@article{landis_hicks_mccall_henry_whipker_2021, title={Customizing the leaf tissue nutrient ranges for blue and pink hydrangeas}, ISSN={["1532-4087"]}, DOI={10.1080/01904167.2021.1952431}, abstractNote={Abstract Pink, blue, and red hydrangea [(Hydrangea macrophylla subsp. Macrophylla var. macrophylla (Thunb.)] cultivars contain the anthocyanin pigment delphinidin-3-glucoside that color the sepal. Without aluminum (Al), the natural color of the pigment is pink or red depending on the cultivar. To produce blue sepals, plants are fertilized with Al2(SO4)3 (AS) under low phosphorus (P) conditions. To determine the effect of AS on nutrient tissue concentrations ‘Early Blue’, ‘Hor Tivoli’, ‘Jip’, and ‘Mathilda Gutges’ plants were treated with 0 (pink), 12, or 15 g (blue) of AS. Pre-bloom leaf tissue concentrations were analyzed with blue cultivars generally having higher concentrations of sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), boron (B), copper (Cu), and Al, while the pink plants had higher nitrogen (N), P, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. Concentrations of N, potassium (K), Mg, B and Cu were consistent with published sufficiency ranges regardless of color or cultivar, while S, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations were below sufficiency in some pink cultivars. The P concentrations in both pink and blue cultivars and Ca in some blue cultivars were lower than the published sufficiency range. The difference in leaf tissue nutrient concentrations among cultivars and coloration, suggest that nutrient uptake in hydrangeas varies and that lab recommendations should be customized depending on cultivar and color production system.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={Landis, Hunter and Hicks, Kristin and McCall, Ingram and Henry, Josh B. and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{landis_hicks_mccall_henry_whipker_2021, title={Enhancing blue hydrangea sepal coloration by applying aluminum sulfate through constant liquid fertilization}, volume={1305}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1305.60}, journal={III INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWING MEDIA, COMPOSTING AND SUBSTRATE ANALYSIS}, author={Landis, H. and Hicks, K. and McCall, I and Henry, J. B. and Whipker, B. E.}, year={2021}, pages={455–461} }
 @article{dole_mccall_laushman_2020, title={Evaluating woody ornamentals as cut flowers}, volume={1288}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1288.2}, journal={IX INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW ORNAMENTAL CROPS}, author={Dole, J. M. and McCall, I. F. and Laushman, J.}, year={2020}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{dole_jahnke_mccall_loyola_bergmann_2020, title={Vase life of 58 new cut flowers}, volume={1288}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1288.31}, journal={IX INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW ORNAMENTAL CROPS}, author={Dole, J. M. and Jahnke, N. and McCall, I. F. and Loyola, C. and Bergmann, B.}, year={2020}, pages={207–213} }
 @article{henry_perkins-veazie_mccall_whipker_2019, title={Restricted Phosphorus Fertilization Increases the Betacyanin Concentration and Red Foliage Coloration of Alternanthera}, volume={144}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/JASHS04702-19}, abstractNote={Phosphorus (P) deficiency commonly results in the development of red-to-purple coloration in plant foliage, typically attributed to anthocyanins. Betacyanins are a red pigment found in some plant species that do not produce anthocyanins, including Alternanthera sp. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of P nutrition on the betacyanin concentration and subsequent foliar coloration of ‘Purple Prince’, ‘Brazilian Red Hots’, and ‘Little Ruby’ alternanthera (Alternanthera brasiliana). The purpose of this study was to determine whether P fertilization management could enhance the coloration and aesthetic appeal of alternanthera. Custom fertilizers provided P concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg·L−1 P. One-half of the plants from each P concentration were restricted to 0 mg·L−1 P 1 month after transplant to determine whether adequate size could be attained before withholding P. Differences in P response were observed among cultivars for hue, betacyanin content, and plant size. Concentrations ≤5 mg·L−1 P resulted in plants that were more compact in terms of plant height and diameter, had deeper red foliage coloration, and greater foliar betacyanins compared with plants grown with greater P concentrations. Plants initially grown with 5 or 10 mg·L−1 P attained marketable size before P restriction and developed more red pigmentation compared with plants grown with P for the remaining duration of the study. Regression analysis demonstrated height was maximized with 3 to 8 mg·L−1 P, diameter with 4.1 to 8.4 mg·L−1 P, and branching with 10.0 mg·L−1 P. Foliar betacyanin concentrations were greatest in plants grown without P, reaching 269 mg/100 g fresh weight, whereas plants grown with 10 or 20 mg·L−1 P were 95% less (averaged ≈13 mg/100 g fresh weight). This study demonstrates that P restriction can benefit the aesthetic appeal of alternanthera and provides the first confirmation that P nutrition is associated with betacyanin accumulation.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Henry, Josh B. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and McCall, Ingram and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={264–273} }
 @article{henry_vann_mccall_cockson_whipker_2018, title={Nutrient Disorders o Burley and Flue-Cured Tobacco: Part 1-Macronutrient Deficiencies}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2017.11.0076}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Recognizing macronutrient disorders is important for commercial production.
