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={48–53} }
 @article{grosskopf_grosskopf_boito_bottari_machado_biazus_schetinger_morsch_tonin_paiano_et al._2016, title={Natural or replacer sources of milk in lambs during feeding adaptation: influences on performance, metabolism of protein and lipid and oxidative/antioxidant status}, volume={101}, ISSN={0931-2439}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12526}, DOI={10.1111/jpn.12526}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Grosskopf, R. K. and Grosskopf, H. M. and Boito, J. P. and Bottari, N. B. and Machado, G. and Biazus, A. H. and Schetinger, M. R. C. and Morsch, V. M. and Tonin, A. A. and Paiano, D. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={243–250} }
 @article{lorenzett_lucca_henker_machado_gomes_mendes_driemeier_casagrande_2016, title={Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cattle in the western of Santa Catarina, Brazil,Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos leiteiros no oeste do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil}, volume={38}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85017537947&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria}, author={Lorenzett, M.P. and Lucca, N.J. and Henker, L.C. and Machado, G. and Gomes, D.C. and Mendes, R.E. and Driemeier, D. and Casagrande, R.A.}, year={2016}, pages={243–249} }
 @article{balzan_cazarotto_grosskopf_machado_tonin_da silva_2016, title={Occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths in horses and risk factors for infection}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2360-8}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-016-2360-8}, number={1}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Balzan, Alexandre and Cazarotto, Chrystian J. and Grosskopf, Rhayana K. and Machado, Gustavo and Tonin, Alexandre A. and da Silva, Aleksandro S.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={159–163} }
 @article{schwertz_gabriel_henker_bottari_carmo_guarda_moresco_machado_morsch_schetinger_et al._2016, title={Oxidative stress associated with pathological changes in the pancreas of cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum}, volume={223}, ISSN={0304-4017}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.034}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.034}, abstractNote={Although Eurytrema coelomaticum is considered a parasite with low pathogenicity, it may be associated with mortality and loss of productive performance in animals due to chronic pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress caused by E. coelomaticum in naturally infected cattle, correlating the biochemical findings with the parasite load and histopathological changes. For this study, blood and pancreas samples from 51 cattle were collected, and levels of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured in the serum and pancreas, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured in total blood. Parasite burden was determined opening the pancreatic ducts, and then fragments of pancreas were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed for histopathology. From the 51 collected pancreas, 33 (63.5%) were parasitized. The average parasite burden per pancreas was 532 (12-2,578). TBARS and FRAP showed higher levels in serum and pancreas of infected animals (p<0.05), with a positive correlation between the histopathological changes and the number of parasites. SOD level in blood was 42% higher in parasitized group compared with control group (p<0.05), as well as AOPP in serum. Based on these results, we concluded that in natural infection by E. coelomaticum in cattle, oxidative stress occurs, characterized by the occurrence of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and activation of antioxidant system.}, journal={Veterinary Parasitology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schwertz, Claiton I. and Gabriel, Mateus E. and Henker, Luan C. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Carmo, Guilherme do and Guarda, Naiara dos S. and Moresco, Rafael N. and Machado, Gustavo and Morsch, Vera M. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={102–110} }
 @article{da silva_da silva_baldissera_schwertz_bottari_carmo_machado_lucca_henker_piva_et al._2016, title={Oxidative stress in dairy cows naturally infected with the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)}, volume={91}, ISSN={0022-149X 1475-2697}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000456}, DOI={10.1017/S0022149X16000456}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Helminthology}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={da Silva, A.D. and da Silva, A.S. and Baldissera, M.D. and Schwertz, C.I. and Bottari, N.B. and Carmo, G.M. and Machado, G. and Lucca, N.J. and Henker, L.C. and Piva, M.M. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={462–469} }
 @article{pascoeti_soldá_sczesny_machado_zamperete reginato_camillo_flores vogel_simioni_samia lopes_fatima fávero_et al._2016, title={Parasites in dairy cattle farms in southern Brazil}, volume={5}, ISSN={1909-0544}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.597}, DOI={10.21897/rmvz.597}, abstractNote={Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation among type and size of the farms related to the management of production and especially the presence and control of parasites. Materials and methods. To accomplish the above, 65 farms were used: 56 of semi-extensive system (cows in pastures), classified as low density farms (n=15, up to 15/cows), medium density farms (n=20; between 16-30/cows) and large density farms (n=21; over 31/cows). It was also included nine farms freestall system (n=9; confinement, over 70 cows) as part of the study population. Results. In the farms visited for the study can be noticed that the farms that had the higher level of technological improvement in managements practice were properties in high level (3) and freestall (4). In most of the farms there were observed the presence of ticks and flies, regardless of density of farms. Feces samples collected from 650 cows (n=10/farm), and analyzed using McMaster showed that 191 cows were positive for parasites. The presence of antibodies in bulk milk tank occurred in 36 (55.38%; CI95% 42-67) to Neospora caninum of the studied farms. Conclusions. We also conclude that N. caninum is present in cattle herds in Western Santa Catarina, and may be linked to reproductive problems in cows.}, number={2}, journal={Revista MVZ Córdoba}, publisher={Universidad de Cordoba}, author={Pascoeti, Roger and Soldá, Natan Marcos and Sczesny, Tais Regina and Machado, Gustavo and Zamperete Reginato, Caroline and Camillo, Giovana and Flores Vogel, Fernanda and Simioni, Flávio José and Samia Lopes, Leandro and Fatima Fávero, Juscivete and et al.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={5304–5315} }
 @article{balzan_machado_bottari_volpato_grosskopf_boito_cazarotto_schetinger_morsch_silva_et al._2016, title={Pre- and post-partum seric biochemical variables of Lacaune ewes naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites}, volume={25}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2268-3}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-016-2268-3}, number={4}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Balzan, Alexandre and Machado, Gustavo and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Volpato, Andreia and Grosskopf, Rhayana and Boito, Jhonatan P. and Cazarotto, Chrystian J. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Morsch, Vera M. and Silva, Aleksandro S. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={815–823} }
 @article{libardoni_machado_gressler_kowalski_diehl_dos santos_corbellini_de vargas_2016, title={Prevalence of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi in horses and associated risk factors in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, volume={104}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.009}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of equine strangles and to identify associated risk factors for this disease through a cross-sectional study of nasal swabs. Nasal swabs (n=1010) from healthy equines (absence of nasal discharge, lymphadenopathy and cough) from 341 farms were plated on 5% blood agar; of these horses, 24 were identified as positive for Streptococcus equi through isolation, PCR and DNA sequencing. The estimated prevalence for individual animals was 2.3%, and for herds, it was 5.86%. Statistical analysis identified the following as associated risk factors: the number of group events that were attended by the equines (PR: 1.06); the sharing of food containers (PR: 3.74); and at least one previous positive diagnosis of strangles on the farm (PR: 3.20). These results constitute an epidemiological contribution to the horse industry and may support measures for the future control of the disease.}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Libardoni, Felipe and Machado, Gustavo and Gressler, Letícia Trevisan and Kowalski, Ananda Paula and Diehl, Gustavo Nogueira and dos Santos, Lucila Carboneiro and Corbellini, Luis Gustavo and de Vargas, Agueda Castagna}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={53–57} }
 @article{klauck_machado_pazinato_radavelli_santos_berwaguer_braunig_vogel_da silva_2016, title={Relation between Neospora caninum and abortion in dairy cows: Risk factors and pathogenesis of disease}, volume={92}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.015}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.015}, abstractNote={Neosporosis is a parasitic disease cause by Neospora caninum, a parasite of great importance in livestock. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of antibody against N. caninum in dairy cattle with history of abortion, as well as to identify associated risk factors for neosporosis. Animals suspected of neosporosis (n = 130) after clinical examination were randomly selected. Sera samples from 29 farms were submitted to indirect immunofluorescence technique (IFA) in order to detect antibodies against N. caninum, and animals were considered positive if ≥IFA 1:200. An epidemiological questionnaire was used to verify probable risk factors for neosporosis and their cause-effect relation. Serological results showed that 43.8% of the animals were seropositives for N. caninum. The univariate statistical analysis found a significant relation between neoporosis and age. The number of pregnancies and the number of years that the farms had been producing milk were found as associated risk factors for the disease either by univariate or by multivariate analyses. The cause-effect model found a possible relation between reproductive problems and positive serology for neosporosis (P = 0.06). Therefore, it was concluded that approximately 44% of dairy cows with history of abortion were seropositives for N. caninum and that age and the number of years that the farms had been producing milk are risk factors for parasite infection in dairy cattle.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Klauck, Vanderlei and Machado, Gustavo and Pazinato, Rafael and Radavelli, Willian M. and Santos, Daiane S. and Berwaguer, Jean Carlo and Braunig, Patricia and Vogel, Fernanda F. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={46–49} }
 @article{fritzen_albani_machado_bottari_alves_schetinger_morsch_giuriatti_da silva_2016, title={Relation between calcium levels and adenosine deaminase activity in serum in pre- and postpartum of dairy cow}, volume={25}, ISSN={1618-5641 1618-565X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2329-7}, DOI={10.1007/s00580-016-2329-7}, number={6}, journal={Comparative Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Fritzen, Alexandro and Albani, Kassio D. and Machado, Gustavo and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Alves, Mariana S. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Morsch, Vera M. and Giuriatti, Jessica and da Silva, Aleksandro S.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1201–1205} }
