@article{fan_johanningsmeier_schultheis_starke_osborne_collins_2024, title={Quantification of cucurbitacin C in bitter cucumber and its reduction by fermentation and acidification}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1096-0481"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106065}, abstractNote={Cucurbitacins are seldom found in pickling cucumber, but when present, make finished products unpalatable. Liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed to determine cucurbitacins in ‘Hanzil’ (bitter) and ‘Vlaspik’ (non-bitter) pickling cucumbers subjected to acidification or fermentation. Cucurbitacins C (CuC) and C-glycoside were putatively identified in ‘Hanzil’ cucumber fruits while undetectable in ‘Vlaspik’. The major cucurbitacin in ‘Hanzil’, CuC, increased in concentration with cucumber size, ranging from 28 ppm in size 2 A to >74 ppm in size 4+ fruits. Endocarp had the highest CuC concentration (88.7 ± 44.3 ppm) followed by mesocarp (30.6 ± 15.1 ppm) and exocarp (2.58 ± 1.75 ppm). CuC was 3-fold lower in acidified cucumber (15.7 ± 10.3 ppm) and 10-fold less in fermented cucumber (4.90 ± 3.94 ppm) than when fresh (47.9 ± 22.8 ppm). Fermentation has potential for de-bittering of cucurbits, and oversized bitter cucumbers could serve as a source of CuC for exploration of bioactivities.}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS}, author={Fan, Xinyue and Johanningsmeier, Suzanne D. and Schultheis, Jonathan and Starke, Keith and Osborne, Jason A. and Collins, Maxton}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{kirchner_miller_osborne_badgley_neidermeyer_kathariou_2023, title={Campylobacter Colonization and Diversity in Young Turkeys in the Context of Gastrointestinal Distress and Antimicrobial Treatment}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms11020252}, abstractNote={Young turkeys are vulnerable to undifferentiated gastrointestinal distress, including “irritable and crabby syndrome” (ICS), which compromises flock performance and is typically treated with a combination of penicillin and gentamicin (P/G). However, the effects of ICS and P/G treatment on Campylobacter remain poorly understood. We investigated the impact of ICS and P/G treatment on Campylobacter levels and diversity in four flocks from three turkey farms. Cecum and jejunum samples were analyzed weekly from day of hatch to week 4–5. All four flocks became colonized with multidrug resistant (MDR) Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli by week 2–3, and two developed ICS. ICS and P/G treatment did not significantly impact total Campylobacter levels or strain genotypes but impacted species and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. One flock was raised under antibiotic-free (ABF) conditions while another flock at the same farm was raised conventionally. The ABF flock did not develop ICS while its counterpart did. However, Campylobacter strains, AMR profiles and sequence types were generally shared between these two flocks. Our findings suggest that ICS and P/G treatment impacted Campylobacter population dynamics in commercial young turkey flocks, and that ABF flocks may become readily colonized by MDR strains from non-ABF flocks at the same farm.}, number={2}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, author={Kirchner, Margaret and Miller, William G. and Osborne, Jason A. and Badgley, Brian and Neidermeyer, Jeffrey and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hanafy_osborne_miller_parker_olson_jackson_kathariou_2022, title={Differences in the Propensity of Different Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants to Be Disseminated via Transformation in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms10061194}, abstractNote={Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading zoonotic foodborne pathogens, and the drugs of choice for human campylobacteriosis are macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) and fluoroquinolones. C. jejuni and C. coli are naturally competent for transformation via naked DNA uptake, but potential differences in transformation frequency (TF) for different antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers remain poorly understood. We determined TFs for resistance to different antibiotics using as recipient a derivative of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 (strain SN:CM) with donor DNA from multidrug-resistant C. jejuni or C. coli. TF for nalidixic acid resistance ranked significantly highest (~1.4 × 10−3), followed by resistance to streptomycin and gentamicin. Tetracycline resistance via chromosomal tet(O) was less commonly transferred (~7.6 × 10−7), while transformation to erythromycin resistance was rare (≤4.7 × 10−8). We also determined TFs with the contemporary poultry-derived strains C. jejuni FSIS 11810577 and C. coli FSIS 1710488 as recipients. TFs to nalidixic acid and streptomycin resistance remained the highest (~7 × 10−4). However, TF for gentamicin resistance was remarkably low in certain recipient–donor combinations, while average TF for erythromycin resistance was noticeably higher (~3 × 10−6) than with SN:CM. Findings from this experimental model provide insights into factors that may impact transformation-mediated transfer of AMR leading to AMR dissemination in the agricultural ecosystem.}, number={6}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, author={Hanafy, Zahra and Osborne, Jason A. and Miller, William G. and Parker, Craig T. and Olson, Jonathan W. and Jackson, James H. and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{fan_foster_miller_osborne_kathariou_2021, title={Impact of Ceftiofur Administration in Steers on the Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp.}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms9020318}, abstractNote={Bacterial resistance to ceftiofur raises health concerns due to ceftiofur’s extensive veterinary usage and structural similarity with the human antibiotic ceftriaxone. Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) and ceftiofur hydrochloride (CHCL) are ceftiofur types used therapeutically in cattle, but their potential impacts on Campylobacter prevalence and antimicrobial resistance remain unclear. In this study two groups of steers were each treated with CCFA or CHCL. In vivo active drug concentrations were measured and fecal samples were analyzed for Campylobacter for up to 42 days post-treatment. Following administration, the colonic concentration of ceftiofur initially increased then dropped to pre-treatment levels by day 8. The estimated prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was significantly (p = 0.0009) higher during the first week after CCFA treatment than after CHCL treatment (81.3% vs. 45.2%). Campylobacter jejuni predominated overall, with other Campylobacter spp. mainly identified in the first week after CCFA treatment. No treatment impacts were noted on ceftiofur minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for C. jejuni (10–20 μg/mL). More C. jejuni genotypes were detected in CCFA-treated than CHCL-treated steers. These findings suggest that ceftiofur did not significantly impact Campylobacter prevalence or ceftiofur MIC. However, CHCL may be preferable due to the lower likelihood of temporary increases in Campylobacter prevalence.}, number={2}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, author={Fan, Sicun and Foster, Derek and Miller, William G. and Osborne, Jason and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{davis_agraz_kline_gottschall_nolt_whitaker_osborne_tengstrand_ostrowski_teixeira_et al._2021, title={Measurements of High Oleic Purity in Peanut Lots Using Rapid, Single Kernel Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1558-9331"]}, DOI={10.1002/aocs.12487}, abstractNote={AbstractHigh oleic peanuts have improved shelf life vs. conventional peanuts. Purity (percentage of high oleic peanuts within a lot) is critical to ingredient performance and final lot value. Contamination can result from unintentional mix‐ups at the breeder/seed level, improper production handling, or due to physiologically immature high oleic kernels. Therefore, industry groups have established unofficial sampling plans to monitor purity. Assuming equivalent measurement performance and simple random sampling, increasing the sample size decreases variance among replicated sample test results and increases the precision of estimated lot purity. A novel instrument (QSorter Explorer by QualySense AG) using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy was evaluated for high speed (20 kernels per second) high oleic purity measurements. The study objectives were to assess instrument performance in: (1) measuring oleic acid (%) in runner peanuts and (2) estimating the true high oleic purity of artificially mixed peanut lots. Three grades (Jumbo, Medium, and No 1) of US Runner mini‐lots each at seven different contamination levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100%) were prepared. Oleic acid (%) of individual kernels was measured by scanning replicated samples of 10, 50, 100, and 500 kernels using the QSorter Explorer. The variance associated with each sample size and lot contamination level on returned purity values is discussed in the context of binomial sampling. Overall, the demonstrated measurement performance and capacity of the QSorter Explorer to process much larger sample sizes suggest this instrument can better identify true high oleic peanut lot purity vs. other currently available technologies.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY}, author={Davis, Brittany I and Agraz, Catherine B. and Kline, Mark and Gottschall, Emma and Nolt, Michael and Whitaker, Thomas B. and Osborne, Jason A. and Tengstrand, Erik and Ostrowski, Kamil and Teixeira, Rita and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={621–632} }
 @article{caudill_osborne_sandeep_simunovic_harris_2022, title={Viability of microwave technology for accelerated cold brew coffee processing vs conventional brewing methods}, volume={317}, ISSN={["1873-5770"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110866}, DOI={10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110866}, abstractNote={Production of cold brew (CB) coffee beverages can require 10–24 h of cold-water infusion. Accelerating this process would facilitate its production on a large scale. This study compared hot brewed coffee (HB), CB, heat-treated CB coffee (H-CB), and microwave treated CB coffee (M-CB) over time in terms of four attributes: color measured by L* values, total dissolved solids (TDS), and mg/100 g caffeine and chlorogenic acid (3-CQA). L* decreased over time for both HB and CB (34.98 → 17.19 vs 64.62 → 43.00), while TDS (0.89 → 1.39 vs 0.29 → 0.85), caffeine (48.90 → 84.39 vs 15.23 → 61.42) and 3-CQA (33.60 → 62.85 vs 5.55 → 44.82) increased. H-CB and M-CB attributes remained constant after the heat treatment (L*, 34.46–35.33 vs 29.23–29.29; TDS, 0.80–1.03 vs 1.00–0.94; caffeine, 56.10–62.21 vs 60.88–69.85; 3-CQA, 39.17–46.00 vs 41.39–49.95), were similar to CB samples, but required less preparation time. A brief heat treatment prior to cold infusion accelerates CB production, allowing industry to develop faster, less costly processing methods.}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING}, author={Caudill, Morgan and Osborne, Jason and Sandeep, K. P. and Simunovic, Josip and Harris, Gabriel Keith}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{jernigan_osborne_buckner_2020, title={Gastric artery embolization: studying the effects of catheter type and injection method on microsphere distributions within a benchtop arterial model}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1475-925X"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12938-020-00794-z}, abstractNote={Abstract
Aims
The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of catheter type and injection method on microsphere distributions, specifically vessel targeting accuracy.

Materials and methods
The study utilized three catheter types (a standard end-hole micro-catheter, a Surefire anti-reflux catheter, and an Endobar occlusion balloon catheter) and both manual and computer-controlled injection schemes. A closed-loop, dynamically pressurized surrogate arterial system was assembled to replicate arterial flow for bariatric embolization procedures. Four vessel branches immediately distal to the injection site were targeted for embolization. Embolic microspheres were injected into the model using these  three catheter types and both manual and computer-controlled injections.

Results
Across all injection methods, the catheter effect on the proportion of microspheres to target vessels (vs. non-target vessels) was significant (p = 0.005). The catheter effect on the number of non-target vessels embolized was nearly significant (p = 0.059). Across all catheter types, the injection method effect was not statistically significant for either of two outcome measures (percent microspheres to target vessels: p = 0.265, number of non-target vessels embolized: p = 0.148).

Conclusion
Catheter type had a significant effect on targeting accuracy across all injection methods. The Endobar catheter exhibited a higher targeting accuracy in pairwise comparisons with the other two injection catheters across all injection schemes and when considering the Endobar catheter with the manifold injection method vs. each of the catheters with the manual injection method; the differences were significant in three of four analyses. The injection method effect was not statistically significant across all catheter types and when considering the Endobar catheter/Endobar manifold combination vs. Endobar catheter injections with manual and pressure-replicated methods.
}, number={1}, journal={BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ONLINE}, author={Jernigan, Shaphan R. and Osborne, Jason A. and Buckner, Gregory D.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{lasky_campbell_osborne_ivory_lasky_kendall_2021, title={Increasing browse and social complexity can improve zoo elephant welfare}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1098-2361"]}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.21575}, abstractNote={AbstractWhile recent work has assessed how environmental and managerial changes influence elephant welfare across multiple zoos, few studies have addressed the effects of management changes within a single institution. In this paper, we examine how management changes related to social structure and diet affect the behavior of a group of zoo elephants over a 23‐month period while also considering underlying factors, such as time of day, hormonal cycle, and individual differences. We recorded individual behaviors using 2‐min scan samples during 60‐min sessions. We analyzed behavioral changes across several study variables using generalized linear mixed models. We found that increasing browse can improve opportunities for foraging throughout the day but may not be sufficient to reduce repetitive behaviors. We observed that increasing group size and integration of bulls with cows can lead to increased social interaction in African elephants. Our results highlight the importance of using multiple management alterations to address elephant welfare, and considering environmental factors, when making management decisions.}, number={1}, journal={ZOO BIOLOGY}, author={Lasky, Monica and Campbell, Jennifer and Osborne, Jason A. and Ivory, Erin L. and Lasky, Jacob and Kendall, Corinne J.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={9–19} }
 @article{price_longtin_conley-payton_osborne_johanningsmeier_bitzer_breidt_2020, title={Modeling buffer capacity and pH in acid and acidified foods}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1750-3841"]}, DOI={10.1111/1750-3841.15091}, abstractNote={AbstractStandard ionic equilibria equations may be used for calculating pH of weak acid and base solutions. These calculations are difficult or impossible to solve analytically for foods that include many unknown buffering components, making pH prediction in these systems impractical. We combined buffer capacity (BC) models with a pH prediction algorithm to allow pH prediction in complex food matrices from BC data. Numerical models were developed using Matlab software to estimate the pH and buffering components for mixtures of weak acid and base solutions. The pH model was validated with laboratory solutions of acetic or citric acids with ammonia, in combinations with varying salts using Latin hypercube designs. Linear regressions of observed versus predicted pH values based on the concentration and pK values of the solution components resulted in estimated slopes between 0.96 and 1.01 with and without added salts. BC models were generated from titration curves for 0.6 M acetic acid or 12.4 mM citric acid resulting in acid concentration and pK estimates. Predicted pH values from these estimates were within 0.11 pH units of the measured pH. Acetic acid concentration measurements based on the model were within 6% accuracy compared to high‐performance liquid chromatography measurements for concentrations less than 400 mM, although they were underestimated above that. The models may have application for use in determining the BC of food ingredients with unknown buffering components. Predicting pH changes for food ingredients using these models may be useful for regulatory purposes with acid or acidified foods and for product development.Practical ApplicationBuffer capacity models may benefit regulatory agencies and manufacturers of acid and acidified foods to determine pH stability (below pH 4.6) and how low‐acid food ingredients may affect the safety of these foods. Predicting pH for solutions with known or unknown buffering components was based on titration data and models that use only monoprotic weak acids and bases. These models may be useful for product development and food safety by estimating pH and buffering capacity.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE}, author={Price, Robert E. and Longtin, Madyson and Conley-Payton, Summer and Osborne, Jason A. and Johanningsmeier, Suzanne D. and Bitzer, Donald and Breidt, Fred}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={918–925} }
 @article{pierce_graham_stiff_osborne_haigler_2019, title={Cultures of Gossypium barbadense cotton ovules offer insights into the microtubule-mediated control of fiber cell expansion}, volume={249}, ISSN={0032-0935 1432-2048}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03106-5}, DOI={10.1007/s00425-019-03106-5}, abstractNote={A novel method for culturing ovules of Gossypium barbadense allowed in vitro comparisons with Gossypium hirsutum and revealed variable roles of microtubules in controlling cotton fiber cell expansion. Cotton fibers undergo extensive elongation and secondary wall thickening as they develop into our most important renewable textile material. These single cells elongate at the apex as well as elongating and expanding in diameter behind the apex. These multiple growth modes represent an interesting difference compared to classical tip-growing cells that needs to be explored further. In vitro ovule culture enables experimental analysis of the controls of cotton fiber development in commonly grown Gossypium hirsutum cotton, but, previously, there was no equivalent system for G. barbadense, which produces higher quality cotton fiber. Here, we describe: (a) how to culture the ovules of G. barbadense successfully, and (b) the results of an in vitro experiment comparing the role of microtubules in controlling cell expansion in different zones near the apex of three types of cotton fiber tips. Adding the common herbicide fluridone, 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone, to the medium supported G. barbadense ovule culture, with positive impacts on the number of useful ovules and fiber length. The effect is potentially mediated through inhibited synthesis of abscisic acid, which antagonized the positive effects of fluridone. Fiber development was perturbed by adding colchicine, a microtubule antagonist, to ovules of G. barbadense and G. hirsutum cultured 2 days after flowering. The results supported the zonal control of cell expansion in one type of G. hirsutum fiber tip and highlighted differences in the role of microtubules in modulating cell expansion between three types of cotton fiber tips.}, number={5}, journal={Planta}, publisher={Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Inc.}, author={Pierce, Ethan T. and Graham, Benjamin P. and Stiff, Michael R. and Osborne, Jason A. and Haigler, Candace H.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={1551–1563} }