Foliar nutrient concentrations were identified for burley and flue‐cured tobacco.
Symptoms and critical values were compared with published results.
}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Henry, Josh B. and Vann, Matthew and McCall, Ingram and Cockson, Paul and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{henry_vann_mccall_cockson_whipker_2018, title={Nutrient Disorders of Burley and Flue-Cured Tobacco: Part 2-Micronutrient Disorders}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2017.11.0077}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Recognizing micronutrient disorders is important for commercial production.
Unique, previously unobserved nutrient disorder symptoms were observed.
Foliar nutrient concentrations were identified for burley and flue‐cured tobacco.
Symptoms and critical values were compared with published results.
}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Henry, Josh B. and Vann, Matthew and McCall, Ingram and Cockson, Paul and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{henry_mccall_whipker_2018, title={Phosphorus Restriction as an Alternative to Chemical Plant Growth Retardants in Angelonia and New Guinea Impatiens}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech03939-17}, abstractNote={Chemical plant growth retardants (PGRs) are commonly used to produce compact bedding plants. Few PGRs are labeled for sensitive species because of the concern of excessive restriction of stem elongation or phytotoxicity. Growers are therefore presented with a dilemma: produce untreated plants that may be too tall or risk applying a PGR that can potentially lead to irreversible aesthetic damage to the plant. Nutrient restriction, specifically of phosphorus (P), may be used to control plant height. This study was conducted to determine if restricting P fertilization yielded comparable growth control to plants produced with PGRs. Two cultivars each of new guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri) and angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia) were grown using five fertilizers that varied by P concentration (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 ppm). Half of the plants from each P fertilizer concentration were treated with paclobutrazol at 4 and 5 weeks after transplant for angelonia and new guinea impatiens, respectively. On termination of the experiment, data were collected for height, diameter, and dry weight, which were used to determine a growth index (GI). Angelonia GI values were maximized with 7–9 ppm P, whereas new guinea impatiens GI was maximized with 8–11 ppm P. Concentrations of 3–5 ppm P provided similar height control to plants grown with nonlimiting P and a paclobutrazol application. Concentrations of ≤2.5 ppm P resulted in low-quality plants with visual symptoms of P deficiency. These results indicate that a narrow range of P concentrations may be used to control stem elongation and keep plants compact.}, number={2}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Henry, Josh B. and McCall, Ingram and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={136–142} }
 @article{bergmann_dole_mccall_2018, title={Postharvest Performance of Poinsettia Plants Exposed to Low Light Levels, Low Temperatures, and Low Substrate Moisture}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04106-18}, abstractNote={Responses of 14 to 20 poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cultivars were assessed following exposure to environmental stressors common in the crop’s postproduction supply chain and consumer environment: low light levels, low temperatures, and low substrate moisture. As indicated by number of days to unacceptable appearance, 14 cultivars tolerated three low light levels (10, 20, and 40 µmol·m–2·s–1) well, with all individuals of six of the cultivars exhibiting an acceptable appearance at 7 weeks when the experiment ended. An experiment with 20 cultivars showed them to be surprisingly tolerant of low temperatures for a short duration, with no differences found when averaging across cultivars among plants exposed to 2, 5, or 20 °C for 2 days. However, all cultivars exposed to 5 °C for 10 days performed poorly. Cultivars differed markedly in response to low substrate moisture, with frequency of unacceptable plants before 4 weeks across all treatments ranging from 0% to 87% among the 14 cultivars tested. Across 17 cultivars, acceptable plant appearance was extended from 23 days for plants that were never irrigated after 10 d in sleeves to 32 days for plants that received a single irrigation at unsleeving and not thereafter. The low temperatures and low substrate moisture experiments were conducted in 2 years, and years differed significantly for nearly all dependent variables assessed. The significant interaction between year and cultivar for all observed variables in those two experiments indicates the importance of conducting experiments such as these over 2 years or more. Potted plants of many of the poinsettia cultivars tested proved to be highly tolerant in terms of low light levels, low temperatures, and low substrate moisture. Three cultivars appeared to be most tolerant in two of the three experiments: Prestige Red (low light levels and low temperatures), Titan Red (low temperatures and low substrate moisture), and Whitestar (low light levels and low substrate moisture). Three cultivars were most tolerant to all three sources of postproduction plant stress: Christmas Day Red, Early Mars Red, and Titan White.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Bergmann, Ben A. and Dole, John M. and McCall, Ingram}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={584–595} }
