@inbook{schmitz_2024, title={The Giving Pledge}, booktitle={International Encyclopedia of Civil Society}, publisher={Toepler, Springer}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, editor={Anheier, H.K. and Toepler, S.Editors}, year={2024} }
 @article{mitchell_schmitz_nerothin_pontes_walsh_2024, title={Who Governs Transnational NGOs? A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Board Composition}, journal={Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs}, author={Mitchell, George E. and Schmitz, H.P. and Nerothin, P. and Pontes, M. and Walsh, C.}, year={2024} }
 @inproceedings{mitchell_schmitz_nerothin_pontes_walsh_2023, title={Board Diversity of International NGOs}, booktitle={Academy of Management Conference}, author={Mitchell, G.E. and Schmitz, H.P. and Nerothin, P. and Pontes, M. and Walsh, C.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2023, place={Dubuque, IA}, title={Collaborative Advocacy: Fostering Transformative Outcomes, Hope is not a Strategy}, booktitle={Leadership and Positioning in Health and Human Services}, publisher={Kendall Hunt}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, editor={Corbett, LynEditor}, year={2023}, pages={157–166} }
 @misc{schmitz_2023, title={Philanthropy and Heroism}, ISBN={9783031171253 9783031171253}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17125-3_367-1}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-031-17125-3_367-1}, journal={Encyclopedia of Heroism Studies}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2023}, pages={1–6} }
 @inproceedings{bukalova_schmitz_2023, title={Self-Awareness and Self-Study. Informal Leadership Development in the Public Sector}, booktitle={International Leadership Association Conference}, author={Bukalova, N. and Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{schmitz_2023, title={Vigilantes beyond Borders: NGOs as Enforcers of International Law, Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni and J. C. Sharman (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2022), 248 pp., cloth $99.95, paperback $29.95, eBook $29.95.}, volume={37}, ISSN={0892-6794 1747-7093}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679423000217}, DOI={10.1017/s0892679423000217}, abstractNote={Vigilantes beyond Borders: NGOs as Enforcers of International Law, Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni and J. C. Sharman (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2022), 248 pp., cloth $29.95. - Volume 37 Issue 2}, number={2}, journal={Ethics & International Affairs}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2023}, pages={244–246} }
 @book{pontes_schmitz_2022, place={San Diego, CA}, title={Coronado Floral Association. Bringing together California’s Coronado Community}, institution={Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies}, author={Pontes, M. and Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2022} }
 @article{berger_holzscheiter_jetschke_schmitz_esguerra_2022, title={Forum: New Perspectives on Transnational Non-State Actors—A Forum Honoring the Work of Thomas Risse}, volume={24}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viac039}, DOI={10.1093/isr/viac039}, abstractNote={Abstract This forum seeks to honor the contributions of a scholar who has greatly influenced international relations (IR) scholarship on transnational relations and constructivist research: Thomas Risse. Best known for his pathbreaking studies on the importance of transnational actors, the power of international norms and ideas in international relations, and the influence of domestic structures on international interactions, his work has significantly contributed to several interrelated research agendas within IR. The forum takes a fresh look at some of his contributions, focusing on assumptions about the nature of non-state actors, the content of human rights, and the evolution of knowledge that underpin his work. Interrogating especially some of the liberal assumptions that have informed these lines of research, we ask: are we still dealing with the same kinds of non-state actors that Thomas Risse and early constructivist research have analyzed? How has the nature of these actors changed, and how has this affected the processes and mechanisms by which they shape transnational politics? To what extent do these changes require different research methodologies? And, finally, which directions for future research on non-state actors, human rights, and constructivism emerge from these discussions?}, number={3}, journal={International Studies Review}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Berger, Tobias and Holzscheiter, Anna and Jetschke, Anja and Schmitz, Hans Peter and Esguerra, Alejandro}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{schmitz_2022, title={The Routledge Companion to Nonprofit Management}, volume={8}, ISSN={2381-3717}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.20899/jpna.8.1.157-159}, DOI={10.20899/jpna.8.1.157-159}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs}, publisher={Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={157–159} }
 @article{schmitz_mitchell_2022, title={Understanding the Limits of Transnational NGO Power: Forms, Norms, and the Architecture}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viac042}, DOI={10.1093/isr/viac042}, abstractNote={Abstract A growing chorus of critics have called upon transnational nongovernmental organizations (TNGOs) from the Global North to “decolonize” their practices, to “shift the power” to the Global South, and to put an end to “white saviorism” by initiating a variety of significant organizational changes. Despite these repeated calls, the TNGO sector still struggles to reform. Explanations for TNGOs’ ongoing struggles from within the field of international relations have generally centered on TNGOs themselves and the ironies and paradoxes of organizational growth and financial success. This article introduces a different argument that TNGOs’ struggles to adapt in response to their critics are the result of TNGOs’ “nonprofitness.” By virtue of being nonprofit, TNGOs are embedded in an architecture consisting of forms and norms that inherently limit the extent to which they are able to change. Using the construct of the architecture, this article provides a novel account for the challenges that TNGOs confront as they attempt to close the gap between the rhetoric and reality of inclusive and transformational socioeconomic, political, or environmental change.}, journal={International Studies Review}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Mitchell, George E}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{schmitz_2022, title={What Is the Future of Transnational Advocacy in the Digital Era? A Review of Transnational Advocacy in the Digital Era: Think Global, Act Local, by Nina Hall (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021)}, url={https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2022.38305}, DOI={10.1525/gp.2022.38305}, abstractNote={How does transnational advocacy change in the digital era? In Transnational Advocacy in the Digital Era: Thinking Global, Acting Local, Nina Hall argues that a new type of digitial advocacy groups has shifted its focus away from an international campaign focus to domestic politics and have abandoned the staff-driven and single issue model for a membership-focused approach to campaign topic selection and strategizing. The book is based on an ethnographic study of the Online Progressive Engagement Network (OPEN) and additional analysis of similar digitally native groups. It charts their emergence and evolution, critically evaluates their strategic portfolio, and explores their contributions to domestic policy changes on climate, refugees, indigenous rights, and global trade. The book reminds scholars of transnational advocacy that new forms of activism regularly challenge the dominance of traditional groups established well before the internet age.}, journal={Global Perspectives}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{schmitz_2022, title={What’s the Giving Pledge? A philanthropy scholar explains}, url={https://www.philanthropy.com/article/whats-the-giving-pledge-a-philanthropy-scholar-explains}, journal={The Chronicle of Philanthropy/The Conversation (US)}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{schmitz_mccollim_2021, title={Billionaires in Global Philanthropy: a Decade of the Giving Pledge}, volume={5}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12115-021-00580-0}, DOI={10.1007/s12115-021-00580-0}, abstractNote={Billionaire philanthropists claim to play a key role in advancing well-being and public goods across the world. One of the most prominent recent expressions of these efforts is the Giving Pledge, created in 2010 by Bill and Melinda Gates in collaboration with Warren Buffett. After a decade of its existence, this analysis of the Giving Pledge population and its commitment letters shows an overall dominance of white, male, and US-based billionaires among the signatories. Tech billionaires are a wealthier and younger subgroup of pledgers than their counterparts in other industries. The pledge letters reveal an emphasis on education and health as dominant philanthropic causes. Among explanations for giving, the four most frequent reasons mentioned are a desire to make a difference, a wish to give back, a sense of personal fulfillment resulting from giving, and references to being socialized into philanthropic giving early in life. While the Giving Pledge is the most prominent global effort to increase philanthropic giving among the wealthy, the voluntary nature and relatively modest commitment goal make it difficult to assess its significance and impact.