 @article{fowler_gilbertie_watson_prange_osborne_schnabel_2019, title={Effects of acellular equine amniotic allografts on the healing of experimentally induced full-thickness distal limb wounds in horses}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13304}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the growth factors contained in equine amniotic membrane allograft (eAM; StemWrap scaffold and StemWrap+ injection) and to evaluate the effect of eAM on equine distal limb wound healing.Study designProspective experimental controlled study.Sample populationEight adult horses.MethodsTransforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor, platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations in StemWrap+ were assessed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Two full‐thickness 6.25‐cm2 skin wounds were created on each metacarpus. On one forelimb, one wound was treated with eAM, and the other was left untreated (eAM control). On the contralateral limb, one wound was treated with a silicone dressing, and the other served as negative control. Three‐dimensional images were obtained to determine wound circumference and surface area analyses at each bandage change until healed. Excessive granulation tissue was debrided once weekly for 4 weeks. Biopsy samples were taken to evaluate quality of wound healing via histologic and immunohistochemistry assays.ResultsStemWrap+ contained moderate concentrations of TGF‐β1 (494.10 pg/mL), VEGF (212.52 pg/mL), and PGE2 (1811.61 pg/mL). Treatment of wounds with eAM did not affect time to healing or histologic quality of the healing compared with other groups but was associated with increased granulation tissue production early in the study, particularly on day 7.ConclusionApplication of eAM resulted in increased granulation tissue production while maintaining appropriate healing of experimental wounds.Clinical significanceUse of eAM is likely most beneficial for substantial wounds in which expedient production of large amounts of granulation tissue is desirable.}, number={8}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Fowler, Alexander W. and Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Watson, Victoria E. and Prange, Timo and Osborne, Jason A. and Schnabel, Lauren V}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1416–1428} }
 @article{tittlemier_chan_gaba_pleskach_osborne_slate_whitaker_2019, title={Revisiting the sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variability associated with testing wheat for deoxynivalenol}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1875-0796"]}, DOI={10.3920/WMJ2019.2450}, abstractNote={Fifteen lots of wheat were sampled to characterise the total variance and distribution among sample test results associated with measuring deoxynivalenol (DON) in bulk wheat lots. An unbalanced nested experimental design based on past research was used to determine contributions to the total variance from sampling, sample preparation, and analysis. The wheat lots used in the study contained average DON concentrations that ranged from 0.17 to 24.5 mg/kg. Sampling was determined to be the largest contributor to the total variance of measuring DON at low mg/kg concentrations, which are relevant to existing maximum levels. With the experimental design parameters of 1 kg laboratory samples, sub-division of whole and ground grain using rotary sample division, sample comminution using a commercial-grade coffee grinder, extraction of 100 g test portions, and making one measurement of DON in the test portion by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the total variance of DON measurement at 2 mg/kg was 0.046 mg2/kg2 (coefficient of variation=10.7%). At this concentration, sampling contributed 67% to the total variance, followed by sample preparation (18%) and analysis (15%). The DON distribution among sample test results was accurately described by the normal distribution. The mathematical model of variance was used with the normal distribution of DON measurement results to construct operating characteristics curves to model the likelihood of mischaracterising a wheat lot as (non) compliant with a certain decision limit. With realistic laboratory sample and test portion sizes, as well as a practicable decision limit of 1.5 mg/kg, the estimated probability of mischaracterising a wheat lot containing 2 mg/kg DON as less than this concentration was reduced to 1%.}, number={4}, journal={WORLD MYCOTOXIN JOURNAL}, author={Tittlemier, S. A. and Chan, J. and Gaba, D. and Pleskach, K. and Osborne, J. and Slate, A. B. and Whitaker, T. B.}, year={2019}, pages={319–332} }
 @article{good_miller_niedermeyer_osborne_siletzky_carver_kathariou_2019, title={Strain-Specific Differences in Survival of Campylobacter spp. in Naturally Contaminated Turkey Feces and Water}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.01579-19}, abstractNote={
            Campylobacter jejuni
            and
            Campylobacter coli
            are leading foodborne pathogens, with poultry as a major reservoir. Due to their growth requirements, these
            Campylobacter
            spp. may be unable to replicate once excreted by their avian hosts, but their survival in feces and the environment is critical for transmission in the farm ecosystem. Reducing the prevalence of
            Campylobacter
            -positive flocks can have major impacts in controlling both contamination of poultry products and environmental dissemination of the pathogens. However, understanding the capacity of these pathogens to survive in transmission-relevant vehicles such as feces and farmhouse water remains poorly understood, and little information is available on species- and strain-associated differences in survival. Here, we employed model conditions to investigate the survival of
            C. jejuni
            and
            C. coli
            from naturally colonized turkey flocks, and with diverse genotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles, in turkey feces and in farmhouse water.
          }, number={22}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Good, Lesley and Miller, William G. and Niedermeyer, Jeffrey and Osborne, Jason and Siletzky, Robin M. and Carver, Donna and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{fisher_watson_osborne_mochizuki_breen_schal_2018, title={Growth kinetics of endosymbiont Wolbachia in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius}, volume={8}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/S41598-018-29682-2}, DOI={10.1038/S41598-018-29682-2}, abstractNote={AbstractThe common bed bug, Cimex lectularius harbors the endosymbiotic microorganism, Wolbachia (wCle), in a gonad-associated bacteriome as an obligate nutritional mutualist. The obligatory nature of this association suggests that all individuals in C. lectularius populations would be infected with wCle. However, studies spanning the past several decades have reported variation in both infection frequency and relative abundance of wCle in field-collected samples of bed bugs. Since the growth kinetics of wCle is poorly understood, the objective of this study was to quantify wCle over the life cycle of two strains of C. lectularius. Our results highlight that wCle is dynamic during bed bug development, changing relative to life stage, intermolt stage, and blood-fed status. These results suggest new hypotheses about the coordination of Wolbachia growth and regression with its host’s physiology and endocrine events. The observed quantitative modulation of wCle during the bed bug life cycle and during periods of starvation may explain the disparities in wCle infections reported in field-collected C. lectularius.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Fisher, Michael L. and Watson, David W. and Osborne, Jason A. and Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Breen, Matthew and Schal, Coby}, year={2018}, month={Jul} }
 @article{lee_chen_gorski_ward_osborne_kathariou_2018, title={Listeria monocytogenes Source Distribution Analysis Indicates Regional Heterogeneity and Ecological Niche Preference among Serotype 4b Clones}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2150-7511"]}, DOI={10.1128/mbio.00396-18}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            Biodiversity analysis of the foodborne pathogen
            Listeria monocytogenes
            recently revealed four serotype 4b major hypervirulent clonal complexes (CCs), i.e., CC1, CC2, CC4, and CC6. Hypervirulence was indicated by overrepresentation of these clones, and serotype 4b as a whole, among human clinical isolates in comparison to food. However, data on potential source-dependent partitioning among serotype 4b clones in diverse regions are sparse. We analyzed a panel of 347 serotype 4b isolates, primarily from North America, to determine the distribution of clones in humans, other animals, food, and water. CC1, CC2, CC4, and CC6 predominated, but surprisingly, only three clones, i.e., CC2 and the singleton sequence types (STs) ST382 and ST639, exhibited significant source-dependent associations, with higher propensity for food (CC2) or water (ST382 and ST639) than other sources. Pairwise comparisons between human and food isolates identified CC4 as the only serotype 4b clone significantly overrepresented among human isolates. Our analysis also revealed several serotype 4b clones emerging in North America. Two such emerging clones, ST382 (implicated in several outbreaks since 2014) and ST639, were primarily encountered among human and water isolates. Findings suggest that in spite of the ubiquity of CC1, CC2, CC4, and CC6, regional heterogeneity in serotype 4b is substantially larger than previously surmised. Analysis of even large strain panels from one region may not adequately predict clones unique to, and emerging in, other areas. Serotype 4b clonal complexes may differ in ecological niche preference, suggesting the need to further elucidate reservoirs and vehicles, especially for emerging clones.
          
          
            IMPORTANCE
            In
            Listeria monocytogenes
            , serotype 4b strains are leading contributors to human disease, but intraserotype distributions among different sources and regions remain poorly elucidated. Analysis of 347 serotype 4b isolates from four different sources, mostly from North America, confirmed the overall predominance of the major clones CC1, CC2, CC4, and CC6 but found that only CC4 was significantly associated with human disease, while CC2 was significantly associated with food. Remarkably, several emerging clones were identified among human isolates from North America, with some of these also exhibiting a propensity for surface water. The latter included the singleton clones ST382, implicated in several outbreaks in the United States since 2014, and ST639. These clones were noticeably underrepresented among much larger panels from other regions. Though associated with North America for the time being, they may eventually become globally disseminated through the food trade or other venues.
          }, number={2}, journal={MBIO}, author={Lee, Sangmi and Chen, Yi and Gorski, Lisa and Ward, Todd J. and Osborne, Jason and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2018} }
 @article{niedermeyer_ring_miller_genger_lindsey_osborne_kathariou_2018, title={Proximity to Other Commercial Turkey Farms Affects Colonization Onset, Genotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Campylobacter spp. in Turkeys: Suggestive Evidence from a Paired-Farm Model}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.01212-18}, abstractNote={
            Colonization of poultry with
            Campylobacter
            at the farm level is complex, poorly understood, and critically linked to contamination of poultry products, which is known to constitute a leading risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. Here, we investigated the use of a paired-farm design under standard production conditions and in the absence of experimental inoculations to assess potential impacts of farm and host genetics on prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genotypes of
            Campylobacter
            in commercial turkeys of two different breeds. Data suggest impacts of farm proximity to other commercial turkey farms on the onset of colonization, genotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of
            Campylobacter
            colonizing the birds. Furthermore, the significant association of a specific multidrug-resistant
            Campylobacter jejuni
            strain with turkeys of one breed suggests colonization partnerships at the
            Campylobacter
            strain-turkey breed level. The study design avoids potential pitfalls associated with experimental inoculations, providing novel insights into the dynamics of turkey colonization with
            Campylobacter
            in actual farm ecosystems.
          }, number={18}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Niedermeyer, Jeffrey A. and Ring, Lynde and Miller, William G. and Genger, Seiche and Lindsey, Christina Parr and Osborne, Jason and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{matos_osborne_schal_2017, title={Effects of Cyclic Feeding and Starvation, Mating, and Sperm Condition on Egg Production and Fertility in the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)}, volume={54}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx132}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjx132}, abstractNote={Abstract Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) are now endemic in most major cities, but information regarding their basic biology is still largely based on research done over four decades ago. We investigated the effects of starvation, mating, sperm storage, and female and male age on egg production and hatch. Egg production cycles varied with the number of bloodmeals that females received. Once-mated females fed every 5 d had constant egg production for ∼75 d followed by a monotonic decline to near zero. Percentage egg hatch was high and constant, but declined after ∼30 d to near zero. To determine whether the age of the female, male, or sperm affected these patterns, we mated newly eclosed females to 60-d-old virgin males, 60-d-old mated males, or newly eclosed males. Females produced the most eggs when mated to young males, followed by old mated males, and then old virgin males; percentage hatch followed a similar pattern, suggesting that sperm stored within males for long was deficient. To examine effects of sperm stored within females, we mated newly eclosed females, starved them for 30 or 60 d, then fed them every 5 d. The 60-d starved group produced fewer eggs than the 30-d starved group, and both produced fewer eggs than young females mated to old or young males. Longer periods of sperm storage within females caused lower corresponding percentage hatch. These findings indicate egg production and hatch are governed by complex interactions among female and male age, frequency of feeding and mating, and sperm condition.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Matos, Yvonne K and Osborne, Jason A and Schal, Coby}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={1483–1490} }
 @article{barbarin_bellicanta_osborne_schal_jenkins_2017, title={Susceptibility of insecticide-resistant bed bugs (Cimex lectularius
) to infection by fungal biopesticide}, volume={73}, ISSN={1526-498X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4576}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4576}, abstractNote={AbstractBACKGROUNDBed bugs are a public health concern, and their incidence is increasing worldwide. Bed bug infestations are notoriously difficult to eradicate, further exacerbated by widespread resistance to pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides. This study evaluated the efficacy of the newly developed fungal biopesticide Aprehend™, containing Beauveria bassiana, against insecticide‐resistant bed bugs.RESULTSOverall mortality for the Harold Harlan (insecticide‐susceptible) strain was high (98–100%) following exposure to Aprehend™ or Suspend SC (deltamethrin). The mean survival times (MSTs) for Harold Harlan bed bugs were 5.1 days for Aprehend™ and 4.8 and 3.0 days for the low and high concentrations of Suspend SC respectively. All three strains of pyrethroid‐resistant bed bugs were susceptible to infection by B. bassiana, resulting in MSTs of <6 days (median = 4 days) and >94% overall mortality. Conversely, mortality of the three insecticide‐resistant strains after exposure to Suspend SC was only 16‐40%.CONCLUSIONThese results demonstrate that Aprehend™ is equally effective against insecticide‐susceptible and insecticide‐resistant bed bugs and could provide pest control operators with a promising new tool for control of bed bugs and insecticide resistance management. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, number={8}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Barbarin, Alexis M and Bellicanta, Giovani S and Osborne, Jason A and Schal, Coby and Jenkins, Nina E}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1568–1573} }
 @article{concha_palavesam_guerrero_sagel_li_osborne_hernandez_pardo_quintero_vasquez_et al._2016, title={A transgenic male-only strain of the New World screwworm for an improved control program using the sterile insect technique}, volume={14}, journal={BMC Biology}, author={Concha, C. and Palavesam, A. and Guerrero, F. D. and Sagel, A. and Li, F. and Osborne, J. A. and Hernandez, Y. and Pardo, T. and Quintero, G. and Vasquez, M. and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{martinez_osborne_jayeola_katic_kathariou_2016, title={Capacity of Listeria monocytogenes Strains from the 2011 Cantaloupe Outbreak To Adhere, Survive, and Grow on Cantaloupe}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-498}, abstractNote={The 2011 listeriosis outbreak attributed to whole cantaloupe involved several genetically distinct strains of serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b that had not been previously reported in invasive listeriosis outbreaks. Here we investigated the potential of strains from the 2011 cantaloupe outbreak to adhere, survive, and grow on cantaloupe rind and flesh and in juice extracted from cantaloupe at different temperatures (4, 8, and 25°C). All strains were able to adhere and grow, with ∼10-fold increases after 7 days at 4 or 8°C and after 24 h at 25°C, with a propensity for more growth on rind than on flesh or in extract. No significant differences in growth potential were noted among the different strains or between them and unrelated strains from other listeriosis outbreaks involving celery, deli meats, or hot dogs. Similarly to the cantaloupe outbreak strains, these other strains exhibited greater propensity for growth on rind than on flesh or in extract. Rinsing of cantaloupe fragments in sterile water resulted in temporary reductions of the populations by 50- to 100-fold, suggesting the potential of such washing to reduce risk if the produce is promptly consumed. The absence of marked differences in adherence or growth between the cantaloupe outbreak strains and strains from other outbreaks highlights the need to further characterize the 2011 cantaloupe outbreak strains and elucidate potential biological attributes that contributed to their implication in the outbreak.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Martinez, Mira Rakic and Osborne, Jason and Jayeola, Victor Oladimeji and Katic, Vera and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={757–763} }
 @article{das_kolar_sharma-shivappa_classen_osborne_2017, title={Catalytic Valorization of Lignin Using Niobium Oxide}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1877-265X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12649-016-9717-8}, number={8}, journal={WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION}, author={Das, Lalitendu and Kolar, Praveen and Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna and Classen, John J. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={2673–2680} }
 @article{cruz_osborne_barlaz_2016, title={Determination of sources of organic matter in solid waste by analysis of phenolic copper oxide oxidation products of lignin}, volume={142}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Cruz, F. B. and Osborne, J. and Barlaz, M. A.}, year={2016} }
 @article{da costa_oviedo-rondon_wineland_claassen_osborne_2016, title={Effects of incubation temperatures and trace mineral sources on chicken live performance and footpad skin development}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pev446}, abstractNote={One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two incubation temperature profiles (TEM) and two trace mineral (TM) sources with their inclusion levels on performance and footpad skin development of Ross 708 chickens. A total of 1,000 eggs from 29-wk-old breeders were incubated following two TEM profiles: a standard (S) eggshell temperature (37.8±0.2°C) for 21 d of incubation and an early-low late-high (LH) TEM. The second profile had low (37.2±0.2°C) temperature for the first 3 d, and S until the last 3 d when eggshell temperature was 39.2±0.2°C. At hatch, 15 male and 15 female chicks from each TEM were selected, and footpads sampled. Additionally, 168 males per TEM were placed in 24 battery cages with 7 chickens each. The 48 cages were assigned to two TM dietary treatments: one with inorganic (ITM) sources of Zn (120 ppm), Cu (10 ppm), and Mn (120 ppm) and the other with chelated (CTM) mineral sources using lower inclusion levels of Zn (32 ppm), Cu (8 ppm), and Mn (32 ppm). At 7 and 21 d, BW gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained and chicks sampled for footpads. Histological analysis assessed thickness and area ofstratus corneum(SC), epidermis, and dermis. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with TEM and sex as main factors for hatch data and TEM and TM diets for 7 and 21 d data. The LH chicks were heavier than S chicks at hatch, but had more residual yolk. However, S TEM male chickens were heavier at 7 and 21 d. The S TEM had better FCR than LH TEM.Papillaedermis parameters at hatch were higher in the S TEM. At 7 d, SC height and area were increased by the S TEM. At 21 d CTM increased dermis height and area. In conclusion, TEM affected footpad skin development and broiler performance. Replacing ITM with reduced levels of CTM increased dermis development without affecting live performance or other skin layers.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Da Costa, M. J. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Claassen, K. and Osborne, J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={749–759} }
