@article{pais_ristaino_whetten_xiang_2024, title={Metagenomic study reveals hidden relationships among fungal diversity, variation of plant disease, and genetic distance in <i>Cornus florida</i> (Cornaceae)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2023.1282188}, abstractNote={Introduction Understanding patterns of plant-microbe interactions across plant species and populations is a critical yet poorly characterized aspect in the field of plant pathology. Microbial DNA sequences present as contaminants in omics data of plants obtained using next-generation sequencing methods provide a valuable source to explore the relationships among endophytic microbial diversity, disease and genetic differentiation of host plants, and environmental variation, but few such studies have been conducted. The flowering dogwood tree (Cornus florida L.), an ecologically important species in North America, is threatened by powdery mildew and dogwood anthracnose diseases, and knowledge of the microbial diversity harbored within genetically and environmental distinct populations of this species remains largely unknown. Methods We conducted a metagenomics study utilizing the sequences of RAD-tag/genotype-by-sequence libraries from leaf tissues of C. florida to examine such host-fungus interactions across the dogwood's US range. We performed various combinations of alignments to both host and pathogen genomes to obtain filtered sets sequences for metagenomics analysis. Taxonomic assignments were determined on each filtered set of sequences, followed by estimation of microbial diversity and correlation to environment and host-genetic variation. Results Our data showed that microbial community composition significantly differed between visually healthy and diseased sites. Several microbial taxa known to interact with dogwood were identified from these sequences. We found no correlation between microbial diversity and relative abundances of sequences aligning to draft genomes of either pathogen causing powdery mildew or dogwood anthracnose. We found a significant relationship between differences of fungal communities and geographic distances of plant populations, suggesting roles of environments in shaping fungal communities in leaf tissues. Significant correlations between the genetic differentiation of plant samples and fungal community dissimilarity (beta diversity) were also observed in certain sets of our analyses—suggesting the possibility of a relationship between microbial community composition and plant genetic distance. This relationship persisted in significance even after controlling for significant effects of geographic-bioclimatic variation of microbial diversity. Discussion Our results suggest that both genetics and the environment play a significant role in shaping foliar fungal communities. Our findings underscore the power of leveraging hidden microbial sequences within datasets originally collected for plant genetic studies to understand plant-pathogen interactions.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Pais, Andrew and Ristaino, Jean and Whetten, Ross and Xiang, Qiu-Yun}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{saffer_tateosian_saville_yang_ristaino_2024, title={Reconstructing historic and modern potato late blight outbreaks using text analytics}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-024-52870-2}, abstractNote={Abstract In 1843, a hitherto unknown plant pathogen entered the US and spread to potato fields in the northeast. By 1845, the pathogen had reached Ireland leading to devastating famine. Questions arose immediately about the source of the outbreaks and how the disease should be managed. The pathogen, now known as Phytophthora infestans , still continues to threaten food security globally. A wealth of untapped knowledge exists in both archival and modern documents, but is not readily available because the details are hidden in descriptive text. In this work, we (1) used text analytics of unstructured historical reports (1843–1845) to map US late blight outbreaks; (2) characterized theories on the source of the pathogen and remedies for control; and (3) created modern late blight intensity maps using Twitter feeds. The disease spread from 5 to 17 states and provinces in the US and Canada between 1843 and 1845. Crop losses, Andean sources of the pathogen, possible causes and potential treatments were discussed. Modern disease discussion on Twitter included near-global coverage and local disease observations. Topic modeling revealed general disease information, published research, and outbreak locations. The tools described will help researchers explore and map unstructured text to track and visualize pandemics.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Saffer, Ariel and Tateosian, Laura and Saville, Amanda C. and Yang, Yi-Peng and Ristaino, Jean B.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{lee_hossain_jamalzadegan_liu_wang_saville_shymanovich_paul_rotenberg_whitfield_et al._2023, title={Abaxial leaf surface-mounted multimodal wearable sensor for continuous plant physiology monitoring}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2375-2548"]}, DOI={10.1126/sciadv.ade2232}, abstractNote={Wearable plant sensors hold tremendous potential for smart agriculture. We report a lower leaf surface-attached multimodal wearable sensor for continuous monitoring of plant physiology by tracking both biochemical and biophysical signals of the plant and its microenvironment. Sensors for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs), temperature, and humidity are integrated into a single platform. The abaxial leaf attachment position is selected on the basis of the stomata density to improve the sensor signal strength. This versatile platform enables various stress monitoring applications, ranging from tracking plant water loss to early detection of plant pathogens. A machine learning model was also developed to analyze multichannel sensor data for quantitative detection of tomato spotted wilt virus as early as 4 days after inoculation. The model also evaluates different sensor combinations for early disease detection and predicts that minimally three sensors are required including the VOC sensors.}, number={15}, journal={SCIENCE ADVANCES}, author={Lee, Giwon and Hossain, Oindrila and Jamalzadegan, Sina and Liu, Yuxuan and Wang, Hongyu and Saville, Amanda C. and Shymanovich, Tatsiana and Paul, Rajesh and Rotenberg, Dorith and Whitfield, Anna E. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{coomber_saville_carbone_ristaino_2023, title={An open-access T-BAS phylogeny for emerging Phytophthora species}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283540}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0283540}, abstractNote={Phytophthora species cause severe diseases on food, forest, and ornamental crops. Since the genus was described in 1875, it has expanded to comprise over 190 formally described species. There is a need for an open access bioinformatic tool that centralizes diverse streams of sequence data and metadata to facilitate research and identification of Phytophthora species. We used the Tree-Based Alignment Selector Toolkit (T-BAS) to develop a phylogeny of 192 formally described species and 33 informal taxa in the genus Phytophthora using sequences of eight nuclear genes. The phylogenetic tree was inferred using the RAxML maximum likelihood method. A search engine was also developed to identify genotypes of P. infestans based on genetic distance to known lineages. The T-BAS tool provides a visualization framework allowing users to place unknown isolates on a curated phylogeny of all Phytophthora species. Critically, this resource can be updated in real-time to keep pace with new species descriptions. The tool contains metadata such as clade, host species, substrate, sexual characteristics, distribution, and reference literature, which can be visualized on the tree and downloaded for other uses. This phylogenetic resource will allow data sharing among research groups and the database will enable the global Phytophthora community to upload sequences and determine the phylogenetic placement of an isolate within the larger phylogeny and to download sequence data and metadata. The database will be curated by a community of Phytophthora researchers and housed on the T-BAS web portal in the Center for Integrated Fungal Research at NC State. The T-BAS web tool can be leveraged to create similar metadata enhanced phylogenies for diverse populations of pathogens.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Coomber, Allison and Saville, Amanda and Carbone, Ignazio and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, editor={Blair, Jaime E.Editor}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{saville_mcgrath_jones_polo_ristaino_2023, title={Understanding the Genotypic and Phenotypic Structure and Impact of Climate on <i>Phytophthora nicotianae</i> Outbreaks on Potato and Tomato in the Eastern United States}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-22-0411-r}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-11-22-0411-R}, abstractNote={Samples from potato fields with late blight-like symptoms were collected from eastern North Carolina in 2017 and the causal agent was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. We have identified P. nicotianae in potato and tomato from North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. Ninety-two field samples were collected from 46 fields and characterized for mefenoxam sensitivity, mating type, and SSR genotype using microsatellites. Thirty two percent of isolates were the A1 mating type, while 53% were A2 mating type. In six cases, both A1 and A2 mating type were detected in the same field in the same year. All isolates tested were sensitive to mefenoxam. Two genetic groups were discerned based on STRUCTURE analysis: one included samples from North Carolina and Maryland, and one included samples from all five states. The data suggest two different sources of inoculum from the field sites sampled. Multiple haplotypes within a field and the detection of both mating types in close proximity suggests that P. nicotianae may be reproducing sexually in North Carolina. There was a decrease in the average number of days with weather suitable for late blight, from 2012-2016 to 2017-2021 in all of the NC counties where P. nicotianae was reported. Phytophthora nicotianae is more thermotolerant than P. infestans and grows at higher temperatures (25-35°C) than P. infestans (18-22°C). Late blight outbreaks have decreased in recent years and first reports of disease are later, suggesting that the thermotolerant P. nicotianae may cause more disease as temperatures rise due to climate change.}, number={8}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Saville, Amanda C. and McGrath, Margaret T. and Jones, Chris and Polo, John and Ristaino, Jean B.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={1506–1514} }
 @article{hu_govers_carbone_ristaino_2022, title={Gene Flow of Phytophthora infestans Between Refuse Piles, and Organic and Conventional Potato Fields in Southern Flevoland, The Netherlands}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1871-4528"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-022-09597-2}, DOI={10.1007/s11540-022-09597-2}, journal={POTATO RESEARCH}, author={Hu, Chia-Hui and Govers, Francine and Carbone, Ignazio and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{nowicki_hadziabdic_trigiano_runge_thines_boggess_ristaino_spring_2022, title={Microsatellite Markers from Peronospora tabacina, the Cause of Blue Mold of Tobacco, Reveal Species Origin, Population Structure, and High Gene Flow}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-03-21-0092-R}, abstractNote={Peronospora tabacina is an obligate parasite that causes blue mold of tobacco. The pathogen reproduces primarily asexually by sporangia, and sexual oospores are a rarely observed form of propagation. A collection of 122 isolates of P. tabacina was genotyped using nine microsatellites to assess the population structure of individuals from subpopulations collected from Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central and North America, and Australia. Genetic variation among the six subpopulations accounted for about 8% of total variation with moderate levels of genetic differentiation, high gene flow among these subpopulations, and a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance (r = 0.225; P<0.001). Evidence of linkage disequilibrium (P<0.001) showed that populations contained partially clonal subpopulations, except subpopulations from Australia and Mediterranean Europe. High genetic variation and population structure among samples could be explained by continuous gene flow across continents via infected transplant exchange and/or long-distance dispersal of sporangia via wind currents. This study analyzed the most numerous P. tabacina collection to date and allowed conclusions on the migration, mutation, and evolutionary history of this obligate biotrophic oomycete. The evidence pointed to the species origin in Australia and identified intra- and inter-continental migration patterns of this important pathogen.}, number={2}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Nowicki, Marcin and Hadziabdic, Denita and Trigiano, Robert N. and Runge, Fabian and Thines, Marco and Boggess, Sarah L. and Ristaino, Jean and Spring, Otmar}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={422–434} }
 @article{saville_ristaino_2021, title={Global historic pandemics caused by the FAM-1 genotype of Phytophthora infestans on six continents}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-90937-6}, abstractNote={The FAM-1 genotype of Phytophthora infestans caused late blight in the 1840s in the US and Europe and was responsible for the Irish famine. We sampled 140 herbarium specimens collected between 1845 and 1991 from six continents and used 12-plex microsatellite genotyping (SSR) to identify FAM-1 and the mtDNA lineage (Herb-1/Ia) present in historic samples. FAM-1 was detected in approximately 73% of the historic specimens and was found on six continents. The US-1 genotype was found later than FAM-1 on all continents except Australia/Oceania and in only 27% of the samples. FAM-1 was the first genotype detected in almost all the former British colonies from which samples were available. The data from historic outbreak samples suggest the FAM-1 genotype was widespread, diverse, and spread to Asia and Africa from European sources. The famine lineage spread to six continents over 144 years, remained widespread and likely spread during global colonization from Europe. In contrast, modern lineages of P. infestans are rapidly displaced and sexual recombination occurs in some regions.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Saville, Amanda C. and Ristaino, Jean B.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{paul_ostermann_chen_saville_yang_gu_whitfield_ristaino_wei_2021, title={Integrated microneedle-smartphone nucleic acid amplification platform for in-field diagnosis of plant diseases}, volume={187}, ISSN={["1873-4235"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113312}, DOI={10.1016/j.bios.2021.113312}, abstractNote={We demonstrate an integrated microneedle (MN)-smartphone nucleic acid amplification platform for “sample-to-answer” diagnosis of multiplexed plant pathogens within 30 min. This portable system consists of a polymeric MN patch for rapid nucleic acid extraction within a minute and a 3D-printed smartphone imaging device for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction and detection. We expanded the extraction of the MN technology for DNA targets as in the previous study (ACS Nano, 2019, 13, 6540–6549) to more fragile RNA biomarkers, evaluated the storability of the extracted nucleic acid samples on MN surfaces, and developed a smartphone-based LAMP amplification and fluorescent reader device that can quantify four LAMP reactions on the same chip. In addition, we have found that the MN patch containing as few as a single needle tip successfully extracted enough RNA for RT-PCR or RT-LAMP analysis. Moreover, MN-extracted RNA samples remained stable on MN surfaces for up to three days. The MN-smartphone platform has been used to detect both Phytophthora infestans DNA and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) RNA down to 1 pg, comparable to the results from a benchtop thermal cycler. Finally, multiplexed detection of P. infestans and TSWV through a single extraction from infected tomato leaves and amplification on the smartphone without benchtop equipment was demonstrated.}, journal={BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Paul, Rajesh and Ostermann, Emily and Chen, Yuting and Saville, Amanda C. and Yang, Yuming and Gu, Zhen and Whitfield, Anna E. and Ristaino, Jean B. and Wei, Qingshan}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{saville_la spada_faedda_migheli_scanu_ermacora_gilardi_fedele_rossi_lenzi_et al._2021, title={Population structure of Phytophthora infestans collected on potato and tomato in Italy}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1365-3059"]}, DOI={10.1111/ppa.13444}, abstractNote={Abstract Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a disease of potato and tomato of worldwide relevance and is widespread throughout Europe and the Mediterranean region. While pathogen populations in northern Europe have been sampled and characterized for many years, the genetic structure of populations from southern Europe, including Italy, has been less studied. Between 2018 and 2019, we collected 91 samples of P . infestans from potato and tomato crops in Italy, Algeria, and Tunisia on FTA cards and genotyped them using 12‐plex microsatellites. These samples were compared to genotypes of P . infestans previously collected within the framework of the EuroBlight network and from published sources. Four clonal lineages were identified: 13_A2 (Blue 13), 2_A1, 23_A1, and 36_A2. Two other isolates collected could not be matched to any currently known clonal lineage. The 13_A2 and 36_A2 lineages were found exclusively in southern Italy and Algeria, while 2_A1 was only found in Algeria. This is the first report of the 36_A2 lineage in Italy. Two isolates from Solanum nigrum were 13_A2, suggesting this weed host could be a reservoir of inoculum. The 23_A1 lineage was found widely on infected tomato crops in Italy and is the same as the lineage US‐23 that is widespread in North America. Differences in genotypes across the country suggests that there may be different sources of introduction into Italy, possibly via infected seed tubers from other countries in Europe, tubers for consumption from North Africa, or tomatoes.}, journal={PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Saville, Amanda C. and La Spada, Federico and Faedda, Roberto and Migheli, Quirico and Scanu, Bruno and Ermacora, Paolo and Gilardi, Giovanna and Fedele, Giorgia and Rossi, Vitorrio and Lenzi, Nicolo and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{mcmillan_zebell_ristaino_dong_kuehn_2021, title={Protective plant immune responses are elicited by bacterial outer membrane vesicles}, volume={34}, ISSN={["2211-1247"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108645}, abstractNote={Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) perform a variety of functions in bacterial survival and virulence. In mammalian systems, OMVs activate immune responses and are exploited as vaccines. However, little work has focused on the interactions of OMVs with plant hosts. Here, we report that OMVs from Pseudomonas syringae and P. fluorescens activate plant immune responses that protect against bacterial and oomycete pathogens. OMV-mediated immunomodulatory activity from these species displayed different sensitivity to biochemical stressors, reflecting differences in OMV content. Importantly, OMV-mediated plant responses are distinct from those triggered by conserved bacterial epitopes or effector molecules alone. Our study shows that OMV-induced protective immune responses are independent of the T3SS and protein, but that OMV-mediated seedling growth inhibition largely depends on proteinaceous components. OMVs provide a unique opportunity to understand the interplay between virulence and host response strategies and add a new dimension to consider in host-microbe interactions.}, number={3}, journal={CELL REPORTS}, author={McMillan, Hannah M. and Zebell, Sophia G. and Ristaino, Jean B. and Dong, Xinnian and Kuehn, Meta J.}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{li_liu_hossain_paul_yao_wu_ristaino_zhu_wei_2021, title={Real-time monitoring of plant stresses via chemiresistive profiling of leaf volatiles by a wearable sensor}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2590-2385"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.matt.2021.06.009}, abstractNote={Determination of plant stresses such as infections by plant pathogens is currently dependent on time-consuming and complicated analytical technologies. Here, we report a leaf-attachable chemiresistive sensor array for real-time fingerprinting of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that permits noninvasive and early diagnosis of plant diseases, such as late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. The imperceptible sensor patch integrates an array of graphene-based sensing materials and flexible silver nanowire electrodes on a kirigami-inspired stretchable substrate, which can minimize strain interference. The sensor patch has been mounted on live tomato plants to profile key plant volatiles at low-ppm concentrations with fast response (<20 s). The multiplexed sensor array allows for accurate detection and classification of 13 individual plant volatiles with >97% classification accuracy. The wearable sensor patch was used to diagnose tomato late blight as early as 4 days post inoculation and abiotic stresses such as mechanical damage within 1 h.}, number={7}, journal={MATTER}, author={Li, Zheng and Liu, Yuxuan and Hossain, Oindrila and Paul, Rajesh and Yao, Shanshan and Wu, Shuang and Ristaino, Jean B. and Zhu, Yong and Wei, Qingshan}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={2553–2570} }
 @article{ristaino_anderson_bebber_brauman_cunniffe_fedoroff_finegold_garrett_gilligan_jones_et al._2021, title={The persistent threat of emerging plant disease pandemics to global food security}, volume={118}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022239118}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2022239118}, abstractNote={Plant disease outbreaks are increasing and threaten food security for the vulnerable in many areas of the world. Now a global human pandemic is threatening the health of millions on our planet. A stable, nutritious food supply will be needed to lift people out of poverty and improve health outcomes. Plant diseases, both endemic and recently emerging, are spreading and exacerbated by climate change, transmission with global food trade networks, pathogen spillover, and evolution of new pathogen lineages. In order to tackle these grand challenges, a new set of tools that include disease surveillance and improved detection technologies including pathogen sensors and predictive modeling and data analytics are needed to prevent future outbreaks. Herein, we describe an integrated research agenda that could help mitigate future plant disease pandemics.}, number={23}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Ristaino, Jean B. and Anderson, Pamela K. and Bebber, Daniel P. and Brauman, Kate A. and Cunniffe, Nik J. and Fedoroff, Nina V and Finegold, Cambria and Garrett, Karen A. and Gilligan, Christopher A. and Jones, Christopher M. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{ristaino_saville_paul_cooper_wei_2020, title={Detection of Phytophthora infestans by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, Real-Time LAMP, and Droplet Digital PCR}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-06-19-1186-RE}, abstractNote={Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of potato late blight, a devastating disease of tomato and potato and a threat to global food security. Early detection and intervention is essential for effective management of the pathogen. We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for P. infestans and compared this assay to conventional PCR, real-time LAMP, and droplet digital PCR for detection of P. infestans. The LAMP assay was specific for P. infestans on potato and tomato and did not amplify other potato- or tomato-infecting Phytophthora species or other fungal and bacterial pathogens that infect potato and tomato. The detection threshold for SYBR Green LAMP and real-time LAMP read with hydroxynaphthol blue and Eva Green was 1 pg/µl. In contrast, detection by conventional PCR was 10 pg/µl. Droplet digital PCR had the lowest detection threshold (100 fg/µl). We adapted the LAMP assay using SYBR Green and a mobile reader (mReader) for use in the field. Detection limits were 584 fg/µl for SYBR Green LAMP read on the mReader, which was more sensitive than visualization with the human eye. The mobile platform records geospatial coordinates and data from positive pathogen detections can be directly uploaded to a cloud database. Data can then be integrated into disease surveillance networks. This system will be useful for real-time detection of P. infestans and will improve the timeliness of reports into surveillance systems such as USABlight or EuroBlight.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Ristaino, Jean B. and Saville, Amanda C. and Paul, Rajesh and Cooper, Donald C. and Wei, Qingshan}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={708–716} }
 @book{ristaino_records_2020, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security}, ISBN={9780890546376}, publisher={American Phytopathological Society Press}, year={2020} }
 @inbook{ristaino_cooke_acuna_munoz_2020, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={The Threat of Late Blight to Global Food Security}, ISBN={9780890546376}, booktitle={Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security}, publisher={American Phytopathological Society Press}, author={Ristaino, J.B. and Cooke, D.C. and Acuna, I. and Munoz, M.}, editor={Ristaino, J.B. and Records, A.Editors}, year={2020} }
 @article{li_paul_tis_saville_hansel_ristaino_wei_2019, title={A Smartphone-Based Volatile Sensor Platform for Noninvasive Detection of Plant Pathogens}, journal={Plant Health 2019}, publisher={APSNET}, author={Li, Zheng and Paul, Rajesh and Tis, Taleb Ba and Saville, Amanda C and Hansel, Jeana and Ristaino, Jean and Wei, Qingshan}, year={2019} }
 @article{ristaino_saville_paul_cooper_wei_2019, title={Detection of Phytophthora infestans by LAMP, real-time LAMP and droplet digital PCR}, number={ja}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Saville, Amanda and Paul, Rajesh and Cooper, Donald and Wei, Qingshan}, year={2019} }
 @article{hansel_ristaino_2019, title={Evaluation of a strain of Bacillus subtilis for management of Phytophthora blight of bell pepper}, journal={Plant Health 2019}, publisher={APSNET}, author={Hansel, Jeana and Ristaino, Jean}, year={2019} }
 @article{paul_saville_hansel_ye_ball_williams_chang_chen_gu_ristaino_et al._2019, title={Extraction of Plant DNA by Microneedle Patch for Rapid Detection of Plant Diseases}, volume={13}, ISSN={1936-0851 1936-086X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00193}, DOI={10.1021/acsnano.9b00193}, abstractNote={In-field molecular diagnosis of plant diseases via nucleic acid amplification is currently limited by cumbersome protocols for extracting and isolating pathogenic DNA from plant tissues. To address this challenge, a rapid plant DNA extraction method was developed using a disposable polymeric microneedle (MN) patch. By applying MN patches on plant leaves, amplification-assay-ready DNA can be extracted within a minute from different plant species. MN-extracted DNA was used for direct polymerase chain reaction amplification of plant plastid DNA without purification. Furthermore, using this patch device, extraction of plant pathogen DNA ( Phytophthora infestans) from both laboratory-inoculated and field-infected leaf samples was performed for detection of late blight disease in tomato. MN extraction achieved 100% detection rate of late blight infections for samples after 3 days of inoculation when compared to the conventional gold standard cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-based DNA extraction method and 100% detection rate for all blind field samples tested. This simple, cell-lysis-free, and purification-free DNA extraction method could be a transformative approach to facilitate rapid sample preparation for molecular diagnosis of various plant diseases directly in the field.}, number={6}, journal={ACS Nano}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Paul, Rajesh and Saville, Amanda C. and Hansel, Jeana C. and Ye, Yanqi and Ball, Carmin and Williams, Alyssa and Chang, Xinyuan and Chen, Guojun and Gu, Zhen and Ristaino, Jean B. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={6540–6549} }