}, journal={Society}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and McCollim, Elena M.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{schmitz_2021, title={Civil Society, 4th ed.}, volume={11}, ISSN={2374-7838 2157-0604}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jnel-2021-10909}, DOI={10.18666/jnel-2021-10909}, abstractNote={n/a}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Nonprofit Education and Leadership}, publisher={Sagamore Publishing, LLC}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{schmitz_mitchell_mccollim_2021, title={How Billionaires Explain Their Philanthropy: A Mixed-Method Analysis of the Giving Pledge Letters}, volume={32}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-021-00338-6}, DOI={10.1007/s11266-021-00338-6}, abstractNote={Abstract This study investigates a discourse about billionaire philanthropy established in letters submitted by 187 of 209 signatories of the Giving Pledge. The philanthropy of the wealthy is gaining increasing public attention and is subject to growing criticism, which demands additional study of how the wealthy collectively explain their generosity. The mixed-method analysis finds a strong emphasis on education and health causes and identifies two distinct and coherent rationales for being generous. The majority of letters express a social–normative rationale, consisting of two prevailing explanations: an expressed gratitude and desire to “give back” (1) and references to family upbringing as a socializing force (2). A minority of letters articulate a personal–consequentialist rationale, highlighting three separate explanations: a large inheritance may harm offspring (1), giving as personal gratification (2), and an acknowledgment of excess wealth with no better use (3). An expressed desire to have impact and make a difference appears in both rationales. The overall dominance of a social–normative rationale projects a discourse emphasizing benevolence as well as a narrative in which billionaires are an exceptionally productive and grateful subset of society. While previous studies have primarily focused on identifying individual psychological motives, this study shows how the Giving Pledge letters reflect a philanthropic discourse among the wealthy going back to Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth .}, number={2}, journal={VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Mitchell, George E. and McCollim, Elena M.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={512–523} }
 @article{schmitz_mitchell_mccollim_2021, title={MacKenzie Scott, The Giving Pledge, And Rival Discourses of Billionaire Philanthropy}, url={https://histphil.org/2021/07/22/mackenzie-scott-the-giving-pledge-and-rival-discourses-of-billionaire-philanthropy/}, journal={HistPhil}, publisher={HistPhil}, author={Schmitz, H.P. and Mitchell, G.E. and McCollim, E.M.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @book{mitchell_schmitz_2021, place={Berlin, Germany}, title={To Remain Relevant, CSOs Need to Fix the Architecture}, url={https://icscentre.org/2021/02/19/to-remain-relevant-csos-need-to-fix-the-architecture/}, institution={International Civil Society Centre}, author={Mitchell, G.E. and Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{mitchell_schmitz_2023, title={Using Model-Based Clustering to Improve Qualitative Inquiry: Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis, Latent Class Analysis, and Interpretive Transparency}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-021-00409-8}, DOI={10.1007/s11266-021-00409-8}, journal={VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, author={Mitchell, George E. and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{schmitz_2020, title={A Window into the Hearts and Minds of Billionaire Donors}, url={https://wordandway.org/2020/06/05/a-window-into-the-hearts-and-minds-of-billionaire-donors/}, journal={The Conversation (US).}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{schmitz_2020, title={A review of motives from Giving Pledge signatories}, url={https://philanthropydaily.com/motives-giving-pledge-signatories/}, journal={Philanthropy Daily.}, publisher={Philanthropy Daily}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @book{mitchell_schmitz_vijfeijken_2020, title={Between Power and Irrelevance. The Future of Transnational NGOs}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084714.001.0001}, DOI={10.1093/oso/9780190084714.001.0001}, abstractNote={Geopolitical shifts, increasing demands for accountability, and growing competition have been driving the need for change within the transnational nongovernmental organization (TNGO) sector. Additionally, TNGOs have been embracing more transformative strategies aimed at the root causes, not just the symptoms, of societal problems. As the world has changed and TNGOs’ ambitions have expanded, the roles of TNGOs have begun to shift and their work has become more complex. To remain effective, legitimate, and relevant in the future necessitates organizational changes and investments in new capabilities. However, many organizations have been slow to adapt. As a result, for many TNGOs’ the rhetoric of sustainable impact and transformative change has far outpaced the reality of their limited abilities to deliver on their promises. This book frankly explores why this gap between rhetoric and reality exists and what TNGOs can do individually and collectively to close it. In short, TNGOs need to change the fundamental conditions under which they themselves operate by bringing their own “forms and norms” into better alignment with their contemporary ambitions and strategies. This book offers accessible future-oriented analyses and lessons-learned to assist readers in formulating and implementing organizational changes to adapt TNGOs for the future. The book draws upon a variety of disciplines and perspectives, including hundreds of interviews with TNGO leaders, firsthand involvement in major organizational change processes in leading TNGOs, and numerous workshops, training institutes, consultancies, and research projects.}, journal={Oxford University Press}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Mitchell, George E. and Schmitz, Hans Peter and Vijfeijken, Tosca Bruno-van}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{tallack_bruno-van vijfeijken_mitchell_schmitz_2020, place={Washington, DC}, title={COVID-19 and the Urgency of Long-term Strategy}, journal={InterAction}, author={Tallack, B. and Bruno-van Vijfeijken, T. and Mitchell, G.E. and Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{schmitz_dedmon_bruno-van vijfeijken_mahoney_2020, title={Democratizing advocacy?: How digital tools shape international non-governmental activism}, volume={17}, ISSN={1933-1681 1933-169X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2019.1710643}, DOI={10.1080/19331681.2019.1710643}, abstractNote={Legacy advocacy organizations face growing competition from digitally native organizations. Interviews with leaders and staff of both types of organizations reveal that legacy NGOs with professionalized and staff-led advocacy strategies are less comfortable than digital natives to cede substantial control over campaigns to their supporters. At the same time, legacy NGOs and digital natives acknowledge similar challenges with regard to enhancing the civic agency of their supporters. Digital natives are more open to online feedback and supporter-led actions, while both types of organizations report similar challenges in utilizing digital tools for sustained and long-term organizing.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Information Technology & Politics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Dedmon, J. Michael and Bruno-van Vijfeijken, Tosca and Mahoney, Jaclyn}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={174–191} }
 @article{schmitz_2020, title={International NGOs: Legitimacy, Mandates and Strategic Innovation}, url={https://www.e-ir.info/2020/08/26/international-ngos-legitimacy-mandates-and-strategic-innovation/}, journal={E-International Relations}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{schmitz_mccollim_2019, title={A Golden Age of Philanthropy? The Giving Pledge’s Commitment Letters}, booktitle={Symposium Philanthropy & Social Impact}, author={Schmitz, H.P. and McCollim, E.}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{hall_schmitz_dedmon_2019, title={Fridays for Future: How Young Climate Strikers Are Teaching NGOs a Lesson}, url={https://www.saisperspectives.com/2020-issue/2019/11/8/fridays-for-future-how-young-climate-strikers-are-teaching-ngos-a-lesson}, journal={SAIS Perspectives}, publisher={Johns Hopkins University}, author={Hall, N. and Schmitz, H.P. and Dedmon, J.M.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{schmitz_2019, title={Impaired Vision?: Constructing Global Protections against Bodily Harm}, booktitle={International Studies Association}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @inbook{international ngo legitimacy. challenges and responses_2019, booktitle={Routledge Handbook of International NGOs and International Relations}, year={2019} }