 @article{franck_osborne_2016, title={Exploring interaction effects in two-factor studies using the hiddenf package in R}, volume={8}, number={1}, journal={R Journal}, author={Franck, C. T. and Osborne, J. A.}, year={2016}, pages={159–172} }
 @article{jiang_pesic-vanesbroeck_osborne_schultheis_2016, title={Factors Affecting Greenhouse Sweetpotato Slip Production}, volume={23}, ISSN={1931-5260 1931-5279}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2016.1228729}, DOI={10.1080/19315260.2016.1228729}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Sweetpotato certified seed producers rely on fast propagation of virus-indexed slip plants in the greenhouse to obtain transplants for the production of first generation of storage roots. Effective fertilization is important for greenhouse vegetative propagation, but relevant guidelines are rare. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 using sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) var. Covington, Beauregard, and Evangeline to evaluate effects of fertilizer rate on slip production. The most commonly used commercial fertilizer mix (20N–10P–20K) was applied at the rates 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 mg·L−1 of N. Plants were harvested nine times over the season in both years. Total nodes on vines and total slip fresh weight were determined. ‘Evangeline’ produced more nodes—that is, more plants—than ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’, and ‘Beauregard’ produced the highest slip fresh weight, followed by ‘Evangeline’ and ‘Covington’. Effect of fertilizer rate on vine node count was similar for early (harvests 1–3) and middle harvests (harvests 4–6) but impacted late harvests (harvests 7–9), where fertilizer rates from 100 to 300 mg·L−1 of N resulted in similar number of plant nodes, and 50 and 400 mg·L−1 of N reduced node count. Undesirable storage root formation in pots was favored by 50 mg·L−1 of N fertilizer rate, whereas fertilizer at or above 100 mg·L−1 of N inhibited them. ‘Covington’ produced the most storage roots. Fertilizer rate during slip production in the greenhouse did not affect transplant stand count in the field and subsequent field production of sweetpotato storage roots. The commercial fertilizer 20N-10P-20K should be applied from 100 to 200 mg·L−1 of N to produce the most slips and least storage roots in greenhouse pots.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Vegetable Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Jiang, Chen and Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Zvezdana and Osborne, Jason A. and Schultheis, Jonathan R.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={185–194} }
 @article{hu_wang-li_simmons_classen_osborne_2016, title={Size Distributions of Bioaerosols in an Egg Production Facility and Its Vicinity}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1557-9018"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84964715430&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1089/ees.2015.0220}, abstractNote={Abstract Air emissions from animal feeding operations may cause elevated concentrations of bioaerosols in surrounding areas, posing adverse health effects to the people working on or living near the farm. Concentrations of nonselective airborne bacteria and fungi in various size ranges were measured by the Andersen six-stage viable samplers in an egg production house and at four ambient stations surrounding the farm in winter, spring, and summer. It was discovered that in-house bacterial particle size distributions (PSDs) were different among seasons. Under higher temperature and lower relative humidity conditions, more bacteria were associated with the small size ranges. Seasonal variations of in-house fungal PSDs were not significant. On average, 60–80% of in-house bacteria were in respirable size range (≤4.7 μm), whereas 60–70% of in-house fungi were in respirable size range. Bacterial PSDs at ambient locations were different among stations in winter but not in spring and summer. There were significant...}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Hu, Di and Wang-Li, Lingjuan and Simmons, Otto D. and Classen, John J. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={215–223} }
 @article{meng_perrin_allen_osborne_jones_fogleman_2016, title={Storage of Unfed and Leftover Pasteurized Human Milk}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1556-8342"]}, DOI={10.1089/bfm.2016.0139}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of storage on bacterial growth and immunological activity of pasteurized human milk and leftover pasteurized human milk that has been exposed to the microflora in an infant's mouth.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighteen mother-infant dyads participated in two separate studies. Mother's milk was pasteurized, and each baby was fed 1 to 2 ounces. Pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk were stored at room (24°C) and refrigerated temperatures (4°C). After storage, milk was analyzed for bacteria, total protein, lysozyme activity, and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) activity.


RESULTS
In pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk stored in the refrigerator for 7 days, total aerobic bacteria do not increase significantly and total protein and bioactive proteins are stable. At room temperature, there is a significant increase in total aerobic bacteria in leftover pasteurized milk during 12 hours of storage (p < 0.01) and a significant decrease in total protein and SIgA activity in pasteurized milk during 12 hours of storage (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
When stored in the refrigerator, pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk may be stored for at least 7 days when considering the variables studied. Caution should be used when storing pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk at room temperature to prevent an increase in bacterial growth and a decrease in total protein and SIgA activity.}, number={10}, journal={BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE}, author={Meng, Ting and Perrin, Maryanne T. and Allen, Jonathan C. and Osborne, Jason and Jones, Frances and Fogleman, April D.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={538–543} }
 @article{liu_lanier_osborne_2016, title={Capillarity proposed as the predominant mechanism of water and fat stabilization in cooked comminuted meat batters}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1873-4138"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.018}, abstractNote={Fat- and nonfat-containing meat gels structurally became coarser and porous by partial substitution of whey protein isolate for myofibrillar protein, creating a weaker texture plus greater cook loss (CL: fat+water) and expressible water (EW). Microstructure examinations revealed a tendency for fat to coalesce during cooking of the more coarse-structured gels. This tendency was unaffected by fat pre-emulsification prior to addition, arguing against a strong role of an interfacial protein film in stabilizing fat. Instead, a gel structure with evenly distributed small pores leads to lower CL and EW, thus controlling both water- and fat- holding since fat cannot readily permeate small water-filled hydrophilic pores. Only when large pores or continuous fissures are structurally present can water be released, allowing liquid fat to also migrate and coalesce. This changes the current paradigm of understanding regarding the mechanism of fat/water-holding in comminuted meat products: gel capillarity (gel structure), not fat emulsifying ability of protein, is the likely determining factor.}, journal={MEAT SCIENCE}, author={Liu, Wenjie and Lanier, Tyre C. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={67–77} }
 @article{de la cruz_osborne_barlaz_2016, title={Determination of Sources of Organic Matter in Solid Waste by Analysis of Phenolic Copper Oxide Oxidation Products of Lignin}, volume={142}, ISSN={0733-9372 1943-7870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001038}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001038}, abstractNote={AbstractThe decomposition behavior of lignocellulosic materials is related to the taxonomic classes of the parent plant tissues. Thus, methods to characterize the composition of mixtures of lignocellulosic materials such as municipal solid waste (MSW) according to different taxonomic classes of plants are useful. The copper oxide (CuO) oxidation products of lignin provide molecular markers that allow for characterization of the initial plants. The objective of this study was to determine if the chemical composition of the monomers present after CuO oxidation can be used to infer information on the content of woody angiosperms (hardwood—HW), non-woody angiosperms (leaves and grasses—LG), woody gymnosperms (softwood—SW), and non-woody gymnosperms (needles—GN). Results showed that the composition of HW and SW in synthetic mixtures can be estimated from CuO oxidation products of lignin within an error of ±60% of the expected values. The high uncertainty in the estimate of composition in synthetic mixtures can...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={De la Cruz, Florentino B. and Osborne, Jason and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={04015076} }
 @article{eusebio-balcazar_oviedo-rondón_wineland_osborne_brake_2015, title={Effect of broiler breeder feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on broiler progeny growth performance and leg health}, volume={56}, ISSN={0007-1668 1466-1799}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2015.1019830}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2015.1019830}, abstractNote={Abstract 1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet type, maternal feeding programme at 29 weeks of age and breeder feeder space change at photostimulation on broiler progeny performance and leg health at 6 weeks of age. 2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeders were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets that had been formulated to have similar nutrient composition during growing and layer phases. Two feeding programmes, fast or flow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space was either similar to that in rearing (6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female. Eggs produced at 32 and 44 weeks of age were collected and incubated for two broiler experiments. A total of 16 male and 16 female one-d-old chicks were placed in floor pens in two experiments, respectively, with 6 and 4 replicate pens. Broiler gait scores and leg problem prevalence were evaluated at 6 weeks of age. 3. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with diet type, feeding programme and feeder space change as main factors. 4. The wheat diet increased the probability of observing crooked toes in broiler progeny compared to the use of maize, but only when breeders were fed according to the fast feeding programme and given similar feeder space as during rearing. 5. Breeders given more feeder space in the laying period produced progeny with more locomotion problems compared with those provided similar feeder space, but only when maize was used and the slow feeding programme was applied to the breeders. 6. The maternal feeding programme interacted with other factors to influence progeny leg health, but it did not solely influence walking ability or leg problems of progeny. 7. In conclusion, an increased probability of observing walking impairment of broiler progeny was detected when breeders were given greater feeder space at photostimulation rather than no change and fed according to the slow feeding programme using maize diets in breeders and progeny.}, number={3}, journal={British Poultry Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Eusebio-Balcazar, P. and Oviedo-Rondón, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Osborne, J. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={345–360} }
 @article{barden_osborne_mcmahon_foegeding_2015, title={Investigating the filled gel model in Cheddar cheese through use of Sephadex beads}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2014-8597}, abstractNote={Cheese can be modeled as a filled gel whereby milkfat globules are dispersed in a casein gel network. We determined the filler effects using Sephadex beads (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA) as a model filler particle. Ideally, such a model could be used to test novel filler particles to replace milkfat in low-fat cheese. Low-filler (6% particles), reduced-filler (16%), and full-filler (33%) cheeses were produced using either Sephadex beads of varying sizes (20 to 150 μm diameter) or milkfat. Small- and large-strain rheological tests were run on each treatment at 8, 12, and 18 wk after cheese manufacturing. Differences in rheological properties were caused primarily by the main effects of filler volume and type (milkfat vs. Sephadex), whereas filler size had no obvious effect. All treatments showed a decrease in deformability and an increase in firmness as filler volume increased above 25%, although the beads exhibited a greater reinforcing effect and greater energy recovery than milkfat.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Barden, L. M. and Osborne, J. A. and McMahon, D. J. and Foegeding, E. A.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={1502–1516} }
 @article{caldwell_pérez-díaz_sandeep_simunovic_harris_osborne_hassan_2015, title={Mitochondrial DNA Fragmentation as a Molecular Tool to Monitor Thermal Processing of Plant-Derived, Low-Acid Foods, and Biomaterials}, volume={80}, ISSN={0022-1147}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12937}, DOI={10.1111/1750-3841.12937}, abstractNote={AbstractCycle threshold (Ct) increase, quantifying plant‐derived DNA fragmentation, was evaluated for its utility as a time‐temperature integrator. This novel approach to monitoring thermal processing of fresh, plant‐based foods represents a paradigm shift. Instead of using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect pathogens, identify adulterants, or authenticate ingredients, this rapid technique was used to quantify the fragmentation of an intrinsic plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene over time‐temperature treatments. Universal primers were developed which amplified a mitochondrial gene common to plants (atp1). These consensus primers produced a robust qPCR signal in 10 vegetables, 6 fruits, 3 types of nuts, and a biofuel precursor. Using sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) puree as a model low‐acid product and simple linear regression, Ct value was highly correlated to time‐temperature treatment (R2 = 0.87); the logarithmic reduction (log CFU/mL) of the spore‐forming Clostridium botulinum surrogate, Geobacillus stearothermophilus (R2 = 0.87); and cumulative F‐value (min) in a canned retort process (R2 = 0.88), all comparisons conducted at 121 °C. D121 and z‐values were determined for G. stearothermophilus ATCC 7953 and were 2.71 min and 11.0 °C, respectively. D121 and z‐values for a 174‐bp universal plant amplicon were 11.3 min and 9.17 °C, respectively, for mtDNA from sweet potato puree. We present these data as proof‐of‐concept for a molecular tool that can be used as a rapid, presumptive method for monitoring thermal processing in low‐acid plant products.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Food Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Caldwell, Jane M. and Pérez-Díaz, Ilenys M. and Sandeep, KP and Simunovic, Josip and Harris, Keith and Osborne, Jason A. and Hassan, Hosni M.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={M1804–M1814} }
 @article{jernigan_osborne_mirek_buckner_2015, title={Selective Internal Radiation Therapy: Quantifying Distal Penetration and Distribution of Resin and Glass Microspheres in a Surrogate Arterial Model}, volume={26}, ISSN={1051-0443}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JVIR.2015.02.022}, DOI={10.1016/J.JVIR.2015.02.022}, abstractNote={{"Label"=>"PURPOSE", "NlmCategory"=>"OBJECTIVE"} To experimentally investigate the effects of microsphere density and diameter on distal penetration. {"Label"=>"MATERIALS AND METHODS", "NlmCategory"=>"METHODS"} A surrogate hepatic arterial system was developed to replicate the hemodynamics (pressures, flow rates, pulsatile flow characteristics) and anatomic geometry (vessel diameters) proximal and distal to the microsphere injection point. A planar tumor model, placed distal to the injection point, allowed visualization of deposited microspheres. Bland resin and glass microspheres, with physical characteristics approximating the characteristics of commercially available products, were injected into the surrogate system. Microsphere type, injection rate, systemic flow rate, and tumor model inclination were varied among tests (glass, n = 7; resin, n = 6) with replicates for 2 conditions. After injection, 254 micrographs were obtained at previously defined locations throughout the tumor model to document microsphere distributions. Average microsphere distributions and mass measurements of microspheres collected at the tumor outlet were analyzed to quantify distal penetration for each case. {"Label"=>"RESULTS", "NlmCategory"=>"RESULTS"} Across all test conditions, average penetration depths of resin microspheres were higher compared with glass microspheres (45.1 cm ± 11.8 vs 22.3 cm ± 9.9). The analysis of variance indicated that the observed difference between microsphere type (glass vs resin) was significant (P = .005, df = 1,2). The observed distance means did not differ significantly across flow rate or inclination angle. {"Label"=>"CONCLUSIONS", "NlmCategory"=>"CONCLUSIONS"} Penetration depths of resin microspheres were significantly higher than penetration depths of glass microspheres in the surrogate hepatic arterial system.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Jernigan, Shaphan R. and Osborne, Jason A. and Mirek, Christopher J. and Buckner, Gregory}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={897–904.e2} }
 @article{boos_osborne_2015, title={Assessing Variability of Complex Descriptive Statistics in Monte Carlo Studies Using Resampling Methods}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1751-5823"]}, DOI={10.1111/insr.12087}, abstractNote={SummaryGood statistical practice dictates that summaries in Monte Carlo studies should always be accompanied by standard errors. Those standard errors are easy to provide for summaries that are sample means over the replications of the Monte Carlo output: for example, bias estimates, power estimates for tests and mean squared error estimates. But often more complex summaries are of interest: medians (often displayed in boxplots), sample variances, ratios of sample variances and non‐normality measures such as skewness and kurtosis. In principle, standard errors for most of these latter summaries may be derived from the Delta Method, but that extra step is often a barrier for standard errors to be provided. Here, we highlight the simplicity of using the jackknife and bootstrap to compute these standard errors, even when the summaries are somewhat complicated. © 2014 The Authors. International Statistical Review © 2014 International Statistical Institute}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL REVIEW}, author={Boos, Dennis D. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={228–238} }
 @article{dutta_elhanafi_osborne_martinez_kathariou_2014, title={Genetic Characterization of Plasmid-Associated Triphenylmethane Reductase in Listeria monocytogenes}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/aem.01398-14}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            The enzyme triphenylmethane reductase (TMR) reduces toxic triphenylmethane dyes into colorless, nontoxic derivatives, and TMR-producing microorganisms have been proposed as bioremediation tools. Analysis of the genome of
            Listeria monocytogenes
            H7858 (1998-1999 hot dog outbreak) revealed that the plasmid (pLM80) of this strain harboring a gene cassette (
            bcrABC
            ) conferring resistance to benzalkonium chloride (BC) and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants also harbored a gene (
            tmr
            ) highly homologous to TMR-encoding genes from diverse Gram-negative bacteria. The pLM80-associated
            tmr
            was located two genes downstream of
            bcrABC
            as part of a putative IS
            1216
            composite transposon. To confirm the role of
            tmr
            in triphenylmethane dye detoxification, we introduced various
            tmr
            -harboring fragments of pLM80 in a pLM80-cured derivative of strain H7550, from the same outbreak as H7858, and assessed the resistance of the constructs to the triphenylmethane dyes crystal violet (CV) and malachite green. Transcriptional and subcloning data suggest that the regulation of TMR is complex. Constructs harboring fragments spanning
            bcrABC
            and
            tmr
            were CV resistant, and in such constructs
            tmr
            transcription was induced by sublethal levels of either BC or CV. However, constructs harboring only
            tmr
            and its upstream intergenic region could also confer resistance to CV, albeit at lower levels. Screening a panel of BC-resistant
            L. monocytogenes
            strains revealed that all those harboring
            bcrABC
            and adjacent pLM80 sequences, including
            tmr
            , were resistant to CV and decolorized this dye. The findings suggest a potential role of TMR as a previously unknown adaptive attribute for environmental persistence of
            L. monocytogenes
            .