 @article{henry_mccall_nelson_whipker_2018, title={Source-sink interactions lead to atypical reproductive stage phosphorus deficiency symptoms on the upper foliage of Capsicum annuum and Chrysanthemum x morifolium}, volume={238}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.069}, abstractNote={Phosphorus (P) restriction has become more prevalent in floriculture production to control growth and reduce fertilizer waste. With low P fertilization practices, growers are more likely to develop P deficiency in their crops. Symptoms of a reproductive stage P deficiency were reported in which symptomology occurs on the foliage directly below the flowers or fruit. To induce and describe these symptoms, ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat.) were grown initially with P fertilization, but half the plants were later restricted to 0 mg L−1 P upon floral initiation. Plants that were P restricted developed symptoms of chlorosis, olive green spotting, and necrosis on the upper foliage below the reproductive structures, while central foliage remained asymptomatic. ‘Crystal Misty Purple’ chrysanthemums developed unique symptoms of upper leaf purpling. Phosphorus movement within the plant was quantified via tissue division and analysis. The highest tissue P concentrations were in the flowers or fruit for both species, regardless of symptoms. Up to 80% of the total P in aboveground tissues was in the flowers and fruit of symptomatic plants. Vegetative tissue P concentrations were significantly lower in symptomatic plants compared to the asymptomatic controls, indicating that large quantities of P were translocated from vegetative tissues to the developing reproductive tissues. Remobilized P from the lower tissues appeared to bypass the upper foliage in favor of the flowers and fruit. Thus, the developing upper foliage was deprived of P, leading to P deficiency symptoms due to competition with the maturing flowers and fruit.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Henry, Josh B. and McCall, Ingram and Nelson, Paul V. and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={288–294} }
 @article{bergmann_dole_fisher_njue_mccall_2017, title={Gibberellic acid promotes flower stem elongation in 'Renaissance Red' poinsettia}, volume={97}, number={1}, journal={Canadian Journal of Plant Science}, author={Bergmann, B. A. and Dole, J. M. and Fisher, P. and Njue, G. and McCall, I.}, year={2017}, pages={14–16} }
 @article{henry_mccall_jackson_whipker_2017, title={Growth Response of Herbaceous Ornamentals to Phosphorus Fertilization}, volume={52}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci12256-17}, abstractNote={A series of experiments investigated the effects of increasing phosphate–phosphorus (P) concentrations on the growth and development of four horticultural species. In experiment 1, petunia [Petunia atkinsiana (Sweet) D. Don ex W.H. Baxter] plants were grown using eight P concentrations, and we found that the upper bound for plant growth was at 8.72–9.08 mg·L−1 P, whereas concentrations ≤2.5 mg·L−1 P caused P deficiency symptoms. Experiment 2 investigated P growth response in two cultivars each of New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull) and vinca [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don]. Growth for these plants was maximized with 6.43–12.42 mg·L−1 P. In experiment 3, ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Tango Red’) were given an initial concentration of P for 6 weeks and then switched to 0 mg·L−1 P to observe whether plants could be supplied with sufficient levels of P, and finished without P to keep them compact. Plants switched to restricted P began developing P deficiency symptoms within 3 weeks; however, restricting P successfully limited plant growth. These experiments indicated that current P fertilization regimens exceed the P requirements of these bedding plants, and depending on species, concentrations of 5–15 mg·L−1 P maximize growth.}, number={10}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Henry, Josh B. and McCall, Ingram and Jackson, Brian and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={1362–1367} }
 @article{bergmann_dole_mccall_2016, title={Gibberellic acid shows promise for promoting flower stem length in four field-grown cut flowers}, volume={26}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Bergmann, B. A. and Dole, J. M. and McCall, I.}, year={2016}, pages={287–292} }
 @article{barker_mccall_whipker_2016, title={Growth control of 'Imperial Dark Blue' Plumbago with ethephon, flurprimidol, and paclobutrazol substrate drenches}, volume={26}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Barker, A. and McCall, I. and Whipker, B. E.}, year={2016}, pages={493–496} }
