Julie A Balko

Works (27)

Updated: June 29th, 2024 05:01

2024 journal article

DEVELOPMENT OF A HEMOLYMPH COLLECTION TECHNIQUE AND REPORT OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF HEMOLYMPH IN A MANAGED POPULATION OF FEMALE THORNY DEVIL STICK INSECTS (<i>EURYCANTHA CALCARATA</i>)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 55(1), 22–30.

By: M. Gorges  n, J. Balko n, A. Lathan n, T. Gregory n, A. Heniff n & G. Lewbart n 

UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: May 20, 2024

2024 journal article

INVESTIGATION OF A POINT-OF-CARE VISCOELASTIC COAGULATION MONITOR AND ITS COMPARISON TO THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (<i>LOXODONTA AFRICANA</i>)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 55(1), 164–172.

By: A. Heniff n, A. Lynch n , L. Ruterbories n, L. Minter n, T. Georoff n & J. Balko n

UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: May 20, 2024

2024 article

Urban eastern gray squirrels (<i>sciurus carolinensis</i>) show little seasonal variation in biochemical and hematological parameters

Rimbach, R., Petritz, O. A., Balko, J. A., & Pontzer, H. (2024, June 7). URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, Vol. 6.

By: R. Rimbach *, O. Petritz n , J. Balko n & H. Pontzer *

author keywords: Cardiometabolic health; Leucocyte profile; Nutrition; Serum chemistry; Urbanization; Wildlife health
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities (OpenAlex)
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, NC State University Libraries
Added: June 8, 2024

2023 journal article

Anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in eastern box turtles<i> (Terrapene</i><i> carolina</i><i> carolina)</i> is enhanced with the addition of midazolam and when administered in the forelimb versus the hindlimb

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH, 85(2).

By: A. Heniff n, O. Petritz n , R. Carpenter n, G. Lewbart n  & J. Balko n

author keywords: eastern box turtle; sedation; dexmedetomidine; ketamine; midazolam; anesthesia
TL;DR: In eastern box turtles, forelimb dexmedetomidine-ketamine resulted in clinically relevant anesthetic effects that were heightened with the addition of midazolam, supporting a hepatic first-pass effect. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: February 26, 2024

2023 journal article

Characterization of Current Husbandry and Veterinary Care Practices of the Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Using an Online Survey

VETERINARY SCIENCES, 10(7).

By: A. Kirby *, J. Balko n, C. Goertz * & G. Lewbart n 

author keywords: octopus; anesthesia; sedation; veterinary
TL;DR: Survey of aquatic veterinarians and animal care professionals on current animal and veterinary care, including anesthesia and euthanasia, of GPOs found to help guide additional studies in GPO anesthesia and sedation. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
14. Life Below Water (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: August 14, 2023

2023 journal article

EVALUATION OF INTRACARDIAC ADMINISTRATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, IVERMECTIN, OR LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE FOR EUTHANASIA OF ANESTHETIZED BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 53(4), 689–695.

By: A. Mones n, A. Heniff n, C. Harms n  & J. Balko n

MeSH headings : Animals; Male; Brachyura; Euthanasia, Animal; Ivermectin / pharmacology; Lidocaine / pharmacology; Potassium Chloride / pharmacology
TL;DR: Intracardiac KCl at 10 mEq/kg and ivermectin at 5 mg/kg were effective, rapid methods for euthanasia of anesthetized blue crabs. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
14. Life Below Water (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: February 13, 2023

2023 journal article

EVALUATION OF OSCILLOMETRIC BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT USING A FINGER CUFF IN ANESTHETIZED CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 54(1), 16–22.