          }, number={17}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Dutta, Vikrant and Elhanafi, Driss and Osborne, Jason and Martinez, Mira Rakic and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={5379–5385} }
 @article{su_zhu_menius_osborne_2014, title={Mixture models for gene expression experiments with two species}, volume={8}, journal={Human Genomics}, author={Su, Y. H. and Zhu, L. and Menius, A. and Osborne, J.}, year={2014} }
 @article{etheridge_birgand_osborne_osburn_burchell_irving_2014, title={Using in situ ultraviolet-visual spectroscopy to measure nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and suspended solids concentrations at a high frequency in a brackish tidal marsh}, volume={12}, journal={Limnology and oceanography-methods}, author={Etheridge, J. R. and Birgand, F. and Osborne, J. A. and Osburn, C. L. and Burchell, M. R. and Irving, J.}, year={2014}, pages={10–22} }
 @article{brill_osborne_abney_2013, title={A Spatial Ecology Study on the Effects of Field Conditions and Crop Rotation on the Incidence of Plectris aliena (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grub Damage to Sweetpotato Roots}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en13123}, abstractNote={A farmscape study was conducted in commercial sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) fields in Columbus County, NC, in 2010 and 2011 to investigate the effects of the following field conditions: soil drainage class, soil texture, field size, border habitat, land elevation, and the previous year's crop rotation on the incidence of damage caused by Plectris aliena Chapman (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae) larval feeding. Soil drainage and crop rotation significantly affected the incidence of damage to roots, with well drained soils having a low estimated incidence of damaged roots (0.004) compared with all other drainage classes (0.009-0.011 incidence of damaged roots). Fields with soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr] planted the preceding year had the highest incidence of root damage (0.15) compared with all other crops. The effects of border habitats, which were adjacent to grower fields where roots were sampled, showed that as the location of the roots was closer to borders of soybean (planted the year before) or grass fields, the chance of damage to roots decreased. Results indicate that growers can use crop rotation as a management technique and avoid planting sweetpotatoes the year after soybeans to reduce the incidence of P. aliena larval feeding on sweetpotato roots. Environmental conditions such as fields with poor drainage and certain border habitats may be avoided, or selected, by growers to reduce risk of damage to roots by P. aliena.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Brill, Nancy L. and Osborne, Jason and Abney, Mark R.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={1046–1051} }
 @article{classen_chandler_huie_osborne_2013, title={A centrifuge-based procedure for suspended solids measurements in lagoon sludge}, volume={56}, number={2}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Classen, J. J. and Chandler, W. J. and Huie, R. S. and Osborne, J. A.}, year={2013}, pages={747–752} }
 @article{franck_nielsen_osborne_2013, title={A method for detecting hidden additivity in two-factor unreplicated experiments}, volume={67}, ISSN={0167-9473}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2013.05.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.csda.2013.05.002}, abstractNote={Assessment of interaction in unreplicated two-factor experiments is a challenging problem that has received considerable attention in the literature. A model is proposed in which the levels of one factor belong in two or more groups. Within each group the effects of the two factors are additive but the groups may interact with the ungrouped factor. This structure is called "hidden additivity" if group membership is latent. To identify plausible groupings a search is performed over the space of all possible configurations, or placement of units into two or more groups. A multiplicity-adjusted all-configurations maximum interaction F (ACMIF) test to detect hidden additivity is developed. The method is illustrated using two data sets taken from the literature and a third taken from a recent study of copy number variation due to lymphoma. A simulation study demonstrates the power of the test for hidden additivity and compares it with other well-known tests from the literature.}, journal={Computational Statistics & Data Analysis}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Franck, Christopher T. and Nielsen, Dahlia M. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={95–104} }
 @article{koc_cakir_vinyard_essick_daubert_drake_osborne_foegeding_2014, title={ADAPTATION OF ORAL PROCESSING TO THE FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF SOFT SOLIDS}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1745-4603"]}, DOI={10.1111/jtxs.12051}, abstractNote={AbstractHardness and rubberiness are distinct textural properties that are associated with extended oral processing times and therefore of interest to designing food structure for specific textural properties. Model food gels were developed with (1) increasing strength/hardness and constant deformability or (2) increasing deformability/rubberiness within a limited range of strength. Gel structures were characterized based on mechanical properties and the muscle activity (electromyography) and mandibular movements (three‐dimensional jaw tracking) required for oral processing. Increased strength or deformability required more chewing cycles and increased muscle activity to breakdown samples for swallowing. In contrast, jaw movement amplitude increased in all directions with increased strength and remained constant or decreased with increased deformability. Specific mechanical properties that were correlated with oral processing parameters changed as chewing progressed, possibly reflecting a change in dominate mechanical properties and sensory perception during oral processing.Practical ApplicationsA fundamental understanding of how food structure determines sensory texture is essential to designing foods that are healthy and desirable to consumers. Oral processing, from first bite through swallowing, is the main physiological element of texture evaluation. Model soft solid foods with increasing strength/hardness or deformability/rubberiness were developed and characterized by mechanical tests and oral processing. Mastication of harder or more deformable structures required different chewing movements in bolus preparation. The specific mechanical properties relating to oral processing may change during the chewing sequence.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES}, author={Koc, H. and Cakir, E. and Vinyard, C. J. and Essick, G. and Daubert, C. R. and Drake, M. A. and Osborne, J. and Foegeding, E. A.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={47–61} }
 @article{das_kolar_classen_osborne_2013, title={Adsorbents from pine wood via K2CO3-assisted low temperature carbonization for adsorption of p-cresol}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.010}, abstractNote={A low-temperature carbonization process was evaluated to synthesize an inexpensive adsorbent from pine wood to mitigate p-cresol from aqueous system. Surface response experiments using carbonization time, impregnation ratio (IR), and carbonization temperature as variables indicated that optimum adsorbent yield and adsorption were 63.22% and 5.40 mg g−1, respectively at carbonization temperature of 266 °C, IR of 2, and carbonization time of 2 h. The equilibrium adsorption data agreed with Langmuir's model and maximum theoretical adsorption of 6.97 mg g−1 was obtained at temperature 25 °C, unadjusted pH and adsorbent dose of 10 g L−1. The kinetic analysis combined with desorption study revealed that p-cresol chemisorbed on the adsorbent surface. Additionally, adsorption of p-cresol was found to be exothermic and inhibited by presence of surface acidic oxygen groups.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, author={Das, Lalitendu and Kolar, Praveen and Classen, John J. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={215–222} }
 @article{biai_garzon_osborne_schultheis_gehl_gunter_2013, title={Bell Pepper Seedling Phytotoxicity Due to Abscisic Acid Drench Applications}, volume={19}, ISSN={1931-5260 1931-5279}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2011.650297}, DOI={10.1080/19315260.2011.650297}, abstractNote={Bell pepper transplant height control is essential to produce a strong plant capable of surviving the transplant process. Transplant producers are interested in environmental, physical, and chemical methods to control plant height in the greenhouse. One emerging technology for transplant height control on bell pepper is the use abscisic acid (ABA); however, at high doses some phytotoxicity has been observed. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the degree of phytotoxicity induced by an exogenous drench application of abscisic acid on ‘Aristotle’ bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), seedlings. Abscisic acid concentrations (1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 25,000, and 50,000 mg·L−1) were applied over a 1- to 5-week period beginning at the cotyledon stage, in addition to an untreated control. Plant survival for the control and the 1,000 mg·L−1 (baseline treatments) was significantly greater compared to a single application or multiple applications of greater concentrations. The results indicated that applying higher concentrations of ABA (5,000 mg·L−1 or more) using multiple lower concentration applications provided lower hazard ratios and increased longevity compared to a single higher concentration application. The ABA delivered as a drench at the cotyledon stage at concentrations of 5,000 mg·L−1 or below can control transplant height with no visible phytotoxicity.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Vegetable Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Biai, Christopher J. and Garzon, José G. and Osborne, Jason A. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Gehl, Ronald J. and Gunter, Christopher C.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={4–12} }
 @article{anderson_havenstein_jenkins_osborne_2013, title={Changes in commercial laying stock performance, 1958–2011: thirty-seven flocks of the North Carolina random sample and subsequent layer performance and management tests}, volume={69}, ISSN={0043-9339 1743-4777}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0043933913000536}, DOI={10.1017/s0043933913000536}, abstractNote={Thirty-seven layer performance tests have been conducted at North Carolina State University during the past 53 years. Originally established as the North Carolina Random Sample Layer Test (NCRSLT), all of the test flocks have been hatched and housed at the Poultry Unit of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service's Piedmont Research Station at Salisbury, North Carolina. In 1988, the NCRSLT name was changed to the North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test (NCLP&MT) reflecting changes in the testing procedures to include the evaluation of management practices used by commercial egg producers. Strain testing and evaluating the relative egg production of commercially available egg production stocks began in 1911, and the number of such Random Sample Tests in North America peaked at 23 in approximately 1968. The mission for the NCRSLT to provide an unbiased evaluation of the overall performance of strains, evolved to include the effects of various housing and husbandry practices on the performance of the genetic stocks entered into the test. Test results have been distributed to the industry throughout the USA as well as to producers in 22 other countries throughout the world. In addition, the internet site for the NCLP&MT http://poultry.ces.ncsu.edu/layer-performance/ allows the distribution of the results to many other interested university and government officials. This review of the first 37 North Carolina layer tests shows continuing improvements in egg production, reduction in body weight and feed consumption, increases in egg weight and feed conversion, improvements in liveability, and an improvement in egg quality from the commercially available white and brown egg strains. These changes have continued throughout the 50+ year history of the tests, and the changes observed have been brought about primarily by poultry breeding companies applying quantitative genetics for the improvement of the layer stocks used worldwide.}, number={3}, journal={World's Poultry Science Journal}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Anderson, K.E. and Havenstein, G.B. and Jenkins, P.K. and Osborne, J.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={489–514} }
 @article{gulledge_marcellin-little_levine_tillman_harrysson_osborne_baxter_2014, title={Comparison of two stretching methods and optimization of stretching protocol for the piriformis muscle}, volume={36}, ISSN={1350-4533}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.MEDENGPHY.2013.10.016}, DOI={10.1016/J.MEDENGPHY.2013.10.016}, abstractNote={Piriformis syndrome is an uncommon diagnosis for a non-discogenic form of sciatica whose treatment has traditionally focused on stretching the piriformis muscle (PiM). Conventional stretches include hip flexion, adduction, and external rotation. Using three-dimensional modeling, we quantified the amount of (PiM) elongation resulting from two conventional stretches and we investigated by use of a computational model alternate stretching protocols that would optimize PiM stretching. Seven subjects underwent three CT scans: one supine, one with hip flexion, adduction, then external rotation (ADD stretch), and one with hip flexion, external rotation, then adduction (ExR stretch). Three-dimensional bone models were constructed from the CT scans. PiM elongation during these stretches, femoral neck inclination, femoral head anteversion, and trochanteric anteversion were measured. A computer program was developed to map PiM length over a range of hip joint positions and was validated against the measured scans. ExR and ADD stretches elongated the PiM similarly by approximately 12%. Femoral head and greater trochanter anteversion influenced PiM elongation. Placing the hip joints in 115° of hip flexion, 40° of external rotation and 25° of adduction or 120° of hip flexion, 50° of external rotation and 30° of adduction increased PiM elongation by 30-40% compared to conventional stretches (15.1 and 15.3% increases in PiM muscle length, respectively). ExR and ADD stretches elongate the PiM similarly and therefore may have similar clinical effectiveness. The optimized stretches led to larger increases in PiM length and may be more easily performed by some patients due to increased hip flexion.}, number={2}, journal={Medical Engineering & Physics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gulledge, Brett M. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Levine, David and Tillman, Larry and Harrysson, Ola L.A. and Osborne, Jason A. and Baxter, Blaise}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={212–218} }
 @article{breidt_kay_cook_osborne_ingham_arritt_2013, title={Determination of 5-Log Reduction Times for Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, or Listeria monocytogenes in Acidified Foods with pH 3.5 or 3.8}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-528}, abstractNote={A critical factor in ensuring the safety of acidified foods is the establishment of a thermal process that assures the destruction of acid-resistant vegetative pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. For acidified foods such as dressings and mayonnaises with pH values of 3.5 or higher, the high water phase acidity (acetic acid of 1.5 to 2.5% or higher) can contribute to lethality, but there is a lack of data showing how the use of common ingredients such as acetic acid and preservatives, alone or in combination, can result in a 5-log reduction for strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes in the absence of a postpackaging pasteurization step. In this study, we determined the times needed at 10° C to achieve a 5-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7, S. enterica, and L. monocytogenes in pickling brines with a variety of acetic and benzoic acid combinations at pH 3.5 and 3.8. Evaluation of 15 different acid-pH combinations confirmed that strains of E. coli O157:H7 were significantly more acid resistant than strains of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Among the acid conditions tested, holding times of 4 days or less could achieve a 5-log reduction for vegetative pathogens at pH 3.5 with 2.5% acetic acid or at pH 3.8 with 2.5% acetic acid containing 0.1% benzoic acid. These data indicate the efficacy of benzoic acid for reducing the time necessary to achieve a 5-log reduction in target pathogens and may be useful for supporting process filings and the determination of critical controls for the manufacture of acidified foods.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Breidt, F., Jr. and Kay, K. and Cook, J. and Osborne, J. and Ingham, B. and Arritt, F.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1245–1249} }
 @article{su_nielsen_zhu_richards_suter_breen_motsinger-reif_osborne_2013, title={Gene selection and cancer type classification of diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma using a bivariate mixture model for two-species data}, volume={7}, journal={Human Genomics}, author={Su, Y. H. and Nielsen, D. and Zhu, L. and Richards, K. and Suter, S. and Breen, M. and Motsinger-Reif, A. and Osborne, J.}, year={2013} }
 @article{shah_yao_osborne_2014, title={Storage Method Impacts on Ammonia Flux from Broiler Cake and Acid Scrubbers for High Ammonia Concentration Measurements}, volume={225}, ISSN={["1573-2932"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11270-013-1840-6}, number={1}, journal={WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION}, author={Shah, Sanjay B. and Yao, Haiyan and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2014}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jairam_kolar_sharma-shivappa_osborne_2013, title={Synthesis of solid acid catalyst from tobacco stalk for esterification of oleic acid}, volume={29}, number={3}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Jairam, S. and Kolar, P. and Sharma-Shivappa, R. S. and Osborne, J. A.}, year={2013}, pages={385–389} }
 @article{srikanth_banerjee_williams_osborne_2013, title={Towards the prioritization of system test cases}, volume={24}, ISSN={0960-0833}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/STVR.1500}, DOI={10.1002/STVR.1500}, abstractNote={SUMMARYDuring software development, companies are frequently faced with lack of time and resources, which limits their ability to effectively complete testing efforts. This paper presents a system‐level, value‐driven approach to test case prioritization called the Prioritization of Requirements for Test (PORT). PORT involves analysing and assigning value to each requirement using the following four factors: requirements volatility, customer priority, implementation complexity, and fault proneness. System test cases are prioritized such that the test cases for requirements with higher priority are executed earlier during system test. PORT was applied to four student team projects as well as an industrial case study. The results show that PORT improves the rate of detection of severe failures over random prioritization. Additionally, the results indicate that customer priority was the most important contributor towards improved rate of failure detection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={4}, journal={Software Testing, Verification and Reliability}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Srikanth, Hema and Banerjee, Sean and Williams, Laurie and Osborne, Jason}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={320–337} }
 @article{ratani_siletzky_dutta_yildirim_osborne_lin_hitchins_ward_kathariou_2012, title={Heavy Metal and Disinfectant Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes from Foods and Food Processing Plants}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0099-2240"]}, DOI={10.1128/aem.01553-12}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            The persistence of
            Listeria monocytogenes
            in food processing plants and other ecosystems reflects its ability to adapt to numerous stresses. In this study, we investigated 138 isolates from foods and food processing plants for resistance to the quaternary ammonium disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC) and to heavy metals (cadmium and arsenic). We also determined the prevalence of distinct cadmium resistance determinants (
            cadA1
            ,
            cadA2
            , and
            cadA3
            ) among cadmium-resistant isolates. Most BC-resistant isolates were resistant to cadmium as well. Arsenic resistance was encountered primarily in serotype 4b and was an attribute of most isolates of the serotype 4b epidemic clonal group ECIa. Prevalence of the known cadmium resistance determinants was serotype associated:
            cadA1
            was more common in isolates of serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b than 4b, while
            cadA2
            was more common in those of serotype 4b. A subset (15/77 [19%]) of the cadmium-resistant isolates lacked the known cadmium resistance determinants. Most of these isolates were of serotype 4b and were also resistant to arsenic, suggesting novel determinants that may confer resistance to both cadmium and arsenic in these serotype 4b strains. The findings may reflect previously unrecognized components of the ecological history of different serotypes and clonal groups of
            L. monocytogenes
            , including exposures to heavy metals and disinfectants.
