@article{wessels_malek_hodge_balboni_2024, title={An investigation into the flexural properties of sawn timber and poles of South African grown <i>Pinus maximinoi</i> (HEMoore)}, ISSN={["2070-2639"]}, DOI={10.2989/20702620.2023.2273479}, abstractNote={AbstractPinus maximinoi is a species that can potentially be deployed commercially to provide structural timber and poles for the South African market. The objective of this study was to investigate the flexural properties of sawn timber and poles of P. maximinoi from young plantations of the Southern Cape. A total of 60 trees and 150 logs for the sawmill study were obtained from two research trials on the Longmore estate in the Humansdorp area (13.7 years old), and on the Kruisfontein estate close to Knysna (9.0 years old). Some 74 poles from the same compartments were removed and tested in bending. The P. maximinoi sawn timber had excellent bending properties, superior to sawn timber from other South African Pinus species, tested at similar radial positions in previous studies. Analysis of variation showed that site, log height and board radial position had a significant influence on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of sawn timber. Multiple regression analysis showed that board MOE can be predicted using a model including tree taper, time-of-flight measured with Treesonic and wood density (model R2 = 0.87). The P. maximinoi poles complied with the mean MOE national standard requirement SANS 457-2 of 9 000 MPa but not with the fifth percentile (bending strength) modulus of rupture (MOR) requirement of 34 MPa. This study and other research, however, showed that the national standard requirement for MOR of poles might be too high for current log resources in South Africa. The investigation into the bending and other properties of P. maximinoi sawn boards and poles showed extremely positive results. Based on this wood quality study of P. maximinoi, it is certainly a very promising species for deployment in the Southern Cape and potentially other regions in South Africa.Keywords: bendingMexican weeping pineshort rotationsoftwoodstructural timber}, journal={SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Wessels, C. Brand and Malek, Christel and Hodge, Gary R. and Balboni, Bruno Monteiro}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{martins_yuliarto_yong_melia_maretha_sharma_lakey_ordway_acosta_hodge_2024, title={Estimation of Additive and Dominance Effects in an Acacia crassicarpa Multi-Environment Progeny Trial Using Genomic Pedigree Reconstruction}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxae004}, abstractNote={
 Acacia crassicarpa is an important tree species in Southeast Asia, where hundreds of thousands of hectares of planted forests are supported by advancements in silviculture and genetic improvement. Although possible, controlled pollination is impractical for advancing breeding populations, requiring an unreasonable effort to produce more than a few crosses per year. For this reason, breeding populations often are bred by open pollination. This study used large-scale pedigree reconstruction in multi-environment trials to assess full-sib families to model the genetics of the quantitative traits survival, straightness, height, diameter at breast height, tree volume, mean annual increment (MAI), and basic density. The traits were predominantly controlled by additive effects, with heritabilities between 0.09 for survival and 0.45 for basic density. The genetic correlation across sites was high for all traits, showing the low impact of genotype-by-environment interaction. The trait-trait correlation showed that straightness was independent of any other traits, survival was only correlated with MAI, and growth traits were highly correlated among themselves. Basic density was positively correlated with growth traits and MAI.
 Study Implications: Parentage analysis using an informative single nucleotide polymorphism panel was used to reconstruct pedigree and allow a full-sib family model to estimate additive and dominance effects and genetic correlations across sites and among important traits in an open-pollinated population. The genetic control of all traits assessed in this study was mainly additive. In this scenario, the recommended breeding strategy is forward selection of outstanding progeny for advanced generation breeding and backward selection of outstanding parents to produce seed for deployment via family forestry. Full-sib families can be identified by pedigree reconstruction at a seedling stage, followed by tissue culture multiplication, rooted cutting propagation, and plantation establishment.}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Martins, Gustavo S. and Yuliarto, Muhammad and Yong, Wong Ching and Melia, Tisha and Maretha, Maggie V and Sharma, Mukesh and Lakey, Nathan and Ordway, Jared and Acosta, Juan Jose and Hodge, Gary}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{castillo_acosta_hodge_vann_lewis_2023, title={Analysis of alkaloids and reducing sugars in processed and unprocessed tobacco leaves using a handheld near infrared spectrometer}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1751-6552"]}, DOI={10.1177/09670335221148594}, abstractNote={Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy calibration models were developed to predict chemical properties of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf samples using a microPHAZIRTM handheld NIR spectrometer. The sample data set consisted of 348 leaf-bundled samples of upper-stalk flue-cured tobacco leaves collected from an array of cultivars evaluated in multiple locations. Unprocessed leaf samples were intact whole unground leaves collected from curing barns. Processed leaf samples were further dried and ground before scanning. The NIR prediction models for percent reducing sugars, percent total alkaloids, and percent nicotine were very good for processed leaves [r2 (SEP in %) values = 0.98 (0.82), 0.92 (0.17), and 0.92 (0.14), respectively]. The models for the same three variables for unprocessed leaves were also very good, with only slightly lower fit statistics [r2 (SEP) = 0.93 (1.58), 0.87 (0.22), and 0.88 (0.18), respectively). Fit statistics for anabasine NIR models were intermediate with r2 (SEP in %) values ranging from 0.73 (0.003) to 0.76 (0.003), while the lowest fit statistics were observed for anatabine and norticotine with r2 (SEP in %) ranging from 0.49 (0.005) to 0.55 (0.017), respectively, for both unprocessed and processed leaves. Hence, use of a handheld NIR spectrometer would be of more limited value for these variables. The chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaf samples for some chemical traits can be directly assessed at the point when the leaves exit the curing barns, thus minimizing the need to dry and grind samples for colorimetric and chromatographic analyses.}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY}, author={Castillo, Miguel S. and Acosta, Juan J. and Hodge, Gary R. and Vann, Matthew C. and Lewis, Ramsey S.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{ibarra_hodge_acosta_2023, title={Quantitative Genetics of a Hybrid Population of Eucalyptus nitens x Eucalyptus globulus: Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Implications for Breeding Strategies}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020381}, DOI={10.3390/f14020381}, abstractNote={In Chile, interspecific hybrids between Eucalyptus nitens × Eucalyptus globulus (GloNi) were developed by Arauco Forestry to capture specific traits from each parental species: growth rate and cold resistance from E. nitens (NIT) and wood properties from E. globulus (GLO). Field tests of E. nitens × E. globulus were distributed in two geographic zones: Arauco (12 tests) and Valdivia (15 tests), where growth and wood properties measurements were recorded at different ages. The hybrid population is composed of clones from 28 full-sib families, being the result of crossing 12 E. nitens females and 8 E. globulus males. Progeny from each of these families were vegetatively propagated and tested on each growth zone, with a total of 1214 clones developed. The quantitative genetic parameter estimates reveal high genetic variation in hybrid volume gain and wood properties, which make possible large genetic gain in all traits analyzed. Additionally, E. nitens has a considerable impact on the volume gain of the hybrid, making it important to test more parents in future interspecific crosses in both hybrid zones. In contrast, E. globulus demonstrated zero impact in volume. In wood traits, E. globulus in Arauco zone demonstrates a large effect on the genetic variability of these traits; meanwhile, in the Valdivia zone, E. nitens and E. globulus parents contributed roughly similar amounts of genetic variation. The high General Hybridizing Ability (GHA) and General Combining Ability (GCA) relationship between hybrid progeny and pure species progeny performance indicates that parents could be selected for interspecific crosses based on pure species test results for volume and wood properties.}, number={2}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Ibarra, Luis and Hodge, Gary and Acosta, Juan Jose}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{rockwood_huber_crawford_rucks_lamb_fabbro_minogue_jump_hodge_2022, title={Eucalyptus Amplifolia and Corymbia Torelliana in the Southeastern USA: Genetic Improvement and Potential Uses}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, DOI={10.3390/f13010075}, abstractNote={Eucalyptus amplifolia and Corymbia torelliana genetic improvement has been conducted in the lower southeastern USA by UF and collaborators since 1980. The collective accomplishments in genetic resources and potential commercial uses are summarized. For example, fast-growing, freeze-resilient E. amplifolia seeds are provided by 1st and 2nd generation seedling seed orchards (SSO) and a 2nd generation clonal seed orchard (CSO), while C. torelliana seed are available from 1st and 2nd generation SSOs. Breeding values (BV) have been developed for guiding the deployment of improved genotypes. Collaborative genetic improvement of these species is ongoing, including testing E. amplifolia in 11 countries and development of hybrid clones. Short Rotation Woody Crop (SRWC) systems may increase productivity and extend uses beyond conventional mulchwood to products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), biochar, and energywood, while other possible applications include honey production, windbreaks, dendroremediation, and carbon sequestration. C. torelliana may be paired with E. grandis in two-row windbreaks to maximum windbreak effectiveness and may sequester as much carbon as E. grandis.}, number={1}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Rockwood, Donald L. and Huber, Dudley A. and Crawford, Mark A. and Rucks, Phillip C. and Lamb, Elizabeth and Fabbro, Kyle W. and Minogue, Patrick J. and Jump, Romeo and Hodge, Gary R.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{perek_hodge_tambarussi_biernaski_acosta_2022, title={Predicted genetic gains for growth traits and wood resistance in Pinus maximinoi and Pinus tecunumanii}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1984-7033"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332022v22n2a23}, DOI={10.1590/1984-70332022v22n2a23}, abstractNote={Tree breeders use traits of economic interest as productivity, stem form and wood quality, to select individuals for advanced generations. We determined the genetic control of growth volume, tree height and diameter, stem form and wood resistance, and calculated a selection index for Pinus maximinoi and P. tecunumanii, selected individuals were used to establish a seedling seed orchard (SSO). The largest genetic gain obtained in SSO for P. maximinoi was 21.48% for volume, while for P. tecunumanii it was 21.87% for stem form. There is enough genetic variability for genetic gain in future generations in tests of P. maximinoi and P. tecunumanii progenies. The selection index provided satisfactory total genetic gains for several traits, being more recommended than the BLUP method in order to support the selection and ranking of superior genetic materials in the progeny tests with greater probability of retaining favorable alleles over generations.}, number={2}, journal={CROP BREEDING AND APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Perek, Matheus and Hodge, Gary and Tambarussi, Evandro Vagner and Biernaski, Fabricio Antonio and Acosta, Juan}, year={2022} }
 @article{potter_jetton_whittier_crane_hipkins_echt_hodge_2022, title={Table Mountain Pine (Pinus pungens): Genetic Diversity and Conservation of an Imperiled Conifer}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxac043}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxac043}, abstractNote={
 Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens Lamb.) is an imperiled tree species endemic to the southern and central Appalachian Mountains. Generally reliant on fire for regeneration, its fragmented but widespread distribution has declined in recent decades. We quantified the genetic diversity of 26 populations across the range of the species using data from seven highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. The species was relatively inbred whereas differentiation among populations was relatively low. Differentiation was significantly but weakly associated with geographic distance among populations. We detected minor genetic differences between northern and southern seed collection zones established based on climate similarity. We conducted a series of simulations using SSR data from 498 seedlings, grown from seed collected from five natural stands of Table Mountain pine, to assess the genetic consequences of different strategies for deploying collected seed in ex situ conservation plantings. Results indicated that reducing the number of families in a planting would not substantially affect the conservation of common alleles but would affect the representation of rare alleles and overall allelic richness. These findings add to our limited knowledge of genetic variation across the distribution of this rare conifer and offer some guidance for its effective genetic conservation.