 @article{barnes_whipker_mccall_frantz_2016, title={Nutrient disorders of Dianthus 'Bouquet Purple'}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1532-4087"]}, DOI={10.1080/01904167.2016.1143504}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT ‘Bouquet Purple’ pinks (Dianthus sp.) were grown in silica-sand culture to induce and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Plants received a complete modified Hoagland's all-nitrate (NO3) solution. Nutrient-deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients, and a boron (B)-toxicity treatment was induced by increasing B 10-fold in the complete nutrient formula. Plants were monitored daily to document sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and corresponding tissue concentrations were determined. All treatments exhibited deficiency symptomology. Disorders for nitrogen (N), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) were the first to manifest in pinks. Unique symptomology was observed for plants grown under potassium- (K), B-, copper- (Cu), and molybdenum- (Mo) deficient conditions, which supported the need for a species-specific approach when characterizing nutrient disorders of floriculture crops.}, number={13}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={Barnes, Jared and Whipker, Brian and McCall, Ingram and Frantz, Jonathan}, year={2016}, pages={1950–1957} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_whipker_mccall_frantz_2015, title={Characterization of nutrient disorders of Abutilon x hybridum 'Bella Yellow'}, volume={1062}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1062.3}, booktitle={International conference and exhibition on soilless culture}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2015}, pages={29–37} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_whipker_mccall_frantz_2015, title={Characterization of nutrient disorders of Dahlia x hybrida 'Maxi Morelia'}, volume={1062}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1062.4}, abstractNote={Dahlia A— hybrida ‘Maxi Morelia’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus µM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10A— higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented.}, booktitle={International conference and exhibition on soilless culture}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2015}, pages={39–47} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_whipker_mccall_frantz_2015, title={Characterization of nutrient disorders of Fuchsia x hybrida 'Gartenmeister Bonstedt'}, volume={1062}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1062.5}, abstractNote={Fuchsia A— hybrida ‘Gartenmeister Bonstedt’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland's all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus µM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10A— higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders is presented.}, booktitle={International conference and exhibition on soilless culture}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2015}, pages={49–57} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_whipker_mccall_frantz_2015, title={Characterization of nutrient disorders of Senecio cineraria 'Silver Mist'}, volume={1062}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1062.6}, abstractNote={Senecio cineraria ‘Silver Mist’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus µM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10A— higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented.}, booktitle={International conference and exhibition on soilless culture}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2015}, pages={59–66} }
 @article{dole_carlson_granitz_mccall_kornegay_2015, title={Vase Life of New Cut Flowers}, volume={1097}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1097.6}, journal={VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW ORNAMENTAL CROPS AND XII INTERNATIONAL PROTEA RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM}, author={Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Granitz, H. M. and McCall, I. F. and Kornegay, J. L.}, year={2015}, pages={55–61} }
 @inproceedings{whipker_mccall_barnes_frantz_2014, title={Automated system for inducing nutrient disorders utilized in grower-based guides: Exacum affine 'Royal Dane Blue'}, volume={1034}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2014.1034.76}, booktitle={International symposium on growing media and soilless cultivation}, author={Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Barnes, J. and Frantz, J.}, year={2014}, pages={599–605} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_whipker_mccall_frantz_2014, title={Characterization of nutrient disorders of Gazania rigens 'Daybreak White'}, volume={1034}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2014.1034.56}, abstractNote={Gazania rigens ‘Daybreak White’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus µM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. The treatments causing nutrient deficient symptoms were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10× higher than the complete nutrient formula. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented. Out of the thirteen treatments, eleven exhibited symptoms. Deficiency symptoms of N, S, and Ca were first to manifest. Should nutritional disorders arise growers should first consider these three problems when trying to determine the possible cause.}, booktitle={International symposium on growing media and soilless cultivation}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2014}, pages={459–464} }