 @article{saville_ristaino_2019, title={Genetic Structure and Subclonal Variation of Extant and Recent U.S. Lineages of Phytophthora infestans}, volume={109}, ISSN={0031-949X 1943-7684}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-18-0357-R}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-09-18-0357-R}, abstractNote={The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is an important plant pathogen on potato and tomato crops. We examined the genetic structure of extant 20th and 21st century US lineages of P. infestans and compared them to recent populations from South America and Mexico to examine genetic relationships and potential sources of recent lineages. US-23, currently the most prevalent lineage detected in the US, shared genetic similarity primarily with the BR-1 lineage identified in the 1990s from Bolivia and Brazil. Lineages US-8, US-14, and US-24, predominantly virulent on potato, formed a cluster distinct from other US lineages. Many of the other US lineages shared significant genetic similarity with Mexican populations. The US-1 lineage, dominant in the mid-20th century, clustered with US-1 lineages from Peru. A survey of the presence of RXLR effector PiAVR2 revealed that some lineages carried either PiAVR2, its resistance-breaking variant PiAVR2-like, or both. Minimum spanning networks developed from SSR genotype data sets from USABlight outbreaks clearly showed the expansion of US-23 over a 6 year time period and geographic substructuring of some lineages in the western US. Many clonal lineages of P. infestans in the US have come from introductions from Mexico, but the US-23 and US-1 lineages were most likely introduced from other sources.}, number={9}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Saville, Amanda and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={1614–1627} }
 @article{nowicki_hadziabdic_boggess_runge_thines_ristaino_spring_trigiano_2019, title={Genomic microsatellites evidence species diversity and origin of Peronospora tabacina, an important pathogen of tobacco}, journal={Plant Health 2019}, publisher={APSNET}, author={Nowicki, Marcin and Hadziabdic, Denita and Boggess, Sarah L and Runge, Fabian and Thines, Marco and Ristaino, Jean and Spring, Otmar and Trigiano, Robert N}, year={2019} }
 @article{paul_saville_hansel_ye_ball_williams_xinyuan_chen_gu_ristaino_et al._2019, title={Microneedle-based Rapid Plant DNA Extraction: Towards In-Field Detection of Plant Pathogens}, journal={Plant Health 2019}, publisher={APSNET}, author={Paul, Rajesh and Saville, Amanda C and Hansel, Jeana and Ye, Yanqi and Ball, Carmin and Williams, Alyssa and Xinyuan, Xinyuan and Chen, Guojun and Gu, Zhen and Ristaino, Jean and et al.}, year={2019} }
 @inproceedings{paul_saville_hansel_ye_ball_williams_chang_chen_gu_ristaino_et al._2019, title={Minimally Invasive Extraction of Plant DNA Via a Polymeric Microneedle Patch for on-Site Detection of Plant Pathogens}, booktitle={2019 AIChE Annual Meeting}, author={Paul, Rajesh and Saville, Amanda and Hansel, Jeana and Ye, Yanqi and Ball, Carmin and Williams, Alyssa and Chang, Xinyuan and Chen, Guojun and Gu, Zhen and Ristaino, Jean and et al.}, year={2019} }
 @article{li_paul_tis_saville_hansel_yu_ristaino_wei_2019, title={Non-invasive plant disease diagnostics enabled by smartphone-based fingerprinting of leaf volatiles}, volume={5}, number={8}, journal={Nature plants}, publisher={Nature Publishing Group}, author={Li, Zheng and Paul, Rajesh and Tis, Taleb Ba and Saville, Amanda C and Hansel, Jeana C and Yu, Tao and Ristaino, Jean B and Wei, Qingshan}, year={2019}, pages={856–866} }
 @inproceedings{li_paul_tis_saville_hansel_ristaino_wei_2019, title={Noninvasive diagnosis of tomato late blight via smartphone fingerprinting of leaf volatiles}, volume={257}, booktitle={ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Li, Zheng and Paul, Rajesh and Tis, Taleb Ba and Saville, Amanda and Hansel, Jeana and Ristaino, Jean and Wei, Qingshan}, year={2019} }
 @article{alves_tessmann_ivors_ristaino_dos santos_2019, title={Phytophthora acaciae sp. nov., a new species causing gummosis of black wattle in Brazil}, volume={111}, ISSN={0027-5514 1557-2536}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2019.1575685}, DOI={10.1080/00275514.2019.1575685}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A new Phytophthora species was found associated with gummosis in black wattle plantations in the subtropical, humid, south of Brazil. The new species Phytophthora acaciae is formally named herein based on phylogenetic and morphological analyses. This is the fourth Phytophthora species found from this pathogen complex in black wattle plantations causing gummosis in Brazil. The other three species are P. nicotianae, P. boehmeriae, and P. frigida. Phytophthora acaciae is heterothallic with amphigynous antheridia, noncaducous, papillate sporangia and is placed in the Phytophthora clade 2 based on nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) sequences. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of P. acaciae isolates based on multigene sequences, including partial DNA sequences of three nuclear protein-coding genes (β-tubulin, translation elongation factor-1α, and ras-related protein), two mitochondrial protein-coding genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II), in addition to ITS sequence data, support the delimitation of this new species on Acacia mearnsii from the other previously described clade 2 Phytophthora species. Pathogenicity trial confirmed that the new species causes necrotic lesions on the plant stem, with either the presence or absence of gum.}, number={3}, journal={Mycologia}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Alves, Tatiane C. Albuquerque and Tessmann, Dauri J. and Ivors, Kelly L. and Ristaino, Jean B. and dos Santos, Álvaro F.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={445–455} }
 @article{alves_tessmann_ivors_ristaino_santos_2019, title={Phytophthora acaciae sp. nov., a new species causing gummosis of black wattle in Brazil}, journal={Mycologia}, publisher={Taylor & Francis}, author={Alves, Tatiane C Albuquerque and Tessmann, Dauri J and Ivors, Kelly L and Ristaino, Jean B and Santos, Álvaro F}, year={2019}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{saville_ristaino_2019, title={Spread of the famine lineage of Phytophthora infestans into the African and Asian continents}, journal={Plant Health 2019}, publisher={APSNET}, author={Saville, Amanda C and Ristaino, Jean}, year={2019} }
 @article{liu_langemeier_small_joseph_fry_ristaino_saville_gramig_preckel_2018, title={A Risk Analysis of Precision Agriculture Technology to Manage Tomato Late Blight}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, DOI={10.3390/su10093108}, abstractNote={Precision agriculture technology can transform farming related data into useful information, which may lead to more efficient usage of agricultural resources and increase sustainability. This paper compares precision agriculture technology with traditional practices in scheduling fungicide application so as to manage late blight disease in tomato production. The following three fungicide scheduling strategies were evaluated: a calendar-based strategy, the BlightPro Decision Support System based strategy (DSS-based strategy), and a strategy that does not involve fungicide application. The data from field trials and computer simulation experiments were used to construct distributions of the net return per acre for the calendar-based and the DSS-based strategies. These distributions were then compared using three standard approaches to ranking risky alternatives, namely: stochastic dominance, stochastic dominance with respect to a function, and stochastic efficiency with respect to a function. Assuming no yield differences between the calendar-based and the DSS-based strategies, the calendar-based strategy was preferred for highly late blight susceptible cultivars, and the DSS-based strategy was preferred for moderately susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars. Assuming no yield differences, the value of the BlightPro Decision Support System ranged from −$28 to $48 per acre. With the yield improvement for the DSS-based strategy included, the DSS-based strategy was preferred for the cultivars in all of the disease-resistance categories with the value ranging from $496 to $1714 per acre.}, number={9}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, publisher={Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, author={Liu, Yangxuan and Langemeier, Michael R. and Small, Ian M. and Joseph, Laura and Fry, William E. and Ristaino, Jean B. and Saville, Amanda and Gramig, Benjamin M. and Preckel, Paul V.}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_yang_saville_guenter_tateosian_2018, title={Archival Data and Text Analytics to Track 19th Century Late Blight}, volume={108}, number={10}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, J and Yang, YP and Saville, AC and Guenter, R and Tateosian, L}, year={2018} }
 @article{dey_saville_myers_tewari_cooke_tripathy_fry_ristaino_guha roy_2018, title={Large sub-clonal variation in Phytophthora infestans from recent severe late blight epidemics in India}, volume={8}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22192-1}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-018-22192-1}, abstractNote={The population structure of the Phytophthora infestans populations that caused the recent 2013-14 late blight epidemic in eastern India (EI) and northeastern India (NEI) was examined. The data provide new baseline information for populations of P. infestans in India. A migrant European 13_A2 genotype was responsible for the 2013-14 epidemic, replacing the existing populations. Mutations have generated substantial sub-clonal variation with 24 multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) found, of which 19 were unique variants not yet reported elsewhere globally. Samples from West Bengal were the most diverse and grouped alongside MLGs found in Europe, the UK and from neighbouring Bangladesh but were not linked directly to most samples from south India. The pathogen population was broadly more aggressive on potato than on tomato and resistant to the fungicide metalaxyl. Pathogen population diversity was higher in regions around the international borders with Bangladesh and Nepal. Overall, the multiple shared MLGs suggested genetic contributions from UK and Europe in addition to a sub-structure based on the geographical location within India. Our data indicate the need for improved phytosanitary procedures and continuous surveillance to prevent the further introduction of aggressive lineages of P. infestans into the country.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Dey, Tanmoy and Saville, Amanda and Myers, Kevin and Tewari, Susanta and Cooke, David E. L. and Tripathy, Sucheta and Fry, William E. and Ristaino, Jean B. and Guha Roy, Sanjoy}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{schumann_d'arcy_2018, title={Late blight of potato and tomato}, ISSN={1935-9411}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0724-01}, DOI={10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0724-01}, abstractNote={Late blight is the most destructive disease of potato in British Columbia (B.C.). It is caused by Phytophthora infestans, an oomycete (fungal-like organism). It occurs in all areas of the province but it is more dependent on wet weather conditions, mainly rainfall, high humidity and cool to moderate temperature regimes. Monitoring for timely detection of early symptoms and knowledge of weather conditions are crucial for employing effective disease management practices. Late blight monitoring services are available for growers in the Fraser Valley. In addition to potato and tomato, the pathogen can infect other solanaceous plants, including Solanum sarachioides (hairy nightshade).}, journal={The Plant Health Instructor}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Schumann, G. L. and D'Arcy, C. J.}, year={2018} }
 @article{blanco-meneses_carbone_ristaino_2018, title={Population structure and migration of the Tobacco Blue Mold Pathogen,Peronospora tabacina,into North America and Europe}, volume={27}, ISSN={0962-1083}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14453}, DOI={10.1111/mec.14453}, abstractNote={Tobacco blue mold, caused by Peronospora tabacina, is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes yearly epidemics in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in the United States and Europe. The genetic structure of P. tabacina was examined to understand genetic diversity, population structure and patterns of migration. Two nuclear loci, Igs2 and Ypt1, and one mitochondrial locus, cox2, were amplified, cloned and sequenced from fifty‐four isolates of P. tabacina from the United States, Central America–Caribbean–Mexico (CCAM), Europe and the Middle East (EULE). Cloned sequences from the three genes showed high genetic variability across all populations. Nucleotide diversity and the population mean mutation parameter per site (Watterson's theta) were higher in EULE and CCAM and lower in U.S. populations. Neutrality tests were significant and the equilibrium model of neutral evolution was rejected, indicating an excess of recent mutations or rare alleles. Hudson's Snn tests were performed to examine population subdivision and gene flow among populations. An isolation‐with‐migration analysis (IM) supported the hypothesis of long‐distance migration of P. tabacina from the Caribbean region, Florida and Texas into other states in the United States. Within the European populations, the model documented migration from North Central Europe into western Europe and Lebanon, and migration from western Europe into Lebanon. The migration patterns observed support historical observations about the first disease introductions and movement in Europe. The models developed are applicable to other aerial dispersed emerging pathogens and document that high‐evolutionary‐risk plant pathogens can move over long distances to cause disease due to their large effective population size, population expansion and dispersal.}, number={3}, journal={Molecular Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Blanco-Meneses, Monica and Carbone, Ignazio and Ristaino, Jean B.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={737–751} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_restrepo_2018, title={Track emerging late blight in the US and South America using a disease alert and surveillance systems and population genomics}, volume={108}, number={10}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, JB and Restrepo, S}, year={2018} }
 @book{liu_langemeier_small_joseph_fry_ristaino_saville_2017, title={A Risk Analysis of precision farming for tomato production}, author={Liu, Yangxuan and Langemeier, Michael and Small, Ian and Joseph, Laura and Fry, William and Ristaino, Jean and Saville, Amanda}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{rossi_layman_ristaino_2017, title={A species of Pestalotiopsis identified infecting red mangrove in The Bahamas}, booktitle={2017 APS Annual Meeting}, author={Rossi, Ryann E and Layman, Craig A and Ristaino, Jean B}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_pfister_2017, title={Charles Darwin and the Irish Potato Famine:“A Painfully Interesting Subject”}, booktitle={2017 APS Annual Meeting}, author={Ristaino, Jean B and Pfister, Donald}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{saville_ristaino_2017, title={Evolutionary relatedness and sources of US lineages of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary.}, booktitle={2017 APS Annual Meeting}, author={Saville, Amanda C and Ristaino, Jean}, year={2017} }
 @article{saville_charles_chavan_muñoz_gómez-alpizar_ristaino_2017, title={Population Structure of Pseudocercospora fijiensis in Costa Rica Reveals Shared Haplotype Diversity with Southeast Asian Populations}, volume={107}, ISSN={0031-949X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-02-17-0045-R}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-02-17-0045-r}, abstractNote={Pseudocercospora fijiensis is the causal pathogen of black Sigatoka, a devastating disease of banana that can cause 20 to 80% yield loss in the absence of fungicides in banana crops. The genetic structure of populations of P. fijiensis in Costa Rica was examined and compared with Honduran and global populations to better understand migration patterns and inform management strategies. In total, 118 isolates of P. fijiensis collected from Costa Rica and Honduras from 2010 to 2014 were analyzed using multilocus genotyping of six loci and compared with a previously published global dataset of populations of P. fijiensis. The Costa Rican and Honduran populations shared haplotype diversity with haplotypes from Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Americas but not Africa for all but one of the six loci studied. Gene flow and shared haplotype diversity was found in Honduran and Costa Rican populations of the pathogen. The data indicate that the haplotypic diversity observed in Costa Rican populations of P. fijiensis is derived from dispersal from initial outbreak sources in Honduras and admixtures between genetically differentiated sources from Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.}, number={12}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Saville, Amanda and Charles, Melodi and Chavan, Suchitra and Muñoz, Miguel and Gómez-Alpizar, Luis and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={1541–1548} }
 @article{tateosian_guenter_yang_ristaino_2017, title={Tracking 19th Century Late Blight from Archival Documents using Text Analytics and Geoparsing}, volume={17}, url={http://scholarworks.umass.edu/foss4g/vol17/iss1/17/}, DOI={10.7275/R5J964K5}, abstractNote={In the year 1845, Ireland’s potato crop was struck by a devastating disease. The potato disease that killed Ireland’s crop caused devastation for seven long years and led to mass starvation and emigration from the country. The cause of the potato destruction was a funguslike plant pathogen later named Phytophthora infestans (DeBary 1876). There are several theories about the origin of the disease and the source of the 19th century outbreaks. We use historical documents contemporary to that time to investigate spatial information that might inform these mysteries. We present methodologies for automatically extracting information from these voluminous data sources. We identify and map geographic locations that are proximate in the text to key terms related to potato blight. Data sources include agricultural documents with extensive discussions of crop yields and failures, seed export and import, and weather conditions, along with location names. We apply natural language processing tools to automate text mining of the data within narrative passages. Specifically, we used text analytics tools from the Natural Language ToolKit (NLTK) and location name extraction from Berico’s CLAVIN geoparser. We couple these to mine the relationships between locations and reports of potato disease. Results are displayed in an interactive Web mapping tool for users to spatially explore the pertinent data for trends in the emergence of 19th century late blight. ∗Corresponding author Email address: lgtateos@ncsu.edu (Laura Tateosian) Submitted to FOSS4G 2017 Conference Proceedings, Boston, USA. September 21, 2017 FOSS4G 2017 Academic Program Tracking 19th Century Late Blight}, number={1}, journal={Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial (FOSS4G) Conference Proceedings}, publisher={University of Massachusetts Amherst}, author={Tateosian, L. and Guenter, R. and Yang, Y.P. and Ristaino, J.}, year={2017}, pages={17} }
 @inproceedings{tateosian_guenter_yang_ristaino_2017, title={Tracking 19th century late blight from archival documents using text analytics and geoparsing}, volume={17}, number={1}, booktitle={Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial (FOSS4G) Conference Proceedings}, author={Tateosian, Laura and Guenter, Rachael and Yang, Yi-Peng and Ristaino, Jean}, year={2017}, pages={17} }
 @article{ristaino_pfister_2016, title={"What a Painfully Interesting Subject": Charles Darwin's Studies of Potato Late Blight}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/biw114}, abstractNote={Charles Darwin’s famous voyage on the HMS Beagle led him around the world on a collecting journey that culminated in his theory of evolution. In 1835, the Beagle traveled to the island of Chiloé, and there, Darwin discovered and sent potatoes back to England. Darwin’s interest in the potato and potato late blight spanned four decades. He used the potato to investigate questions of what a species is, understand its ravages by a plant pathogen, and investigate ideas on clonal versus sexual reproduction on species fitness. Darwin’s letters reveal his thoughts on free trade, population growth and food security during the Irish famine. Darwin was involved in the first research to find resistance to late blight and personally funded a breeding program in Ireland. Here, we discuss Darwin’s studies on potato late blight and its relevance today in studies of global migrations of the pathogen and development of durable resistance.}, number={12}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Pfister, Donald H.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={1035–1045} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_bonants_ivors_2016, title={Cover image courtesy of Pallem Chowdappa, ICAR-CPCRI}, booktitle={Workshop Agenda}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Bonants, Peter and Ivors, Kelly}, year={2016} }
 @article{bayles_brauman_adkins_allan_ellis_goldberg_golden_grigsby-toussaint_myers_osofsky_et al._2016, title={Ecosystem Services Connect Environmental Change to Human Health Outcomes}, volume={13}, ISSN={1612-9202 1612-9210}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-016-1137-5}, DOI={10.1007/s10393-016-1137-5}, number={3}, journal={EcoHealth}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bayles, Brett R. and Brauman, Kate A. and Adkins, Joshua N. and Allan, Brian F. and Ellis, Alicia M. and Goldberg, Tony L. and Golden, Christopher D. and Grigsby-Toussaint, Diana S. and Myers, Samuel S. and Osofsky, Steven A. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={443–449} }
 @article{bayles_brauman_adkins_allan_ellis_goldberg_golden_grigsby-toussaint_myers_osofsky_et al._2016, title={Ecosystem services connect environmental change to human health outcomes}, volume={13}, number={3}, journal={EcoHealth}, publisher={Springer US}, author={Bayles, Brett R and Brauman, Kate A and Adkins, Joshua N and Allan, Brian F and Ellis, Alicia M and Goldberg, Tony L and Golden, Christopher D and Grigsby-Toussaint, Diana S and Myers, Samuel S and Osofsky, Steven A and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={443–449} }
 @article{alves_tessmann_ivors_ristaino_santos_2016, title={First Report of Gummosis Caused by Phytophthora frigida on Black Wattle in Brazil}, volume={100}, ISSN={0191-2917}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-16-0134-PDN}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-01-16-0134-pdn}, abstractNote={HomePlant DiseaseVol. 100, No. 11First Report of Gummosis Caused by Phytophthora frigida on Black Wattle in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Gummosis Caused by Phytophthora frigida on Black Wattle in BrazilT. C. A. Alves, D. J. Tessmann, K. L. Ivors, J. B. Ristaino, and A. F. SantosT. C. A. AlvesSearch for more papers by this author, D. J. TessmannSearch for more papers by this author, K. L. IvorsSearch for more papers by this author, J. B. RistainoSearch for more papers by this author, and A. F. SantosSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations T. C. A. Alves D. J. Tessmann , Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-090, Paraná, Brazil K. L. Ivors , Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 J. B. Ristaino , North Carolina State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC 27695 A. F. Santos , Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Forestry, Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Colombo 83411-000, Paraná, Brazil. Published Online:16 Aug 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-16-0134-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii), a tree species native to Australia, is considered the main source of bark for the tannin industry worldwide. It is the third most cultivated forest species in Brazil. Gummosis, caused by Phytophthora spp., is a major disease affecting black wattle plantations in that country, where the disease incidence can reach 43%. The most common disease symptoms are lesions on the trunk, which may or may not be accompanied by gum exudation. Severe infection can lead to plant death. Phytophthora nicotianiae and P. bohemeriae were reported as causative agents of black wattle gummosis in Brazil (Santos et al. 2006). In South Africa, besides these species, P. meadii was also recorded on black wattle (Roux and Wingfield 1997), and P. frigida on green wattle (A. decurrens) (Maseko et al. 2007). A survey in 6-year-old black wattle plantations located in the Piratini and Cristal counties in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2008 revealed the occurrence of a third Phytophthora species causing gummosis on black wattle in Brazil, P. frigida. Twenty-four isolates were obtained, and all were identified as P. frigida based on morphological characteristics and the sequence of portions of the ITS-5.8S rDNA, and cox I and cox II genes. Morphological characterization of colonies on carrot agar medium (CA) revealed colonies of all isolates with dense aerial mycelium, and five different colony patterns were observed: stellate, cottony, petaloid-to-cottony, slightly stellated, and slightly rosaceous. The colony growth rate was 12 mm/day at 24 to 30°C. All isolates produced sporangia abundantly in 10% nonsterile soil extract when grown under constant light. Most of the sporangia had prominent papilla. Most isolates had persistent sporangia formed singly or in a loose sympodium. The sporangial shape was predominantly ovoid, though there were other shapes such as globose, ellipsoid, and obpyriform found in some isolates, including some distorted shapes. The dimensions of 50 sporangia ranged from 29 to 71 × 20 to 53 µm (avg. 46 × 33 µm), with length-to-breadth ratios of 1.3 to 1.5 (avg. 1.4). The isolates produced globose chlamydospores, terminal or intercalary, and measured 21 to 55 µm diameter (avg. 32 µm). Oogonium diameter ranged from 22 to 37 µm (avg. 30 µm). Antheridia were amphigynous and oospores were globose, aplerotic, and 18 to 31 µm (avg. 24 µm) in diameter. Portions of the ITS-5.8 gene rDNA (730 bp) and the cox I (650 bp) and cox II (650 bp) genes were amplified by PCR. BLAST search of the GenBank database revealed that the fragments for ITS-5.8S gene rDNA (KU570067), and cox I (KU570065), and cox II (KU570066) sequence fragments from isolate P92 were 99 to 100% similar with the accessions of P. frigida (Robideau et al. 2011). To confirm pathogenicity, the 24 isolates of P. frigida was used to inoculate 10 one-year-old black wattle plants. For inoculation, an agar mycelial plug from a 1-week-old colony on CA was put on the stem wound done with a cork borer (6 mm diam.). Necroses of stems were observed 4 weeks after inoculation with the presence, or absence, of gum exudation, as observed initially in the field. P. frigida was reisolated from each infected stem. This is the first report of P. frigida occurring in A. mearnsii worldwide.References:Maseko, B., et al. 2007. Mycol. Res. 111:1321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.011 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarRobideau, G. P., et al. 2011. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 11:1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03041.x Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarRoux, J., and Wingfield, M. 1997. For. Ecol. Manage. 99:327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00110-2 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarSantos, A. F., et al. 2006. Plant Pathol. 55:813. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01462.x Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 100, No. 11 November 2016SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 7 Oct 2016Published: 16 Aug 2016First Look: 21 Jun 2016Accepted: 6 Jun 2016 Pages: 2336-2336 Information© 2016 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byFirst report of Phytophthora frigida causing decline of golden shower tree in India1 March 2022 | Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 104, No. 2Phytophthora acaciae sp. nov., a new species causing gummosis of black wattle in Brazil9 April 2019 | Mycologia, Vol. 111, No. 3}, number={11}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Alves, T. C. A. and Tessmann, D. J. and Ivors, K. L. and Ristaino, J. B. and Santos, A. F.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={2336–2336} }