 Study Implications: Most of the results of this study point to an overall lack of genetic structure and geographic differences in genetic variation within Table Mountain pine, most likely the consequence of prolific interpopulation gene flow. The weak genetic differences between northern and southern seed zones indicate that they are not particularly useful for guiding future gene conservation efforts. The results of seedling sampling simulations demonstrated that it may be possible to meet the goals of conservation plantings by including fewer families per population and/or including families without regard to population.}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Potter, Kevin M. and Jetton, Robert M. and Whittier, W. Andrew and Crane, Barbara S. and Hipkins, Valerie D. and Echt, Craig S. and Hodge, Gary R.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{jackson_christie_reynolds_marais_tii‐kuzu_caballero_kampman_visser_naidoo_kain_et al._2021, title={A genome‐wide SNP genotyping resource for tropical pine tree species}, volume={22}, ISSN={1755-098X 1755-0998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13484}, DOI={10.1111/1755-0998.13484}, abstractNote={We performed gene and genome targeted SNP discovery towards the development of a genome‐wide, multispecies genotyping array for tropical pines. Pooled RNA‐seq data from shoots of seedlings from five tropical pine species was used to identify transcript‐based SNPs resulting in 1.3 million candidate Affymetrix SNP probe sets. In addition, we used a custom 40 K probe set to perform capture‐seq in pooled DNA from 81 provenances representing the natural ranges of six tropical pine species in Mexico and Central America resulting in 563 K candidate SNP probe sets. Altogether, 300 K RNA‐seq (72%) and 120 K capture‐seq (28%) derived SNP probe sets were tiled on a 420 K screening array that was used to genotype 576 trees representing the 81 provenances and commercial breeding material. Based on the screening array results, 50 K SNPs were selected for commercial SNP array production including 20 K polymorphic SNPs for P. patula, P. tecunumanii, P. oocarpa and P. caribaea, 15 K for P. greggii and P. maximinoi, 13 K for P. elliottii and 8K for P. pseudostrobus. We included 9.7 K ancestry informative SNPs that will be valuable for species and hybrid discrimination. Of the 50 K SNP markers, 25% are polymorphic in only one species, while 75% are shared by two or more species. The Pitro50K SNP chip will be useful for population genomics and molecular breeding in this group of pine species that, together with their hybrids, represent the majority of fast‐growing tropical and subtropical pine plantations globally.}, number={2}, journal={Molecular Ecology Resources}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Jackson, Colin and Christie, Nanette and Reynolds, Sharon Melissa and Marais, Gerhard C. and Tii‐kuzu, Yokateme and Caballero, Madison and Kampman, Tamanique and Visser, Erik A. and Naidoo, Sanushka and Kain, Dominic and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={695–710} }
 @article{mphahlele_isik_hodge_myburg_2021, title={Genomic Breeding for Diameter Growth and Tolerance to Leptocybe Gall Wasp and Botryosphaeria/Teratosphaeria Fungal Disease Complex in Eucalyptus grandis}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2021.638969}, abstractNote={Eucalyptus grandis is one of the most important species for hardwood plantation forestry around the world. At present, its commercial deployment is in decline because of pests and pathogens such as Leptocybe invasa gall wasp (Lepto), and often co-occurring fungal stem diseases such as Botryosphaeria dothidea and Teratosphaeria zuluensis (BotryoTera). This study analyzed Lepto, BotryoTera, and stem diameter growth in an E. grandis multi-environmental, genetic trial. The study was established in three subtropical environments. Diameter growth and BotryoTera incidence scores were assessed on 3,334 trees, and Lepto incidence was assessed on 4,463 trees from 95 half-sib families. Using the Eucalyptus EUChip60K SNP chip, a subset of 964 trees from 93 half-sib families were genotyped with 14,347 informative SNP markers. We employed single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) to estimate genetic parameters in the genetic trial. Diameter and Lepto tolerance showed a positive genetic correlation (0.78), while BotryoTera tolerance had a negative genetic correlation with diameter growth (−0.38). The expected genetic gains for diameter growth and Lepto and BotryoTera tolerance were 12.4, 10, and −3.4%, respectively. We propose a genomic selection breeding strategy for E. grandis that addresses some of the present population structure problems.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Mphahlele, Makobatjatji M. and Isik, Fikret and Hodge, Gary R. and Myburg, Alexander A.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{nel_acosta_hodge_2021, title={Initial growth results comparing first generation F1 and advanced-generation F2 Pinus patula x Pinus tecunumanii interspecific hybrid families}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2070-2639"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2021.1926370}, DOI={10.2989/20702620.2021.1926370}, abstractNote={The hybrid between Pinus patula and P. tecunumanii low elevation (PPTL) and high elevation (PPTH) sources was developed in the 1990s in South Africa and commercialised during the 2000s in response to high post-establishment mortality of P. patula caused by Fusarium circinatum. The growth and wood properties for these hybrids are also superior to the parental species. This study describes an experiment where F1 hybrid families and F2 advanced hybrid families of the Pinus patula × P. tecunumanii low elevation hybrid were compared in a progeny field experiment. Seed yield and early growth at three years is reported. The early results from this study indicate that there were no significant differences in growth between the F1 and F2 PPTL hybrid and both the F1 and F2 hybrid outperformed the pure P. patula control. These early results should be monitored further to determine if this trend continues. The F2 hybrid offers the opportunity to obtain tolerance of F. circinatum and better growth than P. patula at a much lower cost than that of deployment of the F1 PPTL hybrid.}, journal={SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={National Inquiry Services Center (NISC)}, author={Nel, Andre and Acosta, Juan J. and Hodge, Gary R.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{whittier_hodge_lopez_saravitz_acosta_2021, title={The use of near infrared spectroscopy to predict foliar nutrient levels of hydroponically grown teak seedlings}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1751-6552"]}, DOI={10.1177/09670335211025649}, abstractNote={Due to a combination of durability, strength, and aesthetically pleasing color, teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is globally regarded as a premier timber species. High value, in combination with comprehensive harvesting restrictions from natural populations, has resulted in extensive teak plantation establishment throughout the tropics and subtropics. Plantations directly depend on the production of healthy seedlings. In order to assist growers in efficiently diagnosing teak seedling nutrient issues, a hydroponic nutrient study was conducted at North Carolina State University. The ability to accurately diagnose nutrient disorders prior to the onset of visual symptoms through the use of near infrared (NIR) technology will allow growers to potentially remedy seedling issues before irreversible damage is done. This research utilized two different near infrared (NIR) spectrometers to develop predictive foliar nutrient models for 13 nutrients and then compared the accuracy of the models between the devices. Destructive leaf sampling and laboratory grade NIR spectroscopy scanning was compared to nondestructive sampling coupled with a handheld NIR device used in a greenhouse. Using traditional wet lab foliar analysis results for calibration, nutrient prediction models for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and zinc (Z) were developed using both NIR devices. Models developed using both techniques were good for N, P, and K (R2 > 0.80), while the B model was adequate only with the destructive sampling procedure. Models for the remaining nutrients were not suitable. Although destructive sampling and desktop scanning procedure generally produced models with higher correlations they required work and time for sample preparation that might reduce the value of this NIR approach. The results suggest that both destructive and nondestructive sampling NIR calibrations can be useful to monitor macro nutrient status of teak plants grown in a nursery environment.}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY}, author={Whittier, William Andrew and Hodge, Gary R. and Lopez, Juan and Saravitz, Carole and Acosta, Juan Jose}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{acosta_castillo_hodge_2020, title={Comparison of benchtop and handheld near-infrared spectroscopy devices to determine forage nutritive value}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20264}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20264}, abstractNote={Abstract The quality of predicted plant‐, soil‐, and animal‐response values from near‐infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra depends on the ability to generate appropriate NIR models. The first step in the development of NIR models is collection of spectral data. Limited work, however, has been reported that compares NIR models for prediction of forage nutritive value when the spectra are obtained from devices with different spectral ranges and resolutions. The objectives of this study were to (a) develop and evaluate NIR spectroscopy models using a benchtop‐type (FOSS) and two handheld NIR devices (microPHAZIR and DLP NIRscan Nano EVM) to predict crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), amylase and sodium sulfite‐treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), and in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTD) of dried ground forage grass samples and (b) compare predictions among the three NIR devices. Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) and bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers] hay samples were scanned with the NIR devices and analyzed with wet chemistry for development of NIR prediction models. Among devices, the r 2 of validation values for aNDF models ranged from .81 to .87; all other r 2 values were >.86 and as high as .98 with standard error of prediction (SEP; g kg −1 ) ranging from 8.1 to 11.5 for CP, 19.1 to 23.8 for aNDF, 14.2 to 20.0 for ADF, and 26.8 to 49.9 for IVTD. The FOSS benchtop NIR prediction models consistently had the highest r 2 and lowest SEP values; however, the predictive power for both handheld devices was similar to the benchtop‐type device.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Acosta, J. J. and Castillo, M. S. and Hodge, G. R.}, year={2020}, pages={3410–3422} }