 @article{schwertz_do carmo_bottari_da silva_gabriel_lucca_guarda_moresco_machado_morsch_et al._2016, title={Relationship Between Pathological Findings and Cholinesterase Activity and Nitric Oxide Levels in Cattle Infected Naturally by Eurytrema coelomaticum}, volume={154}, ISSN={0021-9975}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.01.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.01.009}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (in the serum and pancreas), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (in the whole blood and pancreas) and nitric oxide (NO) (in the serum and pancreas) in cattle infected naturally by Eurytrema coelomaticum. Fifty-one cattle were studied, including 33 infected by E. coelomaticum and 18 uninfected animals. Significantly greater AChE activity was found in the pancreas of infected animals (P <0.01); however, these cattle had lower AChE activity in whole blood. BChE activity was greater in the sera of infected animals (P = 0.05), but was less in pancreatic samples. NO levels were significantly higher in the sera (P <0.05) and pancreas (P <0.001) of infected cattle compared with uninfected animals. A positive correlation was found between AChE activity in the pancreas and parasite load, but there was negative correlation between pancreatic BChE activity and parasitic load. Expression of AChE, BChE and NO is therefore linked to the inflammation caused by E. coelomaticum in cattle.}, number={2-3}, journal={Journal of Comparative Pathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schwertz, C.I. and do Carmo, G.M. and Bottari, N.B. and da Silva, E.S. and Gabriel, M.E. and Lucca, N.J. and Guarda, N. dos S. and Moresco, R.N. and Machado, G. and Morsch, V.M. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={150–156} }
 @article{topazio_tonin_machado_noll_ribeiro_moura_carmo_grosskopf_martins_badke_et al._2015, title={Antibodies to Leptospira interrogans in goats and risk factors of the disease in Santa Catarina (West side), Brazil}, volume={99}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.014}, abstractNote={Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Leptospira spp. In goats, the productive impact of leptospirosis is not well known and totally unknown in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil. This study aimed to investigate leptospirosis seroprevalence and its risk factors in goats in the west side of SC. A total of 654 blood samples were analyzed using the microscopic agglutination technique and 35.47% (232) of the animals were seropositives. Except for serogroup Autumnalis, positive samples for all other serogroups were found as follows: Sejroe (Hardjo, Wolffi), Grippotyphosa (Grippotyphosa), Canicola (Canicola), Icterohaemorrhagiae (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Copenhageni), Australis (Australis, Bratislava) and Pomona (Pomona). The contact among sheep and goats, and the addition of concentrate as food supplement were found to be risk factors for leptospirosis. Based on these results, we conclude that there is a high occurrence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in goats in the Western part of Santa Catarina State.}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Topazio, Josué and Tonin, Alexandre A. and Machado, Gustavo and Noll, Jessica C.G. and Ribeiro, André and Moura, Anderson B. and Carmo, Guilherme M. and Grosskopf, Hyolanda M. and Martins, Jorge L.R. and Badke, Manoel R.T. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={53–57} }
 @article{baldissera_vaucher_oliveira_rech_sagrillo_stainki_frança_machado_lopes_monteiro_et al._2015, title={Blood gas analyses and other components involved in the acid–base metabolism of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi}, volume={6}, ISSN={2090-1232}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.12.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jare.2014.12.001}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Trypanosoma evansi infections on arterial blood gases of experimentally infected rats. Two groups with eight animals each were used; group A (uninfected) and group B (infected). Infected animals were daily monitored through blood smears that showed high parasitemia with 30 trypanosomes per field (1000×) on average, 5 days post-infection (PI). Arterial blood was collected at 5 days PI for blood gas analysis using an automated method based on dry-chemistry. Hydrogen potential (pH), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen saturation (sO2), sodium (Na), ionic calcium (Ca ionic), chlorides (Cl), partial dioxide carbon pressure (pCO2), base excess (BE), base excess in the extracellular fluid (BEecf), bicarbonate (cHCO3), potassium (K), lactate, and blood total dioxide the carbon (tCO2) were evaluated. The levels of pH, pCO2, BE, BEecf, cHCO3, and tCO2 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in group B compared to group A. Additionally, the same group showed increases in Cl and lactate levels when compared to uninfected group. Therefore, it is possible to state that the infection caused by T. evansi led to alterations in the acid-base status, findings that are correlated to metabolic acidosis.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Advanced Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Baldissera, Matheus D. and Vaucher, Rodrigo A. and Oliveira, Camila B. and Rech, Virginia C. and Sagrillo, Michele R. and Stainki, Daniel R. and França, Raqueli T. and Machado, Gustavo and Lopes, Sonia T.A. and Monteiro, Silvia G. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={1079–1082} }
 @article{machado_siqueira_brum_de vargas_gressler_balzan_2015, title={Bovine pyogranulomatous mastitis caused by Mycobacterium goodii}, volume={2}, ISSN={2053-3721}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmmcr.0.004150-0}, DOI={10.1099/jmmcr.0.004150-0}, abstractNote={
                  Introduction:
                  
                     Mycobacterium goodii is a rapidly growing non‐tuberculous mycobacterium that has recently been associated with severe infections in animals and humans. The ecological niche of M. goodii remains unclear, and cases in large animals remain either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
               }, number={1}, journal={JMM Case Reports}, publisher={Microbiology Society}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Siqueira, Franciele Maboni and Brum, Juliana Sperotto and De Vargas, Agueda Castagna and Gressler, Letícia Trevisan and Balzan, Cláudia}, year={2015}, month={Feb} }
 @article{do carmo_crivellenti_bottari_machado_borin-crivellenti_moresco_duarte_duarte_tinucci-costa_morsch_et al._2015, title={Butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of inflammation and liver injury in the acute and subclinical phases of canine ehrlichiosis}, volume={43}, ISSN={0147-9571}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2015.09.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2015.09.005}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as a marker of inflammation and liver injury in the acute and subclinical phases of canine ehrlichiosis. Forty-two serum samples of dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis were used, of which 24 were from animals with the acute phase of the disease and 18 with subclinical disease. In addition, sera from 17 healthy dogs were used as negative controls. The hematocrit, BChE activity, hepatic injury (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), nitric oxide, and cytokines levels were evaluated. The BChE activity was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in dogs with the acute phase of the disease when compared to healthy animals. However, there was a reduction on BChE activity on dogs with subclinical disease compared to the other two groups. AST and ALT levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the acute phase, as well as the inflammatory mediators (NOx, TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-4, IL-6) when compared to the control group. On the other hand, IL-10 levels were lower in the acute phase. Based on these results, we are able to conclude that the acute infection caused by E. canis in dogs leads to an increase on seric BChE activity and some inflammatory mediators. Therefore, this enzyme might be used as a marker of acute inflammatory response in dogs naturally infected by this bacterium.}, journal={Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={do Carmo, Guilherme M. and Crivellenti, Leandro Z. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Machado, Gustavo and Borin-Crivellenti, Sofia and Moresco, Rafael N. and Duarte, Thiago and Duarte, Marta and Tinucci-Costa, Mirela and Morsch, Vera M. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={16–21} }
 @article{baldissera_pivoto_bottari_tonin_machado_aires_f.x. rocha_pelinson_dalenogare_schetinger_et al._2015, title={Effect of zinc supplementation on ecto-adenosine deaminase activity in lambs infected by Haemonchus contortus: Highlights on acute phase of disease}, volume={151-152}, ISSN={0014-4894}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.010}, abstractNote={Haemonchus contortus (order Strongylida) is a common parasitic nematode infecting small ruminants and causing significant economic losses worldwide. It induces innate and adaptive immune responses, which are essential for the clearance of this nematode from the host. Ecto-adenosine deaminase (E-ADA) is an enzyme that plays an important role in the immune system, while Zinc (Zn) has been found playing a critical role in E-ADA catalysis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of Zn supplementation on E-ADA activity in serum of lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus. To reach this purpose 28 male lambs (in average 25 kg) were used. The animals were divided into four groups: A and B composed of healthy animals (uninfected); C and D, infected with H. contortus. Groups B and D were supplemented with Zn Edetate, subcutaneously with 3 mg kg of live weight, on days 11 and 25 post-infection (PI). Blood and fecal samples were collected on the days 11, 25 and 39 PI, in order to assess hematocrit, seric E-ADA, and eggs per gram (EPG) counting, respectively. The animals of groups C and D showed severe hematocrit reduction (days 25 and 39 PI) and were EPG positive (days 11, 25 and 39 PI). On day 41 PI, three animals each group were subjected to necropsy. This procedure showed that animals of groups A and B did not have helminths in abomasum and intestines, while H. contortus were observed in groups C (5782.5 ± 810.9) and D (6185.0 ± 150.0). Infected and untreated animals (group C) showed a reduction in E-ADA activity, but this was not observed when the animals were supplemented with Zn (Group D). Therefore, based on our results, it was possible to observe that Zn supplementation exercised a positive effect on E-ADA activity in lambs infected with H. contortus, and did not allow a reduction in E-ADA activity, as occurred in the group infected and without supplementation. However, Zn supplementation was not able to prevent the worm burden.}, journal={Experimental Parasitology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Baldissera, Matheus D. and Pivoto, Felipe L. and Bottari, Nathieli B. and Tonin, Alexandre A. and Machado, Gustavo and Aires, Adelina R. and F.X. Rocha, José and Pelinson, Luana P. and Dalenogare, Diéssica P. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={34–38} }