 @inproceedings{lam_schmitz_labigne_2019, title={Nonprofit Collaboration in the German context}, booktitle={Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action}, author={Lam, M. and Schmitz, H.P. and Labigne, A.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bloodgood_bruno-van vijfeijken_hall_mitchell_pallas_schmitz_2019, title={The Future of Transnational NGO Advocacy}, journal={Stanford Social Innovation Review}, author={Bloodgood, E. and Bruno-van Vijfeijken, T. and Hall, N. and Mitchell, G.E. and Pallas, C. and Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{schmitz_mccollim_mitchell_2019, title={The Motives of Billionaire Philanthropy}, booktitle={Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action}, author={Schmitz, H.P. and McCollim, E. and Mitchell, G.E.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{hall_schmitz_dedmon_2020, title={Transnational Advocacy and NGOs in the Digital Era: New Forms of Networked Power}, volume={64}, ISSN={0020-8833 1468-2478}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz052}, DOI={10.1093/isq/sqz052}, abstractNote={Abstract International relations (IR) scholars have recognized the importance of technology in enabling nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to build transnational networks and enhance their influence. However, IR scholars have typically focused on elite networks across NGOs, states, and international organizations. This article considers how digital technologies generate new types of networked power between NGOs and their members. Digital tools allow for fast feedback from supporters, rapid surges in mobilization, and more decentralized campaigns. Importantly, in the digital era, NGOs must decide not only which digital platforms to use, but also whether to devolve decision-making to their supporters. Two questions arise: First, do NGO staff or supporters primarily define and produce advocacy content? Second, is the goal of digital activism to broaden or intensify participation? Answers to these questions generate four digital strategies: proselytizing, testing, conversing, and facilitating. These strategies change advocacy practices, but only facilitating strategies open up new forms of networked power based on supporter-to-supporter connections. Digital strategies have profound ramifications for individual organizations, the nature of the advocacy sector, and its power in relation to states, corporations, and other nonstate actors. Digital adoption patterns shape how NGOs choose campaigns, how they legitimate their claims, and what strategies they rely on.}, number={1}, journal={International Studies Quarterly}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hall, Nina and Schmitz, Hans Peter and Dedmon, J Michael}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={159–167} }
 @article{boyer_kolpakov_schmitz_2018, title={Do Executives Approach Leadership Differently When They Are Involved in Collaborative Partnerships? A Perspective from International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs)}, volume={42}, ISSN={1530-9576 1557-9271}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2018.1480392}, DOI={10.1080/15309576.2018.1480392}, abstractNote={Leaders of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) navigate daily between the internal politics of their own organization and the external environment. Frequently, these leaders have to make decisions with regard to starting or managing a partnership or collaboration. Although there is extensive literature on collaboration, rarely have the leaders' own perceptions been the focus of analysis. This article draws on transcripts from 137 in-depth, in-person interviews with senior executives of U.S.-based INGOs. The research questions are: What leadership skills and behaviors are perceived to be important among executives of INGOs? and Do leaders view these skills and behaviors differently based on whether or not they are involved in collaborative partnerships? The results show that consensus-driven and visionary leadership are dominant across all leaders, no matter their level of involvement in collaborative partnerships. However, we find differences with regard to other leadership areas. Leaders involved in partnerships are more likely to emphasize motivational leadership and relationship management. Leaders who do not work in partnerships place more emphasis on task-oriented aspects of leadership: decisiveness, cost-effectiveness, and marketing & outreach. These results provide new insights into the possible causes of differences in leadership styles and have implications for both nonprofit and public management.}, number={1}, journal={Public Performance & Management Review}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Boyer, Eric J. and Kolpakov, Aleksey and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={213–240} }
 @misc{schmitz_2018, title={International Criminal Accountability and Transnational Advocacy Networks (TAns)}, ISBN={9780198777854}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.47}, DOI={10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.47}, abstractNote={Transnational advocacy networks (TANs) focused on human rights advocacy have played a significant role in making prosecutions of former government officials for major crimes a norm in international politics. Tthe idea initially emerged in the twentieth century following both World Wars. A more sustained movement toward international criminal responsibility spread from the post-authoritarian context of Latin American transitions of the 1980s. While proponents of such trials have argued that they deter future atrocities and are less costly than humanitarian interventions, many of the claims about the trials’ impact require more research. Considering research across a wide-range of transnational issues, the key lessons for TANs include moving beyond “naming and shaming” approaches, giving local populations more control over trials and other post-violence measures, and accepting that prosecutions rarely address root causes of widespread violence and should be part of a broader mix of measures designed to represent a true break with the past.}, journal={The Oxford Handbook of International Security}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, editor={Gheciu, Alexandra and Wohlforth, William C.Editors}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={696–710} }
 @article{mitchell_schmitz_2018, title={The Nexus of Public and Nonprofit Management}, volume={42}, ISSN={1530-9576 1557-9271}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2018.1489293}, DOI={10.1080/15309576.2018.1489293}, abstractNote={The fields of public administration and nonprofit management have experienced convergence over the past decades, particularly as academic programs, conferences, and journals in public administration have increasingly embraced nonprofit management. Given the significance of this development, the lack of a formal theoretical basis for convergence is surprising and potentially problematic. This article attempts to formalize such a basis by expositing the shared constitutive features of public and nonprofit management. These features include social goods provision, outcome ambiguity, delegation, and surplus nondistribution. Analysis of these features—and consideration of alternative explanations—demonstrates that a consolidated field of "public and nonprofit management" may be warranted by definite theoretical principles. The existence of this theoretical basis may provide stakeholders with opportunities to approach and manage the process of convergence more strategically.}, number={1}, journal={Public Performance & Management Review}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Mitchell, George E. and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={11–33} }
 @article{schmitz_2017, place={San Diego, CA}, title={Digital Media and Peace, The Next Decade}, volume={2017-18}, journal={Kroc Peace Magazine}, publisher={Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2017}, pages={44–45} }