 @article{mphahlele_isik_mostert-o'neill_reynolds_hodge_myburg_2020, title={Expected benefits of genomic selection for growth and wood quality traits inEucalyptus grandis}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1614-2950"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-020-01443-1}, number={4}, journal={TREE GENETICS & GENOMES}, author={Mphahlele, Makobatjatji M. and Isik, Fikret and Mostert-O'Neill, Marja M. and Reynolds, S. Melissa and Hodge, Gary R. and Myburg, Alexander A.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{nilsson_hodge_frampton_dvorak_bergh_2020, title={Growth and modulus of elasticity of pine species and hybrids three years after planting in South Africa}, volume={82}, ISSN={["2070-2639"]}, DOI={10.2989/20702620.2020.1733769}, abstractNote={Growth data and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 11 different pine species and hybrids were examined at six sites in three regions in South Africa. Growth traits and three MOE variables were measured at three years of age in order to evaluate whether other potential pine species were more suitable than the current commercial species. There were strong observed species differences for all three MOE variables both within and across the four sites measured for wood properties, with across-site MOE ranging from 3.03 to 6.40 GPa. Green density varied among species, and an assumed constant green density of 1 000 kg m–3 underestimated MOE for species with a very high green density; similarly, for species with a very low green density, MOE was overestimated. Although survival was poor at several sites, the data shows that there are alternative pine species that exhibit comparable growth rates to the current commercial species. For estimating MOE, it is concluded that assuming a constant green density generally does not affect the species ranking, but if the aim is to find the ‘true’ MOE, sampling in the field to determine the appropriate green density is needed.}, number={4}, journal={SOUTHERN FORESTS}, author={Nilsson, O. and Hodge, G. R. and Frampton, L. J. and Dvorak, W. S. and Bergh, J.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={367–376} }
 @article{lstiburek_schueler_el-kassaby_hodge_stejskal_korecky_skorpik_konrad_geburek_2020, title={In Situ Genetic Evaluation of European Larch Across Climatic Regions Using Marker-Based Pedigree Reconstruction}, volume={11}, ISBN={1664-8021}, DOI={10.3389/fgene.2020.00028}, abstractNote={Sustainable and efficient forestry in a rapidly changing climate is a daunting task. The sessile nature of trees makes adaptation to climate change challenging; thereby, ecological services and economic potential are under risk. Current long-term and costly gene resources management practices have been primarily directed at a few economically important species and are confined to defined ecological boundaries. Here, we present a novel in situ gene-resource management approach that conserves forest biodiversity and improves productivity and adaptation through utilizing basic forest regeneration installations located across a wide range of environments without reliance on structured tree breeding/conservation methods. We utilized 4,267 25- to 35-year-old European larch trees growing in 21 reforestation installations across four distinct climatic regions in Austria. With the aid of marker-based pedigree reconstruction, we applied multi-trait, multi-site quantitative genetic analyses that enabled the identification of broadly adapted and productive individuals. Height and wood density, proxies to fitness and productivity, yielded in situ heritability estimates of 0.23 ± 0.07 and 0.30 ± 0.07, values similar to those from traditional “structured” pedigrees methods. In addition, individual trees selected with this approach are expected to yield genetic response of 1.1 and 0.7 standard deviations for fitness and productivity attributes, respectively, and be broadly adapted to a range of climatic conditions. Genetic evaluation across broad climatic gradients permitted the delineation of suitable reforestation areas under current and future climates. This simple and resource-efficient management of gene resources is applicable to most tree species.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN GENETICS}, author={Lstiburek, Milan and Schueler, Silvio and El-Kassaby, Yousry A. and Hodge, Gary R. and Stejskal, Jan and Korecky, Jici and Skorpik, Petr and Konrad, Heino and Geburek, Thomas}, year={2020} }
 @article{lstiburek_bittner_hodge_picek_mackay_2018, title={Estimating Realized Heritability in Panmictic Populations}, volume={208}, ISSN={["1943-2631"]}, DOI={10.1534/genetics.117.300508}, abstractNote={Narrow sense heritability (h2) is a key concept in quantitative genetics, as it expresses the proportion of the observed phenotypic variation that is transmissible from parents to offspring. h2 determines the resemblance among relatives, and the rate of response to artificial and natural selection. Classical methods for estimating h2 use random samples of individuals with known relatedness, as well as response to artificial selection, when it is called realized heritability. Here, we present a method for estimating realized h2 based on a simple assessment of a random-mating population with no artificial manipulation of the population structure, and derive SE of the estimates. This method can be applied to arbitrary phenotypic segments of the population (for example, the top-ranking p parents and offspring), rather than random samples. It can thus be applied to nonpedigreed random mating populations, where relatedness is determined from molecular markers in the p selected parents and offspring, thus substantially saving on genotyping costs. Further, we assessed the method by stochastic simulations, and, as expected from the mathematical derivation, it provides unbiased estimates of h2. We compared our approach to the regression and maximum-likelihood approaches utilizing Galton’s dataset on human heights, and all three methods provided identical results.}, number={1}, journal={GENETICS}, author={Lstiburek, Milan and Bittner, Vaclav and Hodge, Gary R. and Picek, Jan and Mackay, Trudy F. C.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={89–95} }
 @article{hodge_acosta_unda_woodbridge_mansfield_2018, title={Global near infrared spectroscopy models to predict wood chemical properties of Eucalyptus}, volume={26}, ISSN={0967-0335 1751-6552}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518770211}, DOI={10.1177/0967033518770211}, abstractNote={Global near infrared spectroscopy models (multiple-species, multiple-sites) were developed to predict chemical properties of Eucalyptus wood. The sample data set included 186 samples from four data sets (five species) originating from six countries: Eucalyptus urophylla from Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, and South Africa; Eucalyptus dunnii from Uruguay; Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens from Chile; and Eucalyptus grandis from Colombia. The 186 samples were all preselected from larger collections of 400 to nearly 1800 samples to represent the range of chemical and spectral variation in each data set. The chemical traits modeled were total lignin, insoluble lignin, soluble lignin, syringyl–guaiacyl ratio (S/G), glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. Single-species models and global multiple-species models were developed for each chemical constituent. For the global model, the R2cv for total lignin, insoluble lignin and syringyl–guaiacyl ratio were 0.95, 0.96, and 0.86, respectively. An alternate expression of the syringyl–guaiacyl relationship (S/(S+G)) resulted in better near infrared calibrations (e.g., for the global model, R2cv = 0.95). The global models for sugar content were also very good, but were slightly inferior to those for the lignin related traits, with R2cv = 0.74 for glucose, 0.89 for xylose, and from 0.72 to 0.91 for the minor sugars. To investigate the utility of the global models to predict chemical traits for species not included in the calibration, three-species calibrations were used to predict each trait in a fourth species data set. The prediction fit statistics ranged from excellent to poor depending on the species and trait, but in general the predictions would be at least moderately useful for most species-trait combinations. For some species-trait combinations with poor initial predictions from the global model, the inclusion of 10 samples from the “new” species into the calibration global model improved the fit statistics substantially. The global calibrations will be useful in tree breeding programs to rank species, families, and clones for important wood chemical traits.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Hodge, Gary R and Acosta, Juan Jose and Unda, Faride and Woodbridge, William C and Mansfield, Shawn D}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={117–132} }
 @article{waal_mitchell_hodge_chirwa_2018, title={The use of field and artificial freezing studies to assess frost tolerance in natural populations of Pinus oocarpa}, volume={80}, ISSN={["2070-2639"]}, DOI={10.2989/20702620.2017.1334176}, abstractNote={The susceptibility of Pinus oocarpa to freezing temperatures limits the commercial deployment of the highly productive Pinus patula × P. oocarpa hybrid in South Africa. Identifying P. oocarpa germplasm with increased frost tolerance is important. Twenty-three P. oocarpa provenances, originating from Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua, were therefore assessed for their tolerance to freezing conditions by analysing field survival after frost events, subjecting needles to freezing temperatures and assessing damage using the electrolyte leakage test, and exposing young plants to freezing temperatures in a semi-controlled environment and scoring tissue damage based on a visual assessment. The performance of many of the provenances represented in the field and artificial freezing studies were similar and there was a strong correlation between provenance ranking in the whole plant freezing and electrolyte leakage test. We therefore support the use of these techniques as a means to assess cold tolerance in P. oocarpa at the provenance level. Provenances from north-western Mexico demonstrated more frost tolerance than those from southern Mexico. Provenances representing Honduras and Guatemala appear to be highly susceptible to frost.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Waal, Lizette and Mitchell, R. Glen and Hodge, Gary R. and Chirwa, Paxie W.}, year={2018}, pages={195–208} }