 @article{topázio_campigotto_boiago_machado_paiano_tonin_da silva_2015, title={Influence of gastrointestinal parasitism on biochemical variables in blood of laying hens}, volume={11}, ISSN={1909-0544}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.2}, DOI={10.21897/rmvz.2}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTObjective. This study describes the influence of endoparasites and diet on biochemical variables in sera of brown laying hens. Materials and methods. Biochemical parameters (seric levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, uric acid, albumin, and alanine aminotransferase activity) were assessed in blood samples of poultry. Three populations of laying hens of different properties (n=20 each) represented our experimental design, from which blood (serum) and feces were collected for biochemical and parasitological analyzes, respectively. Results. From 60 feces samples evaluated 49 were positive for the presence of parasites and 11 were negative. Among the positive samples, 23 had infection with Eimeria spp and the other 26 samples had mixed parasitism with Eimeria spp and Heterakis gallinarum, which influenced (increasing) the levels of total protein and globulin. However, when parasites were analyzed separately, it was observed that the infection by Eimeria spp affected parameters such as cholesterol (which increased, p=0.001) and triglycerides, showing lower results than when the hen was parasitized by Eimeria spp. (p=0.01). Significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in all biochemical variables when the three diets were compared. Conclusions. Our results allowed concluding that the parasitic infection and diet in laying hens influenced the results of serum biochemical parameters evaluated. The main conclusion we found that parasitism caused an increase in total protein and globulin (ie immune response), and there was a negative correlation between parasite load and albumin, uric acid and ALT.}, journal={Revista MVZ Córdoba}, publisher={Universidad de Cordoba}, author={Topázio, Josué P and Campigotto, Gabriela and Boiago, Marcel M and Machado, Gustavo and Paiano, Diovani and Tonin, Alexandre A and Da Silva, Aleksandro S}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={4864–4873} }
 @article{risso_kessler_soriano_nunes_machado_langaro_rossetto_zuffo_dallago_castro_et al._2015, title={Influence of pathological conditions caused by gastrointestinal parasites infection on pregnant ewe ́s behavior}, volume={43}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Risso, A. and Kessler, J.D. and Soriano, V.S. and Nunes, M.L.A. and Machado, G. and Langaro, A. and Rossetto, R. and Zuffo, T. and Dallago, M. and Castro, P. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={1283} }
 @article{schneider_najera_pereira_machado_dos anjos_rodrigues_cavagni_muñoz-zanzi_corbellini_leone_et al._2015, title={Leptospirosis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: An Ecosystem Approach in the Animal-Human Interface}, volume={9}, ISSN={1935-2735}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004095}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pntd.0004095}, abstractNote={Background Leptospirosis is an epidemic-prone neglected disease that affects humans and animals, mostly in vulnerable populations. The One Health approach is a recommended strategy to identify drivers of the disease and plan for its prevention and control. In that context, the aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of human cases of leptospirosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to explore possible drivers. Additionally, it sought to provide further evidence to support interventions and to identify hypotheses for new research at the human-animal-ecosystem interface. Methodology and findings The risk for human infection was described in relation to environmental, socioeconomic, and livestock variables. This ecological study used aggregated data by municipality (all 496). Data were extracted from secondary, publicly available sources. Thematic maps were constructed and univariate analysis performed for all variables. Negative binomial regression was used for multivariable statistical analysis of leptospirosis cases. An annual average of 428 human cases of leptospirosis was reported in the state from 2008 to 2012. The cumulative incidence in rural populations was eight times higher than in urban populations. Variables significantly associated with leptospirosis cases in the final model were: Parana/Paraiba ecoregion (RR: 2.25; CI95%: 2.03–2.49); Neossolo Litolítico soil (RR: 1.93; CI95%: 1.26–2.96); and, to a lesser extent, the production of tobacco (RR: 1.10; CI95%: 1.09–1.11) and rice (RR: 1.003; CI95%: 1.002–1.04). Conclusion Urban cases were concentrated in the capital and rural cases in a specific ecoregion. The major drivers identified in this study were related to environmental and production processes that are permanent features of the state. This study contributes to the basic knowledge on leptospirosis distribution and drivers in the state and encourages a comprehensive approach to address the disease in the animal-human-ecosystem interface.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Schneider, Maria Cristina and Najera, Patricia and Pereira, Martha M. and Machado, Gustavo and dos Anjos, Celso B. and Rodrigues, Rogério O. and Cavagni, Gabriela M. and Muñoz-Zanzi, Claudia and Corbellini, Luis G. and Leone, Mariana and et al.}, editor={Vinetz, Joseph M.Editor}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={e0004095} }
 @article{machado_santos_kohek_stein_hein_poeta_vidor_corbellini_2015, title={Seroprevalence of Brucella ovis in rams and associated flock level risk factors in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, volume={121}, ISSN={0167-5877}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.009}, abstractNote={A cross-sectional study based on a planned probabilistic sampling was carried out to estimate animal and flock prevalence of Brucella ovis in rams, as well as to determine risk factors at the flock level. Data regarding the flocks were collected by means of a questionnaire applied on 705 farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using one-stage cluster sampling. From the 705 flocks, 20 (2.5%, CI95%: 2.0–3.1%) had at least one positive ram. At the animal level, out of 1800 rams, 52 were positive (2.89%, CI95%: 0.4–5.3%). Statistical analysis identified the following as risk factors: average age of rams in the flocks (PR: 1.99, CI95%: 1.19–3.32); farms larger than 5 km2 (500 ha) on extension area (PR: 7.46CI95%: 2.03–27.43); and the lack of lambing paddocks (PR: 5.56, CI95%: 1.70–18.11). This study provided relevant information for authorities to elaborate plans for the first Brazilian state based B. ovis disease control and eradication program. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that shows the importance of lambing paddocks in order to keep pre-lambing and lambing ewes away from the rest of the flock, the lack of this infrastructure was considered an important risk factor for B. ovis.}, number={1-2}, journal={Preventive Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Machado, G. and Santos, D.V. and Kohek, I. and Stein, M.C. and Hein, H.E. and Poeta, A.S. and Vidor, A.C.M. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={183–187} }
 @article{weiblen_machado_jesus_santurio_zanette_pereira_diehl_santos_corbellini_botton_2015, title={Seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, volume={46}, ISSN={1678-4596}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150056}, DOI={10.1590/0103-8478cr20150056}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: An epidemiological survey was carried out by performing an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test to determine the seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. The serological study covered seven geographical regions of RS, classified according to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). The samples were obtained from official veterinary service (Serviço Veterinário Oficial, SVO) linked to the Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio of RS (SEAPA-RS) to proceed the investigation of equine infectious anemia in 2014. Samples were collected during the months of September and October of 2013, covering the seven geographical regions of RS, and totalized 1,002 serum samples. The seroprevalence for P. insidiosum in RS was 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22). The relative risk (RR) of the presence of antibodies anti-P. insidiosum was in the regions Southeast 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8), Porto Alegre 4.62 (CI95%, 1.70 to 12.55), Southwest 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8) and Northwestern 3.72 (CI95%, 1.52 to 9.09). The highest prevalence (69.1%) was observed in females with RR of 1.59 (CI95%, 1.11 to 2.27). When the presence of dams was evaluated, the seropositivity was evident in 74.4%, presenting an association of 2.13 (CI95%, 1.16 to 3.91) compared to farms without dams. In properties with veterinary assistance, the frequency of 72.7% and RR of 3.04 (CI95%,, 1,85 to 4,98) of seropositivity were observed. Due to the importance of pythiosis in horse herds, this study highlights the presence of anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in horses in RS, Brazil.}, number={1}, journal={Ciência Rural}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Weiblen, Carla and Machado, Gustavo and Jesus, Francielli Pantella Kunz de and Santurio, Janio Morais and Zanette, Régis Adriel and Pereira, Daniela Sabel Brayer and Diehl, Gustavo Nogueira and Santos, Lucila Carboneiro dos and Corbellini, Luis Gustavo and Botton, Sônia de Avila}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={126–131} }
 @article{bottari_baldissera_tonin_rech_nishihira_thomé_schetinger_morsch_camillo_vogel_et al._2015, title={Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim associated with resveratrol for the treatment of toxoplasmosis in mice: Influence on the activity of enzymes involved in brain neurotransmission}, volume={79}, ISSN={0882-4010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.01.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2015.01.001}, abstractNote={This study aimed to investigate the influence of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST) associated with resveratrol on the enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenylate kinase (AK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and creatine kinase (CK) in the brain of mice experimentally infected by Toxoplasma gondii. For that, 60 mice were divided into ten groups with 6 animals each: groups A to D composed by healthy mice and groups E to J consisting of animals infected by T. gondii (VEG strain). Animals started treatment 20 days post-infection for 10 consecutive days with oral doses of 0.5 mg kg(-1) of ST (groups B and F), 100 mg kg(-1) of free resveratrol (groups C and G) and inclusion complex of resveratrol (nanoparticles containing resveratrol) (groups D and H), as well as with an association of both drugs (groups I and J). The results showed increased (P < 0.001) AChE activity on infected animals (groups E-J) when compared to not-infected (A) animals, and also uninfected animals treated with ST (group B) had increased AChE activity. AK activity decreased (P < 0.001) in the infected and untreated (group E), differently from the other groups that did not differ. PK activity did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). When comparing control groups (uninfected (A) and infected (E)), we verified a significant (P < 0.001) increase in CK activity in the brain, and it is noteworthy that the animals treated with resveratrol associated with ST (group I and J) had similar CK activity to those animals from the group A. Treatment with the combination of ST and resveratrol was able to reduce (P < 0.05) the number of parasitic cysts in the brain, thus reduced inflammatory infiltrates in the liver, and prevented the occurrence of hepatocytes lesions due to toxoplasmosis in mice. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that increased AChE and CK activities after T. gondii infection did not change with the treatment of ST-resveratrol association. In addition, decreased AK activity caused by T. gondii infection was normalized by ST-resveratrol treatment. T. gondii infection and treatment does not affect PK activity in brain.}, journal={Microbial Pathogenesis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bottari, Nathieli B. and Baldissera, Matheus D. and Tonin, Alexandre A. and Rech, Virginia C. and Nishihira, Vivian S.K. and Thomé, Gustavo R. and Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. and Morsch, Vera M. and Camillo, Giovana and Vogel, Fernanda F. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={17–23} }