 @article{alves_tessmann_ivors_ristaino_santos_2016, title={First report of gummosis caused by Phytophthora frigida on Black Wattle in Brazil}, volume={100}, number={11}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Alves, TCA and Tessmann, DJ and Ivors, KL and Ristaino, JB and Santos, AF}, year={2016}, pages={2336–2336} }
 @article{hansen_everts_fry_gevens_grünwald_gugino_johnson_johnson_judelson_knaus_et al._2016, title={Genetic Variation within Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans Revealed through Genotyping-By-Sequencing, and Implications for Late Blight Epidemiology}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165690}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0165690}, abstractNote={Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was performed on 257 Phytophthora infestans isolates belonging to four clonal lineages to study within-lineage diversity. The four lineages used in the study were US-8 (n = 28), US-11 (n = 27), US-23 (n = 166), and US-24 (n = 36), with isolates originating from 23 of the United States and Ontario, Canada. The majority of isolates were collected between 2010 and 2014 (94%), with the remaining isolates collected from 1994 to 2009, and 2015. Between 3,774 and 5,070 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified within each lineage and were used to investigate relationships among individuals. K-means hierarchical clustering revealed three clusters within lineage US-23, with US-23 isolates clustering more by collection year than by geographic origin. K-means hierarchical clustering did not reveal significant clustering within the smaller US-8, US-11, and US-24 data sets. Neighbor-joining (NJ) trees were also constructed for each lineage. All four NJ trees revealed evidence for pathogen dispersal and overwintering within regions, as well as long-distance pathogen transport across regions. In the US-23 NJ tree, grouping by year was more prominent than grouping by region, which indicates the importance of long-distance pathogen transport as a source of initial late blight inoculum. Our results support previous studies that found significant genetic diversity within clonal lineages of P. infestans and show that GBS offers sufficiently high resolution to detect sub-structuring within clonal populations.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Hansen, Zachariah R. and Everts, Kathryne L. and Fry, William E. and Gevens, Amanda J. and Grünwald, Niklaus J. and Gugino, Beth K. and Johnson, Dennis A. and Johnson, Steven B. and Judelson, Howard S. and Knaus, Brian J. and et al.}, editor={Gijzen, MarkEditor}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={e0165690} }
 @article{scott_thomson_grzywacz_savary_strange_ristaino_korsten_2016, title={Genetic modification for disease resistance: a position paper}, volume={8}, ISSN={1876-4517 1876-4525}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0591-9}, DOI={10.1007/s12571-016-0591-9}, number={4}, journal={Food Security}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Scott, Peter and Thomson, Jennifer and Grzywacz, David and Savary, Serge and Strange, Richard and Ristaino, Jean B. and Korsten, Lise}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={865–870} }
 @article{hansen_everts_fry_gevens_grünwald_gugino_johnson_johnson_judelson_knaus_et al._2016, title={Genetic variation within clonal lineages of Phytophthora infestans revealed through genotyping-by-sequencing, and implications for Late Blight epidemiology}, volume={11}, number={11}, journal={PloS one}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, author={Hansen, Zachariah R and Everts, Kathryne L and Fry, William E and Gevens, Amanda J and Grünwald, Niklaus J and Gugino, Beth K and Johnson, Dennis A and Johnson, Steven B and Judelson, Howard S and Knaus, Brian J and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={e0165690} }
 @article{saville_martin_ristaino_2016, title={Historic Late Blight Outbreaks Caused by a Widespread Dominant Lineage of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168381}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0168381}, abstractNote={Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the causal agent of potato late blight, was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the 1840s. Initial disease outbreaks occurred in the US in 1843, two years prior to European outbreaks. We examined the evolutionary relationships and source of the 19th-century outbreaks using herbarium specimens of P. infestans from historic (1846–1970) and more recent isolates (1992–2014) of the pathogen. The same unique SSR multilocus genotype, named here as FAM-1, caused widespread outbreaks in both US and Europe. The FAM-1 lineage shared allelic diversity and grouped with the oldest specimens collected in Colombia and Central America. The FAM-1 lineage of P. infestans formed a genetic group that was distinct from more recent aggressive lineages found in the US. The US-1 lineage formed a second, mid-20th century group. Recent modern US lineages and the oldest Mexican lineages formed a genetic group with recent Mexican lineages, suggesting a Mexican origin of recent US lineages. A survey of mitochondrial haplotypes in a larger set of global herbarium specimens documented the more frequent occurrence of the HERB-1 (type Ia) mitochondrial haplotype in archival collections from 1866–75 and 1906–1915 and the rise of the Ib mitochondrial lineage (US-1) between 1946–1955. The FAM-1 SSR lineage survived for almost 100 years in the US, was geographically widespread, and was displaced first in the mid-20th century by the US-1 lineage and then by distinct new aggressive lineages that migrated from Mexico.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Saville, Amanda C. and Martin, Michael D. and Ristaino, Jean B.}, editor={Gijzen, MarkEditor}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={e0168381} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_saville_charles_wyatt_chavan_2016, title={Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of Mycosphaerella fijiensis in Costa Rica using sequence based nuclear markers}, volume={106}, number={12}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, J and Saville, A and Charles, M and Wyatt, M and Chavan, S}, year={2016}, pages={139–139} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_saville_guenter_lagaly_cooper_2016, title={Rapid LAMP diagnostics for detection and disease alerts of Phytophthora infestans}, volume={106}, number={12}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, J and Saville, A and Guenter, R and Lagaly, C and Cooper, D}, year={2016}, pages={22–23} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_saville_martin_gilbert_2015, title={Evolutionary origins of US and famine-era lineages of Phytophthora infestans}, volume={105}, number={11}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, J and Saville, A and Martin, M and Gilbert, MTP}, year={2015}, pages={118–119} }
 @article{fry_birch_judelson_grünwald_danies_everts_gevens_gugino_johnson_johnson_et al._2015, title={Five Reasons to Consider Phytophthora infestans a Reemerging Pathogen}, volume={105}, ISSN={0031-949X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-15-0005-FI}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-01-15-0005-fi}, abstractNote={Phytophthora infestans has been a named pathogen for well over 150 years and yet it continues to "emerge", with thousands of articles published each year on it and the late blight disease that it causes. This review explores five attributes of this oomycete pathogen that maintain this constant attention. First, the historical tragedy associated with this disease (Irish potato famine) causes many people to be fascinated with the pathogen. Current technology now enables investigators to answer some questions of historical significance. Second, the devastation caused by the pathogen continues to appear in surprising new locations or with surprising new intensity. Third, populations of P. infestans worldwide are in flux, with changes that have major implications to disease management. Fourth, the genomics revolution has enabled investigators to make tremendous progress in terms of understanding the molecular biology (especially the pathogenicity) of P. infestans. Fifth, there remain many compelling unanswered questions.}, number={7}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Fry, W. E. and Birch, P. R. J. and Judelson, H. S. and Grünwald, N. J. and Danies, G. and Everts, K. L. and Gevens, A. J. and Gugino, B. K. and Johnson, D. A. and Johnson, S. B. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={966–981} }
 @article{fry_birch_judelson_grünwald_danies_everts_gevens_gugino_johnson_johnson_et al._2015, title={Five reasons to consider Phytophthora infestans a reemerging pathogen}, volume={105}, number={7}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Fry, WE and Birch, PRJ and Judelson, HS and Grünwald, NJ and Danies, G and Everts, KL and Gevens, AJ and Gugino, Beth Krueger and Johnson, DA and Johnson, SB and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={966–981} }
 @article{saville_graham_gruenwald_myers_fry_ristaino_2015, title={Fungicide Sensitivity of US Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans to Six Oomycete-Targeted Compounds}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84930615057&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-05-14-0452-re}, abstractNote={Phytophthora infestans causes potato late blight, an important and costly disease of potato and tomato crops. Seven clonal lineages of P. infestans identified recently in the United States were tested for baseline sensitivity to six oomycete-targeted fungicides. A subset of the dominant lineages (n = 45) collected between 2004 and 2012 was tested in vitro on media amended with a range of concentrations of either azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, or mefenoxam. Dose-response curves and values for the effective concentration at which 50% of growth was suppressed were calculated for each isolate. The US-8 and US-11 clonal lineages were insensitive to mefenoxam while the US-20, US-21, US-22, US-23, and US-24 clonal lineages were sensitive to mefenoxam. Insensitivity to azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, or mandipropamid was not detected within any lineage. Thus, current U.S. populations of P. infestans remained sensitive to mefenoxam during the displacement of the US-22 lineage by US-23 over the past 5 years.}, number={5}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Saville, Amanda and Graham, Kim and Gruenwald, Niklaus J. and Myers, Kevin and Fry, William E. and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={659–666} }
 @article{martin_vieira_ho_wales_schubert_seguin-orlando_ristaino_gilbert_2015, title={Genomic Characterization of a South American Phytophthora Hybrid Mandates Reassessment of the Geographic Origins of Phytophthora infestans}, volume={33}, ISSN={0737-4038 1537-1719}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv241}, DOI={10.1093/molbev/msv241}, abstractNote={As the oomycete pathogen causing potato late blight disease, Phytophthora infestans triggered the famous 19th-century Irish potato famine and remains the leading cause of global commercial potato crop destruction. But the geographic origin of the genotype that caused this devastating initial outbreak remains disputed, as does the New World center of origin of the species itself. Both Mexico and South America have been proposed, generating considerable controversy. Here, we readdress the pathogen’s origins using a genomic data set encompassing 71 globally sourced modern and historical samples of P. infestans and the hybrid species P. andina, a close relative known only from the Andean highlands. Previous studies have suggested that the nuclear DNA lineage behind the initial outbreaks in Europe in 1845 is now extinct. Analysis of P. andina’s phased haplotypes recovered eight haploid genome sequences, four of which represent a previously unknown basal lineage of P. infestans closely related to the famine-era lineage. Our analyses further reveal that clonal lineages of both P. andina and historical P. infestans diverged earlier than modern Mexican lineages, casting doubt on recent claims of a Mexican center of origin. Finally, we use haplotype phasing to demonstrate that basal branches of the clade comprising Mexican samples are occupied by clonal isolates collected from wild Solanum hosts, suggesting that modern Mexican P. infestans diversified on Solanum tuberosum after a host jump from a wild species and that the origins of P. infestans are more complex than was previously thought.}, number={2}, journal={Molecular Biology and Evolution}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Martin, Michael D. and Vieira, Filipe G. and Ho, Simon Y.W. and Wales, Nathan and Schubert, Mikkel and Seguin-Orlando, Andaine and Ristaino, Jean B. and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={478–491} }
 @article{martin_vieira_ho_wales_schubert_seguin-orlando_ristaino_gilbert_2015, title={Genomic characterization of a South American Phytophthora hybrid mandates reassessment of the geographic origins of Phytophthora infestans}, volume={33}, number={2}, journal={Molecular biology and evolution}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Martin, Michael D and Vieira, Filipe G and Ho, Simon YW and Wales, Nathan and Schubert, Mikkel and Seguin-Orlando, Andaine and Ristaino, Jean B and Gilbert, M Thomas P}, year={2015}, pages={478–491} }
 @article{kabil_faize_makroum_assobhei_rafrafi_loizidou_aajjane_abdel-fattah_merwad_abedi_et al._2015, title={Influence of organic waste amendments on selected soil physical and chemical properties.}, volume={14}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Agronomy}, publisher={orgz}, author={Kabil, EM and Faize, M and Makroum, K and Assobhei, O and Rafrafi, M and Loizidou, M and Aajjane, A and Abdel-Fattah, MK and Merwad, AMA and Abedi, T and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{lassiter_russ_nusbaum_zeng_saville_olarte_carbone_hu_seguin-orlando_samaniego_et al._2015, title={Mitochondrial genome sequences reveal evolutionary relationships of the Phytophthora 1c clade species}, volume={61}, ISSN={0172-8083 1432-0983}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-015-0480-3}, DOI={10.1007/s00294-015-0480-3}, abstractNote={Phytophthora infestans is one of the most destructive plant pathogens of potato and tomato globally. The pathogen is closely related to four other Phytophthora species in the 1c clade including P. phaseoli, P. ipomoeae, P. mirabilis and P. andina that are important pathogens of other wild and domesticated hosts. P. andina is an interspecific hybrid between P. infestans and an unknown Phytophthora species. We have sequenced mitochondrial genomes of the sister species of P. infestans and examined the evolutionary relationships within the clade. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the P. phaseoli mitochondrial lineage is basal within the clade. P. mirabilis and P. ipomoeae are sister lineages and share a common ancestor with the Ic mitochondrial lineage of P. andina. These lineages in turn are sister to the P. infestans and P. andina Ia mitochondrial lineages. The P. andina Ic lineage diverged much earlier than the P. andina Ia mitochondrial lineage and P. infestans. The presence of two mitochondrial lineages in P. andina supports the hybrid nature of this species. The ancestral state of the P. andina Ic lineage in the tree and its occurrence only in the Andean regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Peru suggests that the origin of this species hybrid in nature may occur there.}, number={4}, journal={Current Genetics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lassiter, Erica S. and Russ, Carsten and Nusbaum, Chad and Zeng, Qiandong and Saville, Amanda C. and Olarte, Rodrigo A. and Carbone, Ignazio and Hu, Chia-Hui and Seguin-Orlando, Andaine and Samaniego, Jose A. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={567–577} }
 @inproceedings{chavan_wyatt_alpizar_munoz_ristaino_2015, title={Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of Mycospharella fijiensis, in Costa Rica using sequence based nuclear markers}, volume={105}, number={11}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Chavan, S and Wyatt, M and Alpizar, LG and Munoz, ME and Ristaino, JB}, year={2015}, pages={27–27} }
 @inproceedings{hadziabdic_wadl_runge_ristaino_spring_trigiano_2015, title={Population structure of the obligate biotroph Peronospora tabacina, the cause of blue mold of tobacco}, volume={105}, number={11}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Hadziabdic, D and Wadl, P and Runge, F and Ristaino, J and Spring, O and Trigiano, R}, year={2015}, pages={55–55} }
 @misc{kamoun_furzer_jones_judelson_ali_dalio_roy_schena_zambounis_panabieres_et al._2015, title={The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={Molecular Plant Pathology}, author={Kamoun, S. and Furzer, O. and Jones, J. D. G. and Judelson, H. S. and Ali, G. S. and Dalio, R. J. D. and Roy, S. G. and Schena, L. and Zambounis, A. and Panabieres, F. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={413–434} }
 @article{kamoun_furzer_jones_judelson_ali_dalio_roy_schena_zambounis_panabières_et al._2015, title={The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={Molecular plant pathology}, author={Kamoun, Sophien and Furzer, Oliver and Jones, Jonathan DG and Judelson, Howard S and Ali, Gul Shad and Dalio, Ronaldo JD and Roy, Sanjoy Guha and Schena, Leonardo and Zambounis, Antonios and Panabières, Franck and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={413–434} }
 @article{danies_myers_mideros_restrepo_martin_cooke_smart_ristaino_seaman_gugino_et al._2014, title={An Ephemeral Sexual Population of Phytophthora infestans in the Northeastern United States and Canada}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0116354}, abstractNote={Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, has been reported in North America since the mid-nineteenth century. In the United States the lack of or very limited sexual reproduction has resulted in largely clonal populations of P. infestans. In 2010 and 2011, but not in 2012 or 2013, 20 rare and diverse genotypes of P. infestans were detected in a region that centered around central New York State. The ratio of A1 to A2 mating types among these genotypes was close to the 50∶50 ratio expected for sexual recombination. These genotypes were diverse at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase locus, differed in their microsatellite profiles, showed different banding patterns in a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay using a moderately repetitive and highly polymorphic probe (RG57), were polymorphic for four different nuclear genes and differed in their sensitivity to the systemic fungicide mefenoxam. The null hypothesis of linkage equilibrium was not rejected, which suggests the population could be sexual. These new genotypes were monomorphic in their mitochondrial haplotype that was the same as US-22. Through parentage exclusion testing using microsatellite data and sequences of four nuclear genes, recent dominant lineages US-8, US-11, US-23, and US-24 were excluded as possible parents for these genotypes. Further analyses indicated that US-22 could not be eliminated as a possible parent for 14 of the 20 genotypes. We conclude that US-22 could be a parent of some, but not all, of the new genotypes found in 2010 and 2011. There were at least two other parents for this population and the genotypic characteristics of the other parents were identified.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Danies, Giovanna and Myers, Kevin and Mideros, Maria F. and Restrepo, Silvia and Martin, Frank N. and Cooke, David E. L. and Smart, Christine D. and Ristaino, Jean B. and Seaman, Abby J. and Gugino, Beth K. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Dec} }
 @article{an ephemeral sexual population of phytophthora infestans in the northeastern united states and canada_2014, volume={9}, number={12}, journal={PLoS One}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, year={2014}, pages={e116354} }
 @inproceedings{evolutionary relationships and displacements of historic and present day phytophthora infestans_2014, volume={104}, number={11}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, year={2014}, pages={104–104} }
 @article{martin_ho_wales_ristaino_gilbert_2014, title={Persistence of the Mitochondrial Lineage Responsible for the Irish Potato Famine in Extant New World Phytophthora infestans}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1537-1719"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84901465752&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1093/molbev/msu086}, abstractNote={The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans emerged in Europe in 1845, triggering the Irish potato famine and massive European potato crop losses that continued until effective fungicides were widely employed in the 20th century. Today the pathogen is ubiquitous, with more aggressive and virulent strains surfacing in recent decades. Recently, complete P. infestans mitogenome sequences from 19th-century herbarium specimens were shown to belong to a unique lineage (HERB-1) predicted to be rare or extinct in modern times. We report 44 additional P. infestans mitogenomes: four from 19th-century Europe, three from 1950s UK, and 37 from modern populations across the New World. We use phylogenetic analyses to identify the HERB-1 lineage in modern populations from both Mexico and South America, and to demonstrate distinct mitochondrial haplotypes were present in 19th-century Europe, with this lineage initially diversifying 75 years before the first reports of potato late blight.}, number={6}, journal={MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Martin, Michael D. and Ho, Simon Y. W. and Wales, Nathan and Ristaino, Jean B. and Gilbert, M. Thomas P.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={1414–1420} }
 @article{kamoun_furzer_jones_judelson_ali_dalio_roy_schena_zambounis_panabières_et al._2014, title={The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology}, volume={16}, ISSN={1464-6722}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12190}, DOI={10.1111/mpp.12190}, abstractNote={Oomycetes form a deep lineage of eukaryotic organisms that includes a large number of plant pathogens which threaten natural and managed ecosystems. We undertook a survey to query the community for their ranking of plant-pathogenic oomycete species based on scientific and economic importance. In total, we received 263 votes from 62 scientists in 15 countries for a total of 33 species. The Top 10 species and their ranking are: (1) Phytophthora infestans; (2, tied) Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis; (2, tied) Phytophthora ramorum; (4) Phytophthora sojae; (5) Phytophthora capsici; (6) Plasmopara viticola; (7) Phytophthora cinnamomi; (8, tied) Phytophthora parasitica; (8, tied) Pythium ultimum; and (10) Albugo candida. This article provides an introduction to these 10 taxa and a snapshot of current research. We hope that the list will serve as a benchmark for future trends in oomycete research.}, number={4}, journal={Molecular Plant Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kamoun, Sophien and Furzer, Oliver and Jones, Jonathan D. G. and Judelson, Howard S. and Ali, Gul Shad and Dalio, Ronaldo J. D. and Roy, Sanjoy Guha and Schena, Leonardo and Zambounis, Antonios and Panabières, Franck and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={413–434} }
 @article{ristaino_hu_fitt_2013, title={Evidence for presence of the founder Ia mtDNA haplotype of Phytophthora infestans in 19th century potato tubers from the Rothamsted archives}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0032-0862"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876811780&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02680.x}, abstractNote={Late blight remained a significant disease for potato growers in Europe long after the famine of the 1840s. Of the four mitochondrial haplotypes of Phytophthora infestans, only the Ia mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype has been identified previously in infected potato leaves from famine-era herbarium specimens collected in England, Ireland and Europe in the 19th century. Long-term soil fertility experiments were conducted on potato between 1876 and 1901 in Rothamsted to investigate effects of combinations of organic manures and mineral fertilizers on disease and yield. This report identifies for the first time the same Ia mtDNA haplotype of P. infestans in three diseased tubers from 1877 from the long-term Rothamsted trials, thus providing the earliest evidence of the presence of the founder Ia mtDNA haplotype of P. infestans in potato tubers in England. Soil amendments had a significant impact on disease and yield. A real-time PCR assay was used to detect and quantify P. infestans in tubers. The level of pathogen DNA was greatest in tubers from highest yielding plots that received combinations of inorganic nitrogenous and mineral fertilizers and least in tubers from plots with organic farmyard manures or non-nitrogenous mineral fertilizers. The Ia mtDNA haplotype was also confirmed from diseased potato leaves during the same time period. Thus, the founder Ia mtDNA haplotype survived in potato tubers after 1846 and was present over 30 years later in the UK.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT PATHOLOGY}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}, author={Ristaino, J. B. and Hu, C. H. and Fitt, B. D. L.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={492–500} }
 @article{martin_cappellini_samaniego_zepeda_campos_seguin-orlando_wales_orlando_ho_dietrich_et al._2013, title={Reconstructing genome evolution in historic samples of the Irish potato famine pathogen}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2041-1723"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892942971&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/ncomms3172}, abstractNote={Responsible for the Irish potato famine of 1845-49, the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans caused persistent, devastating outbreaks of potato late blight across Europe in the 19th century. Despite continued interest in the history and spread of the pathogen, the genome of the famine-era strain remains entirely unknown. Here we characterize temporal genomic changes in introduced P. infestans. We shotgun sequence five 19th-century European strains from archival herbarium samples--including the oldest known European specimen, collected in 1845 from the first reported source of introduction. We then compare their genomes to those of extant isolates. We report multiple distinct genotypes in historical Europe and a suite of infection-related genes different from modern strains. At virulence-related loci, several now-ubiquitous genotypes were absent from the historical gene pool. At least one of these genotypes encodes a virulent phenotype in modern strains, which helps explain the 20th century's episodic replacements of European P. infestans lineages.}, journal={NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Martin, Michael D. and Cappellini, Enrico and Samaniego, Jose A. and Zepeda, M. Lisandra and Campos, Paula F. and Seguin-Orlando, Andaine and Wales, Nathan and Orlando, Ludovic and Ho, Simon Y. W. and Dietrich, Fred S. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Jul} }