 @article{lopez_abt_dvorak_hodge_phillips_2018, title={Tree breeding model to assess financial performance of pine hybrids and pure species: deterministic and stochastic approaches for South Africa}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-017-9609-1}, number={1}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Lopez, Juan L. and Abt, Robert C. and Dvorak, William S. and Hodge, Gary R. and Phillips, Richard}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={123–142} }
 @article{lstiburek_el-kassaby_skroppa_hodge_sonstebo_steffenrem_2017, title={Dynamic Gene-Resource Landscape Management of Norway Spruce: Combining Utilization and Conservation}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2017.01810}, abstractNote={Traditional gene-resource management programs for forest trees are long-term endeavors requiring sustained organizational commitment covering extensive landscapes. While successful in maintaining adaptation, genetic diversity and capturing traditional growth attributes gains, these programs are dependent on rigid methods requiring elaborate mating schemes, thus making them slow in coping with climate change challenges. Here, we review the significance of Norway spruce in the boreal region and its current management practices. Next, we discuss opportunities offered by novel technologies and, with the use of computer simulations, we propose and evaluate a dynamic landscape gene-resource management in Norway. Our suggested long-term management approach capitalizes on: (1) existing afforestation activities, natural crosses, and DNA-based pedigree assembly to create structured pedigree for evaluation, thus traditional laborious control crosses are avoided and (2) landscape level genetic evaluation, rather than localized traditional progeny trials, allowing for screening of adapted individuals across multiple environmental gradients under changing climate. These advantages lead to greater genetic response to selection in adaptive traits without the traditional breeding and testing scheme, facilitating conservation of genetic resources within the breeding population of the most important forest tree species in Norway. The use of in situ selection from proven material exposed to realistic conditions over vast territories has not been conducted in forestry before. Our proposed approach is in contrast to worldwide current programs, where genetic evaluation is constrained by the range of environments where testing is conducted, which may be insufficient to capture the broad environmental variation necessary to tackle adaptation under changing climate.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Lstiburek, Milan and El-Kassaby, Yousry A. and Skroppa, Tore and Hodge, Gary R. and Sonstebo, Jorn H. and Steffenrem, Arne}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_2015, title={Provenance variation and within-provenance genetic parameters in Eucalyptus urophylla across 125 test sites in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa and Venezuela}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1614-2950"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-015-0889-3}, number={3}, journal={TREE GENETICS & GENOMES}, author={Hodge, G. R. and Dvorak, W. S.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{lstiburek_hodge_lachout_2015, title={Uncovering genetic information from commercial forest plantations-making up for lost time using "Breeding without Breeding"}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1614-2950"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-015-0881-y}, number={3}, journal={TREE GENETICS & GENOMES}, author={Lstiburek, Milan and Hodge, Gary R. and Lachout, Petr}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_2014, title={Breeding southern US and Mexican pines for increased value in a changing world}, volume={45}, ISSN={0169-4286 1573-5095}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11056-014-9426-8}, DOI={10.1007/S11056-014-9426-8}, number={3}, journal={New Forests}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hodge, Gary R. and Dvorak, William S.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={295–300} }
 @article{nel_hodge_mongwaketsi_kanzler_2014, title={Genetic parameters for Fusarium circinatum tolerance within open-pollinated families of Pinus patula tested at screening facilities in South Africa and the USA}, volume={76}, ISSN={["2070-2639"]}, DOI={10.2989/20702620.2014.916500}, abstractNote={The pine pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum, has caused large-scale mortality of Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe ex Schltdl. & Cham. crops in South African nurseries. This disease is now managed with strict hygiene practices and mortality in commercial nurseries has been drastically reduced. During the last 10 years, however, the disease started to manifest in the field, impacting on post-planting survival. Tree breeders have identified selection and breeding of tolerant material as the likely long-term solution to this disease. This study demonstrates that, under greenhouse conditions with artificial inoculation of young seedlings, there is significant genetic variation in tolerance to F. circinatum among open-pollinated P. patula families. Tolerant families can be identified and can be utilised in breeding programmes and for seed production. The study provided strong evidence that these artificial inoculation experiments are highly repeatable within specific laboratories, with lower but still meaningful repeatability between different laboratories.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Nel, Andre and Hodge, Gary R. and Mongwaketsi, Kgosi E. and Kanzler, Arnulf}, year={2014}, pages={145–150} }
 @article{brawner_hodge_meder_dvorak_2014, title={Visualising the environmental preferences of Pinus tecunumanii populations}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1614-2950"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-014-0747-8}, abstractNote={A network of 92 pedigreed ex situ conservation plantings of Pinus tecunumanii, established as replicated progeny within provenance trials, is used to present a principal components-based analysis that illustrates the climatic preferences of 23 populations from the species’ native range. This meta-analysis quantifies changes in the relative productivity, assessed as individual-tree volume, of populations across climatic gradients and associates the preference of a population with increased volume production along the climatic gradient. Clustering and ordination on the matrix containing estimates of change in productivity for each population summarise differentials in productivity associated with climatic gradients. The preference of populations along principal components therefore reflects the adaptive profiles of populations, which may be used with breeding-value estimates from routine genetic evaluations to assist with the development of deployment populations targeting different environments. As well, the approach may be used to test whether the preference of a population, estimated as population loadings for growth differentials, is affected by the climate in the native range of the population. This relationship may be interpreted as an estimate of how much local climate shapes the adaptive profiles of populations. The amount and seasonality of precipitation most clearly differentiate the adaptive profiles of populations, with less variation in the population responses explained by temperature differentiation. As expected from type-B correlation estimates, most populations exhibited small changes in relative productivity across climatic gradients. However, patterns of similarities in adaptive profiles among populations were evident using spatial orientation to display population responses to the climatic variables experienced in the provenance trials. Clustering and ordination of population responses derived from empirical data served to identify populations that responded positively or negatively to climatic variables; this information may help guide conservation genetics efforts, direct the deployment of germplasm, or identify seed sources that are sensitive to changes in climatic variables. Linking response patterns to the climatic data from the native range of each population indicated little effect of local climate shaping adaptive profiles.}, number={5}, journal={TREE GENETICS & GENOMES}, author={Brawner, J. T. and Hodge, G. R. and Meder, R. and Dvorak, W. S.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={1123–1133} }
 @article{mitchell_wingfield_hodge_dvorak_coutinho_2013, title={Susceptibility of provenances and families of Pinus maximinoi and Pinus tecunumanii to frost in South Africa}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-012-9306-z}, abstractNote={The future of South Africa’s most important pine species, Pinus patula, is threatened by the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. Pinus maximinoi and P. tecunumanii represent two subtropical species that provide an alternative to planting P. patula on the warmer sites of South Africa. Extending the planting range of P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi to include higher and colder altitude sites will reduce the area planted to P. patula and the risk of F. circinatum. During 2007 progeny trials of P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi were planted on a sub-tropical and sub-temperate site. Shortly after the establishment of these trials, unusually cold weather conditions were experienced across South Africa (−3°C at the sub-temperate site) resulting in severe mortality. This provided the opportunity to assess the variation in survival as a measure of frost tolerance within these two species to determine whether it could be improved upon through selection. Results indicated that the variation in survival was under genetic control in P. tecunumanii (h (0,1) 2 = 0.16, h L 2 = 0.27) and P. maximinoi (h (0,1) 2 = 0.11, h L 2 = 0.23) at the sub-temperate site. Correlations in provenance ranking for survival across sites were high for both species. Moderate correlations in family survival for P. tecunumanii (r = 0.52) were found at the two sites. Improvements in cold tolerance can thus be made in both species extending their planting range to include greater areas planted to P. patula thereby limiting the risk of F. circinatum.}, number={1}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Mitchell, R. G. and Wingfield, M. J. and Hodge, G. R. and Dvorak, W. S. and Coutinho, T. A.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={135–146} }