 @article{machado_mendoza_corbellini_2015, title={What variables are important in predicting bovine viral diarrhea virus? A random forest approach}, volume={46}, ISSN={1297-9716}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-015-0219-7}, DOI={10.1186/s13567-015-0219-7}, abstractNote={Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes one of the most economically important diseases in cattle, and the virus is found worldwide. A better understanding of the disease associated factors is a crucial step towards the definition of strategies for control and eradication. In this study we trained a random forest (RF) prediction model and performed variable importance analysis to identify factors associated with BVDV occurrence. In addition, we assessed the influence of features selection on RF performance and evaluated its predictive power relative to other popular classifiers and to logistic regression. We found that RF classification model resulted in an average error rate of 32.03% for the negative class (negative for BVDV) and 36.78% for the positive class (positive for BVDV).The RF model presented area under the ROC curve equal to 0.702. Variable importance analysis revealed that important predictors of BVDV occurrence were: a) who inseminates the animals, b) number of neighboring farms that have cattle and c) rectal palpation performed routinely. Our results suggest that the use of machine learning algorithms, especially RF, is a promising methodology for the analysis of cross-sectional studies, presenting a satisfactory predictive power and the ability to identify predictors that represent potential risk factors for BVDV investigation. We examined classical predictors and found some new and hard to control practices that may lead to the spread of this disease within and among farms, mainly regarding poor or neglected reproduction management, which should be considered for disease control and eradication.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Mendoza, Mariana Recamonde and Corbellini, Luis Gustavo}, year={2015}, month={Jul} }
 @article{santiago-neto_machado_paim_campos_brito_cardoso_corbellini_2014, title={Age related to the presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in twenty one dairy herds in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, volume={34}, number={7}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, author={Santiago-Neto, Waldemir and Machado, Gustavo and Paim, Daniel S. and Campos, Thais and Brito, Maria A. V. P. and Cardoso, Marisa R. I. and Corbellini, Luis G.}, year={2014}, pages={613–620} }
 @article{santiago-neto_machado_paim_campos_brito_cardoso_corbellini_2014, title={Age related to the presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in twenty one dairy herds in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,Relação da idade na presença de bactérias resistentes a antimicrobianos em rebanhos leiteiros no Rio Grande do Sul}, volume={34}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84906815599&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S0100-736X2014000700001}, abstractNote={A mastite bovina é uma doença importante na bovinocultura de leite, devido à sua alta incidência e perdas econômicas associadas principalmente com a produção de leite reduzida e aos custos do tratamento. O uso de antimicrobianos para o tratamento de casos clínicos e no período seco tem levantado preocupações quanto à seleção de cepas bacterianas resistentes. Isso também pode refletir na saúde pública, uma vez que bactérias resistentes, como o Staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente (MRSA), podem ser transmitidas aos seres humanos por contato direto com animais infectados ou produtos lácteos. A resistência das bactérias aos agentes antimicrobianos aumentou, em geral, devido a tratamentos ineficazes. Estudos realizados no Brasil com amostras não planejadas mostram aumento no padrão de resistência, principalmente em S. aureus. A exposição ao tratamento antimicrobiano repetido ao longo das lactações consecutivas de vacas pode ser um fator predisponente para o desenvolvimento da resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias que infectam o úbere. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a possível associação causal entre resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias isoladas a partir do leite bovino e dados como idade e período de lactação. As amostras de leite foram coletadas de 21 rebanhos leiteiros do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, selecionados aleatoriamente a partir da população-alvo de 1.656 explorações leiteiras semi-intensivas, estratificada por tamanho do rebanho. A bactéria foi considerada a unidade amostral, e para a estimativa de prevalência foram utilizados os seguintes parâmetros: uma frequência de 35% de Staphylococcus sp. resistentes à penicilina; um nível de confiança de 90%; e uma precisão absoluta de 12%. As bactérias foram isoladas de amostras de leite compostas de todos os quartos mamários de cada vaca após descartar os primeiros três ou quatro jatos de leite. Para acessar os potenciais fatores de risco, características dos animais foram obtidas através de uma entrevista com os produtores. Os exames laboratoriais foram realizados de acordo com as recomendações do National Mastitis Council. Um total de 242 isolados foi obtido de 195 vacas a partir da amostra do rebanho total (251 vacas). A prevalência de infecções foi descrita em grupos de acordo com o perfil epidemiológico: bactérias ambientais, contagiosas e outras. Estas perfizeram 57,3%, 26,3% e 11,2%, respectivamente, dos animais amostrados. Testes de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana contra 12 diferentes antimicrobianos foram realizados em 159 isolados. No total, 30% dos isolados testados mostraram resistência a pelo menos três grupos diferentes de antimicrobianos e foram classificados como multirresistentes. Foram observadas as freqüências mais elevadas de resistência contra a ampicilina para os estafilococos coagulase-negativo, seguida de eritromicina para estafilococos coagulase-positivo e tetraciclina para estreptococos. A análise de regressão logística mostrou uma relação significativa entre a idade das vacas e a presença de estafilococos coagulase-positivo multirresistentes e distribuição de classes diferentes de bactérias nos diferentes estratos etários, o que sugere uma concorrência dinâmica ao longo do tempo (p < 0,05). Animais com três a quatro anos tiveram 13,7 vezes mais chances (IC95% 1,4 - 130,2, p = 0,02) de ter estafilococos coagulase-positivo multirresistentes em comparação com aqueles com dois ou três anos. O tempo de exposição a agentes infecciosos e consequentes terapias sugere uma maior chance de colonização do úbere por patógenos resistentes devido à pressão de seleção repetida durante a vida.}, number={7}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, author={Santiago-Neto, W. and Machado, G. and Paim, D.S. and Campos, T. and Brito, M.A.V.P. and Cardoso, M.R.I. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2014}, pages={613–620} }
 @article{machado_egocheaga_hein_miranda_neto_almeida_canal_stein_corbellini_2014, title={Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) in Dairy Cattle: A Matched Case-Control Study}, volume={63}, ISSN={1865-1674}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12219}, DOI={10.1111/tbed.12219}, abstractNote={Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) causes one of the most important diseases of cattle in terms of economic costs and welfare. The aims were to estimate herd prevalence and to investigate the factors associated with antibodies in bulk tank milk (BTM) in dairy herds through a matched case-control study. To estimate herd prevalence, BTM samples were randomly selected (n = 314) from a population (N = 1604). The true prevalence of BVDV was 24.3% (CI 95% = 20.1-29.3%). For the case-control study, BVDV antibody-positive herds (high antibody titres) were classified as cases (n = 21) and matched (n = 63) by milk production with herds presenting low antibody titres (ratio of 1 : 3). Three multivariable models were built: 1) full model, holding all 21 variables, and two models divided according to empirical knowledge and similarity among variables; 2) animal factor model; and 3) biosecurity model. The full model (model 1) identified: age as a culling criteria (OR = 0.10; CI 95% = 0.02-0.39; P < 0.01); farms that provided milk to other industries previously (OR = 4.13; CI 95% = 1.17-14.49; P = 0.02); and isolation paddocks for ill animals (OR = 0.14; CI 95% = 0.01-0.26; P = 0.02). The biosecurity model revealed a significant association with the use of natural mating (OR = 9.03; CI 95% = 2.14-38.03; P < 0.01); isolation paddocks for ill animals (OR = 0.06; CI 95% = 0.05-0.83; P = 0.03); years providing milk for the same industry (OR = 0.94; CI 95% = 0.91-0.97; P = 0.02); and direct contact over fences among cattle of neighbouring farms (OR = 5.78; CI 95% = 1.41-23.67; P = 0.04). We recommend the application of grouping predictors as a good choice for model building because it could lead to a better understanding of disease-exposure associations.}, number={1}, journal={Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Machado, G. and Egocheaga, R. M. F. and Hein, H. E. and Miranda, I. C. S. and Neto, W. S. and Almeida, L. L. and Canal, C. W. and Stein, M. C. and Corbellini, L. G.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={e1–e13} }
 @article{ziech_machado_kirinus_libardoni_kessler_poetter_vargas_2014, title={Campylobacter fetus in cattle from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil}, volume={44}, number={1}, journal={Ciencia Rural}, author={Ziech, Rosangela Estel and Machado, Gustavo and Kirinus, Jackeline Karsten and Libardoni, Felipe and Kessler, Julcemar Dias and Poetter, Luciana and Vargas, Agueda Castagna}, year={2014}, pages={141–146} }
 @article{ziech_machado_kirinus_libardoni_kessler_pötter_vargas_2014, title={Campylobacter fetus in cattle from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil,Campylobacter fetus em bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul}, volume={44}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892398245&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/s0103-84782014000100023}, abstractNote={A campilobacteriose genital bovina (CGB) é uma doença infectocontagiosa causada por Campylobacter fetus, determina infertilidade temporária, endometrite leve e aborto em fêmeas, além de aumentar o intervalo entre partos. A ocorrência de CGB entre rebanhos no Brasil tem variado muito entre as diferentes regiões. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), a ocorrência de amostras positivas para C. fetus, oriundas de bovinos, no período de 1999 a 2010, no Rio Grande do Sul, e analisar a positividade em machos e fêmeas. Foram utilizadas 816 amostras procedentes de 37 municípios, localizados predominantemente nas mesorregiões sudoeste e centro ocidental rio-grandense, das quais 480 aspirados prepuciais (92 provenientes de duas centrais de inseminação artificial e 388 de estabelecimentos de criação - monta natural), 324 aspirados cervicais e conteúdo abomasal de 12 fetos bovinos abortados. Como resultado, 10,9% das amostras (89/816) foram positivas para C. fetus. Quando analisados os resultados em relação à origem das amostras, 6,5% (6/92) das coletadas de machos de centrais de inseminação foram positivas, e das obtidas de touros utilizados em monta natural, 9% (35/388). Já entre as fêmeas, esse percentual foi de 13,6% (44/324) e, nas amostras obtidas de fetos abortados, 33,3% (4/12) foram positivas. Quando analisados os 91 estabelecimentos de criação com monta natural e os 37 municípios, foram positivos 44,0% (40/91) e 63,2% (24/37), respectivamente. Com isso, foi demonstrada a importância da CGB para os rebanhos bovinos, e uma maior ocorrência de amostras positivas em fêmeas, quando comparadas às amostras provenientes de machos.}, number={1}, journal={Ciencia Rural}, author={Ziech, R.E. and Machado, G. and Kirinus, J.K. and Libardoni, F. and Kessler, J.D. and Pötter, L. and Vargas, A.C.}, year={2014}, pages={141–146} }