 @article{martin_cappellini_samaniego_zepeda_campos_seguin-orlando_wales_orlando_ho_dietrich_et al._2013, title={Reconstructing genome evolution in historic samples of the Irish potato famine pathogen}, volume={4}, journal={Nature communications}, publisher={Nature Publishing Group}, author={Martin, Michael D and Cappellini, Enrico and Samaniego, Jose A and Zepeda, M Lisandra and Campos, Paula F and Seguin-Orlando, Andaine and Wales, Nathan and Orlando, Ludovic and Ho, Simon YW and Dietrich, Fred S and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={2172} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_daub_2013, title={Teaching tropical plant pathology to a global audience}, volume={103}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, JB and Daub, M}, year={2013}, pages={189–189} }
 @article{fry_mcgrath_seaman_zitter_mcleod_danies_small_myers_everts_gevens_et al._2013, title={The 2009 Late Blight Pandemic in the Eastern United States - Causes and Results}, volume={97}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873925561&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-08-12-0791-fe}, abstractNote={The tomato late blight pandemic of 2009 made late blight into a household term in much of the eastern United States. Many home gardeners and many organic producers lost most if not all of their tomato crop, and their experiences were reported in the mainstream press. Some CSAs (Community Supported Agriculture) could not provide tomatoes to their members. In response, many questions emerged: How did it happen? What was unusual about this event compared to previous late blight epidemics? What is the current situation in 2012 and what can be done? It's easiest to answer these questions, and to understand the recent epidemics of late blight, if one knows a bit of the history of the disease and the biology of the causal agent, Phytophthora infestans.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Fry, W. E. and McGrath, M. T. and Seaman, A. and Zitter, T. A. and McLeod, A. and Danies, G. and Small, I. M. and Myers, K. and Everts, K. and Gevens, A. J. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={296–306} }
 @article{fry_mcgrath_seaman_zitter_mcleod_danies_small_myers_everts_gevens_et al._2013, title={The 2009 late blight pandemic in the eastern United States--causes and results}, volume={97}, number={3}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Fry, WE and McGrath, MT and Seaman, A and Zitter, TA and McLeod, A and Danies, G and Small, IM and Myers, K and Everts, K and Gevens, AJ and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={296–306} }
 @article{fry_mcgrath_seaman_zitter_mcleod_danies_small_myers_everts_gevens_et al._2013, title={The Pandemic in 2009}, volume={97}, number={3}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Fry, WE and McGrath, MT and Seaman, A and Zitter, TA and McLeod, A and Danies, G and Small, IM and Myers, K and Everts, K and Gevens, AJ and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={297} }
 @book{ristaino_2013, title={Worldwide Migrations, Host Shifts, and Reemergence of Phytophthora Infestans, the Plant Destroyer}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876792801&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/9781118308165.ch10}, abstractNote={Phytophthora species are oomycete plant pathogens that are responsible for devas­ tating diseases on a wide range of food and ornamental crops, natural vegetation, and forest trees worldwide (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996). Indeed the name Phytophthora is derived from the Greek phyto, "plant," and phthora, "destruction"; thus, members of this genus are often referred to as "the plant destroyer." They represent an emerg­ ing food security threat, in large part due to increases in plant movement via interna­ tional trade (Brasier, 2008). Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, exemplifies this threat; it was the first species in the genus described and left a path of devastation on potato in its wake in the United States, Ireland, and Europe in the 19th century (Berkeley, 1846; Bourke, 1964; deBary, 1876). Movement of infected potato tubers led to the potato famine epi­ demics of the 19th century that resulted in widespread human hunger, disease, and, ultimately, death of two million people in Ireland. The pathogen causes a destructive foliar blight of potato and also infects potato tubers and tomato fruit and is still wreaking havoc more than 160 years after the Irish famine (Fry, 2008; Hu et al., 2012). Late blight is the most important biotic constraint to potato production worldwide and is major threat to food security, par­ ticularly in the developing world where use of fungicides is often uneconomical (Ander­ son et al., 2004; Pennisi, 2010). Worldwide losses due to late blight on potato and tomato exceed $7 billion annually (Haverkort et al., 2008). Evolution of strains varying in sensitivity to fungicides and novel pathotypes of P. infestans continue to challenge the sustainable production of potatoes. The pathogen has also reemerged as a significant disease threat to the organic tomato industry in the United States where synthetic chemicals are not used (Stone, 2009). In 2009, late blight epidemics of potato and tomato in the eastern United States were the worst in recent history due to widespread inoculum distribution and weather conducive for disease (Hu et al., 2012; Moskin, 2009). This chapter provides an overview of the emergence of potato late blight in the 19th century and the evolutionary position, life}, journal={Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes}, author={Ristaino, J.B.}, year={2013}, pages={192–207} }
 @article{ristaino_2012, title={A Lucid Key to the Corn on Species of Phytophthora}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84930475221&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-08-11-0636}, abstractNote={The Key to the Common Phytophthora species (Lucid v 3.4) is a matrix-based computerized identification key and includes important morphological and molecular characters that are useful for identification of 55 common species of Phytophthora. A set of 20 features are used to make a correct species identification. Once a culture is obtained, the user enters responses to known character state options into Lucid Player, and the correct species is identified. Illustrations of each character state for a feature are included in the key. The main morphological features included in the key are: asexual structures, sexual structures, and chlamydospore, hyphae, and cultural characteristics. The user can read an illustrated "Fact Sheet" on each species that includes pictures of morphological characters, disease symptoms, host range, and relevant references. A cross-linked glossary of terminology is included in each fact sheet. In addition, a DNA search function that contains a simple search of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and Barcode of Life (BOL, 5' end of the cox 1 gene) sequences for each species can be queried. The key was created to provide teachers, diagnosticians, and regulatory personnel with easily accessible tools to distinguish common species in the genus Phytophthora based on a number of important morphological and molecular characteristics. The key is available for purchase from APS Press and should provide another useful tool for the identification of members of this destructive group of Oomycete plant pathogens.}, number={6}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={897–903} }
 @article{ristaino_2012, title={A Lucid key to the common species of Phytophthora}, volume={96}, number={6}, journal={Plant disease}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2012}, pages={897–903} }
 @article{sikora_verstappen_mendes_schoen_ristaino_bonants_2012, title={A Universal Microarray Detection Method for Identification of Multiple Phytophthora spp. Using Padlock Probes}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861496179&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-11-11-0309}, abstractNote={The genus Phytophthora consists of many species that cause important diseases in ornamental, agronomic, and forest ecosystems worldwide. Molecular methods have been developed for detection and identification of one or several species of Phytophthora in single or multiplex reactions. In this article, we describe a padlock probe (PLP)-based multiplex method of detection and identification for many Phytophthora spp. simultaneously. A generic TaqMan polymerase chain reaction assay, which detects all known Phytophthora spp., is conducted first, followed by a species-specific PLP ligation. A 96-well-based microarray platform with colorimetric readout is used to detect and identify the different Phytophthora spp. PLPs are long oligonucleotides containing target complementary sequence regions at both their 5' and 3' ends which can be ligated on the target into a circular molecule. The ligation is point mutation specific; therefore, closely related sequences can be differentiated. This circular molecule can then be detected on a microarray. We developed 23 PLPs to economically important Phytophthora spp. based upon internal transcribed spacer-1 sequence differences between individual Phytophthora spp. Tests on genomic DNA of many Phytophthora isolates and DNA from environmental samples showed the specificity and utility of PLPs for Phytophthora diagnostics.}, number={6}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Am Phytopath Society}, author={Sikora, Katarzyna and Verstappen, Els and Mendes, Odette and Schoen, Cor and Ristaino, Jean and Bonants, Peter}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={635–645} }
 @misc{forbes_ristaino_oliva_flier_2012, title={A rebuttal to the letter to the editor concerning Defining species boundaries in the genus Phytophthora: the case of Phytophthora andina'}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1365-3059"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858342840&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02560.x}, abstractNote={Dear Editor, In their letter to the Editor in this issue of Plant Pathology, Cárdenas et al. (2012) used the paper of Oliva et al. (2010) on the species description of Phytophthora andina as an example to discuss the criteria used for species designation in the genus Phytophthora, and suggest that the current species description of P. andina‘cannot yet be considered as accurate’. Cárdenas et al. (2012) contended that Oliva et al. (2010) did not provide sufficient phylogenetic evidence to support designation of P. andina as a new species, and that the data indicate that P. andina is not monophyletic. We agree that, in addition to morphological data, robust phylogenetic and genealogical analyses are important when a new species is described. However, we also believe that Oliva et al. (2010) and several other reports have provided sufficient data to establish P. andina as a new species. Here, we assess the evidence for species designation of P. andina, comment on the polyphyletic nature of P. andina, and suggest areas where future research is needed. Phytophthora andina comprises at least three clonal lineages that have been defined by multilocus genotyping and are designated EC-2(1a), EC-2(1c) and EC-3(1a), where ‘1a’ and ‘1c’ refer to mitochondrial haplotypes using the nomenclature of Griffith & Shaw (1998). At the time of publication of Oliva et al. (2010), at least five previous studies had published phylogenies based on mitochondrial loci, nuclear loci or both (Table 1) that included one or more of the lineages of P. andina together with other related Phytophthora spp. One of the earliest studies involving a single isolate of EC-2(1c) clearly distinguished P. andina from P. infestans and other related species based on two nuclear and four mitochondrial loci (Kroon et al., 2004). Subsequently, two studies (Gómez-Alpizar et al., 2007, 2008) also examined the phylogeny of the EC-2(1c) clonal lineage of P. andina and used both nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies to clearly document the evolutionary history of EC-2(1c) from P. infestans and other Phytophthora species. EC-2(1c) shares a common mitochondrial ancestor with P. infestans and it was also suggested by Gómez-Alpizar et al. (2008), Oliva et al. (2010) and Kroon et al. (2004) that P. andina may be of hybrid origin. The EC-3 lineage of P. andina was discovered later and was not examined in all the previous studies. Nonetheless, EC-3 was clearly distinguished from P. infestans with nuclear ras loci but could not be distinguished from P. infestans with mitochondrial loci, since it shares the Ia mitochondrial haplotype with P. infestans (Gómez-Alpizar et al., 2008; Oliva et al., 2010). The status of this lineage was left unresolved in Gómez-Alpizar et al. (2008) until additional isolates could be examined. In summary, all the studies in Table 1 were consistent in distinguishing P. andina from other similar Phytophthora species when nuclear loci were examined. With mitochondrial loci, isolates with the 1c haplotype were distinguished, while those with the 1a haplotype were similar or identical to P. infestans. Thus, it can be concluded that there was sufficient sequence-based phylogenetic evidence from nuclear genes for designation of the species P. andina at the time of publication of Oliva et al. (2010). In Oliva et al. (2010) it was argued that the EC-2(1a), EC-2(1c) and EC-3 lineages should all be considered P. andina for two reasons. First, based on sequencing of nuclear genes (Gómez-Alpizar et al., 2008; Lassiter et al., 2010; Oliva et al., 2010) the three lineages showed high levels of heterozygosity (unlike P. infestans), and shared at least one allele at many loci with P. infestans, which again is in agreement with the hypothesis of a hybrid origin of P. andina. The hybrid nature of P. andina was again suggested in a recent paper by Goss et al. (2011). Secondly, the three lineages of P. andina are genetically similar based on AFLP, RFLP and SSR markers (Adler et al.,2004; Erselius et al., 1999; Oliva et al., 2007, 2010). Cárdenas et al. (2012) noted these studies but appear to consider them of minimal importance in species identification. We believe that random DNA variation observed with these markers can provide a close look at microevolutionary processes, particularly when supported by sequence data. Although the EC-3 lineage was ‘lumped’ with the other lineages of P. andina in Oliva et al. (2010), others may choose to split this lineage into its own species as further collections and data are published. In fact, a recent paper by Goss et al. (2011) suggested that differences in several other nuclear loci not examined previously, including trp1 and PIT11126, can be used to differentiate the EC-2(1c) and EC-3 lineages of P. andina. The EC-3 lineage infects Solanum betaceum, so host isolation may be leading to speciation in this case. Goss et al. (2011) repeatedly used the species designation P. andina for isolates of both EC-2 and EC-3 lineages, which would appear inconsistent with the objection proposed in their letter to the Editor by some of the same authors. Finally, we would like to critique the analyses done by Cárdenas et al. (2012) in their response. They showed that P. andina could not be separated from P. infestans using Cox1 sequences and maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis (Fig. 1a of Cárdenas et al., 2012). If the P. andina isolates they examined all had the 1a mitochondrial haplotype, then one would expect them to share a clade with P. infestans in a Cox1 phylogeny. However, in all previous publications, the EC-2(1c) lineage was distinct from P. infestans for Cox1 (Table 1). Cárdenas et al. (2012) used only four isolates of P. andina and over 70 isolates of P. infestans in their study (see their Table 1) and gave no multilocus genotype information in their paper. Neither the lineage, nor the mtDNA haplotype of the isolates were given to the reader and, therefore, it is difficult to interpret their Cox1 analysis. Several authors (Kroon et al., 2004; Blair et al., 2008; Gómez-Alpizar et al., 2008; Goss et al., 2011) previously documented that ITS sequencing cannot resolve any of these closely related Phytophthora species. Phytophthora andina, P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli and P. infestans share 99% sequence identity in this region. Therefore, the data presented by Cárdenas et al. (2012) in Fig. 2a are not surprising and have been extensively discussed by others. Finally, the lack of resolution between P. infestans and P. andina for β-tubulin in Fig. 1b of Cárdenas et al. (2012) is clearly inconsistent with previous studies (Table 1), regardless of the lineage of P. andina involved. We suggest the continued collection of more isolates from this clade of Phytophthora species in the Andean region. Apparently, the Andean region is a genetic hotspot for evolution of new species in this clade and/or the presence of hybrids. Host specialization is occurring and there are bridging hosts such as pear melon (Solanum muricatum) that can be infected by both P. infestans and P. andina (Alder et al., 2004). Multiple authors have suggested that P. andina is a hybrid species with either P. mirabilis or an unknown Phytophthora as a parent (Kroon et al., 2004; Gómez-Alpizar et al., 2008; Goss et al., 2011). The fact that P. andina and P. mirabilis share closely related haplotypes at multiple nuclear loci (Gómez-Alpizar et al., 2008; Lassiter et al., 2010; Goss et al., 2011) but do not occur sympatrically outside of Mexico is a conundrum that needs to be further explored before the true evolutionary history of the clade can be delineated.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Forbes, G. A. and Ristaino, J. B. and Oliva, R. F. and Flier, W.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={221–223} }
 @article{forbes_ristaino_oliva_flier_2012, title={A rebuttal to the letter to the editor concerning ‘Defining species boundaries in the genus Phytophthora: the case of Phytophthora andina’}, volume={61}, number={2}, journal={Plant Pathology}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}, author={Forbes, GA and Ristaino, JB and Oliva, RF and Flier, W}, year={2012}, pages={221–223} }
 @article{brosius_evanylo_bulluck_ristaino_2012, title={E-mail gevanylo@ vt. edu}, journal={Beneficial Co-Utilization of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial by-Products}, publisher={Springer Science & Business Media}, author={BROSIUS, MR and EVANYLO, GK and BULLUCK, LR and RISTAINO, JB}, year={2012}, pages={195} }
 @article{lee_ristaino_heitman_2012, title={Parallels in Intercellular}, author={Lee, SC and Ristaino, JB and Heitman, J}, year={2012} }
 @article{lee_ristaino_heitman_2012, title={Parallels in Intercellular Communication in Oomycete and Fungal Pathogens of Plants and Humans}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1553-7374"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84872023571&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1371/journal.ppat.1003028}, abstractNote={Sexual reproduction is one of the most fascinating evolutionary outcomes in nature. Sexual development is paradoxical, conferring both benefits and costs, which makes sex an attractive subject in evolutionary biology. In pathogenic microbes, sexual development generates progeny with diverse genetic repertoires and can contribute to create more virulent genotypes. Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous in eukaryotic organisms, from single-celled yeasts to humans. Mating systems are highly adapted in each group and vary from species to species, which results in extremely diverse sexual modes throughout nature. However, in some cases, quite divergent groups share similar mechanisms. This review describes a similarity in pheromone synthesis routes in two group of microbial pathogens of historic importance that are evolutionarily quite distinct: zygomycete pathogenic fungi that belong to the kingdom Fungi in the opisthokonts clade, and Phytophthora oomycete species that belong to the stramenopile supergroup [1] (Figure 1). 
 
 
 
Figure 1 
 
Eukaryotic tree of life (adapted from Baldauf, Science, 2003 [1], with her permission). 
 
 
 
 
Historical Aspects of the Two Evolutionarily Distinct Pathogenic Molds: Mucoralean Fungi and Phytophthora 
Mucorales of the fungal Zygomycota and Phytophthora in the oomycetes have historical significance. One of the Mucor species belonging to the Mucoralean order was the first microbe ever observed in detail by the human eye via Robert Hooke's microscope. Hooke described the microscopic structures of this mold in his book Micrographia [2]. In addition, the first description of sexual development in fungi was of a Mucoralean species nearly two hundred years ago [3]. Several fungal species in the Mucoralean order are the causal agents of mucormycosis, a deadly fungal infection. These species include Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Rhizomucor spp., Absidia spp., Cunninghemella spp., and others [4]. Mucormycosis is an emerging, serious fungal infection with high mortality rates. A recent mucormycosis outbreak occurred in victims of the tornadoes in Joplin, Missouri, United States. 
 
Oomycetes such as Phytophthora spp. were previously considered members of the fungal kingdom. However, more recent molecular analyses revealed oomycetes are not true fungi but instead divergent stramenopiles that are more closely related to the diatoms and brown alga, with only one known human pathogen in the group: Blastocystis hominis [5]. Phytophthora spp are known as notorious plant destroyers. Phytophthora infestans exemplifies this threat; it was the first species described in the genus and left a path of devastation in its wake on potato crops in the US, Ireland, and Europe in the 19th century [6]. Movement of infected potato tubers led to the potato famine epidemics of the 19th century, which resulted in widespread human hunger, disease, and ultimately the death of 2 million people in Ireland. The pathogen is still a threat to food security in the developing world.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS PATHOGENS}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, author={Lee, Soo Chan and Ristaino, Jean B. and Heitman, Joseph}, year={2012}, month={Dec} }
 @article{hu_perez_donahoo_mcleod_myers_ivors_secor_roberts_deahl_fry_et al._2012, title={Recent Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in the Eastern United States Reveal Clonal Populations and Reappearance of Mefenoxam Sensitivity}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84866163472&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-03-11-0156-re}, abstractNote={Isolates of Phytophthora infestans (n = 178) were collected in 2002 to 2009 from the eastern United States, Midwestern United States, and eastern Canada. Multilocus genotypes were defined using allozyme genotyping, and DNA fingerprinting with the RG-57 probe. Several previously described and three new mulitilocus genotypes were detected. The US-8 genotype was found commonly on commercial potato crops but not on tomato. US-20 was found on tomato in North Carolina from 2002 through 2007 and in Florida in 2005. US-21 was found on tomato in North Carolina in 2005 and Florida in 2006 and 2007. US-22 was detected on tomato in 2007 in Tennessee and New York and became widespread in 2009. US-22 was found in 12 states on tomato and potato and was spread on tomato transplants. This genotype accounted for about 60% of all the isolates genotyped. The US-23 genotype was found in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Delaware on both tomato and potato in 2009. The US-24 genotype was found only in North Dakota in 2009. A1 and A2 mating types were found in close proximity on potato and tomato crops in Pennsylvania and Virginia; therefore, the possibility of sexual reproduction should be monitored. Whereas most individuals of US-8 and US-20 were resistant to mefenoxam, US-21 appeared to be intermediately sensitive, and isolates of US-22, US-23, and US-24 were largely sensitive to mefenoxam. On the basis of sequence analysis of the ras gene, these latter three genotypes appear to have been derived from a common ancestor. Further field and laboratory studies are underway using simple sequence repeat genotyping to monitor current changes in the population structure of P. infestans causing late blight in North America.}, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={Am Phytopath Society}, author={Hu, Chia-Hui and Perez, Frances G. and Donahoo, Ryan and McLeod, Adele and Myers, Kevin and Ivors, Kelly and Secor, Gary and Roberts, Pamela D. and Deahl, Kenneth L. and Fry, William E. and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={1323–1330} }
 @article{trigiano_wadl_dean_hadziabdic_scheffler_runge_telle_thines_ristaino_spring_2012, title={Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci identified from a small insert genomic library for Peronospora tabacina}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1557-2536"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863503656&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3852/11-288}, abstractNote={Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci for the obligate biotrophic, oomycete pathogen of tobacco, Peronospora tabacina, were identified from a small insert genomic library enriched for GT motifs. Eighty-five percent of the 162 loci identified were composed of dinucleotide repeats, whereas only 4% and 11% were tri-and tetra-nucleotide repeats respectively. About 82% of all the microsatellites were perfect and within the library; only about 7% of the loci were duplicated. Primers were designed for 63 loci; 10 loci were polymorphic, 19 were monomorphic and 34 either failed to amplify or produced ambiguous/inconsistent results. The 10 polymorphic loci were characterized with 44 isolates of P. tabacina collected from tobacco plants growing in Europe, the Near East and North and South America. The number of alleles per locus was either three or four with a mean of 3.2, and the mean number of genotypes per locus was 3.6. Observed heterozygosity was 0.32–0.95, whereas expected heterozygosity was 0.44–0.69 for these loci. All loci except PT054 did not conform to the Hardy-Weinberg distribution. Polymorphic information content (PIC) for the loci was 0.35–0.69 with a mean of 0.50. These microsatellite loci provide a set of markers sufficient to perform genetic diversity and population studies of P. tabacina, and possibly other species of Peronospora.}, number={3}, journal={MYCOLOGIA}, publisher={Taylor & Francis}, author={Trigiano, Robert N. and Wadl, Phillip A. and Dean, Deborah and Hadziabdic, Denita and Scheffler, Brian E. and Runge, Fabian and Telle, Sabine and Thines, Marco and Ristaino, Jean and Spring, Otmar}, year={2012}, pages={633–640} }
 @article{fry_mcgrath_seaman_zitter_mcleod_danies_small_myers_everts_gevens_et al._2012, title={The 2009 Late blight pandemic in Eastern USA}, volume={10}, journal={APS Features. doi}, author={Fry, WE and McGrath, MT and Seaman, A and Zitter, TA and McLeod, A and Danies, G and Small, I and Myers, K and Everts, K and Gevens, A and et al.}, year={2012}, pages={1094} }
 @inproceedings{saville_pearce_ristaino_2012, title={USABlight and fungicide sensitivity of recent genotypes of Phytophthora infestans to oomycete-targeted compounds}, volume={102}, number={7}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Saville, A and Pearce, C and Ristaino, JB}, year={2012}, pages={106–106} }
 @article{ristaino_2012, title={Worldwide migrations, host shifts and reemergence of Phytophthora infestans, the plant destroyer}, journal={Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley and Sons}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2012}, pages={192–207} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_2011, title={A LUCID Key to the common Phytophthora species}, volume={101}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, JB}, year={2011}, pages={S153–S153} }