 @article{mitchell_wingfield_hodge_steenkamp_coutinho_2013, title={The tolerance of Pinus patula x Pinus tecunumanii, and other pine hybrids, to Fusarium circinatum in greenhouse trials}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-012-9355-3}, abstractNote={The field survival of Pinus patula seedlings in South Africa is frequently below acceptable standards. From numerous studies it has been determined that this is largely due to the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. Other commercial pines, such as P. elliottii and P. taeda, show good tolerance to this pathogen and better survival, but have inferior wood properties and do not grow as well as P. patula on many sites in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa. There is, thus, an urgent need to improve the tolerance of P. patula to F. circinatum. Operational experience indicates that when P. patula is hybridized with tolerant species, such as P. tecunumanii and P. oocarpa, survival is greatly improved on the warmer sites of South Africa. Field studies on young trees suggest that this is due to the improved tolerance of these hybrids to F. circinatum. In order to test the tolerance of a number of pine hybrids, the pure species representing the hybrid parents, as well as individual families of P. patula × P. tecunumanii, a series of greenhouse screening trials were conducted during 2008 and 2009. The results indicated that species range in tolerance and hybrids, between P. patula and these species, are intermediate in tolerance to F. circinatum. Within P. patula × P. tecunumanii, large family variation exists when pollen from the high elevation source of P. tecunumanii is used. The results of these studies illustrate the importance of developing pine hybrid breeding programs to overcome the susceptibility of our pure species to pathogens such as F. circinatum.}, number={3}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Mitchell, R. G. and Wingfield, M. J. and Hodge, G. R. and Steenkamp, E. T. and Coutinho, T. A.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={443–456} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_tighe_2012, title={Comparisons between laboratory and field results of frost tolerance of pines from the southern USA and Mesoamerica planted as exotics}, volume={74}, ISSN={["2070-2639"]}, DOI={10.2989/20702620.2012.683637}, abstractNote={An artificial freezing study was conducted with 14 pine species and varieties from Mexico and Central America, and the southern and western USA. The pines chosen represented major commercial plantation species in the Southern Hemisphere such as Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, P. taeda (multiple sources), P. patula and P. radiata, as well as promising species such as P. greggii, P. maximinoi and P. tecunumanii. Seedlings were grown in environmentally controlled growth chambers in the North Carolina State University Phytotron, and conditions were designed to mimic actual climatic conditions at Curitiba, Brazil, and Sabie, South Africa, located at approximately 25° S latitude. Early autumn conditions were simulated using shortened photoperiods and lower temperatures to harden the trees before the actual freeze testing. There were two freeze experiments: one containing tropical and subtropical material using four temperature treatments (-3, -7, -10, and -14 °C), and one containing temperate and subtropical material using temperatures -7, -14, -21, and -28 °C. Needle segments were frozen, and damage assessed using the electrolyte leakage technique. Rankings of species, varieties and sources corresponded well with field results and expectations based on climate of the source origins. The rankings of pure species and varieties should be useful to predict frost tolerance of pine hybrids, and the methodology shows promise for future experiments to quantify cold tolerance and genetic variation among hybrid progeny.}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Hodge, G. R. and Dvorak, W. S. and Tighe, M. E.}, year={2012}, pages={7–17} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_2012, title={Growth potential and genetic parameters of four Mesoamerican pines planted in the Southern Hemisphere}, volume={74}, ISSN={["2070-2639"]}, DOI={10.2989/20702620.2012.686192}, abstractNote={Summary results are reported from a total of 319 provenance/progeny tests of Pinus tecunumanii, P. maximinoi, P. patula and P. greggii that were established on sites in Brazil, Colombia and South Africa. Tests were measured for the growth traits height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume at ages 3, 5 and 8 years. At a particular age, correlations among height, DBH and volume were very high (from 0.80 to 0.99) at both the provenance and additive genetic levels, and the three growth traits also had similar heritabilities. Volume at age 3 was highly correlated with age 8 volume (around 0.80), and correlations of age 5 volume with age 8 volume were near 0.95. Low-elevation P. tecunumanii had very high between-country correlations both at the provenance and genetic level (around 0.80 to 1.00). Between-country genetic correlations for most other species were around 0.60. Two of the four species, P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi, grew substantially faster than the commercial controls planted with the progeny tests (i.e. genetically improved P. taeda in Brazil, and improved P. patula in Colombia and South Africa). Pinus greggii var. australis also demonstrated commercial potential on sites in southern Brazil and South Africa. For all species, the best provenance produced 10–20% more volume than the population mean. In all species, additive genetic variation was substantial, and additional genetic gain could be made by family and within-family selection in an intensive tree-breeding effort.}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Hodge, G. R. and Dvorak, W. S.}, year={2012}, pages={27–49} }
 @article{mitchell_wingfield_hodge_steenkamp_coutinho_2012, title={Selection of Pinus spp. in South Africa for tolerance to infection by the pitch canker fungus}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-011-9293-5}, abstractNote={The increasing threats from pests and diseases demand that the South African forest industry explores options to deploy alternative pine species in plantation development. This is especially true for species, such as Pinus patula Schiede and Deppe ex Schltdl. and Cham., which are highly susceptible to the pitch canker fungus Fusarium circinatum. Losses due to F. circinatum have been confined mostly to nurseries and at field establishment resulting in a significant cost to the industry. Although, the fungus has not as yet resulted in stem and branch infections on established P. patula in South Africa, it has caused pitch canker on other, more susceptible species such as P. radiata D. Don., and P. greggii Engelm. ex Parl. As alternatives to P. patula, on the warmer and cooler sites in South Africa, families of P. elliottii Engelm var. elliottii, P. tecunumanii (Schw.) Eguiluz and Perry, P. maximinoi H. E. Moore and P. pseudostrobus Lindl. were screened for tolerance to infection by F. circinatum in greenhouse studies. Seedlings were wounded and inoculated with spores of F. circinatum. Lesion development following inoculation was used to differentiate the levels of tolerance between families. The results showed that P. maximinoi, P. pseudostrobus, and the low elevation variety of P. tecunumanii are highly tolerant to infection with very little family variation. The narrow sense heritability estimates for these species were less than 0.06. In contrast, P. elliottii showed good tolerance with some family variation and a heritability of 0.22, while the high elevation source of P. tecunumanii showed a high degree of family variation and a heritability of 0.59. These results provide the industry with valuable information on pine species tolerant to F. circinatum that could be used as alternatives to P. patula in South Africa.}, number={4}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Mitchell, R. G. and Wingfield, M. J. and Hodge, G. R. and Steenkamp, E. T. and Coutinho, T. A.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={473–489} }
 @article{espinoza_hodge_dvorak_2012, title={The potential use of near infrared spectroscopy to discriminate between different pine species and their hybrids}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1751-6552"]}, DOI={10.1255/jnirs.1006}, abstractNote={ There is growing interest in the use of pine hybrids in commercial forestry plantations in the tropics and sub-tropics. However, the production of pine hybrid seeds can be difficult and is dependent on the presence of an adequate number of male and female strobili, timely application of the pollination bag, good pollination techniques and reasonable weather conditions. After pollination, a wait of two or more years is required for cones to mature and for seeds to be collected. The seeds collected from artificial hybrid crosses in an orchard are assumed to be true hybrids, but might also be the (female) pure species if pollen contamination has occurred prior to or during bagging of the male strobili. Confirming hybridity in pines is often very difficult in the seedling stage when only needle morphological characteristics are used. In this study, we examined ground oven-dried needle samples of 16 pine species from different geographic regions using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to determine if this method is effective in distinguishing between pine species. We also created three “simulated hybrids” by manually mixing needles from three sets of parental pure species. The raw near infrared reflectance spectroscopy data were transformed using standard normal variate and de-trending techniques and a model was developed to distinguish between pure pine species and their “hybrids” using discriminant analysis. A total of 120 paired-species models were developed (one for each potential hybrid of the 16 species). For each of the 120 paired-species models, there were 20 independent observations in a validation data set and the 2400 observations were classified with 94% accuracy. Models were also developed for each of six species-simulated hybrid data sets. A total of 120 independent validation observations were classified as either parental species or simulated hybrid with 90% accuracy. The results indicate that NIR spectroscopy can be used as an effective tool to distinguish between pure pine species and suggest that it will also distinguish hybrids from their parents. Using NIR spectroscopy to verify hybridity in pines might be quicker and less expensive and, in some cases, as accurate as using molecular techniques. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY}, author={Espinoza, Jesus A. and Hodge, Gary R. and Dvorak, William S.}, year={2012}, pages={437–447} }