By: K. Cassady n, J. Balko n, K. Bailey n, L. Posner n, J. Robertson n  & L. Minter n

MeSH headings : Animals; Blood Pressure / physiology; Pan troglodytes; Blood Pressure Determination / veterinary; Blood Pressure Determination / methods; Arterial Pressure; Isoflurane; Blood Pressure Monitors / veterinary
TL;DR: FBP showed good agreement with I BP for SAP, MAP, and DAP but consistently overestimated values compared with IBP, suggesting FBP may be useful for serial blood pressure monitoring in conscious chimpanzees. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: April 11, 2023

2023 journal article

Evaluation of Targeted Injections of Ivermectin or Potassium Chloride for Euthanasia of Anesthetized Thorny Devil Stick Insects (<i>Eurycantha calcarata</i>)

JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS, 4(1), 231–239.

By: A. Heniff n, M. Gorges  n, G. Lewbart n  & J. Balko n

author keywords: euthanasia; insects; ivermectin; potassium chloride; KCl; thorny devil stick insect; Eurycantha calcarata
TL;DR: In this preliminary study, ivermectin 100 mg/kg via ventral midline injection was effective for euthanasia of thorny devil stick insects. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: January 2, 2024

2023 journal article

Investigation of Potassium Chloride for Euthanasia of Anesthetized African Clawed Frogs (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>)

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE, 62(4), 362–369.

By: T. Olagbaju n, B. Troan n & J. Balko n

TL;DR: Return to MS-222 solution after KCl administration may be warranted to prevent unintended, premature anesthetic recovery prior to death of anesthetized African clawed frogs. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Source: Web Of Science
Added: November 27, 2023

2023 journal article

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ADMINISTERED VIA FOUR ROUTES FOR EUTHANASIA OF ANESTHETIZED GOLDFISH (<i>CARASSIUS AURATUS</i>)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 54(3), 435–442.

By: A. Heniff n & J. Balko n

TL;DR: Immersion overdose in tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is ineffective for euthanasia of adult goldfish (Carassius auratus), and investigation of alternative techniques is warranted, and return to MS-222 immersion following KCl administration is recommended. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Source: Web Of Science
Added: November 13, 2023

2023 journal article

Retrospective evaluation of wobbly hedgehog syndrome in 49 African pygmy hedgehogs (<i>Atelerix albiventris</i>): 2000-2020

JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 261(9).

By: G. Gonzalez n, J. Balko n, M. Sadar *, A. Alexander *, J. Sheldon *, G. Doss *, K. Keller *, S. Gardhouse *, O. Petritz n 

TL;DR: The prognosis for hedgehogs with WHS is poor, no treatment had a significant effect on survival time, and neoplasia was a common comorbidity in the current cohort. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: November 13, 2023

2022 journal article

A Porcine Heterotopic Heart Transplantation Protocol for Delivery of Therapeutics to a Cardiac Allograft

JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS, (180).

By: M. Pla, A. Evans*, F. Lee *, Y. Chiang *, M. Bishawi *, A. Vekstein *, L. Kang*, D. Zapata* ...

MeSH headings : Allografts; Animals; Graft Rejection; Graft Survival; Heart Transplantation / methods; Humans; Swine; Tissue Donors; Transplantation, Heterotopic
TL;DR: The aim of this protocol is to provide a reproducible and robust approach for achieving ex vivo delivery of a therapeutic to the entire cardiac allograft prior to transplantation and provide technical details to perform a survival heterotopic transplant of the ex vivo perfused heart. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Source: Web Of Science
Added: June 13, 2022

2022 journal article

Development and Evaluation of a Serum Transfusion Process in the Thorny Devil Stick Insect (Eurycantha calcarata)

FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE, 9.

By: T. Gregory n, A. Heniff n, M. Gorges  n, A. Lathan n, G. Lewbart n  & J. Balko n

author keywords: Eurycantha calcarata; serum; stick insect; transfusion; transfusion reaction
TL;DR: This is the first report of serum transfusions in thorny devil stick insects, and while largely successful, minor to severe transfusion reactions may occur. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: May 16, 2022

2022 journal article

Effects of Intramuscular Alfaxalone and Midazolam Compared With Midazolam and Butorphanol in Rhode Island Red Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY, 36(3), 287–294.