 @article{dna barcoding of oomycetes with cytochrome c oxidase subunit i and internal transcribed spacer_2011, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80054066292&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03041.x}, abstractNote={Oomycete species occupy many different environments and many ecological niches. The genera Phytophthora and Pythium for example, contain many plant pathogens which cause enormous damage to a wide range of plant species. Proper identification to the species level is a critical first step in any investigation of oomycetes, whether it is research driven or compelled by the need for rapid and accurate diagnostics during a pathogen outbreak. The use of DNA for oomycete species identification is well established, but DNA barcoding with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) is a relatively new approach that has yet to be assessed over a significant sample of oomycete genera. In this study we have sequenced COI, from 1205 isolates representing 23 genera. A comparison to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from the same isolates showed that COI identification is a practical option; complementary because it uses the mitochondrial genome instead of nuclear DNA. In some cases COI was more discriminative than ITS at the species level. This is in contrast to the large ribosomal subunit, which showed poor species resolution when sequenced from a subset of the isolates used in this study. The results described in this paper indicate that COI sequencing and the dataset generated are a valuable addition to the currently available oomycete taxonomy resources, and that both COI, the default DNA barcode supported by GenBank, and ITS, the de facto barcode accepted by the oomycete and mycology community, are acceptable and complementary DNA barcodes to be used for identification of oomycetes.}, number={6}, journal={Molecular Ecology Resources}, year={2011}, pages={1002–1011} }
 @article{robideau_cock_coffey_voglmayr_brouwer_bala_chitty_desaulniers_eggertson_gachon_et al._2011, title={DNA barcoding of oomycetes with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and internal transcribed spacer}, volume={11}, number={6}, journal={Molecular Ecology Resources}, author={Robideau, G. P. and Cock, A. W. A. M. and Coffey, M. D. and Voglmayr, H. and Brouwer, H. and Bala, K. and Chitty, D. W. and Desaulniers, N. and Eggertson, Q. A. and Gachon, C. M. M. and et al.}, year={2011}, pages={1002–1011} }
 @article{robideau_cock_coffey_voglmayr_brouwer_bala_chitty_désaulniers_eggertson_gachon_et al._2011, title={DNA barcoding of oomycetes with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and internal transcribed spacer}, volume={11}, number={6}, journal={Molecular ecology resources}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}, author={Robideau, Gregg P and Cock, Arthur WAM and Coffey, Michael D and Voglmayr, Hermann and Brouwer, Henk and Bala, Kanak and Chitty, David W and Désaulniers, Nicole and Eggertson, Quinn A and Gachon, Claire MM and et al.}, year={2011}, pages={1002–1011} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_ivors_meneses_rueda_bonants_2011, title={Deployment of rapid diagnostic tools for Phytophthora on horticultural crops in Central America}, booktitle={APS-IPPC Joint Meeting" Emerging Pests/Invasive Species. Digital Identification Tools: Their role in Biosecurity and Pest-Management", Honolulu, Hawaii, USA}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Ivors, Kelly and Meneses, Monica Blanco and Rueda, Dinie Espinal and Bonants, Peter}, year={2011} }
 @article{blanco-meneses_ristaino_2011, title={Detection and Quantification of Peronospora tabacina Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay}, volume={95}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79959308900&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-05-10-0333}, abstractNote={Peronospora tabacina is an obligate plant pathogen that causes blue mold of tobacco. The disease is difficult to diagnose before the appearance of symptoms and can be easily spread in nonsymptomatic tobacco seedlings. We developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for P. tabacina that uses 5' fluorogenic exonuclease (TaqMan) chemistry to detect and quantify pathogen DNA from diseased tissue. The primers and probe were designed using 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequences from 12 fungal and oomycete tobacco pathogens and 24 Peronospora spp. The PtabBM TaqMan assay was optimized and performed with a final concentration of 450 nM primers and 125 nM probe. The real-time TaqMan assay was assessed for sensitivity and the lower detection limit was 1 fg of DNA. The assay was specific for P. tabacina. None of the DNA from other tobacco pathogens, nonpathogens, or the host were amplified. The PtabBM TaqMan assay was useful for detection of P. tabacina in field samples, artificially inoculated leaves, roots, and systemically infected tobacco seedlings. The assay was used to quantify host resistance and it was possible to detect the pathogen 4 days postinoculation in both medium-resistant and susceptible tobacco cultivars. The real-time PCR assay for P. tabacina will be a valuable tool for the detection of the pathogen and of use to regulatory agencies interested in preventing the spread of blue mold.}, number={6}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Blanco-Meneses, Monica and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={673–682} }
 @article{ristaino_2011, title={Key for identification of common Phytophthora species}, journal={CD-Rom format. American Phytopathological Society}, author={Ristaino, JB}, year={2011} }
 @article{nelson_ristaino_2011, title={The Potato Late Blight pathogen in Ireland, 1846: reconnecting Irish specimens with the Moore--Berkeley correspondence}, volume={38}, number={2}, journal={Archives of natural history}, publisher={Edinburgh University Press 22 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LF UK}, author={Nelson, E Charles and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2011}, pages={356–359} }
 @article{nelson_ristaino_2011, title={The Potato Late Blight pathogen in Ireland, 1846: reconnecting Irish specimens with the Moore-Berkeley correspondence}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1755-6260"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864343649&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3366/anh.2011.0042}, number={2}, journal={ARCHIVES OF NATURAL HISTORY}, author={Nelson, E. Charles and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={356–359} }
 @article{guo_zhu_hu_ristaino_2010, title={Genetic Structure of Phytophthora infestans Populations in China Indicates Multiple Migration Events}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77958041881&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-05-09-0126}, abstractNote={One hundred isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected from 10 provinces in China between 1998 and 2004 were analyzed for mating type, metalaxyl resistance, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, allozyme genotype, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with the RG-57 probe. In addition, herbarium samples collected in China, Russia, Australia, and other Asian countries were also typed for mtDNA haplotype. The Ia haplotype was found during the first outbreaks of the disease in China (1938 and 1940), Japan (1901, 1930, and 1931), India (1913), Peninsular Malaysia (1950), Nepal (1954), The Philippines (1910), Australia (1917), Russia (1917), and Latvia (1935). In contrast, the Ib haplotype was found after 1950 in China on both potato and tomato (1952, 1954, 1956, and 1982) and in India (1968 and 1974). Another migration of a genotype found in Siberia called SIB-1 (Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [Gpi] 100/100, Peptidase [Pep] 100/100, IIa mtDNA haplotype) was identified using RFLP fingerprints among 72% of the isolates and was widely distributed in the north and south of China and has also been reported in Japan. A new genotype named CN-11 (Gpi 100/111, Pep 100/100, IIb mtDNA haplotype), found only in the south of China, and two additional genotypes (Gpi 100/100, Pep 100/100, Ia mtDNA haplotype) named CN-9 and CN-10 were identified. There were more diverse genotypes among isolates from Yunnan province than elsewhere. The SIB-1 (IIa) genotype is identical to those from Siberia, suggesting later migration of this genotype from either Russia or Japan into China. The widespread predominance of SIB-1 suggests that this genotype has enhanced fitness compared with other genotypes found. Movement of the pathogen into China via infected seed from several sources most likely accounts for the distribution of pathogen genotypes observed. MtDNA haplotype evidence and RFLP data suggest multiple migrations of the pathogen into China after the initial introduction of the Ia haplotype in the 1930s.}, number={10}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Am Phytopath Society}, author={Guo, Liyun and Zhu, Xiao-Qiong and Hu, Chia-Hui and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={997–1006} }
 @inproceedings{hu_perez_donahoo_mcleod_myers_ivors_roberts_fry_deah_ristaino_2010, title={Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans population in eastern North America, 2002-2009}, volume={100}, number={6}, booktitle={Phytopathology}, author={Hu, C and Perez, FG and Donahoo, R and McLeod, A and Myers, KL and Ivors, KL and Roberts, PD and Fry, WE and Deah, KL and Ristaino, JB}, year={2010}, pages={S52–S52} }
 @inproceedings{lassiter_russ_nusbaum_zeng_hu_thorne_ristaino_2010, title={Inferring evolutionary relationships of species in the Phytophthora Ic clade using nuclear and mitochondrial genes}, volume={100}, number={6}, booktitle={Phytopathology}, author={Lassiter, ES and Russ, C and Nusbaum, C and Zeng, Q and Hu, C and Thorne, J and Ristaino, JB}, year={2010}, pages={S68–S68} }
 @article{oliva_kroon_chacon_flier_ristaino_forbes_2010, title={Phytophthora andina sp nov., a newly identified heterothallic pathogen of solanaceous hosts in the Andean highlands}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1365-3059"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955022185&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02287.x}, abstractNote={A blight disease on fruits and foliage of wild and cultivated Solanum spp. was found to be associated with a new species of Phytophthora. The proposed novel species is named Phytophthora andina Adler & Flier, sp. nov. based on morphological characteristics, pathogenicity assays, mitochondrial DNA haplotyping, AFLP fingerprinting and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses. Isolates of P. andina (n = 48) from the Andean highland tropics of Ecuador were collected from 1995 to 2006. Phytophothora andina is closely related to P. infestans and has semipapillate, ellipsoidal sporangia borne on sympodially branched sporangiophores. It is heterothallic and produces amphigynous antheridia. The species consists of several clonal lineages, including the EC-2 and EC-3 RFLP lineages, which were described previously as P. infestans. Approximately 75% of isolates react as compatibility type A2 when paired with an A1 compatibility type isolate of P. infestans. However, when A2 isolates from the Anarrhichomenum section of Solanum were paired in all combinations, viable oospores were obtained in several crosses, suggesting that there is a unique compatibility interaction in P. andina that is complementary to that described in P. infestans. Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence analysis supported the species designation of P. andina. This newly identified heterothallic pathogen shares a common ancestor with P. infestans and may have arisen from hybridization events with sister taxa in the Andes.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT PATHOLOGY}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}, author={Oliva, R. F. and Kroon, L. P. N. M. and Chacon, G. and Flier, W. G. and Ristaino, J. B. and Forbes, G. A.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={613–625} }
 @article{blaedow_juzwik_barber_2010, title={Propiconazole distribution and effects on Ceratocystis fagacearum survival in roots of treated red oaks}, volume={100}, number={10}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Blaedow, Ryan A and Juzwik, Jennifer and Barber, Brian}, year={2010}, pages={979–985} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_ivors_bonans_gómez-alpizar_blanco-meneses_2010, title={Rapid diagnostic tools for Phytophthora on horticultural crops}, booktitle={Workshop: Implementación de herramientas de diagnóstico rápido para Phytophthora en cultivos agŕıcolas en Centro América. Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Junio}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Ivors, Kelly and Bonans, P and Gómez-Alpizar, L and Blanco-Meneses, M}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_2010, title={The 2009 potato and tomato late blight epidemics: Genealogical history, multiple sources and migration events}, volume={100}, number={6}, booktitle={Phytopathology}, author={Ristaino, JB}, year={2010}, pages={S161–S161} }
 @book{ristaino_2009, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={A Key to the common Phytophthora species (Lucid v 3.4)}, publisher={American Phytopathological Society Press}, author={Ristaino, J.B.}, year={2009} }
 @book{ristaino_hu_2009, title={DNA sequence analysis of the late-blight pathogen gives clues to the world-wide migration}, volume={834}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-75949086408&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, author={Ristaino, J.B. and Hu, C.-H.}, year={2009}, pages={27–40} }
 @inproceedings{guo_zhu_hu_ristaino_2009, title={Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations in China indicates multiple migration events}, volume={99}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Guo, L and Zhu, X and Hu, C and Ristaino, JB}, year={2009}, pages={S48–S48} }
 @article{haas_kamoun_zody_jiang_handsaker_cano_grabherr_kodira_raffaele_torto-alalibo_et al._2009, title={Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans}, volume={461}, ISSN={["1476-4687"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349281388&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/nature08358}, abstractNote={The genome of Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen that triggered the Irish potato famine in the nineteenth century, has been sequenced. It remains a devastating pathogen, with late blight destroying crops worth billions of dollars each year. Blight is difficult to control, in part because it adapts so quickly to genetically resistant potato strains. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes shows rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes induced during infection that have activities thought to alter host physiology. These fast evolving effector genes are found in highly dynamic and expanded regions of the genome, a factor that may contribute to its rapid adaptability to host plants. The P. infestans genome is the biggest so far sequenced, at about 240 megabases, with an extremely high repeat content of close to 75%. It is a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus-like eukaryotes related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. Phytophthora infestans is a fungus-like eukaryote and the most destructive pathogen of potato, with current annual worldwide potato crop losses due to late blight estimated at $6.7 billion. Here, the sequence of the P. infestans genome is reported. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes showed rapid turnover and extensive expansion of certain secreted disease effector proteins, probably explaining the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants. Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus-like eukaryotes that are related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. As the agent of the Irish potato famine in the mid-nineteenth century, P. infestans has had a tremendous effect on human history, resulting in famine and population displacement1. To this day, it affects world agriculture by causing the most destructive disease of potato, the fourth largest food crop and a critical alternative to the major cereal crops for feeding the world’s population1. Current annual worldwide potato crop losses due to late blight are conservatively estimated at $6.7 billion2. Management of this devastating pathogen is challenged by its remarkable speed of adaptation to control strategies such as genetically resistant cultivars3,4. Here we report the sequence of the P. infestans genome, which at ∼240 megabases (Mb) is by far the largest and most complex genome sequenced so far in the chromalveolates. Its expansion results from a proliferation of repetitive DNA accounting for ∼74% of the genome. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes showed rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes that are induced during infection or are predicted to have activities that alter host physiology. These fast-evolving effector genes are localized to highly dynamic and expanded regions of the P. infestans genome. This probably plays a crucial part in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants and underpins its evolutionary potential.}, number={7262}, journal={NATURE}, publisher={Nature Publishing Group}, author={Haas, Brian J. and Kamoun, Sophien and Zody, Michael C. and Jiang, Rays H. Y. and Handsaker, Robert E. and Cano, Liliana M. and Grabherr, Manfred and Kodira, Chinnappa D. and Raffaele, Sylvain and Torto-Alalibo, Trudy and et al.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={393–398} }
 @article{haas_kamoun_zody_jiang_handsaker_cano_grabherr_kodira_raffaele_torto-alalibo_et al._2009, title={Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans}, volume={461}, number={7262}, journal={Nature}, publisher={Nature Publishing Group}, author={Haas, Brian J and Kamoun, Sophien and Zody, Michael C and Jiang, Rays HY and Handsaker, Robert E and Cano, Liliana M and Grabherr, Manfred and Kodira, Chinnappa D and Raffaele, Sylvain and Torto-Alalibo, Trudy and et al.}, year={2009}, pages={393} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_2008, title={DNA sequence analysis of the late-blight pathogen gives clues to the world-wide migration}, booktitle={III International Late Blight Conference 834}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2008}, pages={27–40} }
 @article{liu_gumpertz_hu_ristaino_2008, title={Effect of prior tillage and soil fertility amendments on dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and infection of pepper}, volume={120}, ISSN={["1573-8469"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38649084121&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10658-007-9216-7}, number={3}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY}, publisher={Springer}, author={Liu, Bo and Gumpertz, Marcia L. and Hu, Shuijin and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={273–287} }
 @article{cafe-filho_ristaino_2008, title={Fitness of isolates of Phytophthora capsici resistant to mefenoxam from squash and pepper fields in North Carolina}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55549111617&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-92-10-1439}, abstractNote={Despite the wide adoption of mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold EC) for vegetables in North Carolina, the incidence of Phytophthora blight on pepper (Capsicum annuum) and squash (Cucurbita pepo) is high. Seventy-five isolates of Phytophthora capsici were collected in five pepper and one squash field in order to assess mefenoxam sensitivity. The relative fitness of resistant and sensitive isolates was contrasted in vitro by their respective rates of colony growth and their ability to produce sporangia in unamended V8 juice agar medium. In in vivo experiments, the aggressiveness of isolates on pepper was evaluated. The frequency of resistant isolates in North Carolina populations was 63%, considerably higher than resistance levels in areas where mefenoxam is not widely adopted. Resistant isolates grew on amended media at rates >80 to 90% and >100% of the nonamended control at 100 μg ml-1 and 5 μg ml-1, respectively. Sensitive isolates did not growth at 5 or 100 μg ml-1. All isolates from three fields, including two pepper and a squash field, were resistant to mefenoxam. Populations from other fields were composed of either mixes of sensitive and resistant isolates or only sensitive isolates. Response to mefenoxam remained stable during the course of in vitro and in planta experiments. Occurrence of a mefenoxam-resistant population of P. capsici on squash is reported here for the first time in North Carolina. When measured by rate of colony growth, sporulation in vitro, or aggressiveness in planta, fitness of resistant isolates was not reduced. Mefenoxam-resistant isolates from squash were as aggressive on pepper as sensitive or resistant pepper isolates. These results suggest that mefenoxam-resistant populations of P. capsici are as virulent and fit as sensitive populations.}, number={10}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Cafe-Filho, Adalberto C. and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1439–1443} }
 @inproceedings{hu_govers_ristaino_2008, title={Gene flow of Phytophthora infestans between organic and conventional potato field in Southern Flevoland, The Netherlands}, volume={98}, booktitle={APS Centennial Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 26-30 July 2008}, author={Hu, C and Govers, F and Ristaino, J}, year={2008}, pages={S69–S69} }
 @inproceedings{blanco-meneses_carbone_ivors_ristaino_2008, title={Genetic structure of populations of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina in North America, Central America and the Caribbean and Europe}, volume={98}, number={6}, booktitle={Phytopathology}, author={Blanco-Meneses, M and Carbone, I and Ivors, K and Ristaino, JB}, year={2008}, pages={S23–S23} }
 @article{brady_stamps_ristaino_2008, title={Grace Marion Waterhouse}, journal={Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology}, publisher={Amer Phytopathological Society}, author={Brady, BL and Stamps, DJ and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2008}, pages={143} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_2008, title={Major contributions of early women plant pathologists to our science: Strategies, struggles, and success}, volume={98}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, J}, year={2008}, pages={S6–S6} }
 @article{gomez-alpizar_hu_oliva_forbes_ristaino_2008, title={Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora andina, a new species from the highlands of Ecuador that is closely related to the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1557-2536"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54049104885&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3852/07-074R1}, abstractNote={Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in the Andean highlands of South America were examined. Three clonal lineages (US-1, EC-1, EC-3) and one heterogeneous lineage (EC-2) were found in association with different host species in genus Solanum. The EC-2 lineage includes two mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplotypes, Ia and Ic. Isolates of P. infestans sensu lato EC-2 fit the morphological description of P. infestans but are different from any genotypes of P. infestans described to date. All isolates of P. infestans sensu lato from Ecuador were amplified by a P. infestans specific primer (PINF), and restriction fragment length patterns were identical in isolates amplified with ITS primers 4 and 5. The EC-1 clonal lineage of P. infestans sensu lato from S. andreanum, S. columbianum, S. paucijugum, S. phureja, S. regularifolium, S. tuberosum and S. tuquerense was confirmed to be P. infestans based on sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I (cox I) gene and intron 1 of ras gene. The EC-2 isolates with the Ic haplotype formed a distinct branch in the same clade with P. infestans and P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli and P. ipomoeae for both cox I and ras intron 1 phylogenies and were identified as the newly described species P. andina. Ras intron 1 sequence data suggests that P. andina might have arisen via hybridization between P. infestans and P. mirabilis.}, number={4}, journal={MYCOLOGIA}, publisher={Taylor & Francis}, author={Gomez-Alpizar, Luis and Hu, Chia-Hui and Oliva, Ricardo and Forbes, Gregory and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2008}, pages={590–602} }
 @article{ristaino_hu_fitt_2008, title={Phytophthora infestans identified in archival potato tubers from trials at Rothamsted, 1876-1879}, journal={Journal of Plant Pathology: an international journal of the Italian Phytopathological Society}, author={Ristaino, JB and Hu, CH and Fitt, Bruce DL}, year={2008} }
 @book{pioneering women in plant pathology_2008, ISBN={0890543593}, publisher={St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press}, year={2008} }
 @article{ristaino_2008, title={Pioneering women in plant pathology}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2008} }
 @article{preserving accuracy in genbank_2008, volume={319}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84881085358&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={5870}, journal={Science}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{qi_tu_shew_louws_zhang_ristaino_hu_2008, title={Suppression of Fungal Pathogen Phytophthora capsici by Mycophagous Soil Fauna.}, booktitle={The 2008 Joint Annual Meeting}, author={Qi, Rende and Tu, Cong and Shew, H David and Louws, Frank and Zhang, Yong and Ristaino, Jean and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2008} }
 @article{gomez-alpizar_carbone_ristaino_2007, title={An Andean origin of Phytophthora infestans inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies}, volume={104}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33847647990&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.0611479104}, abstractNote={
            Phytophthora infestans
            (Mont.) de Bary caused the 19th century Irish Potato Famine. We assessed the genealogical history of
            P. infestans
            using sequences from portions of two nuclear genes (β-
            tubulin
            and
            Ras
            ) and several mitochondrial loci P3, (
            rpl
            14,
            rpl
            5, tRNA) and P4 (
            Cox1
            ) from 94 isolates from South, Central, and North America, as well as Ireland. Summary statistics, migration analyses and the genealogy of current populations of
            P. infestans
            for both nuclear and mitochondrial loci are consistent with an “out of South America” origin for
            P. infestans
            . Mexican populations of
            P. infestans
            from the putative center of origin in Toluca Mexico harbored less nucleotide and haplotype diversity than Andean populations. Coalescent-based genealogies of all loci were congruent and demonstrate the existence of two lineages leading to present day haplotypes of
            P. infestans
            on potatoes. The oldest lineage associated with isolates from the section Anarrhichomenun including
            Solanum tetrapetalum
            from Ecuador was identified as
            Phytophthora andina
            and evolved from a common ancestor of
            P. infestans
            . Nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes found in Toluca Mexico were derived from only one of the two lineages, whereas haplotypes from Andean populations in Peru and Ecuador were derived from both lineages. Haplotypes found in populations from the U.S. and Ireland was derived from both ancestral lineages that occur in South America suggesting a common ancestry among these populations. The geographic distribution of mutations on the rooted gene genealogies demonstrate that the oldest mutations in
            P. infestans
            originated in South America and are consistent with a South American origin.