 @inproceedings{jin_fair_whipker_mccall_frantz_2014, title={Characterization of nutrient disorders of Solenostemon scutellarioides 'Lime Light' in silica-sand culture}, volume={1034}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2014.1034.77}, abstractNote={Solenostemon scutellarioides ‘Lime Light’ were grown in silica-sand culture to induce and catalog nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete, modified Hoagland’s solution (macronutrients in mM, micronutrients in µM): 15.0 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, 2.0 SO4-S, 72.0 Fe, 18.0 Mn, 3.0 Cu, 3.0 Zn, 45.0 B, and 0.1 Mo. The control plants were grown using a nutrient formula containing all essential nutrients. Each nutrient deficiency treatment was induced by using the complete formula minus only one essential nutrient. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Toxicity of boron was also induced by increasing the element 10X higher than the complete formula. Plants were automatically irrigated every 2 hours, drained from the pot bottom and solution captured for reuse. The nutrient solutions were replaced weekly. Researchers monitored plants daily to document and catalog sequential onset of symptoms. Symptoms of N, P, Ca, Fe deficiency and B toxicity were the first disorders to exhibit in Solenostemon scutellarioides ‘Limelight’. The chartreuse coloration of this cultivar compounded difficulties in assessing symptomology of some nutrient disorders, particularly those that manifested with yellowing discoloration or chlorosis.}, booktitle={International symposium on growing media and soilless cultivation}, author={Jin, Y. and Fair, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2014}, pages={607–613} }
 @article{barnes_whipker_mccall_2014, title={Optimizing Fertilizer Rates for Two Cultivars of Graziosa Geraniums}, volume={1034}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2014.1034.58}, journal={INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWING MEDIA AND SOILLESS CULTIVATION}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I.}, year={2014}, pages={471–476} }
 @article{ahmad_whipker_dole_mccall_2014, title={Paclobutrazol and ancymidol lower water use of potted ornamental plants and plugs}, volume={79}, number={6}, journal={European Journal of Horticultural Science}, author={Ahmad, I. and Whipker, B. E. and Dole, J. M. and McCall, I.}, year={2014}, pages={318–326} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_whipker_mccall_frantz_2013, title={Characterization of nutrient disorders of Gomphrena globosa 'Las Vegas purple'}, volume={982}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.982.6}, booktitle={International symposium on responsible peatland management and growing media production}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2013}, pages={69–74} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_frantz_2013, title={Elevated relative humidity increases the incidence of distorted growth and boron deficiency in bedding plant plugs}, volume={48}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2013}, pages={311–313} }
 @article{barnes_whipker_buhler_mccall_2013, title={Greenhouse and landscape growth of tiger lily cultivars following flurprimidol preplant bulb soaks}, volume={23}, number={6}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. and Buhler, W. and McCall, I.}, year={2013}, pages={820–822} }
 @inproceedings{dole_mccall_kobayashi_2013, title={Postharvest handling of 'Cut Renaissance', 'Winter Rose Early' and 'Jester' poinsettias}, volume={1000}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.1000.38}, abstractNote={Much work has been previously done on Euphorbia ‘Renaissance Red’ as a cut flower grown for its large inflorescence of curly red bracts. In the current studies ‘Renaissance Marble’, ‘Renaissance Peppermint’, and ‘Renaissance Pink’ had a consumer vase life of 20.1 to 35.0 days and a wholesale vase life of 5.8 to 11.3 days, which was comparable to ‘Renaissance Red’ when flowers were harvested and placed in vases filled with deionized water. ‘Renaissance Pink’ tolerated dry storage in floral boxes and/or 24-hours of 2°C storage, but ‘Renaissance Marble’ vase life was reduced by storage in water or 2°C storage. For ‘Renaissance Peppermint’ 2°C storage reduced the vase life; however, consumer vase life was still 16.6 to 19.7 days when foliage was removed. While Winter Rose Early (WRE) cultivars produced up to 1.6 more stems per pot than ‘Renaissance Peppermint’ and ‘Renaissance Red’ cultivars, the WRE stems were much shorter than the Renaissance stems. All of the WRE cultivars had a consumer vase life of at least 22 days in any of the treatments, which was not affected by storage temperature, storage conditions, or foliage removal. Wholesale vase life for all three cultivars ranged from 8.3 to 14.0 days and was generally reduced if the stems had leaves. When stored at 20°C for 24 hours in water, ‘Jester Red’ had the longest consumer vase life of the Jester cultivars, 23.9 to 30.0 days, while ‘Jester Marble’ and ‘Jester Pink’ had a shorter vase life of only 10.1 to 16.5 days. Wholesale vase life was much shorter for all three cultivars and varied from 2.0 to 4.8 days. Jester cultivars and ‘Renaissance Red’ flowers did not tolerate 2 or 4 weeks of 10°C dry storage. Jester and WRE cultivars were sensitive to chilling damage at 2°C.}, booktitle={Vii international symposium on new floricultural crops}, author={Dole, J. M. and McCall, I. F. and Kobayashi, R.}, year={2013}, pages={285–292} }