 @article{silva_da costa lana_dias_da cruz_lopes_machado_corbellini_gava_souza_pescador_2014, title={Case–control study evaluating the sow’s risk factors associated with stillbirth piglets in Midwestern in Brazil}, volume={47}, ISSN={0049-4747 1573-7438}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0745-8}, DOI={10.1007/s11250-014-0745-8}, abstractNote={Reproductive failure in swine herds is often difficult to diagnose and is important to swine production. The present study aims to identify the potential risk factors (infectious/noninfectious) for stillborn piglets in two commercial swine farms situated in midwestern region of Brazil. The potential risk factors were included in a multivariable logistic model, and the dependent variable was defined as the presence of at least one stillborn piglet in a given litter (yes or no). In the best fit model, two variables from the multivariable analysis, total litter size (p = 0.01), and average birth weight (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with the presence of stillborn piglets at the farms examined in this study. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was detected in 29.1 % of the litters. Neither parvovirus (PPV) nor leptospirosis infections were identified in this study, suggesting that they have a minor impact on reproductive disease.}, number={2}, journal={Tropical Animal Health and Production}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Silva, Gustavo Sousa and da Costa Lana, Marconni Victor and Dias, Geovanny Bruno Gonçalves and da Cruz, Raquel Aparecida Sales and Lopes, Leticya Lerner and Machado, Gustavo and Corbellini, Luis Gustavo and Gava, Danielle and Souza, Marcos Almeida and Pescador, Caroline Argenta}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={445–449} }
 @article{silva_costa_bernardo_groff_todeschini_dos santos_machado_2014, title={Cattle rearing in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,Panorama da bovinocultura no Rio Grande do Sul}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84937808430&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Silva, G. and Costa, E. and Bernardo, F.A. and Groff, F.H.S. and Todeschini, B. and Dos Santos, D.V. and Machado, G.}, year={2014} }
 @article{balzan_cazarotto_machado_grosskopf_simioni_stefani_da silva_2014, title={Cost-benefit of Anthelmintic Protocols in Naturally Infected Sheep}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84941895257&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Balzan, Alexandre and Cazarotto, Chrystian Jassana and Machado, Gustavo and Grosskopf, Rhayana Kharyna and Simioni, Flavio Jose and Stefani, Lenita Moura and Da Silva, Aleksandro Schafer}, year={2014} }
 @article{bianchi_macedo_franca_lopes_lopes_stefani_volpato_lima_paiano_machado_et al._2014, title={Effect of adding palm oil to the diet of dairy sheep on milk production and composition, function of liver and kidney, and the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and progesterone in blood serum}, volume={117}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892475963&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.025}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding palm oil to the diet of dairy sheep on milk production and composition, function of liver and kidney, and the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and progesterone in blood serum. Thirty ewes in early lactation were divided into three groups (n = 10) receiving an isoproteic and isoenergetic diet. Palm oil (PALM) was added to the diet at different concentrations: 0% (PALM0), 4.0% (PALM4) and 6.0% (PALM6). Milk production was evaluated on days 0, 60, 120, and blood samples were collected in the same periods. Sera samples were analyzed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and progesterone. Changes in the volume of milk produced and milk composition (fat, protein, and lactose) in sheep fed with palm oil were not observed between groups. No significant difference was observed between groups for AST, GGT, and creatinine at day 60. However, an increase was observed in AST and GGT activities in the sera of animals from the group PALM4 compared to the control group (PALM0) at day 120. Urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, and progesterone levels had a significant increase in animals from groups PALM4 and PALM6 when compared to the group PALM0 at days 60 and 120. In summary, the addition of palm oil in the diet of dairy sheep influences the metabolism of lipid and protein and caused an increase on liver enzyme activity in proportion to palm oil concentration. The protected fat increased the levels of progesterone, which may improve reproductive performance.}, number={1}, journal={Small Ruminant Research}, author={Bianchi, Anderson E. and Macedo, Vicente P. and Franca, Raqueli T. and Lopes, Sonia T. A. and Lopes, Leandro S. and Stefani, Lenita M. and Volpato, Andreia and Lima, Horacio L. and Paiano, Diovani and Machado, Gustavo and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={78–83} }
 @inproceedings{weber_silveira_machado_groff_mosena_silva_budaszewski_corbellini_canal_2014, title={High frequency of bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, volume={19}, booktitle={IX Mercosul Meeting of Virology}, author={Weber, M.N. and Silveira, S. and Machado, G. and Groff, F.H.S. and Mosena, A.C. and Silva, M.S. and Budaszewski, R.F. and Corbellini, L.G. and Canal, C.}, year={2014}, pages={39–39} }
 @article{weber_silveira_machado_groff_mosena_budaszewski_dupont_corbellini_canal_2014, title={High frequency of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in Southern Brazil}, volume={191}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84922355703&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.035}, abstractNote={Ruminant pestiviruses can infect cattle populations worldwide and cause significant economic losses due to their impact on productivity and health. Knowledge of pestivirus diversity is important for control programs and vaccine development and for determining probable sources of infection. In this paper, we describe a search for ruminant pestiviruses with RT-PCR in sera of 9078 calves from 6 to 12 months of age. The calves were first analyzed in pools and then analyzed individually. Thirty-three RT-PCR positive animals were detected (0.36%) from 6.9% (24) of the 346 herds. The sequencing analysis of the 5′ non-coding region and N terminal autoprotease showed the presence of BVDV-1a (15 isolates), -1b (3), -1d (1) and -2b (14), with a higher frequency (42.4%) of BVDV-2 in comparison with other countries. The presence of sheep was significantly associated with BVDV infection. Our results also suggested that a BVDV control program based only on the investigation of cattle would not be successful, especially in regions with farms harboring multiple animal species. This study may also serve as a reference for future control programs in Southern Brazil because it reports the prevalence of cattle with active infections and the genetic background of the circulating strains.}, number={1}, journal={Virus Research}, author={Weber, M. N. and Silveira, S. and Machado, G. and Groff, F. H. S. and Mosena, A. C. S. and Budaszewski, R. F. and Dupont, P. M. and Corbellini, L. G. and Canal, C. W.}, year={2014}, pages={117–124} }
 @article{valle_messick_dos santos_kreutz_duda_machado_corbellini_biondo_gonzález_2014, title={Identification, occurrence and clinical findings of canine hemoplasmas in southern Brazil}, volume={37}, ISSN={0147-9571}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2014.08.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2014.08.001}, abstractNote={Hemoplasmas are ubiquitous pleomorphic and epicellular bacteria detected in erythrocytes in several species. In Brazil, studies on hemoplasmas have not included information on occurrence, clinical signs, and risk factors in dogs. This paper investigates the occurrence of hemoplasmas in dogs, focusing on risk factors and clinical status. Conventional PCR for the four types of canine hemoplasmas was performed in 331 blood samples collected from dogs clinically treated at a teaching veterinary hospital. Of all samples, 17/331 (5.1%) were positive for Mycoplasma haemocanis and 6/331 (1.8%) were positive for a 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum-like' organism. Risk factors included the presence of vectors, old age, dog bite wounds, and neoplastic diseases. In the multivariate analysis, a 4.40 odds ratio in dogs with vector-borne diseases indicated risk for hemoplasmosis. There was correlation between hemoplasma infection and neoplastic disease, suggesting that neoplastic conditions are a risk factor for hemoplasma infection in dogs.}, number={4}, journal={Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Valle, Stella de Faria and Messick, Joanne B. and dos Santos, Andrea Pires and Kreutz, Luiz Carlos and Duda, Naila Cristina Blatt and Machado, Gustavo and Corbellini, Luis Gustavo and Biondo, Alexander Welker and González, Felix Hilario Diaz}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={259–265} }
 @article{klauck_pazinato_stefani_santos_vaucher_baldissera_raffin_boligon_athayde_baretta_et al._2014, title={Insecticidal and repellent effects of tea tree and andiroba oils on flies associated with livestock}, volume={28}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84906751711&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12078}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={SUPPL.1}, journal={Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, author={Klauck, V. and Pazinato, R. and Stefani, L. M. and Santos, R. C. and Vaucher, R. A. and Baldissera, M. D. and Raffin, R. and Boligon, A. and Athayde, M. and Baretta, D. and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={33–39} }
 @article{ferreiro_roehe_dorneles_machado_fraga_lupion_barroso_cavallini sanches_2014, title={Isolation of Dermatophytes and Saprotrophic Fungi from the Hair Coat of Cats without Skin Disorders in the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil}, volume={42}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Ferreiro, Laerte and Roehe, Carlos and Dorneles, Andreia Spanamberg and Machado, Gustavo and Fraga, Cibele Floriano and Lupion, Camila Gottlieb and Barroso, Gabriela Javornick and Cavallini Sanches, Edna Maria}, year={2014} }
 @article{ferreiro_roehe_dorneles_machado_fraga_lupion_barroso_sanches_2014, title={Isolation of dermatophytes and saprotrophic fungi from the hair coat of cats without skin disorders in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil,Isolamento de dermatófitos e fungos saprotróficos do pelame de gatos sem dermatoses na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84941919465&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Ferreiro, L. and Roehe, C. and Dorneles, A.S. and Machado, G. and Fraga, C.F. and Lupion, C.G. and Barroso, G.J. and Sanches, E.M.C.}, year={2014} }
 @article{veloso_ferreiro_pacheco_silva_souza_machado_wissmann_spanamberg_sanches_2014, title={Pneumocystis spp. and Histoplasma capsulatum in Bats Lungs in Southern and Midwestern Regions of Brazil}, volume={42}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Veloso, S.C.S. and Ferreiro, L. and Pacheco, S.M. and Silva, R.R.P. and Souza, E.C. and Machado, G. and Wissmann, G. and Spanamberg, A. and Sanches, E.M.C.}, year={2014}, pages={1252} }
 @article{veloso_ferreiro_pacheco_da silva_de concei?ão souza_machado_wissmann_spanamberg_sanches_2014, title={Pneumocystis spp. and Histoplasma capsulatum in bats lungs in Southern and Midwestern Regions of Brazil,Pneumocystis spp. e Histoplasma capsulatum detectados em pulmões de morcegos das regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste do Brasil}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84941885003&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Veloso, S.S.C. and Ferreiro, L. and Pacheco, S.M. and Da Silva, R.R.P. and De Concei?ão Souza, E. and Machado, G. and Wissmann, G. and Spanamberg, A. and Sanches, E.M.C.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{gressler_silveira_machado_corbellini_vargas_2014, title={Rhodococcus equi prevalence in heathly adult horses from Brazil}, booktitle={The 3rd prato conference on 'the pathogenesis of bacterial diseases of animals'}, author={Gressler, L.T. and Silveira, B. and Machado, G. and Corbellini, L.G. and Vargas, A.C.}, year={2014}, pages={20} }