          }, number={9}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, publisher={National Academy of Sciences}, author={Gomez-Alpizar, Luis and Carbone, Ignazio and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={3306–3311} }
 @article{liu_tu_hu_gumpertz_ristaino_2007, title={Effect of organnic, sustainable, and conventional management strategies in grower fields on soil physical, chemical, and biological factors and the incidence of Southern blight}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1873-0272"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34748831003&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.06.007}, abstractNote={The objectives of our research were to evaluate the impact of organic, sustainable, and conventional management strategies in grower fields on soil physical, chemical, and biological factors including soil microbial species and functional diversity and their effect on the Basidiomycete plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii, causal agent of Southern blight. Soils from 10 field locations including conventional, organic and sustainable farms were sampled and assayed for disease suppressiveness in greenhouse assays, and soil quality indicators. Soils from organic and sustainable farms were more suppressive to Southern blight than soils from conventional farms. Soils from organic farms had improved soil chemical factors and higher levels of extractable C and N, higher microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and net mineralizable N. In addition, soil microbial respiration was higher in soils from organic than sustainable or conventional farms, indicating that microbial activity was greater in these soils. Populations of fungi and thermophiles were significantly higher in soils from organic and sustainable than conventional fields. The diversity of bacterial functional communities was also greater in soils from organic farms, while species diversity was similar. Soils from organic and sustainable farms had improved soil health as indicated by a number of soil physical, chemical and biological factors and reduced disease.}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Liu, Bo and Tu, Cong and Hu, Shuijin and Gumpertz, Marcia and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={202–214} }
 @article{reanprayoon_pathomsiriwong_abdulla_el-shatoury_alves-prado_pavezzi_leite_de oliveira_sette_dasilva_et al._2007, title={Effects of soil solarization and Trichoderma on strawberry production.}, volume={12}, number={18}, journal={Journal of Applied Sciences}, publisher={orgz}, author={Reanprayoon, Pradub and Pathomsiriwong, Wattanachai and Abdulla, HM and El-Shatoury, S and Alves-Prado, HF and Pavezzi, FC and Leite, RSR and De Oliveira, VM and Sette, LD and Dasilva, R and et al.}, year={2007}, pages={850–853} }
 @inbook{ristaino_peterson_2007, place={St Paul, MN}, title={Effie A. Southworth (1860-1947), First Woman Plant Pathologist Hired at the United States Department of Agriculture}, booktitle={Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Ristaino, J. and Peterson, P.}, editor={Ristaino, J.B.Editor}, year={2007}, pages={19–27} }
 @inproceedings{blanco-meneses_carbone_ristaino_2007, title={Genetic structure of populations of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina in North America, Central America, the Caribbean and Europe}, volume={97}, number={7}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Blanco-Meneses, M and Carbone, I and Ristaino, J}, year={2007}, pages={S11–S11} }
 @inproceedings{zody_jiang_handsaker_grabherr_kodira_govers_birch_whisson_win_judelson_et al._2007, title={Genome dynamics in the pathogen/host arms race: initial analysis of the Phytophthora infestans genome}, booktitle={American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, USA}, author={Zody, MC and Jiang, RHY and Handsaker, R and Grabherr, M and Kodira, CD and Govers, F and Birch, P and Whisson, S and Win, J and Judelson, H and et al.}, year={2007}, pages={S146} }
 @inbook{stamps_ristaino_2007, place={St Paul, MN}, title={Grace Marion Waterhouse (1906 – 1996), Phytophthora systematist and taxonomist}, booktitle={Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Stamps, J.Brady and Ristaino, J.}, editor={Ristaino, J.B.Editor}, year={2007}, pages={143–153} }
 @article{ristaino_johnson_blanco-meneses_liu_2007, title={Identification of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina, by polymerase chain reaction}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249085921&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-91-6-0685}, abstractNote={ Tobacco blue mold, caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronospora tabacina, is a highly destructive pathogen of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seed beds, transplants, and production fields in the United States. The pathogen also causes systemic infection in transplants. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primers ITS4 and ITS5, sequencing, and restriction digestion to differentiate P. tabacina from other important tobacco pathogens, including Alternaria alternata, Cercospora nicotianae, Phytophthora glovera, P. parasitica, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. dissotocum, P. myriotylum, P. ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Thielaviopsis basicola, and related Peronospora spp. A specific PCR primer, called PTAB, was developed and used with ITS4 to amplify a 764-bp region of DNA that was diagnostic for P. tabacina. The PTAB/ITS4 primers did not amplify host DNA or the other tobacco pathogens and were specific for P. tabacina on tobacco. DNA was detected to levels of 0.0125 ng. The PTAB primer was useful for detection of the pathogen in fresh, air-dried, and cured tobacco leaves. This primer will be useful for disease diagnosis, epidemiology, and regulatory work to reduce disease spread among fields. }, number={6}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Johnson, Andrea and Blanco-Meneses, Monica and Liu, Bo}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={685–691} }
 @article{liu_gumpertz_hu_ristaino_2007, title={Long-term effects of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on soil microbial communities and the development of southern blight}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1879-3428"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250215285&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.04.001}, abstractNote={The effects of tillage and soil fertility amendments on the relationship between the suppressiveness of soils to southern blight and soil physical, chemical and biological factors were examined in experimental station plots in North Carolina. Main plots were either tilled frequently or surface-mulched after one initial tillage. Organic soil amendments including composted cotton gin trash, composted poultry manure, an incorporated rye–vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizer were applied to subplots in a split-plot design experiment. Incidence of southern blight was lower in surfaced-mulched than tilled soils. Incidence of southern blight was also lower in soils amended with cotton gin trash than those amended with poultry manure, rye–vetch green manure or synthetic fertilizer. Soil water content was negatively correlated with the incidence of disease in both years. Disease incidence was negatively correlated with the level of potassium, calcium, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS) and humic matter in 2002, and net mineralizable nitrogen in 2001. Although, populations of thermophilic organisms were significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash than the other three fertility amendments in each year, there was no significant correlation between the populations of thermophiles and incidence of the disease. Bacterial community diversity indices based on community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash than those amended with poultry manure, green manure or synthetic fertilizer. There was a significant negative correlation between the incidence of southern blight, and CLPP and DGGE diversity indices. Greater differences in the richness of bacterial functional groups than genotypes were observed. These results demonstrate that organic soil fertility amendments and cotton gin trash in particular, reduced the development of the disease and affected soil physical, chemical and biological parameters.}, number={9}, journal={SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY}, publisher={Pergamon}, author={Liu, Bo and Gumpertz, Marcia L. and Hu, Shuijin and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={2302–2316} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_hu_fitt_2007, title={Phytophthora infestans identified in archival potato tubers from Hoosfield plot trials of Sir John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Gilbert at Rothamsted, 1876-1901}, volume={97}, number={7}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, J and Hu, C and Fitt, B}, year={2007}, pages={S99–S99} }
 @book{ristaino_2007, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Ristaino, J.}, year={2007} }
 @article{zolda_háněl_2007, title={Soil nematodes inhabiting an original dry meadow and an abandoned vineyard in the National Park Seewinkel, Eastern Austria}, volume={44}, number={3}, journal={Helminthologia}, publisher={Versita}, author={Zolda, P and Háněl, L}, year={2007}, pages={112–117} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_liu_carbone_campbell_2006, title={Comparative analysis of the mituchondrial genome organization in Phytophthora species and related Straminopiles}, volume={96}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, JB and Liu, B and Carbone, I and Campbell, M}, year={2006}, pages={S98–S98} }
 @inproceedings{blanco_ristaino_carbone_ivors_2006, title={Genetic structure of populations of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina in North and Central America and the Caribbean}, volume={96}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Blanco, M and Ristaino, J and Carbone, I and Ivors, K}, year={2006}, pages={S13–S13} }
 @article{avila-adame_gomez-alpizar_zismann_jones_buell_ristaino_2006, title={Mitochondrial genome sequences and molecular evolution of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1432-0983"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-31044446103&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00294-005-0016-3}, abstractNote={The mitochondrial genomes of haplotypes of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, were sequenced. The genome sizes were 37,922, 39,870 and 39,840 bp for the type Ia, IIa and IIb mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes, respectively. The mitochondrial genome size for the type Ib haplotype, previously sequenced by others, was 37,957 bp. More than 90% of the genome contained coding regions. The GC content was 22.3%. A total of 18 genes involved in electron transport, 2 RNA-encoding genes, 16 ribosomal protein genes and 25 transfer RNA genes were coded on both strands with a conserved arrangement among the haplotypes. The type I haplotypes contained six unique open reading frames (ORFs) of unknown function while the type II haplotypes contained 13 ORFs of unknown function. Polymorphisms were observed in both coding and non-coding regions although the highest variation was in non-coding regions. The type I haplotypes (Ia and Ib) differed by only 14 polymorphic sites, whereas the type II haplotypes (IIa and IIb) differed by 50 polymorphic sites. The largest number (152) of polymorphic sites was found between the type IIb and Ia haplotypes. A large spacer flanked by the genes coding for tRNA-Tyr (trnY) and the small subunit RNA (rns) contained the largest number of polymorphic sites and corresponds to the region where a large indel that differentiates type II from type I haplotypes is located. The size of this region was 785, 2,666 and 2,670 bp in type Ia, IIa and IIb haplotypes, respectively. Among the four haplotypes, 81 mutations were identified. Phylogenetic and coalescent analysis revealed that although the type I and II haplotypes shared a common ancestor, they clearly formed two independent lineages that evolved independently. The type II haplotypes diverged earlier than the type I haplotypes. Thus our data do not support the previous hypothesis that the type II lineages evolved from the type I lineages. The type I haplotypes diverged more recently and the mutations associated with the evolution of the Ia and Ib types were identified.}, number={1}, journal={CURRENT GENETICS}, publisher={Springer-Verlag}, author={Avila-Adame, C and Gomez-Alpizar, L and Zismann, V and Jones, KM and Buell, CR and Ristaino, JB}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={39–46} }
 @article{tu_ristaino_hu_2006, title={Soil microbial biomass and activity in organic tomato farming systems: Effects of organic inputs and straw mulching}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1879-3428"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29744443972&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.05.002}, abstractNote={Organic farming is rapidly expanding worldwide. Plant growth in organic systems greatly depends on the functions performed by soil microbes, particularly in nutrient supply. However, the linkages between soil microbes and nutrient availability in organically managed soils are not well understood. We conducted a long-term field experiment to examine microbial biomass and activity, and nutrient availability under four management regimes with different organic inputs. The experiment was initiated in 1997 by employing different practices of organic farming in a coastal sandy soil in Clinton, NC, USA. Organic practices were designed by applying organic substrates with different C and N availability, either in the presence or absence of wheat–straw mulch. The organic substrates used included composted cotton gin trash (CGT), animal manure (AM) and rye/vetch green manure (RV). A commercial synthetic fertilizer (SF) was used as a conventional control. Results obtained in both 2001 and 2002 showed that microbial biomass and microbial activity were generally higher in organically than conventionally managed soils with CGT being most effective. The CGT additions increased soil microbial biomass C and activity by 103–151% and 88–170% over a period of two years, respectively, leading to a 182–285% increase in potentially mineralizable N, compared to the SF control. Straw mulching further enhanced microbial biomass, activity, and potential N availability by 42, 64, and 30%, respectively, relative to non-mulched soils, likely via improving C and water availability for soil microbes. The findings that microbial properties and N availability for plants differed under different organic input regimes suggest the need for effective residue managements in organic tomato farming systems.}, number={2}, journal={SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY}, publisher={Pergamon}, author={Tu, C and Ristaino, JB and Hu, SJ}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={247–255} }
 @article{ristaino_2006, title={Tracking the evolutionary history of the potato late blight pathogen with historical collections}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750216609&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1564/17oct12}, abstractNote={in the mid 19th century in Ireland led to what isknown as the Irish potato famine. Approximately 1.5 millionpeople died from starvation and another 1.5 million weredisplaced and forced to emigrate from Ireland to otherregions of the world. The disease was first observed onpotatoes in the United States in 1843 in areas around theports of Philadelphia and New York (Peterson, Campbell, G Peterson, Campbell, & Griffith, 1992). Thepainstaking work of J. Teschemacher in the United States,M.J. Berkeley in Great Britain, Montagne in France, andlater DeBary in Germany, clearly elucidated that a fungus-like organism was responsible for late blight (Berkeley, 1846,DeBary, 1876; Peterson, Campbell, & Griffith, 1992).Research by early mycologists who studied the late blightpathogen was some of the first to document that fungi werecapable of causing plant disease and laid the groundwork forthe disciplines of microbiology and plant pathology(Berkeley, 1846, DeBary, 1876).Late blight has become an increasingly important diseaseworldwide in recent years, more than 150 years after thegreat famine (Smart and Fry, 2001). Since susceptiblepotatoes are widely planted in many areas of the world, thecrop cannot be grown without frequent fungicideapplication. The disease has reached epidemic proportions inNorth America, Russia, and Europe due to the developmentof resistance to the phenylamide fungicide metalaxyl inpopulations of the pathogen and the widespread occurrenceof new and more virulent genotypes (Drenth et al, 1994;Kadish and Cohen, 1995). Some strains including the Ib orUS-1 clonal lineage are sensitive to the fungicide metalaxyland mefenoxam, while many other strains have developedresistance to these fungicides.More fungicides are used onpotato worldwide, than any other food crop, largely becauseof late blight. The cost of fungicide use by US potato growersexceeds 3 billion dollars annually. The disease can bedevastating in the developing world where fungicides areoften not affordable or available.}, number={5}, journal={Outlooks on Pest Management}, publisher={Research Information Ltd.}, author={Ristaino, J.B.}, year={2006}, pages={228–231} }
 @article{zou_huang_jiang_zheng_sass_2005, title={A 3-year field measurement of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddies in China: Effects of water regime, crop residue, and fertilizer application}, volume={19}, number={2}, journal={Global biogeochemical cycles}, author={Zou, Jianwen and Huang, Yao and Jiang, Jingyan and Zheng, Xunhua and Sass, Ronald L}, year={2005} }
 @article{bo_ristaino_glenn_tu_hu_buckley_gumpertz_2005, title={Functional and species diversity of soil microbial communities in soils from organic, sustainable, and conventional farms in North Carolina}, volume={95}, number={6}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Bo, L and Ristaino, J and Glenn, D and Tu, C and Hu, S and Buckley, K and Gumpertz, M}, year={2005} }
 @article{ristaino_gomez-alpizar_thorne_carbone_2005, title={Gene genealogies inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences suggest a South American origin of Phytophthora infestans. Genealoǵıas de los genes deducidas de las secuencias de ADN nuclear y mitocondrial sugiere un origen suramericano de Phytophthora infestans.}, volume={95}, number={6}, journal={Phytopathology.}, author={Ristaino, J and Gomez-Alpizar, L and Thorne, J and Carbone, I}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_avila-adame_buell_2005, title={Molecular evolution in the mitochondrial genome of the Irish Potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans}, volume={95}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, J and Avila-Adame, C and Buell, R}, year={2005}, pages={S89–S89} }
 @article{blanco-meneses_ristaino_2005, title={Population structure of the tobacco blue mold pathogen Peronospora tabacina in the USA, the Caribbean and Central America}, volume={95}, number={6}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Blanco-Meneses, M and Ristaino, J}, year={2005} }
 @article{zody_o’neill_handsaker_karlsson_govers_vondervoort_weide_whisson_birch_lijun_et al._2005, title={Sequencing the Phytophthora infestans genome: preliminary studies}, author={Zody, MC and O’Neill, K and Handsaker, B and Karlsson, E and Govers, F and Vondervoort, P and Weide, R and Whisson, S and Birch, P and LiJun, Ma and et al.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{avila-adame_ristaino_2004, title={Differential responses of self-fertile Phytophthora infestans isolates to metalaxyl}, volume={94}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Avila-Adame, C and Ristaino, JB}, year={2004}, pages={S5–S5} }
 @article{ibrahim_taleb-hossenkhan_cooke_lees_jaime-garcia_trinidad-correa_felix-gastelum_orum_wasmann_nelson_et al._2004, title={Genetic diversity and differentiation of Indian isolates of Phytophthora infestans as revealed by RAPD analysis.}, volume={16}, number={3-4}, journal={Plant Pathology Journal}, publisher={orgz}, author={Ibrahim, Adillah and Taleb-Hossenkhan, Nawsheen and Cooke, DEL and Lees, AK and Jaime-Garcia, R and Trinidad-Correa, R and Felix-Gastelum, R and Orum, TV and Wasmann, CC and Nelson, MR and et al.}, year={2004}, pages={692–704} }
 @article{may_ristaino_2004, title={Identity of the mtDNA haplotype(s) of Phytophthora infestans in historical specimens from the Irish Potato Famine}, volume={108}, ISSN={["0953-7562"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2942588943&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/s0953756204009876}, abstractNote={The mtDNA haplotypes of the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans present in dried potato and tomato leaves from herbarium specimens collected during the Irish potato famine and later in the 19th and early 20th century were identified. A 100 bp fragment of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) specific for P. infestans was amplified from 90% of the specimens (n = 186), confirming infection by P. infestans. Primers were designed that distinguish the extant mtDNA haplotypes. 86% percent of the herbarium specimens from historic epidemics were infected with the Ia mtDNA haplotype. Two mid-20th century potato leaves from Ecuador (1967) and Bolivia (1944) were infected with the Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen. Both the Ia and IIb haplotypes were found in specimens collected in Nicaragua in the 1950s. The data suggest that the Ia haplotype of P. infestans was responsible for the historic epidemics during the 19th century in the UK, Europe, and the USA. The Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen was dispersed later in the early 20th century from Bolivia and Ecuador. Multiple haplotypes were present outside Mexico in the 1940s-60s, indicating that pathogen diversity was greater than previously believed.}, number={5}, journal={MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={May, KJ and Ristaino, JB}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={471–479} }
 @article{taleb-hossenkhan_ibrahim_andrivon_corbiere_lebreton_pilet_montarry_pelle_ellisseche_andrivon_et al._2004, title={Metalaxyl stimulation of growth of isolates of Phytophthora infestans.}, volume={14}, number={3}, journal={Plant Pathology Journal}, publisher={orgz}, author={Taleb-Hossenkhan, N and Ibrahim, A and Andrivon, D and Corbiere, R and Lebreton, L and Pilet, F and Montarry, J and Pelle, R and Ellisseche, D and Andrivon, D and et al.}, year={2004}, pages={15–27} }
 @inproceedings{gomez_thorne_carbone_ristaino_2004, title={Population history of Phytophthora infestans inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences}, volume={94}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Gomez, L and Thorne, J and Carbone, I and Ristaino, JB}, year={2004}, pages={S35–S35} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_2004, title={Soil microbial and nematode communities in organic and conventional farming systems}, volume={94}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, JB}, year={2004}, pages={S129–S129} }
 @inproceedings{liu_ristaino_2004, title={The effect of organic and synthetic fertility amendments and tillage on the resilience of soils to Phytophthora blight}, volume={94}, number={6}, booktitle={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Liu, B and Ristaino, JB}, year={2004}, pages={S62–S62} }
 @article{ayed_daami-remadi_jabnoun-khiareddine_el mahjoub_bang_beagle-ristaino_papavizas_benhamou_chet_carnegie_et al._2003, title={In vitro inhibitory activities of some chemical substances and antagonistic strains of Trichoderma spp. against certain agents causing potato tuber rots.}, volume={1}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Agricultural Research}, publisher={orgz}, author={Ayed, F and Daami-Remadi, M and Jabnoun-Khiareddine, F and El Mahjoub, M and Bang, U and Beagle-Ristaino, JE and Papavizas, GC and Benhamou, N and Chet, I and Carnegie, SF and et al.}, year={2003}, pages={pp-206} }
 @article{ristaino_2003, title={Influence of microbial species and functional diversity in soils on pathogen dispersal and ecosystem processes in organic and conventional agroecosystems}, journal={Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) research projects. Southern Region}, author={Ristaino, Jean}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{gómez-alpı́zar luis enrique_thorne_ristaino_2003, title={Molecular evolution of Phytophthora infestans. Evolución molecular de Phytophthora infestans.}, volume={93}, number={6}, booktitle={Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Charlotte, NC, US, Aug. 09-13, 2003.}, author={Gómez-Alpı́zar Luis Enrique and Thorne, JL and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2003}, pages={S30} }
 @inbook{ristaino_2003, title={Phytophthora blight on bell pepper}, ISBN={0890543003}, booktitle={Compendium of pepper diseases}, publisher={St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society Press}, author={Ristaino, J. B.}, year={2003} }
 @article{ayed_daami-remadi_jabnoun-khiareddine_mahjoub_ayed_ayed_daami-remadi_jabnoun-khiareddine_el mahjoub_ayed_et al._2003, title={Relationship between vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi from potato.}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Agricultural Research}, publisher={orgz}, author={Ayed, Fakher and Daami-Remadi, Mejda and Jabnoun-Khiareddine, Hayfa and Mahjoub, Mohamed El and Ayed, F and Ayed, F and Daami-Remadi, M and Jabnoun-Khiareddine, H and El Mahjoub, M and Ayed, F and et al.}, year={2003}, pages={pp-206} }
 @article{bulluck_ristaino_2002, title={Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.181}, abstractNote={Soil fertility amendments, including composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, a rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizers, were applied to subplots and tillage on bare soil; or tillage followed by surface mulch with wheat straw were applied to main plots to determine the effect on the incidence of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, yield of processing tomato, and soil microbial communities. The amendment-tillage interaction was significant in 1997 and disease incidence was 67% in tilled bare soil receiving synthetic fertilizers; whereas disease incidence was 3, 12, and 16% in surface-mulched plots amended with a composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or a rye-vetch green manure. The amendment effect was significant in 1998, and disease incidence was 61% in plots receiving synthetic fertilizer and was 23, 44, and 53% in plots receiving cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or rye-vetch green manure, respectively. In 1997, yields were highest in tilled surface-mulched plots amended with synthetic fertilizers, cotton-gin trash, or swine manure, respectively. In 1998, yields were low in all plots and there were no significant differences in yield due to treatment. Propagule densities of antagonistic soil fungi in the genus Trichoderma were highest in soils amended with composted cotton-gin trash or swine manure in both years. Propagule densities of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil were higher in plots amended with organic amendments than with synthetic fertilizers in both years. Propagules densities of enteric bacteria were elevated in soils amended with raw swine manure biosolids in both years. Our research indicates that some organic amendments, such as cotton-gin trash, reduced the incidence of southern blight in processing tomato and also enhanced populations of beneficial soil microbes.}, number={2}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Bulluck, LR and Ristaino, JB}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={181–189} }
 @article{effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes_2002, volume={92}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036164806&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Phytopathology}, year={2002}, pages={181–189} }
 @article{effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes_2002, volume={92}, number={2}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={Am Phytopath Society}, year={2002}, pages={181–189} }
 @article{ristaino_peterson_2002, title={Effie A. Southworth, First woman Plant Pathologists hired at USDA}, volume={10}, journal={The plant Health Instructor}, author={Ristaino, Jean and Peterson, Paul}, year={2002}, pages={1094} }
 @inproceedings{gómez-alpı́zar luis enrique_cafe-filho_ristaino_2002, title={Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations from Costa Rica. Estructura genética de las poblaciones de Phytophthora infestans de Costa Rica.}, volume={92}, number={6}, booktitle={Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Milwaukee, WI, US, July 27-31, 2002.}, author={Gómez-Alpı́zar Luis Enrique and Cafe-Filho, AC and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2002}, pages={S30} }
 @article{bulluck_barker_ristaino_2002, title={Influences of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on nematode trophic groups and community dynamics under tomatoes}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1873-0272"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036784082&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00089-6}, abstractNote={Research was conducted to examine the effects of organic and synthetic soil amendments and tillage on nematode communities in field soils planted to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) at two locations. The experimental design was a replicated split plot with chisel-plow tillage and bare-soil or chisel-plow tillage and surface mulch with wheat straw as main plots, and soil amendments of synthetic fertilizer, composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or a rye-vetch green manure as subplots. Tillage did not affect free-living or plant-parasitic nematode community dynamics, but soil amendments had a large impact on nematode community structure and diversity. Populations of bacterivorous nematodes mainly in the Rhabditidae and Cephalobidae, and fungivorous nematodes were greater after planting in soils amended with swine manure, composted cotton-gin trash, or rye-vetch, than in soils amended with synthetic fertilizer at both locations. Populations of nematodes in these trophic groups decreased through time in each year. Populations of Meloidogyne incognita in soil were not affected by soil amendments, but increased through time at each location. Root-gall indices were lower in plots containing swine manure or cotton-gin trash than in those with synthetic fertilizer or rye-vetch during the second season. The combined nematode maturity index values were greater at planting in soils amended with rye-vetch or fertilizer than in soils with swine manure and composted cotton-gin trash. Shannon’s diversity index decreased over time for both years at one location, regardless of soil amendment. At the second location, the Shannon’s diversity index decreased only in the second year. Use of descriptive indices, including the Enrichment index, structure index, and channel index provided useful information about the effects of organic amendments on the structure of nematode communities in tomato field soils.}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY}, author={Bulluck, LR and Barker, KR and Ristaino, JB}, year={2002}, pages={233–250} }
 @article{influences of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on nematode trophic groups and community dynamics under tomatoes_2002, volume={21}, number={3}, journal={Applied soil ecology}, publisher={Elsevier}, year={2002}, pages={233–250} }
 @article{wangsomboondee_ristaino_2002, title={Optimization of sample size and DNA extraction methods to improve PCR detection of different propagules of Phytophthora infestans}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036191533&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.247}, abstractNote={ The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes a destructive blight of potato tubers and foliage. A rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been developed for detection of P. infestans in potato tubers. In this study, the effect of method of DNA extraction on different propagule types and the minimal number of propagules of P. infestans detectable by PCR were assessed using the PINF and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)5 primers. Sensitivity of the primers for PCR was high, and DNA was detectable at concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml. Zoospores and oospores responded differently to different extraction methods, whereas all extraction methods worked equally well for sporangia. Freeze-thaw DNA lysis, in which propagules were frozen at -80°C and thawed at 65°C three times for 15 min each, or direct PCR, in which propagules were placed directly in the reaction mix, were effective methods for PCR detection of sporangia or zoospores but were not effective methods for PCR detection of DNA in oospores of P. infestans. DNA from a single sporangium or oospore could be amplified by PCR after hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) or NaOH lysis extraction methods, whereas DNA from a single zoospore could be amplified by CTAB or direct PCR methods. “IsoCode” Stixs, used in forensic applications, were used to collect the pathogen from leaf and tuber lesions and provided another simple method to extract template DNA. PCR detection of the pathogen in infected tubers using PINF and ITS5 primers was compared to tissue isolation or visual observation. The probability of detection of P. infestans in infected tubers at 7 days post inoculation using the PCR assay, tissue isolation, or visual observation was 0.90, 0.80, and 0.75, respectively. The PINF and ITS5 primers provide a powerful tool for rapid and sensitive detection of zoospores, sporangia, and oospores of P. infestans when used with appropriate extraction methods, and could easily be deployed to reduce spread of the pathogen in potato tubers. }, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Wangsomboondee, T and Ristaino, JB}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={247–253} }