          }, number={19}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Ratani, Shakir S. and Siletzky, Robin M. and Dutta, Vikrant and Yildirim, Suleyman and Osborne, Jason A. and Lin, Wen and Hitchins, Anthony D. and Ward, Todd J. and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={6938–6945} }
 @article{sharma_palled_sharma-shivappa_osborne_2012, title={Potential of Potassium Hydroxide Pretreatment of Switchgrass for Fermentable Sugar Production}, volume={169}, ISSN={0273-2289 1559-0291}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S12010-012-0009-X}, DOI={10.1007/S12010-012-0009-X}, abstractNote={Chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass has been extensively investigated for sugar generation and subsequent fuel production. Alkaline pretreatment has emerged as one of the popular chemical pretreatment methods, but most attempts thus far have utilized NaOH for the pretreatment process. This study aimed at investigating the potential of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a viable alternative alkaline reagent for lignocellulosic pretreatment based on its different reactivity patterns compared to NaOH. Performer switchgrass was pretreated at KOH concentrations of 0.5-2% for varying treatment times of 6-48 h, 6-24 h, and 0.25-1 h at 21, 50, and 121 °C, respectively. The pretreatments resulted in the highest percent sugar retention of 99.26% at 0.5%, 21 °C, 12 h while delignification up to 55.4% was observed with 2% KOH, 121 °C, 1 h. Six pretreatment conditions were selected for subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis with Cellic CTec2® for sugar generation. The pretreatment condition of 0.5% KOH, 24 h, 21 °C was determined to be the most effective as it utilized the least amount of KOH while generating 582.4 mg sugar/g raw biomass for a corresponding percent carbohydrate conversion of 91.8%.}, number={3}, journal={Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Sharma, Rajat and Palled, Vijaykumar and Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna R. and Osborne, Jason}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={761–772} }
 @article{lu_breidt_perez-diaz_osborne_2011, title={Antimicrobial Effects of Weak Acids on the Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 under Anaerobic Conditions}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-404}, abstractNote={Outbreaks of disease due to vegetative bacterial pathogens associated with acid foods (such as apple cider) have raised concerns about acidified vegetables and related products that have a similar pH (3.2 to 4.0). Escherichia coli O157:H7 and related strains of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) have been identified as the most acid resistant vegetative pathogens in these products. Previous research has shown that the lack of dissolved oxygen in many hermetically sealed acid or acidified food products can enhance survival of EHEC compared with their survival under aerobic conditions. We compared the antimicrobial effects of several food acids (acetic, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, and sorbic acids and sulfite) on a cocktail of EHEC strains under conditions representative of non-heat-processed acidified vegetables in hermetically sealed jars, holding the pH (3.2) and ionic strength (0.342) constant under anaerobic conditions. The overall antimicrobial effectiveness of weak acids used in this study was ranked, from most effective to least effective: sulfite > benzoic acid > sorbic acid > fumaric acid > L- and D-lactic acid > acetic acid > malic acid. These rankings were based on the estimated protonated concentrations required to achieve a 5-log reduction in EHEC after 24 h of incubation at 30°C. This study provides information that can be used to formulate safer acid and acidified food products and provides insights about the mode of action of weak acids against EHEC.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Lu, Huiying J. and Breidt, Frederick, Jr. and Perez-Diaz, Ilenys M. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={893–898} }
 @article{haslauer_moghe_osborne_gupta_loboa_2011, title={Collagen-PCL Sheath-Core Bicomponent Electrospun Scaffolds Increase Osteogenic Differentiation and Calcium Accretion of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1568-5624"]}, DOI={10.1163/092050610x521595}, abstractNote={Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are an abundant cell source capable of osteogenic differentiation, and have been investigated as an autologous stem cell source for bone tissue engineering applications. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of a type-I collagen sheath to the surface of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers would enhance viability, proliferation and osteogenesis of hASCs. This is the first study to examine the differentiation behavior of hASCs on collagen–PCL sheath–core bicomponent nanofiber scaffolds developed using a co-axial electrospinning technique. The use of a sheath–core configuration ensured a uniform coating of collagen on the PCL nanofibers. PCL nanofiber scaffolds prepared using a conventional electrospinning technique served as controls. hASCs were seeded at a density of 20 000 cells/cm2 on 1 cm2 electrospun nanofiber (pure PCL or collagen–PCL sheath–core) sheets. Confocal microscopy and hASC proliferation data confirmed the presence of viable cells after 2 weeks in culture on all scaffolds. Greater cell spreading occurred on bicomponent collagen–PCL scaffolds at earlier time points. hASCs were osteogenically differentiated by addition of soluble osteogenic inductive factors. Calcium quantification indicated cell-mediated calcium accretion was approx. 5-times higher on bicomponent collagen–PCL sheath–core scaffolds compared to PCL controls, indicating collagen–PCL bicomponent scaffolds promoted greater hASC osteogenesis after two weeks of culture in osteogenic medium. This is the first study to examine the effects of collagen–PCL sheath–core composite nanofibers on hASC viability, proliferation and osteogenesis. The sheath–core composite fibers significantly increased calcium accretion of hASCs, indicating that collagen–PCL sheath–core bicomponent structures have potential for bone tissue engineering applications using hASCs.}, number={13}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION}, author={Haslauer, Carla Maria and Moghe, Ajit K. and Osborne, Jason A. and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Loboa, Elizabeth G.}, year={2011}, pages={1695–1712} }
 @article{fitzwater_marcellin-little_harrysson_osborne_poindexter_2011, title={Evaluation of the effect of computed tomography scan protocols and freeform fabrication methods on bone biomodel accuracy}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1178}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To assess the effect of computed tomography (CT) scan protocols (radiation amounts) and fabrication methods on biomodel accuracy and variability.
Sample—Cadaveric femur of a Basset Hound.
Procedures—Retroreconstructions (n = 158) were performed of 16 original scans and were visually inspected to select 17 scans to be used for biomodel fabrication. Biomodels of the 17 scans were made in triplicate by use of 3 freeform fabrication processes (stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and 3-D printing) for 153 models. The biomodels and original bone were measured by use of a coordinate measurement machine.
Results—Differences among fabrication methods accounted for 2% to 29% of the total observed variation in inaccuracy and differences among method-specific radiation configurations accounted for 4% to 44%. Biomodels underestimated bone length and width and femoral head diameter and overestimated cortical thickness. There was no evidence of a linear association between thresholding adjustments and biomodel accuracy. Higher measured radiation dose led to a decrease in absolute relative error for biomodel diameter and for 4 of 8 cortical thickness measurements.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The outside dimensions of biomodels have a clinically acceptable accuracy. The cortical thickness of biomodels may overestimate cortical thickness. Variability among biomodels was caused by model fabrication reproducibility and, to a lesser extent, by the radiation settings of the CT scan and differences among fabrication methods.}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Fitzwater, Kathryn L. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Harrysson, Ola L. A. and Osborne, Jason A. and Poindexter, E. Christine}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={1178–1185} }
 @article{biai_garzon_osborne_schultheis_gehl_gunter_2011, title={Height control in three pepper types treated with drench-applied abscisic acid}, volume={46}, number={9}, journal={HortScience}, author={Biai, C. J. and Garzon, J. G. and Osborne, J. A. and Schultheis, J. R. and Gehl, R. J. and Gunter, C. C.}, year={2011}, pages={1265–1269} }
 @article{jairam_kolar_sharma-shivappa_osborne_davis_2012, title={KI-impregnated oyster shell as a solid catalyst for soybean oil transesterification}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1873-2976"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.039}, abstractNote={Research on inexpensive and green catalysts is needed for economical production of biodiesel. The goal of the research was to test KI-impregnated calcined oyster shell as a solid catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil. Specific objectives were to characterize KI-impregnated oyster shell, determine the effect of reaction variables and reaction kinetics. The catalyst was synthesized by impregnating KI on calcined oyster shells. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of portlandite and potassium iodide on the surface and a 31-fold increase in surface as a result of calcination and KI impregnation. Under the conditions tested, ideal reaction variables were 1 mmol g(-1) for catalyst loading, 50 °C for temperature, 10:1 for methanol/oil, and 4h for reaction time. The transesterification followed a first-order reaction (k=0.4385 h(-1)). The option of using oyster shell for the production of transesterification catalysts could have economic benefits to the aquaculture industry in the US.}, journal={BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jairam, Suguna and Kolar, Praveen and Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna and Osborne, Jason A. and Davis, Jack P.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={329–335} }
 @article{yurgec_osborne_steffe_daubert_2012, title={QUANTIFYING SHEAR EFFECTS ON A MODEL EMULSION SYSTEM}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1745-4530"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-4530.2011.00640.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTA model corn oil‐in‐water emulsion, stabilized by Tween 20 (0.2–0.6%), was subjected to homogenization conditions of time, number of homogenization cycles and pressure (100–800 bar), which corresponded to predetermined shear work and shear power intensity values. This project investigated the roles that shear work and intensity have on the development and destabilization of a sensitive emulsion system. Samples with the same shear work level produced an emulsion with any identical median particle size (MPS). Particle size data were modeled (MPS is a function of shear work and surfactant concentration). The data revealed a critical shear limit, where an increase in shear work no longer reduced the particle size that was directly related to surfactant concentration. A statistical model was adapted to determine the critical shear work value, resulting in the lowest MPS for each surfactant concentration tested.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSShear work and shear power intensity are rheological tools that can be used to design processing systems to yield optimum product quality. A process technologist can understand the shear limitations of a fluid system simply by understanding the affects that increasing levels of shear work and shear power intensity have on that system. By understanding the shear input that is occurring within a fluid system caused by various unit operations, a process technologist would be able to correlate this to the known shear limitations and make a determination if the process is too severe or not intense enough. Knowledge of this information would enable a process technologist to better select equipment, piping schematics and settings on devices that cause shear, which could lead to more optimum product quality and less product loss caused by over‐ or under‐shearing.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING}, author={Yurgec, M. J. and Osborne, J. and Steffe, J. F. and Daubert, C. R.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={905–914} }
 @article{purser_richards_cook_osborne_cormier_buckner_2011, title={A Novel Shape Memory Alloy Annuloplasty Ring for Minimally Invasive Surgery: Design, Fabrication, and Evaluation}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1573-9686"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10439-010-0126-z}, abstractNote={A novel annuloplasty ring with a shape memory alloy core has been developed to facilitate minimally invasive mitral valve repair. In its activated (austenitic) phase, this prototype ring has comparable mechanical properties to commercial semi-rigid rings. In its pre-activated (martensitic) phase, this ring is flexible enough to be introduced through an 8-mm trocar and easily manipulated with robotic instruments within the confines of a left atrial model. The core is constructed of 0.50 mm diameter NiTi, which is maintained below its martensitic transition temperature (24 °C) during deployment and suturing. After suturing, the ring is heated above its austenitic transition temperature (37 °C, normal human body temperature) enabling the NiTi core to attain its optimal geometry and stiffness characteristics indefinitely. This article summarizes the design, fabrication, and evaluation of this prototype ring. Experimental results suggest that the NiTi core ring could be a viable alternative to flexible bands in robot-assisted minimally invasive mitral valve repair.}, number={1}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Purser, Molly F. and Richards, Andrew L. and Cook, Richard C. and Osborne, Jason A. and Cormier, Denis R. and Buckner, Gregory D.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={367–377} }
 @article{chanoit_singhani_marcellin-little_osborne_2010, title={Comparison of five radiographic views for assessment of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle in dogs with osteochondritis dissecans}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.7.780}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To compare 5 radiographic views for the detection of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in dogs with signs of elbow joint pain.
Animals—53 dogs (100 elbow joints) with forelimb lameness and signs of elbow joint pain.
Procedures—Mediolateral (ML), flexed ML, craniocaudal (CC), craniolateral-caudomedial oblique (Cr15L-CdMO), and distomedial-proximolateral oblique (Di35M-PrLO) radiographic views of the 100 elbow joints were obtained. Four examiners graded radiographs with regard to elbow joint OCD. Joints were assessed by use of arthroscopy. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, kappa measure of agreement, and Fisher exact tests for association between median diagnostic value and actual status were computed.