 @article{topazio_weber_camillo_vogel_machado_ribeiro_moura_lopes_tonin_solda_et al._2014, title={Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora caninum in goats in Santa Catarina state, Brazil}, volume={23}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84930168562&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S1984-29612014062}, abstractNote={Neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Neospora caninum. Knowledge regarding neosporosis in goats is still quite limited, especially in the state of Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and risk factors for N. caninum in goats in the western and mountain regions of SC. Blood samples were collected from 654 goats in 57 municipalities. The indirect immunofluorescence test was used for antibody detection against N. caninum. Thirty samples (4.58%) were seropositive, with titers ranging from 1:50 to 1:6400. An epidemiological survey was also conducted in order to identify risk factors for neosporosis in goats. It was found that reproductive problems on the farms, as well as the diet and direct contact with dogs were casual risks for neosporosis. These results indicate that N. caninum infects goats in these regions, which may lead to reproductive problems.}, number={3}, journal={Revista Brasileira De Parasitologia Veterinaria}, author={Topazio, Josue Pires and Weber, Augusto and Camillo, Giovana and Vogel, Fernanda Flores and Machado, Gustavo and Ribeiro, Andre and Moura, Anderson Barbosa and Lopes, Leandro Samia and Tonin, Alexandre Alberto and Solda, Natan Marcos and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={360–366} }
 @article{marks_rodenbusch_okino_hein_costa_machado_canal_brentano_corbellini_2014, title={Targeted survey of Newcastle disease virus in backyard poultry flocks located in wintering site for migratory birds from Southern Brazil}, volume={116}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84905039537&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.001}, abstractNote={Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a fast-spreading, highly contagious infectious disease in several bird species. Commercial poultry farms in Brazil were considered free of virulent NDV. Data on NDV infection levels in backyard poultry flocks and the epidemiology of the disease are limited. The aim of this study was to perform a NDV survey in backyard poultry from households flocks located around one of the main wintering sites for migratory wild birds in Brazil, and to identify potential risk factors associated with NDV. Backyard poultry may be sentinels and a source of infection for commercial poultry, since they may have as much contact with these birds as with migratory wild birds. Data were collected from 48 randomly selected households using an epidemiological questionnaire. Serum samples from poultry were tested for NDV antibodies using an ELISA, and tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected for NDV molecular detection. The risk factors were assessed using a multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance. The ELISA showed that 33.8% of the serum samples were positive for anti-NDV antibodies and in 42 households (87.5%) at least one NDV-positive bird was found. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were negative for NDV by real time RT-PCR, possible because within this region there might flow a low pathogenicity NDV strain, which can induce seroconversion with innaparent clinical findings. The prevalence ratio (PR) increased when farmers used their own replacement poultry to restock their flock (PR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.11–2.42). Furthermore, the increasing distance of the household flock from the “Laguna do Peixe” estuary was associated with decreasing NDV seropositivity (PR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90–0.99). This is the first study in Brazil evaluating the presence of NDV and the associated risk factors in households with backyard poultry flocks. The great number of farms with seropositive birds indicates that the virus circulates in backyard flocks, and this breeding system may be a source of NDV. These data can be used to establish appropriate biosecurity and husbandry measures for this type of breeding system to prevent NDV spread in Brazil.}, number={1-2}, journal={Preventive Veterinary Medicine}, author={Marks, Fernanda S. and Rodenbusch, Carla R. and Okino, Cintia H. and Hein, Heber E. and Costa, Eduardo F. and Machado, Gustavo and Canal, Claudio W. and Brentano, Liana and Corbellini, Luis G.}, year={2014}, pages={197–202} }
 @article{santos_hein_machado_2013, title={Análise do ingresso de animais de produção e seus produtos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul}, volume={31}, journal={A Hora Veterinária}, author={Santos, D.V. and Hein, Heber and Machado, G.}, year={2013}, pages={32–36} }
 @article{spanamberg_machado_casagrande_sales_fraga_corbellini_driemeier_ferreiro_2013, title={Aspergillus fumigatus from normal and condemned carcasses with airsacculitis in commercial poultry}, volume={33}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84891809181&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S0100-736X2013000900004}, abstractNote={Carcass inspection is important for the detection of certain diseases and for monitoring their prevalence in slaughterhouses. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in commercial poultry, through mycological and histopathological diagnosis, and to verify the causal association between the aspergillosis diagnosis criteria and condemnation due to airsacculitis in broilers through a case-control study. The study was carried out with 380 samples. Lungs were collected from broilers that were condemned (95) or not condemned (285) due to airsacculitis directly from the slaughter line. Forty-six (12%) lung samples were positive for A. fumigatus in mycological culture. Among all samples, 177 (46.6%) presented histopathological alterations, with necrotic, fibrinous, heterophilic pneumonia; heterophilic pneumonia and lymphoid hyperplasia being the most frequent. Out of the 380 lungs analyzed, 65.2% (30) showed histopathological alterations and isolation of fungi. The statistical analysis (McNemar's chi-square test) indicated a significant association between the presence of histopathological lesions and the isolation of A. fumigatus. Mycological cultivation and histopathological diagnosis increase the probability of detecting pulmonary alterations in birds condemned by the Final Inspection System, which suggests that such diagnostic criteria can improve the assessment and condemnation of birds affected by airsacculitis.}, number={9}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, author={Spanamberg, A. and Machado, G. and Casagrande, R.A. and Sales, G.M. and Fraga, C.F. and Corbellini, L.G. and Driemeier, D. and Ferreiro, L.}, year={2013}, pages={1071–1075} }
 @article{de oliveira pereira_coelho_da costa_de faria valle_da rocha_machado_corbellini_2013, title={Correlation between age and staging of chronic kidney disease in azotemic cats by IRIS,Correlação entre A idade e o estadiamento da doença renal crônica em gatos azotêmicos segundo a IRIS}, volume={7}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892732217&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={SUPPL. 1}, journal={Acta Veterinaria Brasilica}, author={De Oliveira Pereira, C. and Coelho, E.M. and Da Costa, F.V.A. and De Faria Valle, S. and Da Rocha, K.S. and Machado, G. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2013}, pages={319–320} }
 @article{hein_costa_machado_martinez_medeiros_ivo_2013, title={Notificação de doenças de suínos recebidos pelo Serviço Veterinário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul nos anos 2011 e 2012}, volume={33}, journal={A Hora Veterinária}, author={Hein, Heber and Costa, E.F. and Machado, G. and Martinez, B. and Medeiros, A. and Ivo, V.}, year={2013}, pages={22–26} }
 @article{martinez_costa_machado_hein_mederios_correa_2013, title={Notificações de doenças de bovinos recebidas pelo Serviço Veterinário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 2011 e 2012}, volume={32}, journal={A Hora Veterinária}, author={Martinez, B. and Costa, E.F. and Machado, G. and Hein, Heber and Mederios, A. and Correa, A.}, year={2013}, pages={28–33} }
 @article{santiago neto_marks_costa_machado_santos_2013, title={Notificações de doenças de frangos recebidas pelo Serviço Veterinário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 2011 e 2012}, volume={33}, journal={A Hora Veterinária}, author={Santiago Neto, W. and Marks, F.S. and Costa, E.F. and Machado, G. and Santos, D.V.}, year={2013}, pages={34–37} }
 @article{machado_hein_martinez_cadore_kohek_santos_2013, title={Notificações de doenças de ovinos recebidas pelo Serviço Veterinário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 2011 e 2012}, volume={32}, journal={A Hora Veterinária}, author={Machado, G. and Hein, Heber and Martinez, B. and Cadore, M.B. and Kohek, I., Junior and Santos, D.V.}, year={2013}, pages={22–26} }
 @article{ovinocultura do rio grande do sul: descrição do sistema produtivo e dos principais aspectos sanitários e reprodutivos_2013, volume={33}, number={12}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira}, year={2013}, pages={1453–1458} }
 @article{sheep industry in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil: description of the production system and the main health and reproductive aspects,ovinocultura do rio grande do sul: descrição do sistema produtivo e dos principais aspectos sanitários e reprodutivos_2013, volume={33}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894419233&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S0100-736X2013001200010}, abstractNote={A ovinocultura sempre foi uma atividade de grande importância econômica e de tradição para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), mesmo com as crises da lã ocorridas nas décadas de 80 e 90, o rebanho ovino Gaúcho continua sendo o maior a nível nacional. Com a escassez de dados sobre essa atividade, o presente estudo possui como objetivo caracterizar a ovinocultura do RS. Para isso, foi utilizada uma amostragem planejada, caracterizada pela aleatoriedade e estratificação da amostra pelas sete Mesorregiões do Estado. Foram analisadas 705 propriedades rurais através de um questionário epidemiológico, aplicado por 25 veterinários do Departamento de Defesa Animal, da Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Conforme os resultados obtidos, a ovinocultura gaúcha é explorada extensivamente e baseada na produção conjunta de carne e lã, cuja principal finalidade é a subsistência. Assim, demonstrando que essa atividade ainda mantém padrões de sua origem, com pouca tecnificação, tanto em aspectos sanitários quanto reprodutivos, revelando, portanto, que a ovinocultura gaúcha ainda é vista como uma produção secundária pelos produtores rurais gaúchos, o que pode ser explicado pelos baixos investimentos neste setor.}, number={12}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, year={2013}, pages={1453–1458} }
 @article{poeta_santos_kohek_machado_hein_vidor_corbellini_2013, title={Sheep industry in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: description of the production system and the main health and reproductive aspects}, volume={33}, journal={Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Poeta, A.P.S. and Santos, D.V. and Kohek, I., Jr. and Machado, G. and Hein, Heber and Vidor, A.C.M. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2013}, pages={1453–1458} }
 @article{farias_pereira_machado_schmidt_vargas_2013, title={Stability Evaluation of Propolis Topical Bases for Veterinary Use}, volume={56}, number={6}, journal={Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology}, author={Farias, Luana d’Avila and Pereira, Camila Bugnotto and Machado, Gustavo and Schmidt, Cleber Alberto and Vargas, Agueda Castagna}, year={2013}, pages={942–947} }