 @article{gneiting_schmitz_2016, title={Comparing global alcohol and tobacco control efforts: network formation and evolution in international health governance: Table 1}, volume={31}, ISSN={0268-1080 1460-2237}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czv125}, DOI={10.1093/heapol/czv125}, abstractNote={Smoking and drinking constitute two risk factors contributing to the rising burden of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Both issues have gained increased international attention, but tobacco control has made more sustained progress in terms of international and domestic policy commitments, resources dedicated to reducing harm, and reduction of tobacco use in many high-income countries. The research presented here offers insights into why risk factors with comparable levels of harm experience different trajectories of global attention. The analysis focuses particular attention on the role of dedicated global health networks composed of individuals and organizations producing research and engaging in advocacy on a given health problem. Variation in issue characteristics and the policy environment shape the opportunities and challenges of global health networks focused on reducing the burden of disease. What sets the tobacco case apart was the ability of tobacco control advocates to create and maintain a consensus on policy solutions, expand their reach in low- and middle-income countries and combine evidence-based research with advocacy reaching beyond the public health-centered focus of the core network. In contrast, a similar network in the alcohol case struggled with expanding its reach and has yet to overcome divisions based on competing problem definitions and solutions to alcohol harm. The tobacco control network evolved from a group of dedicated individuals to a global coalition of membership-based organizations, whereas the alcohol control network remains at the stage of a collection of dedicated and like-minded individuals.}, number={suppl 1}, journal={Health Policy and Planning}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gneiting, Uwe and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={i98–i109} }
 @book{deitrick_schuman_lam_schmitz_durnford_tinkler_hunt_trull_ahearne_davari_2016, place={San Diego, CA}, title={State of Nonprofits and Philanthropy in San Diego}, institution={Caster Family Center}, author={Deitrick, L. and Schuman, M.J. and Lam, M. and Schmitz, H.P. and Durnford, J. and Tinkler, T. and Hunt, K. and Trull, C. and Ahearne, M. and Davari, A.}, year={2016} }
 @misc{schmitz_2016, title={The Taming of Democracy Assistance. Why Democracy Promotion Does not Confront Dictators, by S.S. Bush, Cambridge UP, 2015}, volume={VIII}, number={18}, journal={H-Diplo | ISSF Roundtable}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2016} }
 @article{shiffman_peter schmitz_berlan_smith_quissell_gneiting_pelletier_2016, title={The emergence and effectiveness of global health networks: findings and future research}, volume={31}, ISSN={0268-1080 1460-2237}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw012}, DOI={10.1093/heapol/czw012}, abstractNote={Global health issues vary in the amount of attention and resources they receive. One reason is that the networks of individuals and organizations that address these issues differ in their effectiveness. This article presents key findings from a research project on the emergence and effectiveness of global health networks addressing tobacco use, alcohol harm, maternal mortality, neonatal mortality, tuberculosis and pneumonia. Although networks are only one of many factors influencing priority, they do matter, particularly for shaping the way the problem and solutions are understood, and convincing governments, international organizations and other global actors to address the issue. Their national-level effects vary by issue and are more difficult to ascertain. Networks are most likely to produce effects when (1) their members construct a compelling framing of the issue, one that includes a shared understanding of the problem, a consensus on solutions and convincing reasons to act and (2) they build a political coalition that includes individuals and organizations beyond their traditional base in the health sector, a task that demands engagement in the politics of the issue, not just its technical aspects. Maintaining a focused frame and sustaining a broad coalition are often in tension: effective networks find ways to balance the two challenges. The emergence and effectiveness of a network are shaped both by its members' decisions and by contextual factors, including historical influences (e.g. prior failed attempts to address the problem), features of the policy environment (e.g. global development goals) and characteristics of the issue the network addresses (e.g. its mortality burden). Their proliferation raises the issue of their legitimacy. Reasons to consider them legitimate include their members' expertise and the attention they bring to neglected issues. Reasons to question their legitimacy include their largely elite composition and the fragmentation they bring to global health governance.}, number={suppl 1}, journal={Health Policy and Planning}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shiffman, Jeremy and Peter Schmitz, Hans and Berlan, David and Smith, Stephanie L and Quissell, Kathryn and Gneiting, Uwe and Pelletier, David}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={i110–i123} }
 @inbook{davies_schmitz_appe_barragan-teran_owinga_raggo_lei_2016, title={Transnational Associations and INGOs: Macro-Associations}, ISBN={9781137263162 9781137263179}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9_34}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9_34}, abstractNote={Taking international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) as the key focus, this chapter outlines the history and nature of transnational voluntary associations before proceeding to evaluate the recent transformation of their organizational forms and their shifting geographical distribution. We argue that the traditional, hierarchical model of a Western-headquartered INGO is being increasingly challenged by new, decentralized organizational forms based in multiple world regions. The chapter then considers transnational associations' practices, exploring their advocacy and service roles and mechanisms for evaluating their effectiveness. The proposition that transnational associations have contributed toward developing global civil society and enhancing global democracy is then considered, before proceeding to an evaluation of their legitimacy and accountability, which have become increasingly central to the research agenda. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research.}, booktitle={The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan UK}, author={Davies, Thomas R. and Schmitz, Hans P. and Appe, Susan and Barragan-Teran, Daniel and Owinga, Bonfas and Raggo, Paloma G. and Lei, XIE}, year={2016}, pages={874–893} }
 @article{shiffman_quissell_schmitz_pelletier_smith_berlan_gneiting_van slyke_mergel_rodriguez_et al._2015, title={A framework on the emergence and effectiveness of global health networks}, volume={31}, ISSN={0268-1080 1460-2237}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu046}, DOI={10.1093/heapol/czu046}, abstractNote={Since 1990 mortality and morbidity decline has been more extensive for some conditions prevalent in low- and middle-income countries than for others. One reason may be differences in the effectiveness of global health networks, which have proliferated in recent years. Some may be more capable than others in attracting attention to a condition, in generating funding, in developing interventions and in convincing national governments to adopt policies. This article introduces a supplement on the emergence and effectiveness of global health networks. The supplement examines networks concerned with six global health problems: tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, tobacco use, alcohol harm, maternal mortality and newborn deaths. This article presents a conceptual framework delineating factors that may shape why networks crystallize more easily surrounding some issues than others, and once formed, why some are better able than others to shape policy and public health outcomes. All supplement papers draw on this framework. The framework consists of 10 factors in three categories: (1) features of the networks and actors that comprise them, including leadership, governance arrangements, network composition and framing strategies; (2) conditions in the global policy environment, including potential allies and opponents, funding availability and global expectations concerning which issues should be prioritized; (3) and characteristics of the issue, including severity, tractability and affected groups. The article also explains the design of the project, which is grounded in comparison of networks surrounding three matched issues: TB and pneumonia, tobacco use and alcohol harm, and maternal and newborn survival. Despite similar burden and issue characteristics, there has been considerably greater policy traction for the first in each pair. The supplement articles aim to explain the role of networks in shaping these differences, and collectively represent the first comparative effort to understand the emergence and effectiveness of global health networks.}, number={suppl 1}, journal={Health Policy and Planning}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shiffman, Jeremy and Quissell, Kathryn and Schmitz, Hans Peter and Pelletier, David L and Smith, Stephanie L and Berlan, David and Gneiting, Uwe and Van Slyke, David and Mergel, Ines and Rodriguez, Mariela and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={i3–i16} }