Results—47 joints had an abnormal medial aspect of the humeral condyle (MAHC), and among them, 11 had OCD. The presence of fractures of the medial coronoid process was significantly and positively correlated with the presence of abnormalities of the MAHC (r = 0.40), but was negatively correlated with the presence of OCD (r = −0.32). At 95% specificity, median sensitivities to detect OCD were 57% for Cr15L-CdMO, 56% for CC, 10% for flexed ML, 7% for ML, and 4% for Di35M-PrLO views. The areas under the ROC curves were significantly larger for the Cr15L-CdMO and CC views than for the ML, flexed ML, and Di35M-PrLO views for the detection of OCD. Only the Cr15L-CdMO and CC views allowed accurate detection of OCD.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with signs of elbow joint pain, the Cr15L-CdMO view is excellent and the CC view was good for detection of OCD.}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Chanoit, Guillaume and Singhani, Nikita N. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={780–783} }
 @article{guerdat_losordo_classen_osborne_delong_2011, title={Evaluating the effects of organic carbon on biological filtration performance in a large scale recirculating aquaculture system}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1873-5614"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.10.002}, abstractNote={Studies evaluating the impact of organic carbon on biological filters at the large scale for aquaculture production are lacking. Understanding the performance characteristics of different biofilters under actual production conditions will be the only means by which recirculating system designers may properly select and size biological filters for commercial production use. Previous studies have determined the impact of organic carbon on biofilter performance at the small lab scale often using artificial waste nutrients in the evaluation. Evaluations under actual production conditions using real wastewater produce vastly different results than previous lab scale studies using artificial nutrients. As such, this study is a preliminary step in evaluating the impact of organic carbon on three different commercially available biological filters at the large scale under actual recirculating aquaculture production conditions. The study was conducted at the North Carolina State University Fish Barn—a commercial scale research and demonstration recirculating aquaculture facility operated by the Biological and Agricultural Engineering department. The study was based on a 60 m3 Tilapia system with average daily feed rates of 45 kg using a 40% protein feed and an average biomass of 6750 kg. The system was dosed with sucrose (C12H22O11) to increase the concentration of biodegradable organic carbon in the system. The effect of elevated organic carbon concentrations on total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) removal rates was evaluated and determined based on biofilter media volume. Variability increased substantially in the volumetric TAN removal rate (VTR) for all three filters. VTR for all three filter types was reduced by approximately 50% as compared to normal production conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of controlling the concentration of biologically available organic carbon in a recirculating aquaculture system.}, number={1}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Guerdat, Todd C. and Losordo, Thomas M. and Classen, John J. and Osborne, Jason A. and DeLong, Dennis}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={10–18} }
 @article{stephens_dean_davis_osborne_sanders_2010, title={Peanuts, Peanut Oil, and Fat Free Peanut Flour Reduced Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and the Development of Atherosclerosis in Syrian Golden Hamsters}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1750-3841"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01569.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  Human clinical trials have demonstrated the cardiovascular protective properties of peanuts and peanut oil in decreasing total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) without reducing high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). The cardiovascular effects of the nonlipid portion of peanuts has not been evaluated even though that fraction contains arginine, flavonoids, folates, and other compounds that have been linked to cardiovascular health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fat free peanut flour (FFPF), peanuts, and peanut oil on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and the development of atherosclerosis in male Syrian golden hamsters. Each experimental diet group was fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet with various peanut components (FFPF, peanut oil, or peanuts) substituted for similar metabolic components in the control diet. Tissues were collected at week 0, 12, 18, and 24. Total plasma cholesterol (TPC), LDL‐C, and HDL‐C distributions were determined by high‐performance gel filtration chromatography, while aortic total cholesterol (TC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Peanuts, peanut oil, and FFPF diet groups had significantly (P < 0.05) lower TPC, non‐HDL‐C than the control group beginning at about 12 wk and continuing through the 24‐wk study. HDL‐C was not significantly different among the diet groups. Peanut and peanut component diets retarded an increase in TC and CE. Because CE is an indicator of the development of atherosclerosis this study demonstrated that peanuts, peanut oil, and FFPF retarded the development of atherosclerosis in animals consuming an atherosclerosis inducing diet.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE}, author={Stephens, Amanda M. and Dean, Lisa L. and Davis, Jack P. and Osborne, Jason A. and Sanders, Timothy H.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={H116–H122} }
 @article{kelly_vardhanabhuti_luck_drake_osborne_foegeding_2010, title={Role of protein concentration and protein-saliva interactions in the astringency of whey proteins at low pH}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77952051521&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2009-2853}, abstractNote={Whey protein beverages are adjusted to pH <4.5 to enhance clarity and stability, but this pH level is also associated with increased astringency. The goal of this investigation was to determine the effects of protein concentration on astringency and interactions between whey and salivary proteins. Whey protein beverages containing 0.25 to 13% (wt/wt) beta-lactoglobulin and 0.017% (wt/wt) sucralose at pH 2.6 to 4.2 were examined using descriptive sensory analysis. Controls were similar pH phosphate buffers at phosphate concentrations equivalent to the amount of phosphoric acid required to adjust the pH of the protein solution. Changes in astringency with protein concentration depended on pH. At pH 3.5, astringency significantly increased with protein concentration from 0.25 to 4% (wt/wt) and then remained constant from 4 to 13% (wt/wt). Conversely, at pH 2.6, astringency decreased with an increase in protein concentration [0.5-10% (wt/wt)]. This suggests a complex relationship that includes pH and buffering capacity of the beverages. Furthermore, saliva flow rates increased with increasing protein concentrations, showing that the physiological conditions in the mouth change with protein concentration. Maximum turbidity of whey protein-saliva mixtures was observed between pH 4.6 and 5.2. Both sensory evaluation and in vitro study of interactions between beta-LG and saliva indicate that astringency of whey proteins is a complex process determined by the extent of aggregation occurring in the mouth, which depends on the whey protein beverage pH and buffering capacity in addition to saliva flow rate.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Kelly, M. and Vardhanabhuti, B. and Luck, P. and Drake, M. A. and Osborne, J. and Foegeding, E. A.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={1900–1909} }
 @article{guerdat_losordo_classen_osborne_delong_2010, title={An evaluation of commercially available biological filters for recirculating aquaculture systems}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0144-8609"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2009.10.002}, abstractNote={Three different commercially available biological filters were evaluated in triplicate on a 60 m3 tank-based Tilapia system under commercial warmwater growout conditions. The study was performed at the North Carolina State University Fish Barn—a commercial scale research and demonstration recirculating aquaculture facility operated by the department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. Total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) removal rates were determined for the three types of biofilters for a range of concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 1.20 g TAN m−3. TAN concentrations were varied by feed rates and ammonium chloride additions, and limited by fish feeding response. Maximum feed rates were 65 kg feed d−1 using a 40% protein diet at a maximum biomass of 5500 kg. Average observed TAN removal rates (in g TAN m−3 of unexpanded media d−1 ± standard deviation) for the three filters were 267 ± 123, 586 ± 284, and 667 ± 344 for the moving bed bioreactor, floating bead filter, and fluidized sand filter, respectively. These results are considerably lower than results previously published at the laboratory scale using artificial waste nutrients. This study highlights the need for future biofilter evaluations at the commercial scale using real aquaculture waste nutrients.}, number={1}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Guerdat, Todd C. and Losordo, Thomas M. and Classen, John J. and Osborne, Jason A. and DeLong, Dennis P.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={38–49} }
 @article{cerda-gonzalez_olby_broadstone_mccullough_osborne_2009, title={CHARACTERISTICS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FLOW IN CAVALIER KING CHARLES SPANIELS ANALYZED USING PHASE VELOCITY CINE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01571.x}, abstractNote={Syringomyelia is an important morbidity source in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Although abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow secondary to Chiari malformations is thought to cause syringomyelia in humans, this relationship is unknown in dogs. We used phase‐contrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to evaluate CSF flow in dogs. Fifty‐nine Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were assigned a neurologic grade reflecting their neurologic status. Five normal control dogs of other breeding were imaged for comparison. The presence of syringomyelia was noted from sagittal MR images. The pattern and velocity of CSF flow were assessed using phase‐contrast cine MRI at the foramen magnum, C2–C3 disc space, and within syrinxes. Flow was measured most easily with the neck flexed to mimic standing. CSF flow velocity in the dorsal aspect of the subarachnoid space at the foramen magnum was significantly higher in control dogs than Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (P=0.035). Flow was obstructed at the foramen magnum in 41 of 59 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Turbulent flow and jets were associated with syringomyelia presence and severity, and CSF flow velocity at C2/3 dorsally was inversely related to the presence of syringomyelia (P=0.0197). Peak dorsal subarachnoid space CSF flow velocity at the foramen magnum and C2–C3 were together highly predictive of syringomyelia. CSF flow can be assessed in dogs using phase‐contrast cine MRI. Obstruction to flow at the foramen magnum is common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and CSF flow pattern and velocity are related to the presence of syringomyelia.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Cerda-Gonzalez, Sofia and Olby, Natasha J. and Broadstone, Richard and McCullough, Susan and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2009}, pages={467–476} }
 @article{mcnett_hunt_osborne_2010, title={Establishing Storm-Water BMP Evaluation Metrics Based upon Ambient Water Quality Associated with Benthic Macroinvertebrate Populations}, volume={136}, ISSN={["0733-9372"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000185}, abstractNote={Storm-water experts agree that the currently used best management practice (BMP) percent removal methodology metric has many flaws, and some have suggested using a BMP effluent concentration metric. This case study examines establishing an effluent target concentration for BMPs that relates to the health of macroinvertebrates in the receiving water. In North Carolina, 193 ambient water quality monitoring stations were paired with benthic macroinvertebrate health ratings collected in very close proximity. Water quality for the sites ranged from excellent to poor and was divided into three distinct ecoregions: Mountain, Piedmont, and Coastal. Statistically significant relationships were found in one or more ecoregions for dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, NH3 , NO2−3 − N , total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). BMPs can then be selected and designed to meet these target effluent concentrations. Based upon this research, a development, and therefore set of BMPs, in Piedmont ...}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE}, author={McNett, Jacquelyn K. and Hunt, William F. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={535–541} }
 @article{purser_richards_cook_osborne_cormier_buckner_2009, title={Evaluation of a Shape Memory Alloy Reinforced Annuloplasty Band for Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1552-6259"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.133}, abstractNote={PurposeAn in vitro study using explanted porcine hearts was conducted to evaluate a novel annuloplasty band, reinforced with a two-phase, shape memory alloy, designed specifically for minimally invasive mitral valve repair.DescriptionIn its rigid (austenitic) phase, this band provides the same mechanical properties as the commercial semi-rigid bands. In its compliant (martensitic) phase, this band is flexible enough to be introduced through an 8-mm trocar and is easily manipulated within the heart.EvaluationIn its rigid phase, the prototype band displayed similar mechanical properties to commercially available semi-rigid rings. Dynamic flow testing demonstrated no statistical differences in the reduction of mitral valve regurgitation. In its flexible phase, the band was easily deployed through an 8-mm trocar, robotically manipulated and sutured into place.ConclusionsExperimental results suggest that the shape memory alloy reinforced band could be a viable alternative to flexible and semi-rigid bands in minimally invasive mitral valve repair. An in vitro study using explanted porcine hearts was conducted to evaluate a novel annuloplasty band, reinforced with a two-phase, shape memory alloy, designed specifically for minimally invasive mitral valve repair. In its rigid (austenitic) phase, this band provides the same mechanical properties as the commercial semi-rigid bands. In its compliant (martensitic) phase, this band is flexible enough to be introduced through an 8-mm trocar and is easily manipulated within the heart. In its rigid phase, the prototype band displayed similar mechanical properties to commercially available semi-rigid rings. Dynamic flow testing demonstrated no statistical differences in the reduction of mitral valve regurgitation. In its flexible phase, the band was easily deployed through an 8-mm trocar, robotically manipulated and sutured into place. Experimental results suggest that the shape memory alloy reinforced band could be a viable alternative to flexible and semi-rigid bands in minimally invasive mitral valve repair.}, number={4}, journal={ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY}, author={Purser, Molly F. and Richards, Andrew L. and Cook, Richard C. and Osborne, Jason A. and Cormier, Denis R. and Buckner, Gregory D.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={1312–1316} }
 @article{osborne_grift_2009, title={M-estimation of Boolean models for particle flow experiments}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1467-9876"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9876.2008.00655.x}, abstractNote={Summary
               Probability models are proposed for passage time data collected in experiments with a device that was designed to measure particle flow during aerial application of fertilizer. Maximum likelihood estimation of flow intensity is reviewed for the simple linear Boolean model, which arises with the assumption that each particle requires the same known passage time. M-estimation is developed for a generalization of the model in which passage times behave as a random sample from a distribution with a known mean. The generalized model improves the fit in these experiments. An estimator of total particle flow is constructed by conditioning on lengths of multiparticle clumps.}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS}, author={Osborne, Jason A. and Grift, Tony E.}, year={2009}, pages={197–210} }
 @article{youngsteadt_baca_osborne_schal_2009, title={Species-specific seed dispersal in an obligate ant-plant mutualism}, volume={4}, number={2}, journal={PLoS One}, author={Youngsteadt, E. and Baca, J. A. and Osborne, J. and Schal, C.}, year={2009} }
 @article{oliver_osborne_brady_2009, title={What are secondary students’ expectations for teachers in virtual school environments?}, volume={30}, ISSN={0158-7919 1475-0198}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01587910902845923}, DOI={10.1080/01587910902845923}, abstractNote={A recent evaluation of the new North Carolina Virtual Public School (NCVPS) in the USA revealed numerous expectations for virtual school teachers from secondary students. Specifically, students expected their teachers to actually teach rather than moderate a course shell, supplement course shells with content and projects that illustrate relevance, provide for both content and peer interaction, and respond to questions and provide feedback quickly. The data suggest a possible content‐related interaction where a limited course shell can be bolstered by a proactive teacher, but potentially flounder among teachers who do not expect or know how to supplement an online course. Data further suggest a potential communication‐related interaction where increased opportunities for student–student and student–teacher interaction could potentially decrease the actual or perceived need for individualized attention that is particularly challenging for virtual teachers to provide. These results can be used to establish teacher expectations and design professional development experiences that prepare teachers to undertake divergent roles unique to online instruction.}, number={1}, journal={Distance Education}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Oliver, Kevin and Osborne, Jason and Brady, Kevin}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={23–45} }
 @article{torbati_totapally_raszynski_osborne_zyl_kalomiris_wolfsdorf_2008, title={Age and Sex Differences in Brain Gene Expression in Neonatal Rats}, volume={39}, ISSN={0174-304X 1439-1899}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1105923}, DOI={10.1055/s-0028-1105923}, abstractNote={& Gene expression in the central nervous system is highly region-speci fi c. We tested the hypothesis that certain developmental biomarkers could be detected in the whole brain or in cortical, subcortical or cerebellar structures. Brain gene expressions of male and female rats at birth, 3 days, and 10 days of age were measured by micro-array technique ( (cid:1) 10 K genes; n = 9 / category). We found 53 signi fi cantly up-regulated and 8 down-regulated genes at 10 days}, number={04}, journal={Neuropediatrics}, publisher={Georg Thieme Verlag KG}, author={Torbati, D. and Totapally, B. and Raszynski, A. and Osborne, J. and Zyl, L. van and Kalomiris, S. and Wolfsdorf, J.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={219–225} }
