@article{lee_minter_tollefson_ridgley_smith_treiber_scott_troan_ange-van heugten_2023, title={Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Carotenoid Concentrations in Livers of Marine Toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>)}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-5636"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010014}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg4010014}, abstractNote={Global amphibian population decline is a major concern. Therefore, conservation centers have become increasingly needed for population sustainability breeding programs. This need makes proper nutrition programs while in human care imperative. The specific nutritional focus of this current research was to analyze vitamin A, vitamin E, and carotenoid (apocarotenoid, β-carotene, β-carotene ester, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein ester, zeaxanthin, and zeaxanthin ester) concentrations in the liver of 66 free-range marine toads (Rhinella marina) over a two-month period after entering human management. Toads were fed supplemented crickets randomly assigned to one of two diets: Diet 1 consisted of brown house crickets (Acheta domestica) gut loaded with Mazuri® Cricket Diet 5M38 and small amounts of sweet potato and carrots; Diet 2 consisted of an identical diet with the gut loaded crickets additionally dusted with Repashy® Superfoods Vitamin A Plus. Ten toads were euthanized prior to human management on Day 0 to assess baseline liver nutrients. Seven toads consuming each of the two diets (14 toads total) were euthanized on Days 9, 15, 32, and 62. Regardless of diet treatment, there were decreases (p < 0.05) in all the analyzed nutrient concentrations over the 62-day human management period. The results from this study indicate that higher dietary vitamin A, vitamin E, and carotenoid content may be needed and/or the cricket gut loading and dusting techniques used to feed the amphibians food source insects may be inadequate.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS}, author={Lee, Hanna and Minter, Larry J. and Tollefson, Troy N. and Ridgley, Frank and Smith, Dustin and Treiber, Kimberly and Scott, Heather and Troan, Brigid V. and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly D.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={134–145} }