 @article{schmitz_mitchell_2015, title={The Other Side of the Coin: NGOs, Rights‐Based Approaches, and Public Administration}, volume={76}, ISSN={0033-3352 1540-6210}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/puar.12479}, DOI={10.1111/puar.12479}, abstractNote={Abstract The majority of the world's population resides in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where the problem of sustainable development is among the most pressing public administration challenges. As principal actors within the international development community, transnational nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play a leading role in piloting a wide variety of development‐focused strategies. During the past decade, many of these transnational NGOs, along with the United Nations, have embraced a rights‐based approach (RBA) to development as an alternative to traditional service delivery. Despite the growing popularity of RBA among NGOs and other development actors, surprisingly little attention has been paid to understanding the significance of RBA for public administration and for public managers—the “other side of the coin.” Drawing on current research in NGO studies and international development, this article describes several varieties of contemporary rights‐based approaches, analyzes their impact on development practices, and examines the intersection of RBA and public administration.}, number={2}, journal={Public Administration Review}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Mitchell, George E.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={252–262} }
 @article{schmitz_2015, title={The global health network on alcohol control: successes and limits of evidence-based advocacy}, volume={31}, ISSN={0268-1080 1460-2237}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu064}, DOI={10.1093/heapol/czu064}, abstractNote={Global efforts to address alcohol harm have significantly increased since the mid-1990s. By 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) had adopted the non-binding Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol. This study investigates the role of a global health network, anchored by the Global Alcohol Policy Alliance (GAPA), which has used scientific evidence on harm and effective interventions to advocate for greater global public health efforts to reduce alcohol harm. The study uses process-tracing methodology and expert interviews to evaluate the accomplishments and limitations of this network. The study documents how network members have not only contributed to greater global awareness about alcohol harm, but also advanced a public health approach to addressing this issue at the global level. Although the current network represents an expanding global coalition of like-minded individuals, it faces considerable challenges in advancing its cause towards successful implementation of effective alcohol control policies across many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The analysis reveals a need to transform the network into a formal coalition of regional and national organizations that represent a broader variety of constituents, including the medical community, consumer groups and development-focused non-governmental organizations. Considering the growing harm of alcohol abuse in LMICs and the availability of proven and cost-effective public health interventions, alcohol control represents an excellent 'buy' for donors interested in addressing non-communicable diseases. Alcohol control has broad beneficial effects for human development, including promoting road safety and reducing domestic violence and health care costs across a wide variety of illnesses caused by alcohol consumption.}, number={suppl 1}, journal={Health Policy and Planning}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={i87–i97} }
 @article{schmitz_2014, title={Addressing non-communicable diseases: the role of the United States government, philanthropies, and civil society}, number={7}, journal={Dialogue (King's College London)}, publisher={KCL Politics Society}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2014}, pages={23–24} }
 @misc{schmitz_2014, title={Book Review: Importing democracy: The role of NGOs in South Africa, Tajikistan, and Argentina, by Fisher, J.}, journal={Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2014}, pages={0899764014556734} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2014, title={Non-State Actors in Human Rights Promotion}, booktitle={The Sage Handbook of Human Rights}, publisher={Sage}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2014}, pages={352–72} }
 @misc{schmitz_2014, title={Socializing States: Promoting Human Rights through International Law. By Ryan Goodman and Derek Jinks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. 256p. $99.00 cloth, $29.95 paper.}, volume={12}, number={04}, journal={Perspectives on Politics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2014}, pages={973–974} }
 @inbook{mwangi_rieth_schmitz_2013, title={Encouraging Greater Compliance: Local Networks and the United Nations Global Compact}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Mwangi, Wagaki and Rieth, Lothar and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2013} }
 @misc{schmitz_2013, title={Global health governance}, volume={8}, number={8}, journal={Global public health}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2013}, pages={976–977} }
 @inbook{schmitz_sikkink_2013, title={International human rights}, booktitle={Handbook of International Relations}, publisher={Sage}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Sikkink, Kathryn}, year={2013}, pages={827–851} }
 @article{lecy_mergel_schmitz_2013, title={Networks in Public Administration: Current scholarship in review}, volume={16}, ISSN={1471-9037 1471-9045}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2012.743577}, DOI={10.1080/14719037.2012.743577}, abstractNote={Abstract Abstract Network-focused research in public administration has expanded rapidly over the past two decades. This rapid growth has created come confusion about terminology and approaches to research in the field. We organize the network literature in public administration using compact citation networks to identify coherent subdomains focused on (1) policy formation, (2) governance and (3) policy implementation. We trace how these domains differ in their approach to defining the role of networks, relationships and actors and to what extent the articles apply formal network analysis techniques. Based on a subsequent content analysis of the sample articles, we identify promising research avenues focused on the wider adoption of methods derived from social network analysis and the conditions under which networks actually deliver improved results. Key words: Network research in public administrationpolicy networkscitation analysissnowball samplinggovernance Notes Data was collected for the study using a custom program written by the first author and is used in the R statistical environment. For a full description of the methodology and accompanying software, see Lecy and Beatty (2012). Berry et al. did not separate public management networks into collaborative management and governance networks as Isett et al. did, but they also suggested methodology as a potential third cluster of research, although there is no evidence of a methodology school emerging in PA. Isett et al. define policy networks as 'collections of public agencies, legislative offices, and private sector organizations (including interest groups, nonprofits, etc.) that have an interest in public decisions within a particular area of policy' (2011: i158).}, number={5}, journal={Public Management Review}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lecy, Jesse D. and Mergel, Ines A. and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={643–665} }
 @article{mitchell_schmitz_2013, title={Principled instrumentalism: a theory of transnational NGO behaviour}, volume={40}, ISSN={0260-2105 1469-9044}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210513000387}, DOI={10.1017/s0260210513000387}, abstractNote={Abstract Scholarship has traditionally portrayed transnational NGOs (TNGOs) as ‘principled’ actors animated by global norms to advance human rights, sustainable development, humanitarian relief, environmental stewardship, and conflict resolution. However, scholarship has also identified instances in which TNGOs appear to act ‘instrumentally’ by engaging in resource-maximising behaviour seemingly inconsistent with their principled nature. Moreover, prior scholarship addressing this puzzle has been constrained by the limitations of small-n case studies examining relatively narrow subsectors of the TNGO community. Addressing these limitations, we reexamine the logic of TNGO behaviour in light of findings from an interdisciplinary, mixed-method research initiative consisting of in-depth, face-to-face interviews with a diverse sample of 152 top organisational leaders from all major sectors of TNGO activity. Using an inductive approach to discover how TNGO leaders understand their own behaviour, we introduce the heuristic of ‘principled instrumentalism’ and specify our framework with a formal model.}, number={3}, journal={Review of International Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Mitchell, George E. and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={487–504} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2013, title={Rebels without a cause? Transnational diffusion and the Lord’s Resistance Army, 1986--2011}, booktitle={Transnational Dynamics of Civil War, edited by Jeffrey T. Checkel}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2013}, pages={120–148} }