 @inproceedings{dole_carlson_crawford_mccall_2013, title={Vase life of new cut flowers}, volume={1000}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.1000.6}, booktitle={Vii international symposium on new floricultural crops}, author={Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Crawford, B. D. and McCall, I. F.}, year={2013}, pages={63–70} }
 @article{fair_whipker_mccall_buhler_2012, title={Height control of 'Hot Lips' Hybrid sage to flurprimidol substrate drench}, volume={22}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Fair, B. A. and Whipker, B. and McCall, I. and Buhler, W.}, year={2012}, pages={539–541} }
 @article{barnes_whipker_mccall_frantz_2012, title={Nutrient disorders of 'Evolution' Mealy-cup Sage}, volume={22}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Barnes, J. and Whipker, B. and McCall, I. and Frantz, J.}, year={2012}, pages={502–508} }
 @article{currey_lopez_krug_mccall_whipker_2012, title={Substrate drenches containing flurprimidol suppress height of 'Nellie White' Easter lilies}, volume={22}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Currey, C. J. and Lopez, R. G. and Krug, B. A. and McCall, I. and Whipker, B. E.}, year={2012}, pages={164–168} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_cleveland_2010, title={GERANIUM LEAF TISSUE NUTRIENT SUFFICIENCY RANGES BY CHRONOLOGICAL AGE}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0190-4167"]}, DOI={10.1080/01904160903470398}, abstractNote={Two cultivars of geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) were grown under five different fertilizer regimes, 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). The two cultivars were chosen to represent a dark-colored leaf cultivar, ‘Tango Dark Red’ and a light-colored leaf cultivar, ‘Rocky Mountain Dark Red’. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed for the content of 11 elemental nutrients every two weeks for a period of 12 weeks. The dark-colored leaf cultivar contained higher nutrient concentrations, with the exception of magnesium, sulfur, iron, and copper, than the light-colored leaf cultivar. Compared to concentrations previously published for geraniums, concentration ranges observed in this study were narrower. In addition, this study accounted for differences in concentrations over the entire crop cycle and reflects levels associated with current fertilization practices.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={Krug, Brian A. and Whipker, Brian E. and McCall, Ingram and Cleveland, Brenda}, year={2010}, pages={339–350} }
 @article{clark_dole_carlson_moody_mccall_fanelli_fonteno_2010, title={Vase life of new cut flower cultivars}, volume={20}, number={6}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Clark, E. M. R. and Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Moody, E. P. and McCall, I. F. and Fanelli, F. L. and Fonteno, W. C.}, year={2010}, pages={1016–1025} }
 @article{krug_whipker_frantz_mccall_2009, title={Characterization of calcium and boron deficiency and the effects of temporal disruption of calcium and boron supply on pansy, petunia, and gerbera plugs}, volume={44}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and Frantz, J. and McCall, I.}, year={2009}, pages={1566–1572} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_2007, title={Caladium growth control with flurprimidol paclobutrazol, and uniconazole}, volume={17}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I.}, year={2007}, pages={368–370} }
 @article{whipker_mccall_krug_2006, title={Flurprimidol substrate drenches and foliar sprays control growth of 'Blue Champion' exacum}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1063-0198"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.16.2.0354}, abstractNote={Flurprimidol was applied as a foliar spray (12.5, 25.0, 37.5, 50.0, or 62.5 mg·L-1) or as a substrate drench (0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, or 0.24 mg/pot a.i.) to determine its efficacy on `Blue Champion' exacum (Exacum affine). Flurprimidol substrate drenches were more consistent in controlling plant growth than foliar sprays. Substrate drenches of 0.03 mg/pot a.i. or foliar sprays ≥50 mg·L-1 resulted in smaller plant heights and diameters than the untreated control. With the use of flurprimidol, exacum growers have another plant growth regulator (PGR) available to control excessive growth.