 @article{bulluck_brosius_evanylo_ristaino_2002, title={Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1873-0272"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036160296&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00187-1}, abstractNote={Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on soil microbial communities and soil physical and chemical properties at three organic and three conventional vegetable farms in Virginia and Maryland in 1996 and 1997. Two treatments, including either an alternative organic soil amendment (composted cotton-gin trash, composted yard waste, or cattle manure) or synthetic soil amendment (fertilizer) were applied to three replicated plots at each grower field location. Production history and time affected propagule densities of Trichoderma species which remained higher in soils from organic farms. Propagule densities of Trichoderma species, thermophilic microorganisms, and enteric bacteria were also detected in greater numbers in soils amended with alternative than synthetic amendments, whereas propagule densities of Phytophthora and Pythium species were lower in soils amended with alternative than synthetic fertility amendments. Concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and Mn were higher in soils amended with alternative than synthetic fertility amendments. Canonical correlations and principle component analyses indicated significant correlation between these soil chemical factors and the biological communities. First-order canonical correlations were more negative in fields with a conventional history, and use of synthetic fertilizers, whereas canonical correlations were more positive in fields with a history of organic production and alternative soil amendments. In the first year, yields of corn or melon were not different in soil amended with either synthetic or organic amendments at four of six farms. In the second year, when all growers planted tomatoes, yields were higher on farms with a history of organic production, regardless of soil amendment type. Alternative fertility amendments, enhanced beneficial soil microorganisms reduced pathogen populations, increased soil organic matter, total carbon, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and lowered bulk density thus improving soil quality.}, number={2}, journal={APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY}, author={Bulluck, LR and Brosius, M and Evanylo, GK and Ristaino, JB}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={147–160} }
 @article{organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms_2002, volume={19}, number={2}, journal={Applied Soil Ecology}, publisher={Elsevier}, year={2002}, pages={147–160} }
 @article{wangsomboondee_groves_shoemaker_cubeta_ristaino_2002, title={Phytophthora infestans populations from tomato and potato in North Carolina differ in genetic diversity and structure}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036827876&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1189}, abstractNote={ Phytophthora infestans causes a destructive disease on tomato and potato. In North Carolina (NC) potatoes are mostly grown in the east, whereas tomatoes are grown in the mountainous areas in the western part of the state. Five genotypes of P. infestans were identified from 93 and 157 isolates collected from tomato and potato over a 5 year period between 1993 and 1998. All isolates collected from potato in eastern NC were the US-8 genotype, whereas only a single isolate was the US-1 genotype. Tuber blight was found on immature daughter tubers in a single field in 1997, however infection on mature tubers was not observed. Within potato fields, a range of sensitivity to metalaxyl was observed among isolates but all were either intermediate or highly resistant to the fungicide. In contrast, isolates from tomatoes included previously reported US-7 and US-8 genotypes and two new genotypes called US-18 and US-19 (A2 mating type, allozyme genotype Gpi 100/100 and Pep 92/100). These genotypes had unique restriction fragment length polymorphism banding patterns, were sensitive to metalaxyl, and have not been reported elsewhere. All genotypes, with the exception of the US-1, were the Ia mitochondrial haplotype. Thus, isolates of P. infestans from tomato were more genetically diverse over time in NC than those from potato and include two new genotypes that are sensitive to metalaxyl. }, number={11}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Am Phytopath Society}, author={Wangsomboondee, T and Groves, CT and Shoemaker, PB and Cubeta, MA and Ristaino, JB}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={1189–1195} }
 @article{ristaino_petersen_2002, title={Pioneering women in plant pathology. Part I, Effie A. Southworth, first woman plant pathologist hired at the USDA}, number={2002}, journal={From: APSNet Education Center Website.  Originally published in The plant health instructor, February 1, 2002.}, author={Ristaino, J. B. and Petersen, P.}, year={2002} }
 @article{larsen_jonasson_denmark_dromph_denmark_salamanca_raubuch_2002, title={Short communication Effect of maize rhizodeposits on soil microbial community structure E. Benizri, O. Dedourge, C. Dibattista-Leboeuf, S. Piutti, C. Nguyen and A. Guckert (France).................. 261}, volume={21}, journal={Applied Soil Ecology}, author={Larsen, KS and Jonasson, S and Denmark, A Michelsen and Dromph, KM and Denmark, S Vestergaard and Salamanca, EF and Raubuch, M}, year={2002}, pages={289{\k{a}}290} }
 @misc{ristaino_2002, title={Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1286-4579"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036848765&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S1286-4579(02)00010-2}, abstractNote={The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, a devastating disease on potato that led to the Irish potato famine during 1845–1847. The disease is considered a reemerging problem and still causes major epidemics on both potato and tomato crops worldwide. Theories on the origin of the disease based on an examination of the genetic diversity and structure of P. infestans populations and use of historic specimens to understand modern day epidemics are discussed.}, number={13}, journal={MICROBES AND INFECTION}, author={Ristaino, JB}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={1369–1377} }
 @article{ristaino_2002, title={Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans}, volume={4}, number={13}, journal={Microbes and infection}, publisher={Elsevier Masson}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2002}, pages={1369–1377} }
 @article{akinbile_yusoff_abdullah_el-hadad_satour_ade-ademilua_iwaotan_osaji_akinbile_akinbile_et al._2001, title={Impact of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).}, volume={5}, number={2}, journal={Asian Journal of Agricultural Research}, publisher={orgz}, author={Akinbile, Christopher O and Yusoff, Mohd Suffian and Abdullah, MMF and El-Hadad, SA and Satour, MM and Ade-Ademilua, OE and Iwaotan, TO and Osaji, TC and Akinbile, CO and Akinbile, CO and et al.}, year={2001}, pages={12–14} }
 @article{ristaino_groves_parra_2001, title={PCR amplification of the Irish potato famine pathogen from historic specimens}, volume={411}, ISSN={["1476-4687"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035822055&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/35079606}, abstractNote={Late blight, caused by the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potato and was responsible for epidemics that led to the Irish potato famine in 1845 (refs 1,2,3,4,5). Before the 1980s, worldwide populations of P. infestans were dominated by a single clonal lineage, the US-1 genotype or Ib mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, and sexual reproduction was not documented outside Mexico, the centre of diversity of the pathogen. Here we describe the amplification and sequencing of 100-base-pair fragments of DNA from the internal transcribed spacer region 2 from 28 historic herbarium samples including Irish and British samples collected between 1845 and 1847, confirming the identity of the pathogen. We amplified a variable region of mtDNA that is present in modern Ib haplotypes of P. infestans, but absent in the other known modern haplotypes (Ia, IIa and IIb). Lesions in samples tested were not caused by the Ib haplotype of P. infestans, and so theories that assume that the Ib haplotype is the ancestral strain need to be re-evaluated. Our data emphasize the importance of using historic specimens when making inferences about historic populations.}, number={6838}, journal={NATURE}, publisher={Nature Publishing Group}, author={Ristaino, JB and Groves, CT and Parra, GR}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={695–697} }
 @article{parra_ristaino_2001, title={Resistance to mefenoxam and metalaxyl among field isolates of Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight of bell pepper}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034813367&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.10.1069}, abstractNote={ Incidence of Phytophthora blight in bell pepper fields that were sprayed for the first time with Ridomil Gold (mefenoxam) according to labeled recommendations was higher in North Carolina in 1997 than in previous years. Mefenoxam is the more active enantiomer contained in the racemic fungicide metalaxyl. A total of 150 isolates were obtained from 17 fields at eight grower locations. Among isolates from all locations, 30% were classified as sensitive, 10% as intermediate, and 59% were resistant to mefenoxam. Mefenoxam-resistant isolates were found in 82% of the fields sampled (14 of 17 fields). The proportion of resistant isolates in individual (fields ranged from 28 to 100%. The mean effective concentration (EC50) values for mefenoxam-sensitive isolates was 0.568 μg ml-1 (ranging from 0.12 to 1.1 μg ml-1), whereas the mean EC50 value for mefenoxam-resistant isolates was 366.5 μg ml-1 (ranging from 3 to 863 μg ml-1). The mean EC50 value for metalaxyl-sensitive isolates was 0.27 μg ml-1 (ranging from 0.00002 to 1.3 μg ml-1) and for metalaxyl-resistant isolates was 470.34 μg ml-1 (ranging from 10 to 966 μg ml-1). The greatest proportion of resistant isolates came from fields where mefenoxam was used alone rather than in combination with other fungicides. Both mating types were found among resistant isolates, suggesting that these isolates may persist in soil in subsequent years. Field isolates of Phytophthora capsici resistant to mefenoxam on pepper have not been reported previously and now pose new challenges for management of this important disease. }, number={10}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Parra, G and Ristaino, JB}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={1069–1075} }
 @article{babalola_adesodun_olasantan_adekunle_aggelides_londra_akintokun_akande_akintokun_popoola_et al._2000, title={A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota and soil organic matter dynamics.}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Soil Science}, publisher={orgz}, author={Babalola, OA and Adesodun, JK and Olasantan, FO and Adekunle, AF and Aggelides, SM and Londra, PA and Akintokun, AK and Akande, GA and Akintokun, PO and Popoola, TOS and et al.}, year={2000}, pages={253–259} }
 @article{ristaino_perry_wu_2000, title={ADVANCES IN TEMPERATURE PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR SOIL SOLARIZATION}, journal={FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPERS}, publisher={ROODVELDT IMPORT BV}, author={Ristaino, JB and Perry, KB and Wu, Y}, year={2000}, pages={463–471} }
 @article{groves_ristaino_2000, title={BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY-Commercial Fungicide Formulations Induce In Vitro Oo-spore Formation and Phenotypic Change in Mating Type in Phytophthora infestans}, volume={90}, number={11}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={[St. Paul, Minn., etc.: American Phytopathological Society]}, author={Groves, CT and Ristaino, JB}, year={2000}, pages={1201–1208} }
 @article{groves_ristaino_2000, title={Commercial fungicide formulations induce in vitro oospore formation and phenotypic change in mating type in Phytophthora infestans}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033745281&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.11.1201}, abstractNote={ A wide range of commercially formulated fungicides cause in vitro effects on mating behavior in specific isolates of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight of potato and tomato. Four isolates of P. infestans representing each of the four common US genotypes, US-1, US-6, US-7, and US-8 and varying in their sensitivity to metalaxyl, were exposed to a variety of fungicides used to control late blight in petri dish assays at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg a.i./ml. Exposure of each of these normally heterothallic single mating type isolates of P. infestans to 9 of the 11 commercial fungicide formulations tested resulted in the formation of oospores after 2 to 4 weeks. The highest numbers of oospores were formed on media amended with Ridomil 2E (metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold EC (mefenoxam) at 0.1 to 10 μg a.i./ml, averaging as many as 471 and 450 oospores per petri dish, respectively. Several other fungicides including Maneb, Manzate (Mancozeb), Curzate (cymoxanil + mancozeb), and Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph + mancozeb) also induced oospore formation, producing from 0 to 200 oospores per plate at fungicide concentrations from 0.1 to 10 μg a.i./ml. The metalaxyl resistant isolates formed oospores in response to the fungicides more often than the metalaxyl sensitive isolates. No oospores were formed on media amended with Bravo (chlorothalonil) or Tattoo C (chlorothalonil + propamocarb HCl) and these compounds completely suppressed growth of the isolates at 0.1 and 1 μg a.i./ml. Three metalaxyl resistant A2 isolates mated with both A1 and A2 isolates after exposure to the fungicides Ridomil 2E and Ridomil Gold EC. Alterations in mating type expression were also observed in a metalaxyl sensitive A1 isolate after exposure to Benlate (benomyl). Copious amounts of chemicals are applied annually to potato and tomato production areas to control late blight. Our results indicate that a wide range of chemically diverse fungicides can induce normally heterothallic metalaxyl resistant isolates of P. infestans to form oospores in vitro after short exposures to the fungicides. }, number={11}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Groves, CT and Ristaino, JB}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1201–1208} }
 @article{groves_ristaino_2000, title={Commercial fungicide formulations induce in vitro oospore formation and phenotypic change in mating type in Phytophthora infestans}, volume={90}, number={11}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Groves, Carol Trout and Ristaino, Jean Beagle}, year={2000}, pages={1201–1208} }
 @misc{ristaino_gumpertz_2000, title={New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus Phytophthora}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1545-2107"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033748429&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.541}, abstractNote={ Diseases caused by species in the genus Phytophthora are responsible for significant economic losses on a wide range of host plants. Spatial pattern is one of the most characteristic ecological properties of a species, and reflects environmental and genetic heterogeneity and reproductive population growth acting on the processes of reproduction, dispersal, and mortality. Species of Phytophthora can be dispersed either in soil, via surface water movement down rows, from rain splash dispersal, by air, or via movement by humans or invertebrate activity. Dispersal results in patchiness in patterns of disease or inoculum in soil. In this chapter we discuss the mechanisms of dispersal of members of this important genus and describe several methods that can be used to statistically analyze data for which spatial coordinates are known. The methods include testing spatial autocorrelation for binary data or continuous data, semivariograms, and regression models for spatial data. The goal of spatial pattern analysis is to gain an understanding of the mechanisms of dispersal of propagules and to sort out the physical and biological factors that are important for spread of plant pathogens and ultimately, for disease management. }, number={2000}, journal={ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, JB and Gumpertz, ML}, year={2000}, pages={541-+} }
 @article{ristaino_gumpertz_2000, title={New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus Phytophthora}, volume={38}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Phytopathology}, publisher={Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, PO Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Gumpertz, Marcia L}, year={2000}, pages={541–576} }
 @article{sujkowski_parra_gumpertz_ristaino_2000, title={Temporal dynamics of Phytophthora blight on bell pepper in relation to the mechanisms of dispersal of primary inoculum of Phytophthora capsici in soil}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033958523&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/phyto.2000.90.2.148}, abstractNote={ The effect of components of primary inoculum dispersal in soil on the temporal dynamics of Phytophthora blight epidemics in bell pepper was evaluated in field and growth-chamber experiments. Phytophthora capsici may potentially be dispersed by one of several mechanisms in the soil, including inoculum movement to roots, root growth to inoculum, and root-to-root spread. Individual components of primary inoculum dispersal were manipulated in field plots by introducing (i) sporangia and mycelia directly in soil so that all three mechanisms of dispersal were possible, (ii) a plant with sporulating lesions on the soil surface in a plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube so inoculum movement to roots was possible, (iii) a wax-encased peat pot containing sporangia and mycelia in soil so root growth to inoculum was possible, (iv) a wax-encased peat pot containing infected roots in soil so root-to-root spread was possible, (v) noninfested V8 vermiculite media into soil directly as a control, or (vi) wax-encased noninfested soil as a control. In 1995 and 1996, final incidence of disease was highest in plots where sporangia and mycelia were buried directly in soil and all mechanisms of dispersal were operative (60 and 32%) and where infected plants were placed in PVC tubes on the soil surface and inoculum movement to roots occurred with rainfall (89 and 23%). Disease onset was delayed in 1995 and 1996, and final incidence was lower in plants in plots where wax-encased sporangia (6 and 22%) or wax-encased infected roots (22%) were buried in soil and root growth to inoculum or root-to-root spread occurred. Incidence of root infections was higher over time in plots where inoculum moved to roots or all mechanisms of dispersal were possible. In growth-chamber studies, ultimately all plants became diseased regardless of the dispersal mechanism of primary inoculum, but disease onset was delayed when plant roots had to grow through a wax layer to inoculum or infected roots in tension funnels that contained small volumes of soil. Our data from both field and growth-chamber studies demonstrate that the mechanism of dispersal of the primary inoculum in soil can have large effects on the temporal dynamics of disease. }, number={2}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Sujkowski, LS and Parra, GR and Gumpertz, ML and Ristaino, JB}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={148–156} }
 @article{fraser_shoemaker_ristaino_1999, title={Characterization of isolates of Phytophthora infestans from tomato and potato in North Carolina from 1993 to 1995}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033035299&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.7.633}, abstractNote={ Eighty-five isolates of Phytophthora infestans from 33 tomato and 8 potato fields in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee were collected from 1993 to 1995 and tested for mating type, sensitivity to metalaxyl, and allozyme genotype at glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) and peptidase (Pep) loci. One isolate collected from potato in eastern North Carolina in 1994 was the A1 mating type, whereas all other isolates from potato and tomato were the A2 mating type. Six isolates were sensitive to metalaxyl (<40% growth at 1.0 μg of metalaxyl per ml), nineteen isolates were intermediate in sensitivity to metalaxyl (>40% growth at 1.0 μg of metalaxyl per ml and <40% growth at 100 μg of metalaxyl per ml), and sixty isolates were resistant to metalaxyl (<40% growth at 1.0 and 100 μg of metalaxyl per ml). Four different allozyme genotypes at the Gpi and Pep loci were identified. The single A1 isolate found on potato in eastern North Carolina had the dilocus allozyme genotype Gpi 86/100, Pep 92/100 and was identified as the US-1 genotype. Fifty-five isolates had the dilocus allozyme genotype Gpi 100/111, Pep 100/100 and were classified as the US-7 genotype, whereas twenty-four isolates were Gpi 100/111/122, Pep 100/100 and were classified as the US-8 genotype. Two isolates that were sensitive to meta-laxyl and seventeen isolates that were intermediate in sensitivity to metalaxyl were found among the US-7 and US-8 genotypes. In addition, five isolates had the allozyme genotype Gpi 100/100, Pep 92/100 (similar to the previously reported US-6 genotype), but they were the A2 mating type and either sensitive or intermediate in response to metalaxyl. These isolates composed a new genotype not previously reported in the United States and were designated as US-18. The US-7 genotype was more frequent on tomato in western North Carolina and the US-8 genotype was present on potato in eastern North Carolina, indicating that different inoculum sources are responsible for epidemics on the two crops in different regions of the state. }, number={7}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Fraser, DE and Shoemaker, PB and Ristaino, JB}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={633–638} }
 @article{ristaino_johnston_1999, title={Ecologically based approaches to management of Phytophthora blight on Bell pepper}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032742231&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.1999.83.12.1080}, abstractNote={Phytophthora blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici, is a devastating disease on bell pepper and cucurbit crops in the United States and worldwide (29,40). P. capsici causes a root and crown rot, as well as an aerial blight of leaves, fruit, and stems, on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), tomatoes, cucumber, watermelon, squash, and pumpkin (29,35, 40,57,73). The disease was first described on bell pepper in New Mexico in 1922 (40). In recent years, epidemics have been severe in areas of North Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, and New Jersey. Oospores are believed to provide the initial source of inoculum in the field, and the disease is polycyclic within seasons (1,7,59,60,67). In this article, we discuss the biology and epidemiology of Phytophthora blight on bell pepper and also describe management strategies that can be implemented based on existing knowledge of the ecology of this devastating pathogen. The objectives of ecologically based pest management (EBPM) are the safe, profitable, and durable management of pests that includes a total systems approach (25). EBPM relies primarily on biological input of knowledge concerning a pathogen life cycle, and secondarily, when necessary, on physical, chemical, and biological supplements for disease management. An understanding of the ecological processes that are suppressive to plant diseases is emphasized rather than secondary inputs (25). Fortunately, we have a considerable amount of information available on the biology and ecology of P. capsici, which can now be integrated to improve our ability to manage the disease using ecologically based approaches. Strategies recommended for management of Phytophthora blight involve integrated approaches that focus first on cultural practices that reduce high soil moisture conditions, but also include monitoring and reduction of propagules of P. capsici that persist in the soil, utilization of cultivars with resistance to the disease, and when necessary, judicious fungicide applications. Symptoms and Life Cycle P. capsici can infect virtually every part of the pepper plant. The pathogen causes a root and crown rot on pepper (Fig. 1) and also forms distinctive black lesions on the stem (Fig. 2). P. capsici can also infect the leaves and causes lesions that are circular, grayish brown, and water-soaked (Fig. 3). Leaf lesions and stem lesions are common when inoculum is splash dispersed from the soil to lower portions of the plant. The pathogen can also infect fruit and causes lesions that are typically covered with white sporangia, a sign of the pathogen (Fig. 4). P. capsici typically causes a fruit rot or stem rot on cucumbers and squash (Fig. 5). P. capsici reproduces by both sexual and asexual means (Fig. 6). The pathogen produces two mating types, known as the A1 and A2. These are actually compatibility types and do not correspond to dimorphic forms. Each mating type produces hormones that are responsible for gametangia differentiation in the opposite mating type. Both A1 and A2 mating types are common in fields in North Carolina and have also been identified within the same plant (59). P. capsici produces a male gametangium, called the antheridium, and a female gametangium, called the oogonium. The antheridium is amphigynous in this species. Meiosis occurs within the gametangia, and plasmogamy and karyogamy result}, number={12}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Ristaino, JB and Johnston, SA}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={1080–1089} }
 @article{ristaino_johnston_1999, title={Ecologically based approaches to management of Phytophthora blight on bell pepper}, volume={83}, number={12}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Johnston, Stephen A}, year={1999}, pages={1080–1089} }
 @book{louws_holmes_ristaino_1999, title={Phytophthora blight of peppers and cucurbits}, journal={Vegetable disease information note, Jan. 1999}, author={Louws, F. and Holmes, G. and Ristaino, J.}, year={1999} }
 @article{campbell_ristaino_1999, title={The importance of dispersal mechanisms in the epidemiology of Phytophthora blights and downy mildews on crop plants}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1076-2825"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033427133&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09924.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Epidemics of plant diseases share a basic structure with those of human and animal diseases; however, unlike most epidemics of people and animals, fungi or fungi‐like organisms are of major importance as pathogens. Because of the relatively low value of an individual in most plant populations, botanical epidemiologists perform observational as well as designed studies repeatedly on epidemics in large populations. Plant disease epidemics develop from overlapping cycles of propagule dissemination, host encounter and infection, pathogenesis (including symptom development), and pathogen reproduction. Initial infective units, or propagules, originate from survival structures formed between cropping seasons or during periods when weathers conditions are not suitable for disease initiation. Propagules may also arrive by long‐distance transport from other geographic areas where conditions are suitable for the occurrence of continuous epidemic cycles. The importance of dispersal mechanisms in epidemic development are illustrated with three solanaceous pathosystems: Phytophthora blight of pepper (caused by Phytophthora capsici), blue mold of tobacco (caused by Peronospora tabacina), and late blight of potato (caused by Phytophthora infestans).}, number={3}, journal={ECOSYSTEM HEALTH}, author={Campbell, C.L. and Ristaino, J.B.}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={146–157} }
 @inbook{brosius_evanylo_bulluck_ristaino_1998, title={Comparison of commercial fertilizer and organic by-products on soil chemical and biological properties and vegetable yields}, booktitle={Beneficial Co-Utilization of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial by-Products}, publisher={Springer, Dordrecht}, author={Brosius, MR and Evanylo, GK and Bulluck, LR and Ristaino, JB}, year={1998}, pages={195–202} }
 @article{parra_ristaino_1998, title={Insensitivity to Ridomil Gold (Mefenoxam) found among field isolates of phytophthora capsici causing phytophthora blight on bell pepper in North Carolina and New Jersey}, volume={82}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.711d}, abstractNote={ Phytophthora blight caused by the pathogen Phytophthora capsici has caused economic losses in bell pepper and cucurbit fields in the U.S., and the prevalence of the disease has increased in recent years. The pathogen can be dispersed in soil, with surface water, and via splash dispersal from the soil to foliage. Management of the disease relies on modifications in cultural practices, crop rotation, and judicious use of fungicides. Disease occurred in fields that were sprayed with multiple applications of Ridomil Gold (mefenoxam) according to labeled recommendations in 1997. Mefenoxam is the active enantiomer contained in the racemic fungicide metalaxyl. Mefenoxam was widely used on bell pepper for the first time in 1997, but disease was widespread. Insensitivity to mefenoxam and metalaxyl has not been reported previously in field isolates of P. capsici. However, selection for metalaxyl insensitive isolates in the laboratory after mutagenesis has been reported. Insensitivity to metalaxyl has been reported among other Oomycete pathogens including Phytophthora infestans, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Peronospora tabacina, Bremia lactucae, and Pythium spp. Infected plants were collected from 12 fields in North Carolina by the authors and one additional field in New Jersey (courtesy of Steve Johnston). Infected plants (10 to 30 per field) were surface disinfested in 10% bleach and plated on selective media to isolate P. capsici. Colonies of the pathogen were transferred to V8 juice agar or maintained on cornmeal agar slants. Mefenoxam-amended V8 juice agar was prepared at levels of 0, 5, and 100 ppm. Screening for sensitivity was conducted by placing agar plugs containing the pathogen onto two replicate plates of mefenoxam-amended media at each concentration. Isolates were categorized as sensitive if growth was less than 40% of the unamended control at 5 ppm. Intermediate isolates exhibited growth greater than 40% of the unamended control at 5 ppm but less than 40% of the unamended control at 100 ppm mefenoxam. Insensitive isolates exhibited growth greater than 40% of the unamended control at 100 ppm mefenoxam. Concentrations of the fungicide used to screen for insensitivity were within the range applied in the field. Thus far, 161 isolates have been screened for sensitivity. Of these, 54 isolates were classified as sensitive, 15 as intermediate, and 92 or 57% of the isolates were insensitive. Three quarters of the fields sampled contained insensitive isolates and insensitivity ranged from 11 to 80% within fields. Both A1 and A2 mating types were recovered from some fields and insensitive isolates occurred among both mating types. Isolates that were insensitive to mefenoxam were also insensitive to metalaxyl. A significant proportion of the isolates obtained from infected plants in fields where Ridomil Gold has been used recently were insensitive. The ability of insensitive isolates to cause disease on fungicide-treated plants will be studied in further experiments. Isolates collected between 1988 and 1994 were screened and all isolates were sensitive to metalaxyl (Ridomil 2E). A dramatic shift in populations of P. capsici to insensitivity to the new metalaxyl substitute mefenoxam has occurred in bell pepper fields in a 3-year period. }, number={6}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={Am Phytopath Society}, author={Parra, G. and Ristaino, Jean}, year={1998}, pages={711} }