By: K. Knutson n, O. Petritz n , A. Thomson n, J. Robertson n  & J. Balko n

author keywords: sedation; Gallus gallus domesticus; alfaxalone; butorphanol; midazolam; intramuscular; avian; chicken
MeSH headings : Animals; Female; Butorphanol / pharmacology; Midazolam / pharmacology; Chickens; Cross-Over Studies; Rhode Island
TL;DR: Intramuscular AM resulted in significantly faster onset of sedative effects, significantly longer duration of recumbency, significantly higher peak sedation, and improved success of radiographic positioning compared with intramuscules BM. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
14. Life Below Water (OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: December 19, 2022

2022 journal article

Intramuscular Alfaxalone-Butorphanol-Midazolam Compared with Ketamine-Butorphanol- Midazolam in New Zealand White Rabbits

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE, 61(5), 475–481.

By: K. Knutson n, O. Petritz n , A. Thomson n & J. Balko n

author keywords: Abbreviations; ABM; alfaxalone-butorphanol-midazolam; KBM; ketamine-butorphanol-midazolam
MeSH headings : Animals; Butorphanol / pharmacology; Cross-Over Studies; Flumazenil; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Injections, Intramuscular / veterinary; Ketamine / pharmacology; Midazolam / pharmacology; Pregnanediones / pharmacology; Rabbits
TL;DR: Both protocols produced sufficient sedation for radiograph acquisition without clinically significant adverse effects and the duration of recumbency was significantly longer in ABM rabbits than in KBM rabbits. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: December 5, 2022

2022 journal article

Point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation assessment in healthy dogs during the perianesthetic period

BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH, 18(1).

By: W. Wang n, A. Lynch n , J. Balko n, D. Duffy n, J. Robertson n  & L. Posner n

author keywords: Coagulation; Viscoelastic testing; VCM Vet; Perianesthetic period
MeSH headings : Animals; Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Tests / veterinary; Dogs; Fibrinolysis; Point-of-Care Systems; Thrombelastography / veterinary
TL;DR: The rate of clot formation (CT and CFT) decreased over the perianesthetic period in healthy dogs undergoing surgery and there was clinically acceptable consistency between devices. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: September 26, 2022

2021 article

Retrospective and prospective assessment of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM (TM)) for immobilisation of feral horses (Equus ferus caballus)

Balko, J. A., Fogle, C., Stuska, S. J., Fogle, J. E., & Posner, L. P. (2021, July 26). EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Vol. 7.

By: J. Balko n, C. Fogle n , S. Stuska, J. Fogle n & L. Posner n

author keywords: azaperone; BAM; butorphanol; castration; horse; immobilisation; medetomidine
MeSH headings : Animals; Azaperone / pharmacology; Butorphanol / pharmacology; Horses; Hypnotics and Sedatives / pharmacology; Immobilization / veterinary; Ketamine; Male; Medetomidine / pharmacology; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies
TL;DR: Intramuscular BAM™ with IV ketamine provided chemical restraint suitable for field castration of feral horses with no mortality. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
1. No Poverty (OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: August 9, 2021

2021 journal article

SEDATIVE AND CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF INTRAMUSCULAR ALFAXALONE AND BUTORPHANOL AT TWO DOSAGES IN FERRETS (MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 51(4), 841–847.