 @article{schmitz_2013, title={Rights-based approaches to development: from rights ‘talk’ to joint action}, url={https://www.openglobalrights.org/rights-based-approaches-to-development-from-rights-talk-to-joi/}, journal={openGlobalRights}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @inbook{bloodgood_schmitz_2013, title={The INGO research agenda. A community approach to challenges in method and theory}, booktitle={Routledge Handbook of International Organization}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Bloodgood, Elizabeth A. and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2013}, pages={67–79} }
 @misc{schmitz_2013, title={[Book Review] Jack Donnelly. Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. 3rd edition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013.}, journal={H-Diplo, H-Net Review}, publisher={http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39846}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2013} }
 @article{schmitz_2012, title={A Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) in Practice: Evaluating NGO Development Efforts}, volume={44}, DOI={10.1057/pol.2012.18}, abstractNote={Human rights-based approaches (HRBAs) promise greater alignment of development efforts with universal norms, as well as a focus on the root causes of poverty. While HRBAs have been widely adopted across the development sector, there is little systematic evidence about the actual impact of this strategic shift. Evaluating the effectiveness of HRBAs is challenging because various non-governmental and other organizations have developed very different understandings of how to apply a rights-based framework in the development context. This essay takes a step toward the rigorous evaluation of HRBAs by offering a comprehensive review of rights-based programming implemented by Plan International, a child-centered organization. It shows that Plan's adoption of HRBA-inspired strategies has transformed its interactions with local communities and added an explicit focus on the state as the primary duty bearer. There is evidence for a systematic increase in individual rights awareness, greater ownership exercised by community organizations, and the application of evidence-based advocacy aimed at scaling up proven program activities. But Plan's peculiar brand of HRBA neglects collaboration with domestic social movements and civil society, largely avoids a more confrontational approach towards the state, and has yet to produce evidence for regular successful rights claims by disadvantaged communities against governmental representatives at local, regional, or national levels. The study also reveals a limited ability of Plan to address disparities and discrimination within local communities, as well as a need to define clearly the organization's own accountability and duties deriving from its presence in local communities across more than fifty developing nations.}, number={4}, journal={Polity}, publisher={Palgrave/MacMillan}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2012}, pages={523–541} }
 @misc{schmitz_2012, title={Borders among Activists, by S.S. Stroup, Cornell UP,}, url={https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/reviews/30439/schmitz-stroup-borders-among-activists-international-ngos-united-states}, journal={H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2012}, month={Sep} }
 @book{goodhart_fung_gauri_gloppen_haagh_heller_pateman_peruzzotti_rüdiger_schmitz_et al._2012, place={Washington, DC}, title={Democratic Imperatives: Innovations in Rights, Participation, and Economic Citizenship}, institution={American Political Science Association}, author={Goodhart, M. and Fung, A. and Gauri, V. and Gloppen, S. and Haagh, L. and Heller, P. and Pateman, C. and Peruzzotti, E. and Rüdiger, A. and Schmitz, H.P. and et al.}, year={2012} }
 @misc{schmitz_2012, title={[BOOK REVIEW] Sarah S. Stroup. Borders among Activists: International NGOs in the United States, Britain, and France. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012. x + 246 pp. $39.95.}, journal={H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews}, publisher={http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=36592}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2012} }
 @article{bruno-van vijfeijken_schmitz_2011, title={A Gap between Ambition and Effectiveness}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1080/17448689.2011.604998}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Civil Society}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Bruno-van Vijfeijken, Tosca and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2011}, pages={287–292} }
 @article{schmitz_raggo_bruno-van vijfeijken_2012, title={Accountability of Transnational NGOs: Aspirations vs. Practice}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1177/0899764011431165}, abstractNote={Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working across borders face increased accountability demands. Although many have proposed ways of changing accountability practices, the debate is rarely informed by leaders’ perspectives of how accountability is perceived and practiced across different organizational settings. In interviews with NGO leaders we find aspirations to make accountability more meaningful and integrated, in particular by listening more to stakeholders other than donors. However, these aspirations are rarely put in practice and leaders continue to highlight traditional means such as financial accounting. This gap is particularly pronounced for smaller organizations and reflects an increasingly competitive environment shaped by rating agencies and a focus on financial metrics. To move from aspirations to practice, NGOs have to be willing to share more meaningful information about their work and outcomes with stakeholders. Practicing transparency that empowers beneficiaries is central to effective organizational learning and balancing demands from different stakeholders.}, number={6}, journal={Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly}, author={Schmitz, Hans and Raggo, Paloma and Bruno-van Vijfeijken, Tosca}, year={2012}, pages={1176–1195} }
 @article{baur_schmitz_2012, title={Corporations and NGOs: When Accountability leads to Co-optation}, volume={106}, DOI={10.1007/s10551-011-1057-9}, abstractNote={Interactions between corporations and nonprofits are on the rise, frequently driven by a corporate interest in establishing credentials for corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this article, we show how increasing demands for accountability directed at both businesses and NGOs can have the unintended effect of compromising the autonomy of nonprofits and fostering their co-optation. Greater scrutiny of NGO spending driven by self-appointed watchdogs of the nonprofit sector and a prevalence of strategic notions of CSR advanced by corporate actors weaken the ability of civil society actors to change the business practices of their partners in the commercial sector. To counter this trend, we argue that corporations should embrace a political notion of CSR and should actively encourage NGOs to strengthen “downward accountability” mechanisms, even if this creates more tensions in corporate–NGO partnerships. Rather than seeing NGOs as tools in a competition for a comparative advantage in the market place, corporations should actively support NGO independence and critical capacity.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Business Ethics}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Baur, Dorothea and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2012}, pages={9–21} }
 @book{bruno-van vijfeijken_gneiting_schmitz_2011, title={How does CCCD Affect Program Effectiveness and Sustainability? A Meta Review of Plan’s Evaluations}, publisher={Syracuse: Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs}, author={Bruno-van Vijfeijken, Tosca and Gneiting, Uwe and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2011} }
 @article{lecy_schmitz_swedlund_2012, title={Non-Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizational Effectiveness: A Modern Synthesis}, volume={23}, DOI={10.1007/s11266-011-9204-6}, number={2}, journal={Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Lecy, Jesse and Schmitz, Hans Peter and Swedlund, Haley}, year={2012}, pages={434–457} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2011, title={Transnational NGOs and Human Rights in a post-9/11 World}, booktitle={Human Rights in the 21st Century. Continuity and Change since 9/11}, publisher={Palgrave/MacMillan}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2011}, pages={203–221} }