 @article{bean_chanoit_jernigan_bolotin_osborne_buckner_2008, title={Evaluation of a novel atrial retractor for exposure of the mitral valve in a porcine model}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1097-685X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.030}, abstractNote={<h3>Objectives</h3> To describe a novel atrial retractor and compare 2 methods of intraoperative left atrial retraction for minimally invasive mitral valve repair. <h3>Methods</h3> Left atrial retraction was performed on 5 swine cadavers to evaluate performance (percent of mitral valve annulus accessible), complications encountered, ease of use, and surgical time for the minimally invasive atrial retractor and a HeartPort atrial retractor. <h3>Results</h3> Estimated accessibilities were 93.0% (standard error=3.2) and 92.7% (standard error=3.3) for the HeartPort and minimally invasive atrial retractor retractors, respectively, with a difference of 0.3% (standard error=2.2%, <i>P</i> = .8832, <i>df</i> = 34). Tissue damage occurred in 1 case for the minimally invasive atrial retractor and 2 cases for the HeartPort retractor. The mean surgical times for retractor placement and mitral valve annulus exposure were 107.4 and 39.2 seconds for the HeartPort and minimally invasive atrial retractor retractors, respectively, with a difference of 68.2 seconds (<i>P</i> = .0092, <i>df</i> = 4). <h3>Conclusions</h3> The minimally invasive atrial retractor is a suitable alternative for atrial retraction compared with standard techniques of retraction. It provides comparable exposure of the mitral valve annulus, is less time consuming to place, provides subjectively more working volume within the left atrium, and has the advantage of minimal atriotomy incision length and customizable retraction.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY}, author={Bean, Eric and Chanoit, Guillaume and Jernigan, Shaphan and Bolotin, Gil and Osborne, Jason and Buckner, Gregory}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={1492–1495} }
 @article{cerda-gonzalez_olby_mccullough_pease_broadstone_osborne_2009, title={MORPHOLOGY OF THE CAUDAL FOSSA IN CAVALIER KING CHARLES SPANIELS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.01487.x}, abstractNote={Chiari malformations and syringohydromyelia are an important disease complex in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Although abnormalities in caudal fossa morphology are considered major contributors to the development of this disease, limited information exists on the range of morphologies in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and on the relationship of these to clinically evident disease. Sixty‐four Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were studied. Each underwent a neurologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine and brain. T2‐weighted sagittal images were used to determine both the morphologic characteristics and volume of the caudal fossa in each dog. This volume was also analyzed as a percentage of total cranial cavity volume. Each attribute was correlated with neurological grade and presence of syringohydromyelia. Fifteen dogs had neurologic signs, and 59 had morphologic abnormalities of the craniocervical junction. While 27 dogs had syringohydromyelia, 13 of these were clinically normal. Cerebellar herniation and occipital dysplasia were common findings but were not associated with syringohydromyelia. Dorsal compressive lesions were noted at the first and second cervical vertebral junction. Factors associated with the presence of neurologic signs included syringohydromyelia and the ratio of caudal fossa/total cranial cavity volume; dogs with signs had significantly larger syringohydromyelia than asymptomatic dogs. Caudal fossa size was not associated with syringohydromyelia. A positive association was identified between foramen magnum size and length of cerebellar herniation. The prevalence of craniocervical junction abnormalities is high in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. While several factors are associated with neurologic signs, occipital hypoplasia appears to be the most important factor.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Cerda-Gonzalez, Sofia and Olby, Natasha J. and McCullough, Susan and Pease, Anthony P. and Broadstone, Richard and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2009}, pages={37–46} }
 @article{sumanasinghe_osborne_loboa_2009, title={Mesenchymal stem cell-seeded collagen matrices for bone repair: Effects of cyclic tensile strain, cell density, and media conditions on matrix contraction in vitro}, volume={88A}, ISSN={["1552-4965"]}, DOI={10.1002/jbm.a.31913}, abstractNote={AbstractType I collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix protein in bone and contains arginine– glycine–aspartic acid sequences that promote cell adhesion and proliferation. We have previously shown that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seeded in three‐dimensional (3D) collagen gels upregulate BMP‐2 mRNA expression in response to tensile strain, indicative of osteogenesis. Therefore, collagen could be a promising scaffold material for functional bone tissue engineering using hMSCs. However, high contraction of the collagen gels by hMSCs poses a challenge to creating large, tissue‐engineered bone constructs. The effects of cyclic tensile strain, medium (with and without dexamethasone), and hMSC seeding density on contraction of collagen matrices have not been investigated. hMSCs were seeded in 3D collagen gels and subjected to cyclic tensile strain of 10% or 12% for 4 h/day at a frequency of 1 Hz in osteogenic‐differentiating or complete MSC growth media for up to 14 days. Viability of hMSCs was not affected by strain or media conditions. While initial seeding density affected matrix contraction alone, there was a high interdependence of strain and medium on matrix contraction. These findings suggest a correlation between hMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation on collagen matrix contraction that is affected by media, cell‐seeding density, and cyclic tensile strain. It is vital to understand the effects of culture conditions on collagen matrix contraction by hMSCs in order to consider hMSC‐seeded collagen constructs for functional bone tissue engineering in vitro. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A}, author={Sumanasinghe, Ruwan D. and Osborne, Jason A. and Loboa, Elizabeth G.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={778–786} }
 @article{heller_adomas_li_osborne_van zyl_sederoff_finlay_stenlid_asiegbu_2008, title={Transcriptional analysis of Pinus sylvestris roots challenged with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor}, volume={8}, journal={BMC Plant Biology}, author={Heller, G. and Adomas, A. and Li, G. S. and Osborne, J. and Van Zyl, L. and Sederoff, R. and Finlay, R. D. and Stenlid, J. and Asiegbu, F. O.}, year={2008} }
 @article{parker_oviedo-rondon_clack_clemente-hernandez_osborne_remus_kettunen_makivuokko_pierson_2007, title={Enzymes as feed additive to aid in responses against Eimeria species in coccidia-vaccinated broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets with different protein levels}, volume={86}, number={4}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Parker, J. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Clack, B. A. and Clemente-Hernandez, S. and Osborne, J. and Remus, J. C. and Kettunen, H. and Makivuokko, H. and Pierson, E. M.}, year={2007}, pages={643–653} }
 @article{payne_osborne_jenkins_sheldon_2007, title={Modeling the growth and death kinetics of Salmonella in poultry litter as a function of pH and water activity}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.1.191}, abstractNote={Contaminated poultry litter, serving as a reservoir for Salmonella, can be linked to both food safety concerns when contaminated birds enter processing plants and environmental concerns when used as a fertilizer. Predictive modeling allows for the estimation of microbial growth or inactivation as a function of controlling environmental growth factors. A study was conducted to observe the combined effects of pH and water activity (A(w)) at a constant temperature on Salmonella populations in used turkey litter to predict microbial response over time. Litter, first pH-adjusted and then inoculated with a 3-strain Salmonella serovar cocktail to an initial concentration of approximately 10(7) cfu/g, was placed into individual sealed plastic containers with saturated salt solutions for controlling A(w). A balanced design including 3 A(w) values (0.84, 0.91, 0.96), 3 pH values (4, 7, 9), and a constant temperature of 30 degrees C was used, with litter samples periodically removed and analyzed for Salmonella populations, pH, and A(w). At each combination of environmental factors, the Churchill or exponential inactivation mathematical models were used to describe the growth and death of Salmonella over time. Salmonella populations exhibited growth (approximately 2 log) with little decline up to 42 d in litter environments of pH 7 and 9 and a A(w) of 0.96. As litter A(w) and pH levels were reduced, populations declined, with the most drastic reductions (approximately 5 log in 9 h) occurring in low-pH (4) and low-A(w) (0.84) environments. Generalized models for bacterial growth and death under grouped pH environments were successfully developed to predict Salmonella behavior in litter over time. These findings suggest that the best management practices and litter treatments that lower litter A(w) to < or =0.84 and pH to < or =4 are effective in reducing Salmonella populations. The use of a single equation to predict the growth and decline of Salmonella populations as a function of pH and A(w) has potential application for use in the development of effective pathogen control strategies at the farm level.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Payne, J. B. and Osborne, J. A. and Jenkins, P. K. and Sheldon, B. W.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={191–201} }
 @article{carlson_osborne_schmidt_2007, title={Monitoring the recovery of smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, using standardized relative indices of abundance}, volume={136}, ISSN={0006-3207}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.013}, abstractNote={The US population of smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, is currently listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. An important component of monitoring the recovery of this species is establishing long-term baseline trends in abundance. In the absence of scientific survey data, assessing and monitoring the status of some marine species has required the utilization of fishery-dependent data. Using voluntary dockside interviews of sport fishers collected in Everglades National Park, a standardized index of abundance was created for smalltooth sawfish using the delta method. The index was developed as the product of separate generalized linear models of the proportion of positive trips and the positive catch rates on successful trips. Development of the final model included testing factors that were expected to influence the catch of smalltooth sawfish. The final model assumed a binomial distribution for the proportion of positive trips and a lognormal distribution for positive catch rates. Year was significant as a main effect in the binomial model whereas year and skill level of the fishing party were significant in the lognormal model. The relative abundance index shows a small increase in abundance at an average rate of about 5% per year since 1989. These results indicate that the population of smalltooth sawfish in Everglades National Park has at least stabilized and may be increasing. However, additional data and analyses from multiple sources are required before definitive conclusions on the recovery of smalltooth sawfish can be established.}, number={2}, journal={Biological Conservation}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carlson, John K. and Osborne, Jason and Schmidt, Thomas W.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={195–202} }
 @article{fain_grey_wehtje_gilliam_osborne_2007, title={Polymeric resins adsorb and release oryzalin in response to pH}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-06-013.1}, abstractNote={Two polymeric anion-exchange resins and one sorbent resin were evaluated for their propensity to adsorb, and subsequently desorb, oryzalin. The intent was to determine whether these resins could adsorb and subsequently release oryzalin in a manner that would render these resins as an option for slow-release herbicide delivery. The dinitroaniline herbicide oryzalin is weakly acidic with a dissociation constant (pKa) of 8.6. An additional objective was to determine whether altering the pH between sorption and desorption would enhance the desired performance. Maximum oryzalin sorption by the two anion-exchange resins was between 127 and 132 mg g−1ai. The sorbent resin was adsorbed at a maximum concentration of 191 mg g−1ai. Maximum sorption occurred with the pH 10 solutions with all resins. Average oryzalin desorption by the anion-exchange resin was between 0.12 and 3.84 mg g−1per desorption event. Maximum desorption occurred at pH 6.0. Results reveal that the resins evaluated may have merit for slow-release herbicide delivery.}, number={2}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Fain, Glenn B. and Grey, Timothy L. and Wehtje, Glenn R. and Gilliam, Charles H. and Osborne, Jason A.}, year={2007}, pages={157–163} }
 @article{burchell_skaggs_lee_broome_chescheir_osborne_2007, title={Substrate organic matter to improve nitrate removal in surface-flow constructed wetlands}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2006.0022}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTA wetland mesocosm experiment was conducted in eastern North Carolina to determine if organic matter (OM) addition to soils used for in‐stream constructed wetlands would increase NO3−–N treatment. Not all soils are suitable for wetland substrate, so OM addition can provide a carbon and nutrient source to the wetland early in its development to enhance denitrification and biomass growth. Four batch studies, with initial NO3−–N concentrations ranging from 30 to 120 mg L−1, were conducted in 2002 in 21 surface‐flow wetland mesocosms. The results indicated that increasing the OM content of a Cape Fear loam soil from 50 g kg−1 (5% dry wt.) to 110 g kg−1 (11% dry wt.) enhanced NO3−–N wetland treatment efficiency in spring and summer batch studies, but increases to 160 g kg−1 (16% dry wt.) OM did not. Wetlands constructed with dredged material from the USACE Eagle Island Confined Disposal Facility in Wilmington, NC, with initial OM of 120 g kg−1 (12% dry wt.), showed no improvement in NO3−–N treatment efficiency when increased to 180 g kg−1 (18% dry wt.), but did show increased NO3−–N treatment efficiency in all batch studies when increased to 220 g kg−1 (22% dry wt.). Increased OM addition and biosolids to the Cape Fear loam and dredged material blends significantly increased biomass growth in the second growing season when compared to no OM addition. Results of this research indicate that increased OM in the substrate will reduce the area required for in‐stream constructed wetlands to treat drainage water in humid regions. It also serves as a demonstration of how dredged material can be used successfully in constructed wetlands, as an alternative to costly storage by the USACE.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Burchell, Michael R., II and Skaggs, R. Wayne and Lee, Charles R. and Broome, Steven and Chescheir, George M. and Osborne, Jason}, year={2007}, pages={194–207} }
 @article{adomas_heller_li_olson_chu_osborne_craig_van zyl_wolfinger_sederoff_et al._2007, title={Trranscript profiling of a conifer pathosystem: response of Pinus sylvestris root tissues to pathogen (Heterobasidion annosum) invasion}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1758-4469"]}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/27.10.1441}, abstractNote={The mechanisms underlying defence reactions to a pathogen attack, though well studied in crop plants, are poorly understood in conifers. To analyze changes in gene transcript abundance in Pinus sylvestris L. root tissues infected by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l., a cDNA microarray containing 2109 ESTs from P. taeda L. was used. Mixed model statistical analysis identified 179 expressed sequence tags differentially expressed at 1, 5 or 15 days post inoculation. In general, the total number of genes differentially expressed during the infection increased over time. The most abundant group of genes up-regulated upon infection coded for enzymes involved in metabolism (phenylpropanoid pathway) and defence-related proteins with antimicrobial properties. A class III peroxidase responsible for lignin biosynthesis and cell wall thickening had increased transcript abundance at all measurement times. Real-time RT-PCR verified the microarray results with high reproducibility. The similarity of the expression profiling pattern observed in this pathosystem to those documented in crop pathology suggests that angiosperms and gymnosperms use similar genetic programs in responding to invasive growth by microbial pathogens.}, number={10}, journal={TREE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Adomas, Aleksandra and Heller, Gregory and Li, Guosheng and Olson, Ake and Chu, Tzu-Ming and Osborne, Jason and Craig, Deborah and Van Zyl, Len and Wolfinger, Russ and Sederoff, Ron and et al.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={1441–1458} }
 @article{silverstein_chen_sharma-shivappa_boyette_osborne_2007, title={A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1873-2976"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.022}, abstractNote={The effectiveness of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and ozone pretreatments for conversion of cotton stalks to ethanol was investigated. Ground cotton stalks at a solid loading of 10% (w/v) were pretreated with H(2)SO(4), NaOH, and H(2)O(2) at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/v). Treatment temperatures of 90 degrees C and 121 degrees C at 15 psi were investigated for residence times of 30, 60, and 90 min. Ozone pretreatment was performed at 4 degrees C with constant sparging of stalks in water. Solids from H(2)SO(4), NaOH, and H(2)O(2) pretreatments (at 2%, 60 min, 121 degrees C/15 psi) showed significant lignin degradation and/or high sugar availability and hence were hydrolyzed by Celluclast 1.5L and Novozym 188 at 50 degrees C. Sulfuric acid pretreatment resulted in the highest xylan reduction (95.23% for 2% acid, 90 min, 121 degrees C/15 psi) but the lowest cellulose to glucose conversion during hydrolysis (23.85%). Sodium hydroxide pretreatment resulted in the highest level of delignification (65.63% for 2% NaOH, 90 min, 121 degrees C/15 psi) and cellulose conversion (60.8%). Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment resulted in significantly lower (p<or=0.05) delignification (maximum of 29.51% for 2%, 30 min, 121 degrees C/15 psi) and cellulose conversion (49.8%) than sodium hydroxide pretreatment, but had a higher (p<or=0.05) cellulose conversion than sulfuric acid pretreatment. Ozone did not cause any significant changes in lignin, xylan, or glucan contents over time. Quadratic models using time, temperature, and concentration as continuous variables were developed to predict xylan and lignin reduction, respectively for sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatments. In addition, a modified severity parameter (log M(0)) was constructed and explained most of the variation in xylan or lignin reduction through simple linear regressions.}, number={16}, journal={BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Silverstein, Rebecca A. and Chen, Ye and Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna R. and Boyette, Michael D. and Osborne, Jason}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={3000–3011} }