By: M. Milloway n, L. Posner n & J. Balko n

MeSH headings : Analgesics, Opioid / administration & dosage; Analgesics, Opioid / pharmacology; Animals; Butorphanol / administration & dosage; Butorphanol / pharmacology; Conscious Sedation / veterinary; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Ferrets; Male; Neurosteroids / administration & dosage; Neurosteroids / pharmacology; Pregnanediones / administration & dosage; Pregnanediones / pharmacology
TL;DR: Intramuscular alfaxalone 5 mg/kg with butorphanol 0.2mg/kg provided clinically useful sedation in ferrets with mild transient cardiorespiratory derangements, and among monitored ferrets, transient mild hypotension and hypoxemia were observed. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Source: Web Of Science
Added: February 8, 2021

2020 journal article

EVALUATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ADMINISTERED VIA THREE ROUTES FOR EUTHANASIA OF ANESTHETIZED KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 51(3), 485–489.

By: M. Louis n, E. Houck n, G. Lewbart n , L. Posner n & J. Balko n

MeSH headings : Animals; Carps; Euthanasia, Animal / methods; Injections / methods; Injections / veterinary; Potassium Chloride / administration & dosage
TL;DR: Intracardiac KCl at 10 mEq/kg rapidly ceases Doppler sounds and is a successful technique for euthanasia of anesthetized koi. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
14. Life Below Water (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: February 8, 2021

2020 journal article

Effect of presurgical storage conditions on leakage pressures of enterotomy sites closed with unidirectional barbed suture material in fresh, chilled, and frozen-thawed cadaveric canine jejunal specimens

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH, 81(3), 220–226.

By: D. Duffy n, Y. Chang n, J. Balko n & G. Moore *

MeSH headings : Anastomosis, Surgical / veterinary; Animals; Cadaver; Dogs; Freezing; Pressure; Sutures
TL;DR: Leak pressure testing of cadaveric jejunal segments that are fresh or chilled at 4°C for 24 hours is recommended for enterotomy studies involving barbed suture material in dogs. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Source: Web Of Science
Added: March 23, 2020

2020 journal article

OBJECTIVE GAIT ANALYSIS IN HUMBOLDT PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI) USING A PRESSURE-SENSITIVE WALKWAY

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 50(4), 910–916.

By: J. Sheldon *, M. Adkesson *, M. Allender *, J. Balko*, R. Bailey*, J. Langan *, S. Chinnadurai*

author keywords: Humboldt penguin; lameness; objective gait analysis; pressure-sensitive walkway; Spheniscus humboldti; Tekscan
MeSH headings : Animals; Animals, Zoo; Biomechanical Phenomena; Female; Gait; Gait Analysis / instrumentation; Gait Analysis / methods; Gait Analysis / veterinary; Male; Spheniscidae / physiology
TL;DR: Assessment of pododermatitis, osteoarthritis, and other causes of lameness in penguins can be challenging and a pressure-sensitive walkway (PSW) allows for objective gait analysis and assessment of analgesic therapeutic response. (via Semantic Scholar)
Source: Web Of Science
Added: January 27, 2020

2019 journal article

Evaluation of the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular alfaxalone administration and isoflurane in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and comparison with manual restraint

JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 254(12), 1427–1435.

By: J. Balko*, D. Lindemann *, M. Allender * & S. Chinnadurai*

MeSH headings : Anesthetics / pharmacology; Animals; Injections, Intramuscular / veterinary; Isoflurane; Melopsittacus / physiology; Pregnanediones
TL;DR: Alfaxalone administered IM at 10 mg/kg produced effective sedation in healthy budgerigars and may be a viable alternative to isoflurane and manual restraint for brief, minimally invasive procedures. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Source: Web Of Science
Added: July 1, 2019

2019 journal article

Ex vivo comparison of the effect of storage temperature on canine intestinal leakage pressures

VETERINARY SURGERY, 49(3), 496–501.