 @inbook{lecy_mitchell_schmitz_2010, title={Advocacy organizations, networks, and the firm analogy}, booktitle={Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Lecy, Jesse D and Mitchell, George E and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2010}, pages={229–251} }
 @article{rodio_schmitz_2010, title={Beyond Norms and Interests: Understanding the Evolution of Transnational Human Rights Activism}, volume={14}, DOI={10.1080/13642980802535575}, abstractNote={This article explores the evolution of transnational human rights activism since the end of World War II. It argues that the scholarly literature has focused too much attention on how interests and principles drive transnational mobilisation, while neglecting the profound evolutionary changes within the sector itself. In challenging interest-based explanations of human rights activism, we show that human rights groups have shifted from predominantly reactive 'shaming' strategies to more proactive efforts designed to address root causes of gross violations.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Human Rights}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Rodio, Emily B and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2010}, pages={442–459} }
 @book{mitchell_schmitz_2010, title={Navigating Effectiveness; Humanitarian & Development}, journal={NGOs Domain Blog}, institution={The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations, Harvard University}, author={Mitchell, G.E. and Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2010} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2010, title={The Globalization of Human Rights Norms: Understanding the Opportunities and Limits of International Law and Transnational Activism}, booktitle={Globalizing Justice. Critical Perspectives on Transnational Law and the Cross-Border Migration of Legal Norms}, publisher={State University of New York Press}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2010}, pages={121–139} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2010, title={Transnational Human Rights Networks: Significance and Challenges}, booktitle={The International Studies Encyclopedia}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2010}, pages={7189–7208} }
 @article{schmitz_2010, title={[BOOK REVIEW] Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law and Domestic Politics. By Beth A. Simmons. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 468p. $28.99.}, volume={8}, number={3}, journal={Perspectives on Politics}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2010}, pages={994–995} }
 @article{schmitz_mitchell_2009, title={Bracing for impact}, volume={27}, number={4}, journal={Monday Developments}, publisher={Interaction}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Mitchell, George E.}, year={2009}, pages={20–22} }
 @book{bruno-van vijfeijken_gneiting_schmitz_valle_2009, title={Rights-Based Approach to Development. Learning from Guatemala; a report commissioned by Plan International Guatemala}, institution={Plan International Guatemala TNGO Initiative/Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs.}, author={Bruno-van Vijfeijken, T. and Gneiting, U. and Schmitz, H.P. and Valle, O.}, year={2009} }
 @article{bruno-van vijfeijken_gneiting_gomez_schmitz_2009, title={Setting Higher Goals: Rights and Development}, volume={27}, number={12}, journal={Monday Developments}, author={Bruno-van Vijfeijken, T. and Gneiting, U. and Gomez, R. and Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2009}, pages={19–20} }
 @article{schmitz_2009, title={Teaching the EU and Europe: Visiting Home with a US Perspective}, volume={22}, number={1}, journal={EUSA Review}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, year={2009}, pages={11–12} }
 @book{hermann_lecy_mitchell_pagé_raggo_schmitz_viñuela_2009, title={Transnational NGO Interview Study (in Stata, SPSS and Excel formats)}, institution={National Science Foundation}, author={Hermann, M.G. and Lecy, J.D. and Mitchell, G.E. and Pagé, P. and Raggo, P. and Schmitz, H.P. and Viñuela, L.}, year={2009} }
 @article{mihr_schmitz_2007, title={Human rights education (HRE) and transnational activism}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1353/hrq.2007.0046}, abstractNote={Transnational human rights activism occupies today a significant place in the practice and scholarship of current global affairs. This article reviews the past successes and limits of this activism and suggests Human Rights Education (HRE) as a strategic tool currently underutilized by activists and rarely taken seriously by academics. We argue that the current practice of transnational human rights activism frequently lacks solid and reciprocal ties to local activists and emphasizes "shaming" and exposure of human rights abuses over their prevention. The professionalization and campaign-driven character of rights activism often increases the distance between transnational activists and local causes and beneficiaries and disconnects the general public from human rights struggles. While claims of impartial activism based on legalistic strategies have the benefit of lifting human rights groups above the fray of politics, the promotion of human rights norms remains a deeply political and contentious struggle. We argue that a greater emphasis on HRE strengthens transnational ties and local support for international human rights standards and leads to societal mobilization beyond the narrow nongovernmental sector.}, number={4}, journal={Human Rights Quarterly}, publisher={The Johns Hopkins University Press}, author={Mihr, Anja and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2007}, pages={973–993} }
 @misc{schmitz_2007, title={[BOOK REVIEW] Peaceful Resistance. Advancing Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms. By Robert M. Press. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2006. 227p. $99.50. The New Transnational Activism. By Sidney Tarrow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.}, volume={5}, number={2}, journal={Perspectives on Politics}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2007}, pages={413–415} }
 @misc{schmitz_2007, title={[BOOK REVIEW] Unexpected Power. Conflict and Change among Transnational Activists, by Shareen Hertel, Ithaca: Cornell UP 2006.}, volume={19}, number={2}, journal={Global Change, Peace, and Security}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2007}, pages={162–164} }
 @misc{schmitz_2006, title={A Science of Humanitarian Action?}, volume={8}, number={3}, journal={International Studies Review}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2006}, pages={501–503} }
 @article{orenstein_schmitz_2006, title={The new transnationalism and comparative politics}, volume={38}, DOI={10.2307/20434013}, abstractNote={In the back jacket blurb to Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore's Rules for the World, Thomas Weiss writes, realists beware, noting that states matter, but so do their creations, organizations. He might have extended this caution to comparativists as well, since both comparative politics and relations scholars are increasingly challenged to respond to the rising significance of transna tional activities by state, nonstate, and subnational actors constituting new spheres of cross-border governance. The four works discussed in this review advance current understandings of transnational politics and go well beyond the insight that the global and the local can no longer be neatly separated. Each presents an ambi tious research agenda that crosses the boundary between relations and comparative politics, a sharper theoretical vision, and new tools of analysis. This review makes two core arguments about the relevance of the new transna tionalism to comparative politics. First, a contemporary analysis of what used to be called domestic or international politics must include a systematic recognition of transnational influences. Core areas of comparative inquiry, including the study of regime change and policy formation, need to take into account the increasing rele vance of diffusion processes and transnational mobilization. Second, comparativists have a great opportunity to apply their characteristic methods and theories to the study of transnational actors and emerging spheres of governance. By bringing dis}, number={4}, journal={Comparative Politics}, publisher={City University of New York}, author={Orenstein, Mitchell A and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2006}, pages={479–500} }
 @book{schmitz_2006, title={Transnational mobilization and domestic regime change: Africa in comparative perspective}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2005, title={International Relations}, booktitle={The Social Science Encyclopedia, edited Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper, 3rd edition}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2005}, pages={521–526} }