 @article{farias_pereira_machado_schmidt_de vargas_2013, title={Stability evaluation of propolis topical bases for veterinary use}, volume={56}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893186245&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S1516-89132013005000007}, abstractNote={This study aimed to evaluate and select different dermatological bases incorporated with propolis for veterinary use as well as to analyze the chemical compounds of the propolis hydroalcoholic extract by LC-MS/MS. Thus, formulations were submitted to accelerated stability tests under different temperatures and to mechanical stress, and evaluated for the appearance, color, odor, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and the mean size of the dispersed globules from the internal phase during a period of three months. The creamy gel formulation showed satisfactory results for all the evaluated items with an excellent capability to incorporate the hydroalcoholic extract of propolis associated to the maintenance of its physicochemical properties. The propolis used in this study had been shown to possess antibacterial and antifungal in vitro activity against the main microorganisms responsible for such diseases. Therefore, the propolis creamy gel described here could be a promising formulation for use in the veterinary medicine.}, number={6}, journal={Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology}, author={Farias, L. and Pereira, C.B. and Machado, G. and Schmidt, C.A. and De Vargas, A.C.}, year={2013}, pages={942–947} }
 @inproceedings{machado_spanamberg_grande_sales_sanches_corbellini_driemeier_ferreiro_2012, title={Associação causal entre os critérios de diagnóstico de aspergilose e condenação em aves comerciais}, volume={40}, booktitle={1º Encontro Nacional de Epidemiologia Veterinária, 2012, São Paulo. 1 ENEPI}, author={Machado, G. and Spanamberg, A. and Grande, R.C. and Sales, G. and Sanches, E.M.C. and Corbellini, L.G. and Driemeier, D. and Ferreiro, L.}, year={2012}, pages={61–145} }
 @article{hein_machado_miranda_costa_pellegrini_driemeier_corbellini_2012, title={Bovine neosporosis: Evaluation of vertical transmission and population etiological fraction of abortion in a bovine population in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,Neosporose bovina: Avaliação da transmissão vertical e fração atribuível de aborto em uma população de bovinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul}, volume={32}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864852768&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S0100-736X2012000500006}, abstractNote={O protozoário Nespora caninum é um parasito que causa grandes perdas reprodutivas e econômicas em bovinos no mundo inteiro. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar tanto a associação entre o histórico de aborto e a presença de anticorpos contra N. caninum, quanto a transmissão vertical como forma de manutenção da infecção nos rebanhos bovinos em regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, através da sorologia pareada de mães e filhas. Foi realizada amostragem de 60 propriedades distribuídas em duas regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, das quais foi coletado sangue de 40% dos animais presentes para a detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum por imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). Para verificar a relação aborto e soropositividade foi utilizado o teste de regressão logística univariada, e para sorologia de mães e filhas o teste de qui-quadrado de McNemar para dados pareados. Foram confrontados os dados de sorologia e aborto, sendo encontrada a frequência de 58,5% (24/41) de soropositivos quando havia histórico de aborto, e 16,4% (199/1215) dentre os sem histórico de aborto. Os animais soropositivos apresentaram um risco 7,21 (IC 95%, 3,65-14,32) vezes maior de possuir histórico de abortamento (estatística de Wald χ2=44,93, P<0,001). A fração atribuível à neosporose como causa de aborto na população em risco nas duas regiões foi estimada em 9,73% (λpop). O resultado sorológico de cada mãe foi pareado com o de sua filha e, pelo teste de qui-quadrado de McNemar (χ2=59,84, P<0,001), houve associação significativa entre as sorologias de mães e filhas, sugerindo transmissão vertical. Ressalta-se ainda a importância do acompanhamento sorológico para N. caninum, evitando assim manutenção de animais portadores que sirvam como reservatório do protozoário nas propriedades.}, number={5}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, author={Hein, H.E. and Machado, G. and Miranda, I.C.S. and Costa, E.F. and Pellegrini, D.C.P. and Driemeier, D. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2012}, pages={396–400} }
 @article{hein_machado_miranda_costa_pellegrini_driemeier_corbellini_2012, title={Bovine neosporosis: evaluation of vertical transmission and population etiological fraction of abortion in a bovine population in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, volume={32}, number={5}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, author={Hein, Heber E. and Machado, Gustavo and Miranda, Igor C. S. and Costa, Eduardo F. and Pellegrini, Debora C. P. and Driemeier, David and Corbellini, Luis G.}, year={2012}, pages={396–400} }
 @article{gressler_kirinus_machado_libardoni_vargas_2012, title={Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus: Abortion and stillbirths in sheep,Campylobacter fetus subespécie fetus: Abortamento e natimortalidade em ovinos}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861606645&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S0103-84782012000400020}, abstractNote={A bactéria do gênero Campylobacter está comumente envolvida em surtos de abortos ovinos em muitos países. No Brasil, até o presente momento, ainda não houve relato sobre a ocorrência de aborto em ovinos causado pelo C. fetus, subespécie fetus (C. fetus ssp. fetus). No presente trabalho, relata-se a detecção deste agente em fetos e natimortos ovinos naturalmente infectados. Desse modo, alerta-se para a possibilidade de novos casos de aborto em ovinos causados por C. fetus ssp. fetus.}, number={4}, journal={Ciencia Rural}, author={Gressler, L.T. and Kirinus, J.K. and Machado, G. and Libardoni, F. and Vargas, A.C.}, year={2012}, pages={697–700} }
 @article{gressler_kirinus_machado_libardoni_vargas_2012, title={Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus: abortion and stillbirths in sheep}, volume={42}, number={4}, journal={Ciencia Rural}, author={Gressler, Leticia Trevisan and Kirinus, Jackeline Karsten and Machado, Gustavo and Libardoni, Felipe and Vargas, Agueda Castagna}, year={2012}, pages={697–700} }
 @inproceedings{machado_egocheaga_corbellini_canal_2012, title={Estimação de prevalênca do vírus da diarréia viral bovina em uma população de rebanhos leiteiros de uma região do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul}, volume={40}, booktitle={1º  Encontro Nacional de Epidemiologia Veterinária}, author={Machado, G. and Egocheaga, R. and Corbellini, L.G. and Canal, C.}, year={2012}, pages={61–145} }
 @inproceedings{rocha_machado_corbellini_2012, place={São Paulo}, title={Estudo das características de alunos de graduação frente ao mercado de trabalho}, volume={40}, booktitle={1º Encontro Nacional de Epidemiologia Veterinária}, publisher={ENEPI}, author={Rocha, K.S. and Machado, G. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2012}, pages={61–145} }
 @inproceedings{hein_miranda_costa_machado_santiago neto_marks_almeida_canal_corbellini_2012, place={São Paulo}, title={Estudo de prevalência e análise de estatística de varredura do herpesvirus bovino (BoHV-1)}, volume={40}, booktitle={1º  Encontro Nacional de Epidemiologia Veterinária}, publisher={ENEPI}, author={Hein, H. and Miranda, I. and Costa, E.F. and Machado, G. and Santiago Neto, W. and Marks, F.S. and Almeida, L.L. and Canal, C. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2012}, pages={61–145} }
 @inproceedings{vidor_santos_kohek_machado_miranda_hein_stein_corbellini_2012, place={São Paulo}, title={Estudo epidemiológico para determinar a prevalência da brucelose ovina em machos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul}, volume={40}, booktitle={1º Encontro Nacional de Epidemiologia Veterinária}, publisher={ENEPI}, author={Vidor, A.C.M. and Santos, D.V. and Kohek, I. and Machado, G. and Miranda, I. and Hein, H. and Stein, M.C. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2012}, pages={61–145} }
 @inproceedings{machado_egocheaga_hein_miranda_santiago_almeida_canal_corbellini_2012, title={Matched case control study of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a dairy cattle population in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, volume={13}, booktitle={International Symposia on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), 2012, Maastricht. ISVEE 13: Proceedings of the 13th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics}, author={Machado, G. and Egocheaga, R. and Hein, H. and Miranda, I. and Santiago, W. and Almeida, L.L. and Canal, C. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2012}, pages={416} }
 @inproceedings{egocheaga_machado_hein_miranda_santiago_almeida_corbellini_canal_2012, title={Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in bulk tank milk in southern of Brazil}, volume={13}, booktitle={International Symposia on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), 2012, Maastricht. ISVEE 13: Proceedings of the 13th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics}, author={Egocheaga, R. and Machado, G. and Hein, H. and Miranda, I. and Santiago, W. and Almeida, L.L. and Corbellini, L.G. and Canal, C.}, year={2012}, pages={415} }
 @inproceedings{miranda_hein_costa_machado_santiago_marks_almeida_canal_corbellini_2012, title={Prevalence survey and spatial analysis of bovine herpesvirus}, volume={13}, booktitle={International Symposia on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), 2012, Maastricht. ISVEE 13: Proceedings of the 13th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics}, author={Miranda, I. and Hein, H. and Costa, E.F. and Machado, G. and Santiago, W. and Marks, F.S. and Almeida, L.L. and Canal, C. and Corbellini, L.G.}, year={2012}, pages={416} }
 @article{herrmann_rodrigues_machado_lage_moreira_leite_2012, title={Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in cattle in the southeast and southwest regions of the state of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil}, volume={13}, journal={Ciência Animal Brasileira}, author={Herrmann, Geder Paulo and Rodrigues, Rogério Oliveira and Machado, G. and Lage, Andrey and Moreira, Elvio Carlos and Leite, Rômulo Cerqueira}, year={2012}, pages={131–138} }
 @article{herrmann_rodrigues_machado_lage_moreira_leite_2012, title={Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in cattle in the southeast and southwest regions of the state of Rio Grande do sul, Brazil,Soroprevalencia de leptospirose em bovinos nas mesorregiões sudeste e sudoeste do estado Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil}, volume={13}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865768385&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5216/cab.v13i1.13190}, abstractNote={The presence of anti-leptospira spp. aglutinins in 1360 bovine serum samples was determined in clinically healthy animals from different breeds, at more than three years old. Cattle were raised in intensive systems on 136 farms of 18 counties, 10 located in the southeast Mesoregion and 8 in the southwest Mesoregion of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, from January to March 1999. The sera were tested by the Microscopic Agglutination Technique, and the titles of anti-Leptospira spp. Agglutinins varied from 100 to 3200. In 1360 samples tested 527 (38.75%) were positive. The prevalence of seroreactors to the different serovars was: Hardjo norma 396 (29.12%), Hebdomadis 30 (2.21%), Wolffi 21 (1.54%), Grippotyphosa 16 (1.18%), Pomona 15 (1.10%), Bratislava 12 (0.88%), Tarassovi 9 (0.44%), Sejroe 8 (0.59%), Pyrogenes 7 (0.51%), Autumnalis 6 (0.44%), Fortbragg 4 (0.29%), Australis 2 (0.15%) Icterohaemorrhagiae 1 (0.07%), Sentot 0, Castellonis 0, Canicola 0, Mini Szwajizak 0. The serovar Hardjoprajitino strain norma was the most disseminated in bovine breeds in Southeast and Southwest Mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. KEYWORDS: Leptospira; cattle raising; disease; distribution.}, number={1}, journal={Ciencia Animal Brasileira}, author={Herrmann, G.P. and Rodrigues, R.O. and Machado, G. and Lage, A.P. and Moreira, E.C. and Leite, R.C.}, year={2012}, pages={131–138} }