 @article{hodge_woodbridge_2010, title={Global near infrared models to predict lignin and cellulose content of pine wood}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1751-6552"]}, DOI={10.1255/jnirs.902}, abstractNote={ Global near infrared models to predict lignin and cellulose content of pine wood were developed using 517 samples for lignin and 457 samples for cellulose. Samples came from seven different pine species, including tropical species ( Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa, P. maximinoi, P. patula and P. tecunumanii) and temperate species ( P. radiata and P. taeda) from five different countries (Brazil, Colombia, Chile, South Africa and the USA). The global models were tested on an independent validation data set and had excellent fits for lignin [correlation coefficient ( r2)=0.97 and standard error of prediciton ( SEP) = 0.44] and good fits for cellulose ( r2 = 0.82 and SEP = 1.08). Subsets of the data were used to develop smaller multi-species, multi-site calibrations that could be tested on independent datasets containing different species not included in the calibration model. For calibrations based on four or more species, predictions from those models on independent datasets were generally good, with only slight degradation in r2 and SEP relative to the calibration R2 and SECV. The results suggest that global calibrations could be valuable in tree breeding programmes to rank species and genotypes for lignin and cellulose content. Species-specific models were developed for two species ( P. tecunumanii and P. taeda) which had sufficient numbers of observations; the global calibrations gave predictions as good as the species-specific calibrations. }, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY}, author={Hodge, Gary R. and Woodbridge, William C.}, year={2010}, pages={367–380} }
 @article{schimleck_hodge_woodbridge_2010, title={Toward global calibrations for estimating the wood properties of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate pine species}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0967-0335"]}, DOI={10.1255/jnirs.900}, abstractNote={ Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is increasingly being used to replace traditional methods of wood property assessment and, as a result, multi-site, multi-species (or global) calibrations are of interest to organisations who assess wood properties on a large-scale. In this study, the development of global wood property calibrations for tropical, sub-tropical and temperate pines is explored. In a three-stage process, samples provided by ten forest industry companies and representing 14 pine species (two species had two varieties) and one hybrid, grown on 17 different sites in five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa) were used to develop calibrations for air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA) and stiffness. Initial calibrations, based on samples from individual co-operators, had variable statistics; for example, R2 for density ranged from 0.51 to 0.89. In the second stage, multi co-operator calibrations were obtained from two independent data sets that included samples from sites in each country. For the three properties, calibration statistics compared well to those obtained in stage 1, with stiffness having the best fit statistics ( R2 = 0.917, RPDc=3.3). MFA and stiffness calibrations showed the presence of nonlinearity in the data. The calibrations performed reasonably well when used to predict the wood properties of the alternate set, with density having the weakest predictions. Stage 3 calibrations were based on all available samples and were similar to those developed in stage 2, demonstrating that it is possible to build multi-site, multi-species calibrations for pines. }, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY}, author={Schimleck, Laurence R. and Hodge, Gary R. and Woodbridge, William}, year={2010}, pages={355–365} }
 @article{dvorak_potter_hipkins_hodge_2009, title={Genetic Diversity and Gene Exchange in Pinus oocarpa, a Mesoamerican Pine with Resistance to the Pitch Canker Fungus (Fusarium circinatum)}, volume={170}, ISSN={1058-5893 1537-5315}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597780}, DOI={10.1086/597780}, abstractNote={Eleven highly polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic structure and levels of diversity in 51 natural populations of Pinus oocarpa across its geographic range of 3000 km in Mesoamerica. The study also included 17 populations of Pinus patula and Pinus tecunumanii chosen for their resistance or susceptibility to the pitch canker fungus based on previous research. Seedlings from all 68 populations were screened for pitch canker resistance, and results were correlated to mean genetic diversity and collection site variables. Results indicate that P. oocarpa exhibits average to above‐average levels of genetic diversity (
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$$H_{\mathrm{E}\,}=0.711$$
\end{document} ) relative to other conifers. Most populations were out of Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, and a high degree of inbreeding was found in the species (
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$$F_{\mathrm{IS}\,}=0.150$$
\end{document} ). Bayesian analysis grouped P. oocarpa into four genetic clusters highly correlated to geography and distinct from P. patula and P. tecunumanii. Historic gene flow across P. oocarpa clusters was observed (
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$$N_{\mathrm{m}\,}=1.1{\mbox{--}} 2.7$$
\end{document} ), but the most pronounced values were found between P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii (low‐altitude provenances) in Central America (
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$$N_{\mathrm{m}\,}=9.7$$
\end{document} ). Pinus oocarpa appears to have two main centers of diversity, one in the Eje Transversal Volcánico in central Mexico and the other in Central America. Introgression between P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii populations appears to be common. Pinus oocarpa populations showed high resistance to pitch canker (stemkill 3%–8%), a disease that the species has presumably coevolved with in Mesoamerica. Resistance was significantly correlated to the latitude, longitude, and altitude of the collection site but not to any genetic‐diversity parameters or degree of admixture with P. tecunumanii.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Plant Sciences}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Potter, K. M. and Hipkins, V. D. and Hodge, G. R.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={609–626} }
 @article{dvorak_hodge_payn_2008, title={The conservation and breeding of Eucalyptus urophylla: a case study to better protect important populations and improve productivity}, volume={70}, ISSN={["2070-2639"]}, DOI={10.2989/south.for.2008.70.2.3.531}, abstractNote={Eucalyptus urophylla is one of the most commercially important forest species in the world, primarily as a hybrid parent. However, the conservation status of the majority of the populations where it naturally occurs on seven islands in eastern Indonesia range from critically endangered to vulnerable. We examine the evolutionary forces that might have caused genetic variation within and between E. urophylla populations and link these findings to international provenance trial results and molecular marker studies. We demonstrate that one climatic type does not describe all E. urophylla populations. We suggest that volcanism played an important role in its distribution and levels of genetic diversity on the islands. We report significant provenance variation for survival and growth in trials established in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa and Venezuela. Provenance differences for growth within a country are sometimes >50%. Based on these assessments, we develop an ex situ conservation strategy to protect populations that are most threatened but also show the greatest productivity across countries. We conclude that populations of E. urophylla will only be conserved ex situ if traditional and molecular tree breeders convince private industry of the economic importance to do so.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHERN FORESTS-A JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Hodge, G. R. and Payn, K. G.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={77–85} }
 @article{dvorak_kietzka_hodge_nel_santos_gantz_2007, title={Assessing the potential of Pinus herrerae as a plantation species for the subtropics}, volume={242}, ISSN={["0378-1127"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.076}, abstractNote={Abstract Pinus herrerae Martinez is a little known hard pine that occurs in the western mountain ranges of Mexico between 16° and 28°N latitude and 1800 m and 2400 m altitude. Seed collections were made from 12 of the 14 populations that were identified through explorations and seedlings were established in either species, species/provenance, provenance/progeny trials or arboreta plantings in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa. Productivity of P. herrerae in 13 field trials ranged from 3 to 24 m 3 /ha/year (overbark), assessed at between 8 and 13 years. P. herrerae from temperate areas in Mexico is best adapted to cool dry areas in South Africa where minimum nighttime winter temperatures range −5 °C to 7 °C. Provenances of P. herrerae from subtropical regions in Mexico grew well in areas of similar climate in Brazil, Colombia, and South Africa where frosts seldom occurs. P. herrerae exhibited good stem form in most trials but growth of temperate sources was not comparable to that of P. patula , P. radiata or P. taeda , even when differences due to levels of genetic improvement were considered. The subtropical source of P. herrerae from Oaxaca (Juquila) grew as well as average unimproved sources of P. tecunumanii from Chiapas, Mexico when planted on appropriate sites in trials in Brazil, Colombia, and South Africa. Within provenance heritability ( h 2 ) for height and diameter of P. herrerae ranged from 0.08 to 0.14 in South Africa and from 0.44 to 0.46 in Brazil in two orthogonal trials. Heritability values for forking were 0.10 and 0.06 at each location, respectively. The ecological niche for P. herrerae as an exotic plantation species appears to climatically fall between (and often overlap with) areas that are currently being commercially planted to subtemperate species like P. greggii var. australis and the subtropical species P. tecunumanii .}, number={2-3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Kietzka, Eric and Hodge, G. R. and Nel, A. and Santos, G. A. and Gantz, C.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={598–605} }