 @article{li_osborne_asiegbu_2006, title={A macroarray expression analysis of novel cDNAs vital for growth initiation and primary metabolism during development of Heterobasidion parviporum conidiospores}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1462-2920"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01027.x}, abstractNote={SummaryThe pathogen Heterobasidion parviporum causes significant losses to forest industries in Europe and North America. The fungus is spread by basidiospores on fresh stumps where it differentiates into a specialized infection hyphae to colonize its host. This differentiation is driven by recognition and its strategic success lies in its ability to do this rapidly and efficiently. To investigate gene expression pattern during the spore germination stages, mRNA of germinated and ungerminated conidiospores of H. parviporum harvested at distinct developmental time points (18, 36, 72 and 120 h) corresponding to periods of isotropic/germ tube emergence, polarized apical, early and late mycelial lateral branching growth stages was hybridized to macroarrays containing 338 cDNAs from H. parviporum. The results of the statistical analysis identified a total of 24, 39, 38 and 30 genes that were differentially upregulated at 18, 36, 72 and 120 h, respectively, relative to time 0. The number of the downregulated genes was 4, 6, 8 and 13 genes respectively. During isotropic, polarized and mycelial growth stages, majority of the differentially expressed genes belonged to functional categories metabolism (21–32%) and protein formation (21–30%). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time‐PCR) data essentially confirmed the macroarray analyses. The real‐time‐PCR result showed that transcript levels of genes involved in glucose metabolism (phosphoglucomutase), amino acid metabolism (arginase, delta‐1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase, sulfur metabolism‐negative regulator, imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydratase) and protein synthesis (40S ribosomal protein S15) were significantly increased during polarized growth (36 h) stage but decreased at early and late stages of mycelial growth (72–120 h). An understanding of the various molecular and physiological processes during the development of H. parviporum spores is an important step towards the goal of identifying novel antifungal strategies.}, number={8}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Li, Guosheng and Osborne, Jason and Asiegbu, Fred O.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={1340–1350} }
 @article{myburg_morse_amerson_kubisiak_huber_osborne_garcia_nelson_davis_covert_et al._2006, title={Differential gene expression in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) challenged with the fusiform rust fungus, Cronartium quercuum f.sp fusiforme}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0885-5765"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmpp.2006.07.002}, abstractNote={Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme is the pathogen that incites fusiform rust disease of southern pine species. To date, a number of host resistance genes have been mapped. Although genomic mapping studies have provided valuable information on the genetic basis of disease interactions in this pine-rust pathosystem, the interaction at the molecular level is poorly understood. To further our understanding of this interaction, we implemented a microarray study to examine the differential expression of genes in pathogen-challenged progeny of a full-sib loblolly pine family known to be segregating at a single dominant resistance gene (Fr1). Statistical analyses revealed shifts in gene expression that may reflect discrete stages of gall development.}, number={1-3}, journal={PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Myburg, Henrietta and Morse, Alison M. and Amerson, Henry V. and Kubisiak, Thomas L. and Huber, Dudley and Osborne, Jason A. and Garcia, Saul A. and Nelson, C. Dana and Davis, John M. and Covert, Sarah F. and et al.}, year={2006}, pages={79–91} }
 @article{keener_mcavoy_foegeding_curtis_anderson_osborne_bush_2006, title={Effect of testing temperature on internal egg quality measurements}, volume={85}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.3.550}, DOI={10.1093/ps/85.3.550}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine the effect of egg testing temperature on quality measurements of shell eggs. The quality measurements compared included 3 Haugh unit (HU) devices (electronic Haugh, tripod Haugh, and Haugh meter), egg weight, albumen height, albumen width, albumen index, yolk width, yolk height, yolk index, percentage of thin albumen, and vitelline membrane strength at 3 temperatures of 5, 13, and 23 degrees C from 2 strains of laying hens (Hyline W36 and Bovans White) at 2 storage times. The HU measurements averaged 72.44 at time zero and 59.99 at 7 wk. At 7 wk for all devices, HU values decreased 6 units with increased temperature (P < 0.05). The electronic Haugh and tripod Haugh devices gave equal measurements for all testing conditions. The Haugh meter gave equal values at 5 degrees C for fresh eggs but lower HU at higher temperatures and 7 wk storage. Thus, it is recommended that egg testing temperature be reported when HU are measured. Coefficient of variation generally increased for all HU methods with increasing temperature. Although there was a proportionately different amount of thin albumen detected between the strains of laying hens, no significant difference was seen in HU. From the evaluated methods for measuring quality, the electronic Haugh, which electronically measures albumen height and calculates HU, provided the lowest coefficient of variation, was sensitive to quality loss, and gave the highest quality measurement (5 degrees C).}, number={3}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Keener, KM and McAvoy, KC and Foegeding, JB and Curtis, PA and Anderson, KE and Osborne, JA and Bush, DJ}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={550–555} }
 @article{cannon_papafragkou_park_osborne_jaykus_vinje_2006, title={Surrogates for the study of norovirus stability and inactivation in the environment: A comparison of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-69.11.2761}, abstractNote={Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of food- and waterborne outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As a result of the lack of a mammalian cell culture model for these viruses, studies on persistence, inactivation, and transmission have been limited to cultivable viruses, including feline calicivirus (FCV). Recently, reports of the successful cell culture of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) have provided investigators with an alternative surrogate for human NoVs. In this study, we compared the inactivation profiles of MNV-1 to FCV in an effort to establish the relevance of MNV-1 as a surrogate virus. Specifically, we evaluated (i) stability upon exposure to pH extremes; (ii) stability upon exposure to organic solvents; (iii) thermal inactivation; and (iv) surface persistence under wet and dry conditions. MNV-1 was stable across the entire pH range tested (pH 2 to 10) with less than 1 log reduction in infectivity at pH 2, whereas FCV was inactivated rapidly at pH values < 3 and > 9. FCV was more stable than MNV-1 at 56 degrees C, but both viruses exhibited similar inactivation at 63 and 72 degrees C. Long-term persistence of both viruses suspended in a fecal matrix and inoculated onto stainless steel coupons were similar at 4 degrees C, but at room temperature in solution, MNV-1 was more stable than FCV. The genetic relatedness of MNV-1 to human NoVs combined with its ability to survive under gastric pH levels makes this virus a promising and relevant surrogate for studying environmental survival of human NoVs.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Cannon, Jennifer L. and Papafragkou, Efstathia and Park, Geunwoo W. and Osborne, Jason and Jaykus, Lee-Ann and Vinje, Jan}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={2761–2765} }
 @article{shimps_rice_osborne_2005, title={Hypoxia tolerance in two juvenile estuary-dependent fishes}, volume={325}, ISSN={["1879-1697"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2005.04.026}, abstractNote={Hypoxia events, or low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions, occur frequently in North Carolina estuaries during the summer. These events may have harmful effects on important fish stocks, including spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), but their consequences are not well understood. We investigated direct mortality due to hypoxia in juvenile spot and Atlantic menhaden to determine how the extent of mortality varies with the severity of hypoxia and the duration of exposure, and to explore how vulnerability to hypoxia changes across species, fish size, and temperature. Atlantic menhaden and spot were tested at two temperatures, 25 and 30 °C, and three dissolved oxygen concentrations, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 ppm. Survival analyses were performed on the data relating survival rate of each species to dissolved oxygen concentration, duration of exposure, fish size, and temperature. The data were analyzed using an LC50 approach for comparative purposes, and 12-h LC50 estimates ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 ppm O2. Spot and menhaden exposed to 1.2 ppm O2 showed no mortality in 24 h at 25 °C, and only 30–40% mortality at 30 °C. In contrast, both species experienced 100% mortality in 2–6 h at 0.6 ppm O2. There was an effect of size on hypoxia tolerance, with small spot being less tolerant than large spot, while the converse size effect was observed for menhaden. Spot were consistently less tolerant to hypoxia than menhaden and both species were less tolerant to hypoxia at 30 °C than at 25 °C. Preliminary experiments showed a 24-h acclimation to sublethal levels of hypoxia significantly reduced mortality upon subsequent exposure to lethal hypoxia concentrations. Our results indicate that direct mortality due to hypoxia will vary with species, size, and temperature, but will likely only be substantial when these species are exposed to oxygen concentrations less than about 1 ppm O2. Given the severity of hypoxia necessary to cause mortality and the ability of fish to behaviorally avoid hypoxia, direct mortality due to hypoxia may have limited impacts on fish population dynamics. Therefore, the greatest effects due to hypoxia may be caused by the stress imposed by sublethal hypoxic conditions alone or in concert with other stressors, or by indirect effects incurred by avoiding hypoxic areas.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Shimps, EL and Rice, JA and Osborne, JA}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={146–162} }
 @article{zakaria_plumstead_romero-sanchez_leksrisompong_osborne_brake_2005, title={Oviposition pattern, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability of young and old broiler breeders}, volume={84}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1505}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.9.1505}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to investigate egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality in relation to time of oviposition of young and old broiler breeder flocks. In experiment 1, eggs were collected from 2 flocks (34 and 59 wk) for 2 d at hourly intervals between 0700 and 1900 h. Most eggs were laid between 0700 and 1300 h, but eggs were laid later in the day by the old flock. Weights of early laid (C1) eggs were significantly greater than middle laid (Cs) and the late laid (Ct) eggs in the young flock, whereas late laid eggs (Ct) were significantly smaller than early laid (C1) and middle laid (Cs) eggs in the old flock. In experiment 2, eggs from experiment 1 were categorized as early laid first-in-sequence (C1) eggs (0700 to 0800 h), the mid-sequence (Cs) eggs (0900 to 1200 h), and the late laid terminal-in-sequence (Ct) eggs (1300 to 1700 h). These eggs were incubated to determine fertility, hatchability, and stage of embryonic mortality relative to oviposition time and flock age. Fertility declined with flock age, but there were no differences due to time of oviposition. There were no differences in hatchability of fertile eggs or embryonic mortality relative to time of oviposition (sequence position) or flock age. These results suggested that although there were differences in egg weight among eggs at different times of the day (different sequence positions), there were no differences in fertility, fertile hatchability, or embryonic mortality in naturally mated broiler breeders.}, number={9}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zakaria, A.H. and Plumstead, P.W. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Leksrisompong, N. and Osborne, J. and Brake, J.}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={1505–1509} }
 @article{young_sanders_drake_osborne_civille_2005, title={Descriptive analysis and US consumer acceptability of peanuts from different origins}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0950-3293"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foodqual.2003.12.006}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate descriptive and consumer flavor responses to peanuts (Arachis hypogaea, runner type) from different production origins: United States, China, and Argentina. Twenty, 25-lb samples from lots exported from each country (total=60) were randomly selected. After roasting, peanuts were evaluated using descriptive sensory analysis. Six samples from each origin, which covered the sensory space of all samples from that origin were selected for consumer testing in the United States. Consumers (n=100) evaluated peanuts for overall liking and the strength/intensity for liking of: color, flavor and texture attributes using a nine-point hedonic scale. Descriptive sensory profiles, specific for the different origins, were observed (p<0.05). Consumer scores for overall liking were United States>China>Argentina, respectively. Overall and flavor liking exhibited strong correlation with strength/intensity for liking characteristics of many of the attributes studied (p<0.05). This study demonstrated that production origin impacts descriptive sensory attribute intensity and consumer preference of roasted peanuts.}, number={1}, journal={FOOD QUALITY AND PREFERENCE}, author={Young, ND and Sanders, TH and Drake, MA and Osborne, J and Civille, GV}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={37–43} }
 @article{bashor_curtis_keener_sheldon_kathariou_osborne_2004, title={Effects of carcass washers on Campylobacter contamination in large broiler processing plants}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/83.7.1232}, abstractNote={Campylobacter, a major foodborne pathogen found in poultry products, remains a serious problem facing poultry processors. Campylobacter research has primarily focused on detection methods, prevalence, and detection on carcasses; limited research has been conducted on intervention. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of carcass washing systems in 4 large broiler-processing plants in removing Campylobacter species. Washing systems evaluated included combinations of inside/outside carcass washers and homemade cabinet washers. Processing aids evaluated were trisodium phosphate (TSP) and acidified sodium chlorite (ASC). The washer systems consisted of 1 to 3 carcass washers and used from 2.16 to 9.73 L of water per carcass. The washer systems used chlorinated water with 25 to 35 ppm of total chlorine. These washer systems on average reduced Campylobacter populations by log 0.5 cfu/mL from log 4.8 cfu/mL to log 4.3 cfu/mL. Washer systems with TSP or ASC reduced Campylobacter populations on average by an additional log 1.03 to log 1.26, respectively. Total average reductions in Campylobacter populations across the washer system and chill tank were log 0.76 cfu/mL. Washer systems that included antimicrobial systems had total average reductions in Campylobacter populations of log 1.53 cfu/mL. These results suggest that carcass washer systems consisting of multiple washers provide minimal reductions in Campylobacter populations found on poultry in processing plants. A more effective treatment of reducing Campylobacter populations is ASC or TSP treatment; however, these reductions, although significant, will not eliminate the organism from raw poultry.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Bashor, MP and Curtis, PA and Keener, KM and Sheldon, BW and Kathariou, S and Osborne, JA}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={1232–1239} }
 @article{kellison_eggleston_taylor_burke_osborne_2003, title={Pilot evaluation of summer flounder stock enhancement potential using experimental ecology}, volume={250}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps250263}, abstractNote={Stock enhancement is receiving increasing attention as a management tool to rebuild depleted fisheries. Unfortunately, proactive studies addressing the potential of stock enhancement to accomplish management goals prior to the implementation of enhancement efforts are uncommon. We outline an ecologically based, pilot protocol with which to address the potential of fisheries stock enhancement using hatchery-reared (HR) organisms, through trial releases coupled with laboratory and field experiments with juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus. Released HR fish did not persist in nursery habitats in which wild fish enjoyed relatively long residence times and high sur- vival. Multiple lines of observations and evidence suggest that the relatively rapid disappearance of released HR fish was not a result of emigration. Caging and tethering trials, coupled with previously obtained behavioral data, suggest that the poor performance of HR fish in this study was a result of increased susceptibility to predation-induced mortality, as compared with wild fish. These results suggest that post-release survival of HR summer flounder might be increased by (1) improving meth- ods of predator-conditioning, (2) releasing HR fish in sites that serve as natural refuges from preda- tors, or (3) releasing fish at larger sizes. While poor post-release survival of HR summer flounder may limit the success of stock enhancement efforts with this species, we suggest that conclusions regard- ing the potential of stock enhancement as a management tool can only be made if biological in- formation is coupled with economic information to predict economic costs associated with stock enhancement relative to costs associated with alternative management approaches.}, number={2003}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Kellison, GT and Eggleston, DB and Taylor, JC and Burke, JS and Osborne, JA}, year={2003}, pages={263–278} }
 @article{osborne_simonne_2002, title={Data collection and statistical topics for the preparation and review of manuscripts}, volume={12}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Osborne, J. and Simonne, E.}, year={2002}, pages={567–583} }
 @article{osborne_severini_2002, title={The Lorenz curve for model assessment in exponential order statistic models}, volume={72}, DOI={10.1080/00949650290015802}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation}, author={Osborne, J. A. and Severini, T. A.}, year={2002}, pages={87–97} }
 @article{storey_kirk_osborne_marks_kostic_veal_1996, title={Structural features of defect cascades in YBa2Cu3Oxas a function of oxygen stoichiometry}, volume={74}, ISSN={0141-8610 1460-6992}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619608243531}, DOI={10.1080/01418619608243531}, abstractNote={Single crystals of YBa2Cu30,, of various oxygen stoichiometries, were irradiated with 50 keV Kr' to create defect cascades similar to those resulting from fast neutron irradiation. Two-beam dark-field transmission electron microscopy in weak dynamic conditions was used to measure the defect cascade size distribution in the principal axes for four different oxygen stoichiometries, and high-resolution electron microscopy verified the mean size of these cascades. The mean size of the defect cascades generated was independent of oxygen stoichiometry from x = 6.35 to x = 6.9, which indicates that magnetic flux pinning does not vary because of any association between the oxygen concentration and the cascade size. For Kr' incident near the c axis the defect cascades have on average a circular cross-section of 3.5 nm diameter perpendicular to the ion beam, while an elliptical cross-section was found for ions incident near the x axis. The minor axis (3.5nm) was in the [OOl] direction and the major axis (5.5nm) was in the [OlO] direction. This aspect ratio of 1.6 matches that found for high-energy heavy-ion track damage in YBa2Cu3Ox, which implies that the shape is determined not by the recoil damage mechanism but in the cooling or relaxation stage where the anisotropy in thermal conductivity determines the defect shape.}, number={3}, journal={Philosophical Magazine A}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Storey, B. G. and Kirk, M. A. and Osborne, J. A. and Marks, L. D. and Kostic, P. and Veal, B. W.}, year={1996}, month={Sep}, pages={617–628} }