 @article{schmitz_2004, title={Domestic and transnational perspectives on democratization}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00423.x}, abstractNote={The disciplinary separation between comparative politics and international relations is regularly challenged but persists as a result of institutional inertia and hiring practices. This essay uses the issue of democratization in an attempt to go beyond rhetoric and to develop a framework that integrates the role of transnational activism into the analysis of domestic regime change. Comparative research on democratization confirms that underlying socioeconomic conditions affect the long-term sustainability of democratic reforms. The initiation of such reforms, as well as the process they take, can best be understood using an agency-based framework that links domestic and transnational forces. Outside interventions are a potent factor in challenging authoritarian practices, but they do not simply displace existing domestic practices and conditions. Although transnational activists and scholars often celebrate the empowering role of networking and mobilization, the long-term effects of such interventions are still poorly understood. Transnational ties may distract domestic activists from building effective coalitions at home or undermine their legitimacy overall. Transnational scholars and activists can learn from comparative research how different domestic groups use outside interventions to promote their interests at home.}, number={3}, journal={International Studies Review}, publisher={Wiley Online Library}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2004}, pages={403–426} }
 @article{schmitz_shattuck_2004, title={Freedom on Fire: Human Rights Wars and Americas Response}, volume={60}, ISSN={0020-7020}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204042}, DOI={10.2307/40204042}, abstractNote={FREEDOM ON FIRE Human Rights Wars and America's Response John Shattuck Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. 390pp, US$29.95 cloth (ISBN 0-674-01162-7)John Shattuck was United States assistant secretary of state for rights and humanitarian affairs during the major rights crises of the 1990s. Rwanda, Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo serve as main chapter titles for his political memoir covering the period from June 1993 until he was appointed ambassador to the Czech Republic in November 1998. In addition to these humanitarian crises, two chapters cover Bill Clinton's rights policy towards China and the final chapter presents implications for the war on terrorism.Shattuck identifies himself as a human rights hawk (7) who believes that the United States should promote rights globally and in concert with other nations. He calls for prevention before crises spin out of control and expensive and risky humanitarian interventions become necessary. Shattuck criticizes the current US government for undermining its leadership role in the world by refusing to sign international treaties and rejecting the International Criminal Court (ICC). He blames the current administration's unilateralism for making the United States an object of global resentment (6) and failing to recognize that rights crises are breeding grounds for terrorism. The main sections present his perspective of the bureaucratic struggles within the Clinton administration, but rarely reveal the undoubtedly difficult personal decisions Shattuck, as a rights activist, had to make. While he provides early on some personal background and talks about having made mistakes (14) during his tenure, the rest of the book offers a more conventional perspective of an activist using moral persuasion in a hostile bureaucratic environment.The events underlying the narrative have been told in much greater detail elsewhere. This book adds a crucial (and often marginalized) perspective from inside the US government. Shattuck provides his readers with a comprehensive perspective where each crisis creates ripple effects and their simultaneity overwhelmed decision-makers in western capitals. The book provides an intimate view of interagency gridlock and the interests that added to the Somalia syndrome (26), hampering the ability of the US to effectively intervene for rights around the world. The book is compelling in describing the widening gap between ambitions to promote rights abroad and the lack of political will and means to do so in the face of authoritarianism and the determination of politically instigated communal violence. …}, number={1}, journal={International Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Shattuck, John}, year={2004}, pages={300} }
 @article{schmitz_2003, title={Globalization and Human Rights, by A}, volume={13}, number={4}, journal={Development in Practice}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Schmitz, H.P.}, editor={Brysk, A.Editor}, year={2003}, pages={417–418} }
 @book{risse_jetschke_schmitz_2002, title={Die Macht der Menschenrechte. Internationale Normen, kommunikatives Handeln und politischer Wandel in den Ländern des Südens}, publisher={Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft}, author={Risse, Thomas and Jetschke, Anja and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2002} }
 @inbook{schmitz_sikkink_2002, title={International human rights}, booktitle={Handbook of International Relations}, publisher={Sage}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Sikkink, Kathryn}, year={2002}, pages={517–537} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2002, title={Nicht-staatliche Akteure und Weltöffentlichkeit. Menschenrechte in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts}, booktitle={Transnationale Öffentlichkeiten und Identitäten im 20. Jahrhundert}, publisher={Campus Verlag}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2002}, pages={423–444} }
 @article{schmitz_2001, title={Menschenrechtswächter: partielle Midlife-Crisis: INGOs, Vereinte Nationen und Weltöffentlichkeit}, volume={49}, number={1}, journal={Vereinte Nationen}, publisher={Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2001}, pages={7–12} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2001, title={When Networks Blind: Human Rights and Politics in Kenya}, booktitle={Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power}, publisher={New York: Cambridge University Press}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2001}, pages={149–172} }
 @misc{schmitz_2001, title={[BOOK REVIEW] Constructing World Culture. International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875, by John Boli and George M. Thomas (eds.), Stanford University Press.}, volume={30}, number={4}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={2001}, pages={390–391} }
 @inbook{schmitz_2000, title={Mobilizing identities: transnational social movements and the promotion of human rights}, booktitle={Global Institutions and Local Empowerment. Competing Theoretical Perspectives}, publisher={MacMillan Press}, author={Schmitz, Hans-Peter}, year={2000}, pages={85–113} }
 @inbook{schmitz_sell_1999, title={International factors in processes of political democratization: towards a theoretical integration}, booktitle={Democracy without borders: Transnationalization and conditionality in new democracies}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Sell, Katrin}, year={1999}, pages={23–41} }
 @inbook{schmitz_1999, title={Transnational activism and political change in Kenya and Uganda}, booktitle={The Power of Human Rights. International Norms and Domestic Change}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={1999}, pages={39–77} }
 @article{schmitz_jetschke_risse_1998, title={Die Macht der Menschenrechte. Zur innenpolitischen Durchsetzung internationaler Normen}, journal={Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte}, publisher={Bundeszentrale fuer politische Bildung}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter and Jetschke, Anja and Risse, Thomas}, year={1998}, pages={43–53} }
 @article{gränzer_jetschke_risse_schmitz_1998, title={Internationale Menschenrechtsnormen, transnationale Netzwerke und politischer Wandel in den Ländern des Südens}, volume={5}, number={1}, journal={Zeitschrift für internationale Beziehungen}, publisher={Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft}, author={Gränzer, Sieglinde and Jetschke, Anja and Risse, Thomas and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={1998}, pages={5–41} }
 @article{schmitz_1998, title={Kenya and Uganda: Defining and Diffusing Democracy in a Transnational World}, journal={L'Afrique Politique 1998}, publisher={Editions Karthala}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={1998}, pages={227–244} }
 @article{jetschke_risse_schmitz_1998, title={Spirale des Einflusses: Wie lassen sich Menschenrechtsnormen durchsetzen?}, volume={53}, number={11}, journal={Internationale Politik}, author={Jetschke, Anja and Risse, Thomas and Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={1998}, pages={61–67} }
 @article{schmitz_1997, title={Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NRO) und internationale Menschenrechtspolitik}, volume={7}, number={4}, journal={Comparativ}, publisher={Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={1997}, pages={27–67} }
 @article{schmitz_1995, title={Konflikte in der UNESCO. Eine Überprüfung neorealistischer Thesen zum Nord-Süd-Verhältnis}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen}, publisher={Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft}, author={Schmitz, Hans Peter}, year={1995}, pages={107–139} }