 @article{dvorak_hodge_kietzka_2007, title={Genetic variation in survival, growth, and stem form of Pinus leiophylla in Brazil and South Africa and provenance resistance to pitch canker}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1991-9328"]}, DOI={10.2989/SHFJ.2007.69.3.1.351}, abstractNote={Pinus leiophylla is a relatively common pine that occurs in the mountains of western and central Mexico. Between 1987 and 1990, Camcore, North Carolina State University, sampled 11 populations and 309 mother trees of the species to determine patterns of genetic variation in survival, growth and stem form. Fifteen provenance/progeny trials were established in southern Brazil and South Africa across a wide range of sites and assessed at 3, 5 and 8 years of age for height, diameter and stem form. Results indicated that average productivity ranged from 5 to 19m3 ha−1 y−1 depending on the site and that performance was not as competitive as P. patula (South Africa) and P. taeda (Brazil) controls. Provenances from central Mexico (Michoacán) were statistically better in productivity than those from the southern part of the country (Oaxaca), which in turn were superior to those from the northern part of the country (Durango). However, provenances from northern Mexico exhibited superior survival to seed sources from other locations in Mexico when grown on cold sites (winter minimums –10 to 5°C) in South Africa and superior stem form across all locations. Seedlings from the original 11 provenances were screened for resistance to the pitch canker fungus (PCF; Fusarium circinatum). Results indicated that generally P. leiophylla is as susceptible to PCF as P. patula (stemkill = 85%) with the exception of two fast-growing, moderately resistant populations from Michoacán, La Pinalosa (stemkill = 44%) and Ario de Rosales (stemkill = 73%). The future potential of P. leiophylla might be in hybrid combination with P. patula in the seasonally dry areas of southern Africa where fires are common and pitch canker is a problem.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE FORESTRY JOURNAL}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Hodge, G. R. and Kietzka, J. E.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={125–135} }
 @article{seyam_lee_hodge_oxenham_grant_2007, title={Prevention of warp breaks in Jacquard weaving}, volume={8}, ISSN={1229-9197 1875-0052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02908163}, DOI={10.1007/BF02908163}, number={1}, journal={Fibers and Polymers}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Seyam, Abdelfattah M. and Lee, Jin Ho and Hodge, George and Oxenham, William and Grant, Edward}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={79–83} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_2007, title={Variation in pitch canker resistance among provenances of Pinus patula and Pinus tecunumanii from Mexico and Central America}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-006-9023-6}, number={2}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Hodge, G. R. and Dvorak, W. S.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={193–206} }
 @article{tibbits_white_hodge_borralho_2006, title={Genetic variation in frost resistance of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus assessed by artificial freezing in winter}, volume={54}, ISSN={0067-1924}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT02061}, DOI={10.1071/BT02061}, abstractNote={A study of genetic variation in freezing tolerance of Eucalyptus globulus was conducted in winter by subjecting leaf discs from nursery-grown seedlings to artificial freezing at temperatures ranging from –5.5 to –10.0°C. A total of ~6200 seedlings from 477 open-pollinated families from the full natural range were assessed in three separate experiments. Patterns of frost tolerance with race were not clear and consistent in all three experiments, although inland south-eastern Tasmanian and West Coast Tasmanian races were usually the more frost tolerant (T50 = –8.8°C, cf. overall mean of –8.3°C). Poor correlations between experiments also made clear identification of superior localities difficult. Winter-frost tolerance was a trait with considerable variation and also under strong additive genetic control. Estimated heritabilities of the relative electrical conductivity following a set freezing temperature and the calculated trait T50 were in the range of 0.27–0.71, with small standard errors. Predicted breeding values in all experiments indicated that the best families were tolerant of ~1.4°C colder temperatures than average. Seedlings appeared equally capable of rapid dehardening, when average T50 cold hardiness changed from –10.5 to –5.7°C during a 10-day period, or ~3–4°C per week. The issue of more thoroughly assessing the genetic basis of frost tolerance in E. globulus through field-testing is discussed.}, number={6}, journal={Australian Journal of Botany}, publisher={CSIRO Publishing}, author={Tibbits, Wayne N. and White, Timothy L. and Hodge, Gary R. and Borralho, Nuno M. G.}, year={2006}, pages={521} }
 @article{sykes_li_hodge_goldfarb_kadla_chang_2005, title={Prediction of loblolly pine wood properties using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X05-161}, abstractNote={ Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid nondestructive technique that has been used to characterize chemical and physical properties of a wide range of materials. In this study, transmittance NIR spectra from thin wood wafers cut from increment cores were used to develop calibration models for the estimation of α-cellulose content, average fiber length, fiber coarseness, and lignin content in the laboratory. Eleven-year-old trees from two sites were sampled using 12-mm increment cores. Earlywood and latewood of ring 3 and ring 8 from these samples were analyzed in the laboratory using microanalytical methods for α-cellulose content, average fiber length, fiber coarseness, and lignin content. NIR calibrations and laboratory measurements based on one site were generally reliable, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.54 to 0.88 for average fiber length and α-cellulose content, respectively. Predicting ring 8 properties using ring 3 calibration equations showed potential for predicting α-cellulose content and fiber coarseness, with R2 values of approximately 0.60, indicating the potential for early selection. Predicting the wood properties using the calibration equations from one site to predict another showed moderate success for α-cellulose content (R2 = 0.64) and fiber coarseness (R2 = 0.63), but predictions for fiber length were relatively poor (R2 = 0.43). Prediction of lignin content using transmittance NIR spectroscopy was not as reliable in this study, partially because of low variation in lignin content in these wood samples and large errors in measuring lignin content in the laboratory. }, number={10}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Sykes, R and Li, BL and Hodge, G and Goldfarb, B and Kadla, J and Chang, HM}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={2423–2431} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_2004, title={The CAMCORE international provenance/progeny trials of Gmelina arborea: genetic parameters and potential}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:NEFO.0000040942.34566.a7}, number={2-3}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Hodge, GR and Dvorak, WS}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={147–166} }
 @article{hodge_woodbridge_2004, title={Use of near infrared spectroscopy to predict lignin content in tropical and sub-tropical pines}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1751-6552"]}, DOI={10.1255/jnirs.447}, abstractNote={ Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to predict lignin content for trees from five species of tropical and sub-tropical pines ( Pinus caribaea, P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa, P. patula and P. tecunumanii) grown in Brazil and Colombia. Breast height disks were taken from 174 trees and wedges from the disks were sectioned to sample juvenile and mature wood. The sections were ground into woodmeal and NIR reflectance spectra were measured on both unextracted woodmeal and woodmeal with extractives removed. Klason lignin content was measured on the woodmeal samples and partial least squares were used to fit calibration equations to predict lignin content from the reflectance spectra. Good prediction models were obtained regardless of which data set (i.e. combinations of species and regions) was used for the model calibration. A model using reflectance spectra for woodmeal with extractives removed and combining data for all species across both regions had an R2 of 0.90 and standard error of cross-validation of 0.43% lignin for the calibration data set and an R2 = 0.91 and standard error of 0.40% for the validation data set. Calibration equations developed using only Brazilian or Colombian data were tested on the other data set. Predictions were very good, with prediction R2 ranging from 0.83 to 0.90 and standard errors of prediction from 0.43 to 0.54% lignin. }, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY}, author={Hodge, GR and Woodbridge, WC}, year={2004}, pages={381–390} }