By: D. Duffy n, Y. Chang n, J. Balko n & G. Moore *

MeSH headings : Animals; Cadaver; Digestive System Surgical Procedures / veterinary; Dogs; Jejunum / surgery; Pressure; Sutures / standards; Sutures / veterinary; Temperature
TL;DR: Cadaveric canine intestinal specimens tested immediately after collection or after chilling for 24 hours should be recommended for ex vivo burst pressure assessment in dogs and additional studies to evaluate loss in testing viability of chilled intestinal specimens are warranted. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Source: Web Of Science
Added: April 20, 2020

2019 journal article

IMMERSION IN TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE (MS-222) IS NOT SUFFICIENT FOR EUTHANASIA OF SMOKEY JUNGLE FROGS (LEPTODACTYLUS PENTADACTYLUS)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 50(1), 89–95.

By: J. Balko*, L. Posner n & S. Chinnadurai*

author keywords: Animal welfare; Euthanasia; Leptodactylus petuadactylus; MS-222; Smokey Jungle Frog; Tricaine methanesulfonate
MeSH headings : Aminobenzoates / therapeutic use; Anesthetics / therapeutic use; Animals; Anura / physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Euthanasia, Animal / methods; Immersion
TL;DR: Although death was achieved in 17 of 18 frogs, given the repeated events of regained consciousness, MS-222 immersion when used at concentrations ≤10 g/L did not result in rapid and distress-free death and is not sufficient for humane euthanasia in this species. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
14. Life Below Water (OpenAlex)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Source: Web Of Science
Added: April 22, 2019

2018 journal article

Factors associated with postoperative complications in healthy horses after general anesthesia for ophthalmic versus non-ophthalmic procedures: 556 cases (2012–2014)

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(9), 1113–1119.

By: E. Curto, E. Griffith*, L. Posner*, K. Walsh, J. Balko* & B. Gilger* 

MeSH headings : Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General / veterinary; Animals; Colic / veterinary; Eye Diseases / surgery; Eye Diseases / veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases / surgery; Horses; Male; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / veterinary; Postoperative Complications / veterinary; Records / veterinary; Treatment Outcome
TL;DR: In healthy horses, duration of general anesthesia should be minimized to decrease the risk of postanesthetic complications, and judicious use of orally administered fluconazole is recommended. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: August 6, 2018

2018 journal article

INHALANT ANESTHETIC RECOVERY FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR EPINEPHRINE IN THE LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE (CARETTA CARETTA)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 49(3), 680–688.

By: J. Balko*, B. Gatson, E. Cohen* , E. Griffith*, C. Harms*  & K. Bailey*

author keywords: Anesthesia; Caretta caretta; epinephrine; inhalant; recovery; sea turtle
MeSH headings : Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation / administration & dosage; Anesthetics, Inhalation / pharmacology; Animals; Cross-Over Studies; Epinephrine / administration & dosage; Epinephrine / pharmacology; Isoflurane / administration & dosage; Isoflurane / pharmacology; Pregnanediones / administration & dosage; Pregnanediones / pharmacology; Random Allocation; Sympathomimetics / administration & dosage; Sympathomimetics / pharmacology; Turtles / physiology
TL;DR: Intramuscular epinephrine significantly reduces time to first movement during isoflurane anesthetic recovery in loggerhead sea turtles, and time to extubation was at least 30 min faster in 4/6 turtles following epinphrine compared with saline. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
14. Life Below Water (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: January 21, 2019

2018 journal article

Use of tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol for immersion euthanasia of goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(12), 1555–1561.

By: J. Balko*, A. Oda* & L. Posner*

MeSH headings : Aminobenzoates / administration & dosage; Aminobenzoates / pharmacology; Anesthetics / administration & dosage; Anesthetics / pharmacology; Animals; Euthanasia, Animal; Fishes; Myocardial Contraction / drug effects; Propofol / administration & dosage; Propofol / pharmacology; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Water
TL;DR: Whether immersion in propofol at 5 times its immersion anesthesia concentration for 30 minutes is sufficient for euthanasia of goldfish, and the duration of myocardial contraction following immersion of gold fish in TMS and decapitation are quantified. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
6. Clean Water and Sanitation (OpenAlex)
Source: NC State University Libraries
Added: August 6, 2018

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