}, number={2}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Whipker, BE and McCall, I and Krug, BA}, year={2006}, pages={354–356} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_2006, title={Hyacinth height bulb soaks of control using preplant flurprimidol}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.16.2.0370}, abstractNote={Eight experiments were conducted to develop height control protocols for greenhouse-forced hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis) bulbs. `Pink Pearl' hyacinth bulbs were treated with flurprimidol preplant bulb soaks to determine optimal timing of treatment, soak duration, quantity of bulbs that could be treated before the solution lost efficacy, bulb location of solution uptake, and if higher concentrations of flurprimidol can be used to overcome stretch that occurs with extended cold treatment. No difference in height control occurred when bulbs were soaked in flurprimidol the day of, 1 day before, or 7 days before potting; therefore, growers can treat bulbs up to 1 week before potting with no difference in height control. All preplant bulb soak durations of 1, 5, 10, 20, or 40 min controlled plant height. Any soak durations ≥1.3 min resulted in similar height control, which would provide growers with a flexible time frame of 2 to 40 min in which to soak the bulbs. When 1 L of 20 mg·L-1 flurprimidol solution was used repeatedly over 20 batches of five bulbs, solution efficacy was similar from the first batch to the last batch, indicating the soak solution of flurprimidol can be used repeatedly without loss of efficacy. Soak solution temperature was also tested to determine its effect on flurprimidol and paclobutrazol uptake. Temperature of the soak solution (8, 16, or 24 °C) had no effect on flurprimidol and only at a temperature of 8 °C was the efficacy of paclobutrazol lower. Postharvest heights of `Pink Pearl' hyacinths were similar whether only the top, bottom, or the entire bulb was soaked. Control provided by flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, or uniconazole preplant bulb soaks varied among the three hyacinth cultivars Delft Blue, Jan Bos, and Pink Pearl, so growers will have to conduct their own trials to determine optimal cultivar response to preplant bulb soaks. Also, `Pacino' sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) were treated with residual soak solution of flurprimidol to determine if substrate drenches could be used as a disposal method. Fresh and residual solutions of flurprimidol (1.18, 2.37, or 4.73 mg/pot a.i.) applied to `Pacino' sunflowers were similar in their efficacy of controlling height, which would enable growers to avoid disposal problems of residual soak solutions.}, number={2}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Krug, BA and Whipker, BE and McCall, I}, year={2006}, pages={370–375} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_dole_2006, title={Narcissus response to plant growth regulators}, volume={16}, number={1}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2006}, pages={129–132} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_dole_2005, title={Comparison of flurprimidol to ancymidol, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole for tulip height control}, volume={15}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2005}, pages={370–373} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_dole_2005, title={Comparison of flurprimidol to ethephon, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole for hyacinth height control}, volume={15}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2005}, pages={872–874} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_2005, title={Flurprimidol is effective at controlling height of 'Star Gazer' oriental lily}, volume={15}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I.}, year={2005}, pages={373–376} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_dole_2004, title={Controlling stem topple of pot tulips}, volume={49}, number={1}, journal={North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin}, author={Krug, B. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Dole, J.}, year={2004}, pages={14} }
 @article{dole_mccall_whipker_2004, title={National Poinsettia Trial Program highlights}, volume={49}, number={1}, journal={North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin}, author={Dole, J. and McCall, I. and Whipker, B. E.}, year={2004}, pages={1} }
 @article{whipker_mccall_2003, title={Comparing paclobutrazols}, volume={48}, number={6}, journal={North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin}, author={Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I.}, year={2003}, pages={10} }
 @article{whipker_mccall_gibson_cavins_2003, title={Efficacy of flurprimidol (topflor) on bedding plants}, ISBN={["90-6605-238-4"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2003.624.58}, number={624}, journal={ELEGANT SCIENCE IN FLORICULTURE}, author={Whipker, BE and McCall, I and Gibson, JL and Cavins, TJ}, year={2003}, pages={413–418} }
 @article{larson_mccall_2001, title={NCSU poinsettia cultivar trials - 2000}, volume={46}, number={2}, journal={North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin}, author={Larson, R. A. and McCall, I.}, year={2001}, pages={6} }