 @article{ye_hodge_yong_duggan_2004, title={Vasopeptidase inhibition reverses myocardial vasoactive intestinal peptide depletion and decreases fibrosis in salt sensitive hypertension}, volume={485}, ISSN={0014-2999}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.069}, DOI={10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.069}, abstractNote={We have shown previously that the concentration of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in the heart is inversely correlated with the degree of fibrosis in a number of experimental models of early myocardial fibrosis. Vasopeptidase inhibition and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition both decrease myocardial fibrosis. In this study, we sought to determine whether this myocardial protective effect might reflect increased VIP concentrations in the heart. We compared the effects of 4 weeks treatment of the vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat and the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the degree of fibrosis and the concentration of VIP in the heart in salt sensitive hypertension induced by treatment with L-nitro-omega-methylarginine (L-NAME). Systolic blood pressure decreased in both treatment groups compared with control (omapatrilat P<0.005; enalapril P<0.001). Myocardial fibrosis was less for omapatrilat than control (P<0.0005) and enalapril (P<0.0005) groups. Myocardial VIP was greater in omapatrilat than in controls (P<0.005) and enalapril-treated rats (P<0.05). We conclude that vasopeptidase inhibition exerts a greater myocardial protective effect than angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Further, this myocardial protective effect is associated with increased VIP in the heart suggesting a pathogenetic role for VIP depletion in the development of fibrosis in the heart.}, number={1-3}, journal={European Journal of Pharmacology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ye, Victor Z.C and Hodge, George and Yong, Jim L.C and Duggan, Karen A}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={235–242} }
 @article{dvorak_hodge_billingham_boshier_2003, title={Genetic variation in Bombacopsis quinata [Pachira quinata] and its use / Variacion genetica en Bombacopsis quinata y su uso}, ISBN={0850741513}, journal={Bombacopsis quinata : un a?rbol maderable para reforestar}, publisher={Oxford, U.K. : Oxford Forestry Institute}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Hodge, G. R. and Billingham, M. R. and Boshier, D. H.}, editor={J. Cordero and Boshier, D.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @article{dvorak_hamrick_furman_hodge_jordan_2002, title={Conservation strategies for Pinus maximinoi based on provenance, RAPD and allozyme information}, volume={9}, ISBN={1335-048x}, number={4}, journal={Forest Genetics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Hamrick, J. L. and Furman, B. J. and Hodge, G. R. and Jordan, A. P.}, year={2002}, pages={263} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_uruena_rosales_2002, title={Growth, provenance effects and genetic variation of Bombacopsis quinata in field tests in Venezuela and Colombia}, volume={158}, ISSN={["0378-1127"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00720-9}, abstractNote={Ten provenance/progeny tests of Bombacopsis quinata were established in Venezuela and Colombia using open-pollinated (OP) seed collected from throughout its natural range. In addition, two full-sib progeny tests were established in Colombia with seed from crosses made in a second-generation seed orchard. Average survival of all tests was approximately 80%, with the local source from Colombia (Atlántico) having slightly better survival in Colombia. Average growth rates at age 8 years were 6–7 m height and 12–13 cm DBH. Provenance×country interaction was highly significant between Colombia and Venezuela, although at a within-provenance level, families performed relatively consistently in the two countries (rBg=0.58). There was no important genotype×environment interaction at the provenance or family level between test sites in the same country. There were large provenance effects in both countries. In Colombia, two provenances from Nicaragua (Hacienda San Juan and Los Playones) performed as well as the local source, with 11–16% more volume than average. In Venezuela, provenances originating in areas of 1600–2100 mm of annual rainfall (Choluteca, Honduras, and Guanacaste, Costa Rica) had volumes 26% above average, while the local source performed poorly both in survival and growth. Heritabilities for growth traits are moderate and increase with age up to 0.25–0.30 at age 8 years. Dominance variance is relatively unimportant as it is approximately 14 or less than the size of additive variance. After the appropriate provenances have been identified, additional genetic gains of up to 50% in volume are possible from family and within family selection.}, number={1-3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Hodge, GR and Dvorak, WS and Uruena, H and Rosales, L}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={273–289} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_2001, title={Genetic parameters and provenenance variation of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis in 48 international trials}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-31-3-496}, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={Hodge, GR and Dvorak, WS}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={496–511} }
 @inproceedings{karpe_hodge_cahill_oxenham_2000, title={Can information engineering enhance information quality for effective decision-making in textiles?}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Information Quality}, publisher={Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, author={Karpe, Y. and Hodge, G. and Cahill, N. and Oxenham, W.}, editor={Klein, B. D. and Rossin, D. F.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_2000, title={Differential responses of Central American and Mexican pine species and Pinus radiata to infection by the pitch canker fungus}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1006613021996}, number={3}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Hodge, GR and Dvorak, WS}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={241–258} }
 @inbook{dvorak_gutierrez_hodge_romero_stock_rivas_2000, title={Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis}, ISBN={0620264608}, booktitle={Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative}, publisher={Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Gutierrez, E. A. and Hodge, G. R. and Romero, J. L. and Stock, J. and Rivas, O.}, year={2000}, pages={12} }
 @inbook{dvorak_kietzka_donahue_hodge_stanger_2000, title={Pinus greggii}, ISBN={0620264608}, booktitle={Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative}, publisher={Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Kietzka, J. E. and Donahue, J. K. and Hodge, G. R. and Stanger, T. K.}, year={2000}, pages={52} }
 @inbook{dvorak_jordan_rosa_hodge_2000, title={Pinus jaliscana}, ISBN={0620264608}, booktitle={Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative}, publisher={Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Jordan, A. P. and Rosa, J. and Hodge, G. R.}, year={2000}, pages={86} }
 @inbook{dvorak_gutierrez_gapare_hodge_osorio_bester_kikuti_2000, title={Pinus maximinoi}, ISBN={0620264608}, booktitle={Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative}, publisher={Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Gutierrez, E. A. and Gapare, W. J. and Hodge, G. R. and Osorio, L. F. and Bester, C. and Kikuti, P.}, year={2000}, pages={106} }
 @inbook{dvorak_gutierrez_osorio_hodge_brawner_2000, title={Pinus oocarpa}, ISBN={0620264608}, booktitle={Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative}, publisher={Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Gutierrez, E. A. and Osorio, L. F. and Hodge, G. R. and Brawner, J. T.}, year={2000}, pages={128} }
 @inbook{dvorak_hodge_kietzka_malan_osorio_stanger_2000, title={Pinus patula}, ISBN={0620264608}, booktitle={Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative}, publisher={Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Hodge, G. R. and Kietzka, J. E. and Malan, F. and Osorio, L. F. and Stanger, T. K.}, year={2000}, pages={148} }
 @inbook{dvorak_hodge_gutierrez_osorio_malan_stanger_2000, title={Pinus tecunumanii}, ISBN={0620264608}, booktitle={Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative}, publisher={Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Hodge, G. R. and Gutierrez, E. A. and Osorio, L. F. and Malan, F. S. and Stanger, T. K.}, year={2000}, pages={188} }
 @inbook{dvorak_jordan_hodge_romero_woodbridge_2000, title={The evolutionary history of the Mesoamerican Oocarpae}, ISBN={0620264608}, booktitle={Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative}, publisher={Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics}, author={Dvorak, W. S. and Jordan, A. P. and Hodge, G. R. and Romero, J. L. and Woodbridge, W. C.}, year={2000}, pages={1} }
 @article{hodge_dvorak_1999, title={Genetic parameters and provenance variation of Pinus tecunumanii in 78 international trials}, volume={6}, number={3}, journal={Forest Genetics}, author={Hodge, G. R. and Dvorak, W. S.}, year={1999}, pages={157} }
 @article{moura_dvorak_hodge_1998, title={Provenance and family variation of Pinus oocarpa grown in the Brazilian cerrado}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00265-5}, abstractNote={A Pinus oocarpa trial with six provenances and 46 open-pollinated families was planted on a deep Oxisol in 1983, at the EMBRAPA research station near Planaltina in the cerrado region of Brazil. This trial was part of the CAMCORE, North Carolina State University, international testing program. The provenances included in the test were: Camotan; San Luiz Jilotpeque; El Castaño; La Lagunilla (Guatemala) and San Marcos and Tablazon (Honduras). The trial was assessed at 13 years of age for a number of productivity and quality traits. El Castaño had better volume, and lower incidence of forks and multistems than the other provenances. Individual tree heritability for volume, stem form and branch diameter at 13 years of age was 0.29, 0.10, and 0.13, respectively. Selecting the best 25 trees in the best families would result in an estimated genetic gain of more than 30% in the next generation. Comparison of results from this test with other CAMCORE P. oocarpa trials in Colombia and Venezuela suggest that both provenance×site and family×site interactions can be of biological importance.}, number={1-3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Moura, VPG and Dvorak, WS and Hodge, GR}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={315–322} }
 @article{parker_white_hodge_powell_1998, title={The effects of scion maturation on growth and reproduction of grafted slash pine}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1006541803129}, number={3}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Parker, SR and White, TL and Hodge, GR and Powell, GL}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={243–259} }
 @article{hodge_masters_cameron_lowe_weir_1997, title={Seed orchard pest management: the case for Forest Service R & D}, volume={95}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Hodge, G. R. and Masters, C. J. and Cameron, R. S. and Lowe, W. J. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1997}, pages={29–32} }
 @article{hodge_1987, title={Cold hardiness in loblolly pine: Artificial screening and physiological mechanisms}, volume={47}, number={10}, journal={Dissertation Abstracts International. B, Sciences and Engineering}, author={Hodge, G. R.}, year={1987} }