 @article{gressler_da silva_machado_rosa_dorneles_gressler_oliveira_zanette_de vargas_monteiro_2012, title={Susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi to propolis extract in vitro and in experimentally infected rats}, volume={93}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.007}, abstractNote={Current therapy of Trypanosoma evansi infections is not effective for the vast majority of animals with relapsing parasitemia and clinical signs. Recently, attention is being focused on the antiparasitic activity of propolis. This study evaluated the susceptibility of T. evansi to propolis extract in vitro and in vivo. A dose-dependent trypanocidal activity of propolis extract was observed in vitro. All trypomastigotes were killed 1 h after incubation with 10 μg mL−1 of the extract. In vivo, the concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg kg−1 administered orally for 10 consecutive days showed no curative effect, and the rats died from the disease. However, rats treated with the two highest concentrations of propolis extract showed higher longevity than the other groups. Based on these data, we concluded that T. evansi is susceptible to propolis in vitro. Despite the lack of curative efficacy observed in vivo at the concentrations tested, the propolis extract can prolong life in rats infected with the protozoan.}, number={3}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gressler, Lucas T. and Da Silva, Aleksandro S. and Machado, Gustavo and Rosa, Luciana Dalla and Dorneles, Fellipe and Gressler, Letícia T. and Oliveira, Mauricio S. and Zanette, Régis A. and de Vargas, Agueda C.P. and Monteiro, Silvia G.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1314–1317} }
 @article{machado_gressler_kirinus_herrmann_2011, title={Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sheep Slaughtered under Federal Inspection in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Estimation of Losses}, volume={39}, number={2}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Machado, Gustavo and Gressler, Leticia Trevisan and Kirinus, Jackeline Karsten and Herrmann, Geder Paulo}, year={2011} }
 @article{machado_gressler_kirinus_herrmann_2011, title={Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sheep Slaughtered under Federal Inspection in the State of Rio Grande do Sul -Estimation of Losses,Linfadenite caseosa em ovinos abatidos sob inspeção federal no estado do Rio Grande do Sul - estimativas de perdas}, volume={39}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79958153389&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Acta Scientiae Veterinariae}, author={Machado, G. and Gressler, L.T. and Kirinus, J.K. and Herrmann, G.P.}, year={2011} }
 @article{herrmann_rodrigues_soto vidal_machado_moreira_leite_2011, title={Post vaccinal antibodies profile of sheep immunized with one or two doses of an oil emulsified anti leptospirosis bacterin produced with serovar Hardjo, type Hardjoprajitno, strain Norma, isolated in Brazil}, volume={31}, number={8}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, author={Herrmann, Geder Paulo and Rodrigues, Rogerio Oliveira and Soto Vidal, Carlos Eugenio and Machado, Gustavo and Moreira, Elvio Carlos and Leite, Romulo Cerqueira}, year={2011}, pages={683–689} }
 @article{post vaccinal antibodies profile of sheep immunized with one or two doses of an oil emulsified anti leptospirosis bacterin produced with serovar hardjo, type hardjoprajitno, strain norma, isolated in brazil,curva de anticorpos pós-vacinais em ovinos imunizados com uma ou duas doses de bacterina oleosa anti-leptospirose, produzida com a sorovariedade hardjo, tipo hardjoprajitno, estirpe norma, isolada no brasil_2011, volume={31}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80455130886&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S0100-736X2011000800009}, abstractNote={Foi comparado o nível de anticorpos de ovelhas imunizadas com uma ou duas doses de bacterina oleosa produzida com a sorovariedade Hardjo, tipo Hardjoprajitno, estirpe Norma, isolada da urina de bovino no Brasil. Culturas de 2x10(8) leptospiras/mL foram inativadas com formalina a 0,3%, à concentração final e emulsionada em óleo Emulsigen® 12%. A dose da vacina foi padronizada para a concentração de 1x10(8) leptospiras/mL. Quarenta ovinos adultos, da raça Santa Inês, de um rebanho livre de leptospirose por exames clínicos e sorológicos durante um ano foram escolhidos para o experimento. O grupo A (n=15) recebeu duas doses de 3,0mL da vacina por via subcutânea, com intervalo de 30 dias. O grupo B (n=15) recebeu dose única de 3,0mL, via subcutânea e o grupo C (controle) recebeu uma dose subcutânea de 3,0mL de solução 0,85% de cloreto de sódio. Os títulos de anticorpos pós-vacinação foram mensurados pelo teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e um teste imunoenzimático (ELISA) a cada 30 dias durante 120 dias. Os títulos dos grupos A e B na primeira colheita variaram de 80 a 160. No grupo A, após a segunda dose, os títulos aumentaram duas a quatro vezes, até 3.200, enquanto no grupo B os títulos de aglutininas foram menores que 160 e diminuíram uma a duas vezes após 60 dias da vacinação. Utilizando-se dose única, os anticorpos persistiram por somente 30 dias e, com duas doses, com 30 dias de intervalo, os anticorpos foram detectáveis por 60 dias por meio do teste de SAM e 120 dias no teste de ELISA. Assim, o teste de SAM detectou títulos de IgM vacinal somente por 60 dias, enquanto o teste de ELISA foi capaz de detectar anticorpos durante os 120 dias. No grupo controle negativo, ocorreram no ELISA reações inespecíficas de títulos até 80, porém no SAM os títulos dos mesmos animais se mantiveram em zero. O teste de ELISA pode ser utilizado para medir anticorpos vacinais para a sorovariedade Hardjo, tipo Hardjoprajitno, estirpe Norma em ovinos.}, number={8}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, year={2011}, pages={683–689} }
 @article{cardoso_maboni_machado_alves_vargas_2010, title={Antimicrobial activity of propolis extract against Staphylococcus coagulase positive and Malassezia pachydermatis of canine otitis}, volume={142}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77952096001&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.070}, abstractNote={The aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of propolis extract by determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolates (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for Malassezia pachydermatis isolates. The microorganisms were assayed using broth microdilution techniques. The MBC(90) was 21 mg mL(-1), and the MFC(90) was 5.3 mg mL(-1). The propolis extract was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against both pathogens.}, number={3-4}, journal={Veterinary Microbiology}, author={Cardoso, Rosemari Laura and Maboni, Franciele and Machado, Gustavo and Alves, Sydney Hartz and Vargas, Agueda Castagna}, year={2010}, pages={432–434} }
 @article{groff_kirinus_silva_machado_costa_vargas_2010, title={Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of bovine genital campylobacteriosis}, volume={30}, number={12}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, author={Groff, Ana C. M. and Kirinus, Jackeline K. and Silva, Mariana and Machado, Gustavo and Costa, Mateus M. and Vargas, Agueda P. C.}, year={2010}, pages={1031–1035} }
 @article{groff_kirinus_silva_machado_costa_vargas_2010, title={Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of bovine genital campylobacteriosis,Reação em cadeia da polimerase para o diagnóstico de campilobacteriose genital bovina}, volume={30}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79551667680&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/s0100-736x2010001200005}, abstractNote={Bovine genital campylobacteriosis is a common venereal disease of cattle; the prevalence of this disease can be underestimated mostly because of the nature of the etiological agent, the microaerobic Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the utilization of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of genital campylobacteriosis in samples obtained from bull prepuce aspirate, cow cervical mucus, and abomasum contents of aborted fetuses, collected into enrichment medium. Five different DNA extraction protocols were tested: thermal extraction, lysis with proteinase K, lysis with guanidine isothiocyanate, lysis with DNAzol, and lysis with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The specificity, sensitivity, and technical application of the PCR assay were also evaluated with clinical samples and compared to bacterial isolation by standard culture. DNA extraction by the CTAB protocol provided better results in PCR, and it was able to detect 63 colony-forming units per ml of C. fetus. Out of 277 clinical samples tested, 68 (24%) were positive for Campylobacter fetus using PCR, while only 8 (2.8%) of the samples were positive by bacterial isolation in solid medium, proving the superiority of the PCR technique when compared to the standard isolation method, and providing evidence for its usefulness as a better screening test in cattle for the diagnosis of bovine genital campylobacteriosis.}, number={12}, journal={Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira}, author={Groff, A.C.M. and Kirinus, J.K. and Silva, M. and Machado, G. and Costa, M.M. and Vargas, A.P.C.}, year={2010}, pages={1031–1035} }
 @article{bolson_wallau schossler_machado_zembrzuski_2008, title={Homologous bone pin conserved in glycerin at 98% and hernicerclagem with a thread of poliglactina 910 in humerus osteosyntesis of domestic pigeons}, volume={38}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54549085568&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/s0103-84782008000700019}, abstractNote={O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a utilização de um pino intramedular ósseo homólogo, conservado em glicerina a 98%, associado à hemicerclagem com fio poliglactina 910 na osteossíntese umeral transversa de pombos domésticos (Columba livia). Utilizou-se como pino ósseo a parte distal do tibiotarso, conservado com medula óssea. Foram operados 20 pombos domésticos, adultos, não-sexados e clinicamente sadios. Esses animais foram separados ao acaso em cinco grupos, com quatro indivíduos. O úmero foi seccionado cirurgicamente na sua diáfise, de forma transversa, e o pino ósseo foi devidamente implantado no seio do osso. Orifícios foram realizados e por eles procedeu-se hemicerclagem do tipo pontos de Wolff com poliglactina 910. Os animais foram avaliados clinicamente, por meio de radiografias semanais, e histologicamente após os períodos de 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. A conservação do pino ósseo em glicerina a 98% foi avaliada por meio de exames microbiológicos. Em todos os animais, pode-se notar, clinicamente, excelente adaptação à cirurgia e normalidade do uso do membro já radiologicamente pode-se observar formação de calo ósseo e cicatrização da fratura. Histologicamente pode-se observar que ocorreu formação de calo ósseo 15 dias após a cirurgia e cicatrização com remodelação completa a partir dos 90 dias. Nesse exame, além de leve a moderada reação inflamatória no período inicial de avaliação, nenhum outro evento foi notado nos períodos subseqüentes. Concluiu-se que a técnica e os materiais utilizados se tornam uma opção altamente viável na osteossíntese umeral transversa de pombos domésticos.}, number={7}, journal={Ciencia Rural}, author={Bolson, Juliano and Wallau Schossler, Joao Eduardo and Machado, Gustavo and Zembrzuski, Fernanda Boligon}, year={2008}, pages={1925–1931} }