 @article{ristaino_madritch_trout_parra_1998, title={PCR amplification of ribosomal DNA for species identification in the plant pathogen genus Phytophthora}, volume={64}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031934217&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Ristaino, J.B. and Madritch, M. and Trout, C.L. and Parra, G.}, year={1998}, pages={948–954} }
 @misc{ristaino_1998, title={PCR assays for phytophthora species}, volume={5,780,271}, number={1998 July 14}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Ristaino, J. B.}, year={1998} }
 @article{ristaino_1998, title={PCR assays for phytophthora species}, note={US Patent 5,780,271}, author={Ristaino, Jean B}, year={1998}, month={Jul} }
 @article{pholsen_kasikranan_pholsen_suksri_pholsen_higgs_suksri_phaikaew_boonpukdee_srakoopan_et al._1998, title={Productivity and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum as affected by soil water deficit occurring at different vegetative growth stages.}, volume={7}, number={4}, journal={Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences}, publisher={orgz}, author={Pholsen, S and Kasikranan, S and Pholsen, P and Suksri, A and Pholsen, S and Higgs, DEB and Suksri, A and Phaikaew, C and Boonpukdee, W and Srakoopan, S and et al.}, year={1998}, pages={228–231} }
 @misc{ristaino_1998, title={The importance of archival and herbarium materials in understanding the role of oospores in late blight epidemics of the past}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.11.1120}, abstractNote={Nineteenth and early twentieth century botanists and mycologists collected healthy and infected plant materials from many regions of the world. Some of these plant collections preserved in herbaria around the world contain samples that are of considerable significance to epidemiologists, population biologists, and botanists. The advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the development of molecular marker technology has made DNA amplification from herbarium material a reality. In this mini-review, archival letters and herbarium samples are used to track the historical role of oospores in the biology of the potato late blight pathogen. DNA was successfully amplified by PCR with the Phytophthora infestans-specific PCR primer, PINF, and the universal primer, ITS 5, from oospores observed in a field sample of potato collected by G. P. Clinton in 1902. This experiment demonstrates the potential to utilize molecular methods to amplify DNA from historical samples of the late blight pathogen and represents the earliest definitive record of oospores of the pathogen in field samples in the United States. Studies based upon such materials and techniques, although high risk and laborious, have the potential to open a new window to epidemics of the past.}, number={11}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, JB}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1120–1130} }
 @article{ristaino_1998, title={The importance of archival and herbarium materials in understanding the role of oospores in late blight epidemics of the past}, volume={88}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031758195&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={11}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={Am Phytopath Society}, author={Ristaino, J.B.}, year={1998}, pages={1120–1130} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_perry_1997, title={Advances in temperature predictive models for soil solarization}, number={1997}, booktitle={Soil solarization and integrated management of soilborne pests: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Soil Solarization and Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic, 16-21 March 1997}, publisher={Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United}, author={Ristaino, J. B. and Perry, K.}, editor={J. J. Stapleton, J. E. DeVay and Elmore, C. L.Editors}, year={1997} }
 @article{ristaino_thomas_1997, title={Agriculture, Methyl Bromide, and the Ozone hole}, volume={81}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030804084&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={9}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Ristaino, J.B. and Thomas, W.}, year={1997}, pages={964–977} }
 @article{ristaino_w._1997, title={Agriculture, Methyl bromide, and the ozone hole}, volume={81}, number={1997}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Ristaino, J. B. and W., Thomas}, year={1997}, pages={954–975} }
 @article{ristaino_thomas_1997, title={Agriculture, methyl bromide, and the ozone hole: Can we fill the gaps?}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.964}, abstractNote={HomePlant DiseaseVol. 81, No. 9Agriculture, Methyl Bromide, and the Ozone Hole: Can We Fill the Gaps? PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licenseAgriculture, Methyl Bromide, and the Ozone Hole: Can We Fill the Gaps?Jean Beagle Ristaino and William ThomasJean Beagle RistainoSearch for more papers by this author and William ThomasSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Jean Beagle Ristaino , Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh William Thomas , Stratospheric Protection Division, Office of Atmospheric Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Published Online:22 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.964AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 81, No. 9 September 1997SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 22 Feb 2007 Pages: 964-977 Information© 1997 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byResponse of some mango-infesting fruit flies to aqueous solutions of the basil plant Ocimum tenuiflorum L10 May 2023 | Frontiers in Horticulture, Vol. 2Evaluation of spatial distribution of the oxidation of glass beads simulating soil using high-voltage pulsed discharge5 May 2023 | Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 62, No. 5Chlorine Dioxide Reprograms Rhizosphere Microbial Communities to Enrich Interactions with Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum )24 March 2023 | Polish Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 72, No. 1Green Manures Alter Taxonomic and Functional Characteristics of Soil Bacterial Communities2 February 2022 | Microbial Ecology, Vol. 85, No. 2New Approaches to Soil Disinfestation for Specialty Crops11 March 2023A reassessment of the fungicidal efficacy of 1,3‐dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and metam potassium against Macrophomina phaseolina in strawberry28 May 2022 | Pest Management Science, Vol. 78, No. 8Endophytic Trichoderma spp. can protect strawberry and privet plants from infection by the fungus Armillaria mellea1 August 2022 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 17, No. 8Ion Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Bromide Ions in Cereals and Legumes: New Scenario for Global Food Security9 August 2022 | Foods, Vol. 11, No. 16Bacterial Volatile-Mediated Suppression of Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)Ting Yang, Yi Xin, Tongyao Liu, Zhengfeng Li, Xingzhong Liu, Yunpeng Wu, Mingfeng Wang, and Meichun Xiang6 April 2022 | Plant Disease, Vol. 106, No. 5Effects of Potassium and Sodium Bromides on Triticum aestivum and Pisum sativum18 March 2022 | Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 69, No. 2Efficacy and economics evaluation of seed rhizome treatment combined with preplant soil fumigation on ginger soilborne disease, plant growth, and yield promotion29 September 2021 | Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 102, No. 5Quantifying the effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation and other biological soil management strategies on nitrous oxide emissions from raised bed plasticulture tomato production1 February 2022 | Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 51, No. 2Anaerobic soil disinfestation, amendment-type, and irrigation regimen influence Salmonella survival and die-off in agricultural soils1 March 2022 | Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 132, No. 3Thermal tolerance of an invasive drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae)Journal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 104Microbial biocontrol agents against chilli plant pathogens over synthetic pesticides: a review7 October 2021 | Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, Vol. 87, No. 4Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A Decade of Research Towards a Sustainable Integrated Pest Management Program13 September 2021 | Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 114, No. 5Transcriptomic evaluation on methyl bromide-induced phytotoxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana and its mode of phytotoxic action via the occurrence of reactive oxygen species and uneven distribution of auxin hormonesJournal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 419Metabolomics profiling for identification of potential biomarkers in chickens infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J)Research in Veterinary Science, Vol. 139Acute aluminum phosphide poisoning: The menace of phosphine exposureClinica Chimica Acta, Vol. 520Chloropicrin alternated with dazomet improved the soil’s physicochemical properties, changed microbial communities and increased strawberry yieldEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 220Toxicity of Five Plant Volatiles to Adult and Egg Stages of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), the Spotted-Wing Drosophila11 August 2021 | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 69, No. 33Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Efficacy Against Fusarium oxysporum Is Affected by Soil Temperature, Amendment Type, Rate, and C:N RatioUtsala Shrestha, Bonnie H. 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R895 January 2014 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 139, No. 1Partial hydration of n-alkyl halides at the water–vapor interface: a molecular simulation study with atmospheric implications1 February 2014 | Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, Vol. 133, No. 3Recent Advancements on the Role and Analysis of Volatile Compounds (VOCs) from TrichodermaChanges and recovery of soil bacterial communities influenced by biological soil disinfestation as compared with chloropicrin-treatment17 August 2013 | AMB Express, Vol. 3, No. 1Catalytic oxidation for elimination of methyl bromide fumigation emissions using ceria-based catalystsApplied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 142-143Proliferation of diversified clostridial species during biological soil disinfestation incorporated with plant biomass under various conditions7 November 2012 | Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 97, No. 18The rise and demise of control options for fruit fly in AustraliaCrop Protection, Vol. 51Water and Methyl Isothiocyanate Distribution in Soil after Drip Fumigation1 September 2013 | Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 42, No. 5Steam as a Preplant Soil Disinfestant Tool in California Cut-flower ProductionHortTechnology, Vol. 23, No. 2Nematicidal effect of volatiles produced by Trichoderma sp.Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, Vol. 15, No. 4Advances in the Biology and Management of Monosporascus Vine Decline and Wilt of Melons and Other Cucurbits25 September 2012Evaluation of biocontrol agro-techniques against R. solani : study of microbial communities catabolic profile modifications24 January 2011 | The Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 149, No. 5Biocontrol efficiency of Fusarium wilt diseases by a root-colonizing fungus Penicillium sp.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 57, No. 2Reactive Films for Mitigating Methyl Bromide Emissions from Fumigated Soil22 February 2011 | Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 45, No. 6Reduction of Corky Root Infections on Greenhouse Tomato Crops by Soil Solarization in South ItalyA. Vitale, I. Castello, G. Cascone, A. D'Emilio, R. Mazzarella, and G. Polizzi7 January 2011 | Plant Disease, Vol. 95, No. 2Managing Nematodes Without Methyl BromideAnnual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 48, No. 1Effects of low temperature storage on growth and transplant quality of non-grafted and grafted cantaloupe-type muskmelon seedlingsScientia Horticulturae, Vol. 125, No. 1Characterisation of volatiles produced from Bacillus megaterium YFM3.25 and their nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita21 October 2009 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 126, No. 3Polyethylene Mulch Modifies Greenhouse Microclimate and Reduces Infection of Phytophthora infestans in Tomato and Pseudoperonospora cubensis in CucumberD. Shtienberg, Y. Elad, M. Bornstein, G. Ziv, A. Grava, and S. Cohen7 December 2009 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 100, No. 1IPM for Soilborne Disease Management for Vegetable and Strawberry Crops in SE USA21 August 2009Techniques for the treatment, removal and disposal of host material during programmes for plant pathogen eradicationPlant Pathology, Vol. 58, No. 4Potential use of biocontrol agents for control of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici in tomato cropsActa Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science, Vol. 59, No. 4Synthesis of Methyl Halides from Biomass Using Engineered Microbes20 April 2009 | Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, No. 182-D Simulation of Non-isothermal Fate and Transport of a Drip-applied Fumigant in Plastic-mulched Soil Beds. I. Model Development and Performance Investigation30 September 2008 | Transport in Porous Media, Vol. 78, No. 1The Use of AMF and PGPR Inoculants Singly and Combined to Promote Microplant Establishment, Growth and Health7 July 2009Characterisation of apple replant disease under South African conditions and potential biological management strategiesScientia Horticulturae, Vol. 119, No. 2Soil Solarization as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide Fumigation for Annual Strawberry Production in a Mediterranean AreaJournal of Sustainable Agriculture, Vol. 32, No. 2Effects of steam disinfestation on community structure, abundance and activity of heterotrophic, denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria in an organic farming soilSoil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 40, No. 7Evaluation of herbicides for selective weed control in grafted watermelonsPhytoparasitica, Vol. 36, No. 1Economic Evaluation of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for the Production of Tomatoes in North CarolinaHortTechnology, Vol. 18, No. 4Evaluation and identification of potential organic nematicidal volatiles from soil bacteriaSoil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 39, No. 10Solarização do solo em casa-de-vegetação e campo para o controle de Rhizoctonia solani AG-4Summa Phytopathologica, Vol. 33, No. 3Management of Soilborne Diseases in Strawberry Using Vegetable RotationsK. V. Subbarao, Z. Kabir, F. N. Martin, and S. T. Koike12 July 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 91, No. 8Resistance to root-knot nematode in tomato roots expressing a nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteinPlant Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 5, No. 4Annual Bluegrass (Poa Annua) Control in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis Stolonifera) Putting Greens with Bispyribac-sodiumWeed Technology, Vol. 21, No. 2In vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Some Biofungicides for Potato Fusarium Wilt BiocontrolInternational Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 2, No. 3Comparison of AMF and PGPR inoculants for the suppression of Verticillium wilt of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa cv. Selva)Applied Soil Ecology, Vol. 32, No. 3Grafting and calcium cyanamide as alternatives to methyl bromide for greenhouse eggplant productionScientia Horticulturae, Vol. 107, No. 4Performance of Galia-type melons grafted on to Cucurbita rootstock in Monosporascus cannonballus-infested and non-infested soilsAnnals of Applied Biology, Vol. 146, No. 3DISINFESTATIONCONTROL OF PLANT DISEASESCompost Amendments Decrease Verticillium dahliae Infection on PotatoCompost Science & Utilization, Vol. 13, No. 1Use of Plasticulture for Strawberry Plant ProductionSmall Fruits Review, Vol. 4, No. 1Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: control of sclerotinia disease in glasshouse lettucePlant Pathology, Vol. 53, No. 5Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogensCanadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 82, No. 8A novel non-chemical nematicide for the control of root-knot nematodesApplied Soil Ecology, Vol. 26, No. 1Effect of Soil Solarization, Chicken Litter and Viscera on Populations of Soilborne Fungal Pathogens and Pepper GrowthPlant Pathology Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from the Myrtaceae family and 1,8-cineole against 3 major stored-grain insectsJournal of Stored Products Research, Vol. 40, No. 5Effect of Biofumigation with Solarization and Larrea tridentata Extract on Soil-Borne Pathogens of Pepper PlantsBiological Agriculture & Horticulture, Vol. 22, No. 1Survival of the biocontrol agents Coniothyrium minitans and Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 introduced into pasteurised, sterilised and non-sterile soilsSoil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 35, No. 12Genetic basis of mycoparasitism: A mechanism of biological control by species of TrichodermaNew Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, Vol. 31, No. 4Replacing Methyl Bromide for Soil Disinfestation: The ltalian Experience and Implications for Other CountriesM. Lodovica Gullino, Andrea Camponogara, Giuliana Gasparrini, Valeria Rizzo, Corrado Clini, and Angelo Garibaldi23 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 87, No. 9D EVELOPMENT OF A LTERNATIVE S TRATEGIES FOR M ANAGEMENT OF S OILBORNE P ATHOGENS C URRENTLY C ONTROLLED WITH M ETHYL B ROMIDEAnnual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 41, No. 1Effect of Dazomet on Annual Bluegrass Emergence and Creeping Bentgrass Establishment in Turf Maintained as a Golf Course Fairway1 July 2003 | Crop Science, Vol. 43, No. 4Status of Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Pre-Plant Fumigation of SoilJ. M. Duniway22 February 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 92, No. 12Efficacy of preplant soil fumigation with chloropicrin for tomato production in ItalyCrop Protection, Vol. 21, No. 9Weakening and Delayed Mortality of Fusarium oxysporum by Heat Treatment: Flow Cytometry and Growth StudiesMenachem P. Assaraf, Chen Ginzburg, and Jaacov Katan22 February 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 92, No. 9Biocontrol of Cucumber Diseases in the Field by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria With and Without Methyl Bromide FumigationG. S. Raupach and J. W. Kloepper23 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 84, No. 10Wood Chip-Polyacrylamide Medium for Biocontrol Bacteria Decreases Verticillium dahliae Infection on Potato28 June 2010 | Biocontrol Science and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 5Physical and cultural methods for the management of soil-borne pathogensCrop Protection, Vol. 19, No. 8-10Toward Integrated Management of Monosporascus Wilt of Melons in IsraelRon Cohen, Shimon Pivonia, Yosef Burger, Menahem Edelstein, Abraham Gamliel, and Jaacov Katan23 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 84, No. 5Efficacy of methyl iodide and synergy with chloropicrin for control of fungi1 January 2000 | Pest Management Science, Vol. 56, No. 5Success in Biological Control of Plant Pathogens and Nematodes by MicroorganismsApplications of Atmospheric ChemistryEfficacy of Fluazinam in Suppression of Monosporascus cannonballus, the Causal Agent of Sudden Wilt of MelonsR. Cohen, S. Pivonia, D. Shtienberg, M. Edelstein, D. Raz, Z. Gerstl, and J. Katan23 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 83, No. 12Integrated Management of Sudden Wilt in Melons, Caused by Monosporascus cannonballus, Using Grafting and Reduced Rates of Methyl BromideM. Edelstein, R. Cohen, Y. Burger, S. Shriber, S. Pivonia, and D. Shtienberg23 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 83, No. 12Reduced dosages of methyl bromide applied under gas-impermeable plastic films for controlling soilborne pathogens of vegetable cropsCrop Protection, Vol. 18, No. 6Prospects for Composts and Biocontrol Agents as Substitutes for Methyl Bromide in Biological Control of Plant DiseasesCompost Science & Utilization, Vol. 7, No. 3One stop mycologyMycological Research, Vol. 103, No. 3Disinfestation of Soil and Growth MediaTomatoesImproved method of bench solarization for the control of soilborne diseases in basilCrop Protection, Vol. 17, No. 6Biocontrol of selected soilborne diseases of tomato and pepper plantsCrop Protection, Vol. 17, No. 6}, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Ristaino, JB and Thomas, W}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={964–977} }
 @article{gumpertz_graham_ristaino_1997, title={Autologistic Model of Spatial Pattern of Phytophthora Epidemic in Bell Pepper: Effects of Soil Variables on Disease Presence}, volume={2}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0344119314&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Gumpertz, M.L. and Graham, J.M. and Ristaino, J.B.}, year={1997}, pages={131–156} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_parra_campbell_1997, title={Effect of inoculum source type and cultural practices on the spread of Phytophthora capsici in bell pepper}, number={1997}, booktitle={Soil solarization and integrated management of soilborne pests: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Soil Solarization and Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic, 16-21 March 1997}, publisher={Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United}, author={Ristaino, J. B. and Parra, G. and Campbell, C. L.}, editor={J. J. Stapleton, J. E. DeVay and Elmore, C. L.Editors}, year={1997} }
 @inbook{gumpertz_larkin_ristaino_1997, title={Geostatistical applications in epidemiology}, booktitle={Exercises in plant disease epidemiology}, publisher={St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press}, author={Gumpertz, M. L. and Larkin, R. P. and Ristaino, J. B.}, editor={L. J. Francl and Neher, D. A.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={94–99} }
 @article{trout_ristaino_madritch_wangsomboondee_1997, title={Rapid detection of Phytophthora infestans in late blight-infected potato and tomato using PCR}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030804086&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1042}, abstractNote={ Late blight caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease of potato and tomato worldwide. A rapid and accurate method for specific detection of P. infestans is necessary for determination of late blight in infected fruit, leaves, and tubers. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from four isolates of P. infestans representing the four genotypes US1, US6, US7, and US8 was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the universal primers internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 4 and ITS5. PCR products were sequenced using an automated sequencer. Sequences were aligned with published sequences from 5 other Phytophthora species, and a region specific to P. infestans was used to construct a PCR primer (PINF). Over 140 isolates representing 14 species of Phytophthora and at least 13 other genera of fungi and bacteria were used to screen the PINF primer. PCR amplification with primers PINF and ITS5 results in amplification of an approximately 600 base pair product with only isolates of P. infestans from potato and tomato, as well as isolates of P. mirabilis and P. cactorum. P. mirabilis and P. cactorum are not pathogens of potato; however, P. cactorum is a pathogen of tomato. P. infestans and P. cactorum were differentiated by restriction digests of the amplified product. The PINF primer was used with a rapid NaOH lysis technique for direct PCR of P. infestans from infected tomato and potato field samples. The PINF primer will provide a valuable tool for detection of P. infestans in potatoes and tomatoes. }, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={The American Phytopathological Society}, author={Trout, CL and Ristaino, JB and Madritch, M and Wangsomboondee, T}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={1042–1048} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_perry_wu_1997, title={Recent advances in temperature predictive models for soil solarization}, booktitle={Second International Conference on Soil Solarization and Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests, Aleppo (Syria), 16-21 Mar 1997}, author={Ristaino, JB and Perry, KB and Wu, Y}, year={1997} }
 @inbook{gumpertz_ristaino_1997, title={Spatial autocorrelation: Methods for continuous variables}, booktitle={Exercises in plant disease epidemiology}, publisher={St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press}, author={Gumpertz, M. L. and Ristaino, J. B.}, editor={L. J. Francl and Neher, D. A.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={72–77} }
 @article{ristaino_parra_campbell_1997, title={Suppression of Phytophthora blight in bell pepper by a no-till wheat cover crop}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030897937&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.3.242}, abstractNote={ Four mechanisms of dispersal of propagules of Phytophthora capsici were investigated through modifications in cultural practices and fungicide applications in field plots of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). Dispersal of soil inoculum was suppressed, and final incidence of disease was 2.5 to 43% when stubble from a fall-sown, no-till, wheat cover crop was present. Final disease incidence was 71 to 72% and pathogen spread occurred within and across rows when all dispersal mechanisms were operative in plots of pepper planted into bare soil. Final disease incidence was 42 to 78% with black plastic mulch when a sporulating pepper fruit placed on the surface served as the source of initial inoculum. The fungicide metalaxyl applied in the irrigation system did not suppress within-row spread of surface inoculum from a sporulating fruit on plastic, but did limit across-row spread; final disease incidence in metalaxyl-treated plots was 11.5 to 14%. Pathogen dispersal mechanisms were modified most dramatically by the no-till cropping system. Thus, simple changes in cultural practices can have dramatic effects on the development of Phytophthora epidemics. Ecologically based disease management strategies have the potential to reduce our reliance on agrichemicals in this and similar pathosystems. }, number={3}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Am Phytopath Society}, author={Ristaino, JB and Parra, G and Campbell, CL}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={242–249} }
 @article{nakhro_dkhar_agbenin_goladi_allen_anderson_ingram_bending_putland_rayns_et al._1997, title={The soil-plate method for isolation of fungi from soil.}, volume={9}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Agronomy}, publisher={orgz}, author={Nakhro, N and Dkhar, MS and Agbenin, JO and Goladi, JT and Allen, SE and Anderson, JM and Ingram, JSI and Bending, GD and Putland, C and Rayns, F and et al.}, year={1997}, pages={17–24} }
 @inbook{ristaino_1996, place={Washington, DC}, title={Agriculture, Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Hole: Filling the Gaps}, booktitle={1996 Reports of the Environmental Science and Engineering Fellows Program}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science and United States Environmental Protection Agency}, author={Ristaino, J.B.}, year={1996}, pages={65–73} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_parra_campbell_1996, title={Effect of inoculum source type and cultural practices on the spread of Phytophthora capsici in bell pepper}, number={RESEARCH}, booktitle={Proceedings of the national pepper conference}, author={Ristaino, JB and Parra, G and Campbell, CL}, year={1996} }
 @article{wu_perry_ristaino_1996, title={Estimating temperature of mulched and bare soil from meteorological data}, volume={81}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030437209&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/0168-1923(95)02320-8}, abstractNote={In order to investigate the application potential for soil solarization in the southern US without conducting labor intensive field tests and expensive experiments, a numerical model has been developed to estimate the temperature profile of both mulched and bare soils. Atmospheric and soil conditions, as well as the transmissivity, reflectivity and emissivity of mulch are considered in the model. The required dynamic inputs are hourly measurements of global radiation, air temperature, dewpoint, wind speed and rainfall. The model was validated using hourly observations from 12 contiguous days of July 6–18, 1990 at the North Carolina State University Horticultural Crops Research Station near Clinton. Different weather occurred during the period. The model worked very well on both clear and rainy days except July 17 when large, rapid changes of the air temperature and solar radiation occurred. However, the percentages of the absolute differences less than 2.0°C between the hourly estimated and measured soil temperatures at 10, 20, and 30 cm were 89, 95 and 95 for mulched soil, and 94, 98 and 100 for bare soil, respectively. The correlation between estimated and measured temperatures yielded R-square values between 0.82 and 0.93. The model was very successful to satisfy the main objectives in this study. Model sensitivities to 23 parameters were analyzed. Relative sensitivity coefficients were higher for soil bulk density, quartz fraction, and mulch transmissivity to solar radiation, than for surface roughness length, soil clay fraction and mulch transmissivity to long wave radiation.}, number={3-4}, journal={Agricultural and Forest Meteorology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Wu, Y. and Perry, K.B. and Ristaino, J.B.}, year={1996}, pages={299–323} }
 @article{ristaino_perry_lumsden_1996, title={Soil solarization and Gliocladium virens reduce the incidence of southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) in bell pepper in the field}, volume={6}, ISSN={["0958-3157"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030301392&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/09583159631226}, abstractNote={The timing of solarization with clear plastic mulch in relation to the planting of pepper and the timing of soil amendment with a bran prill formulation of Gliocladium virens were evaluated for the control of southern blight and the survival of sclerotia of the pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii in bell pepper in the field. Solarization during crop growth increased the incidence of southern blight, and G. virens was not effective under the mulch. In addition, pepper yields were low when the soil was solarized during crop growth. In contrast, the solarization of fallow soil in raised beds for 6 weeks prior to crop growth significantly reduced disease incidence in the pepper crop. In addition, in 2 years, G. virens alone reduced southern blight in non-solarized soils and reduced the survival of sclerotia of S. rolfsii to depths of 30 cm at all locations in soil in both years. These data demonstrate two effective biological control strategies for the management of southern blight in the southeastern US.}, number={4}, journal={BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Taylor & Francis Group}, author={Ristaino, JB and Perry, KB and Lumsden, RD}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={583–593} }
 @book{fraser_shoemaker_ristaino_1995, title={Characterisation of Phytophthora infestans isolates from tomato and potato in Norther Carolina, USA, 1993-1995}, institution={Boole Press Ltd.}, author={Fraser, Dawn E and Shoemaker, PB and Ristaino, JB}, year={1995} }
 @article{larkin_ristaino_campbell_1995, title={Detection and quantification of Phytophthora capsici in soil}, volume={85}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029173961&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={10}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Larkin, R.P. and Ristaino, J.B. and Campbell, C.L.}, year={1995}, pages={1057–1063} }
 @article{larkin_ristaino_campbell_others_1995, title={Detection and quantification of Phytophthora capsici in soil}, volume={85}, number={10}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={[St. Paul, Minn., etc.: American Phytopathological Society]}, author={Larkin, Robert P and Ristaino, Jean B and Campbell, C Lee and others}, year={1995}, pages={1057–1063} }
 @article{larkin_gumpertz_ristaino_1995, title={Geostatistical analysis of Phytophthora epidemic development in commercial bell pepper fields}, volume={85}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029157859&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Larkin, R.P. and Gumpertz, M.L. and Ristaino, J.B.}, year={1995}, pages={191–203} }
 @article{hwang_kim_jones_stall_zitter_ristaino_johnstan_matheron_matajka_gisi_et al._1995, title={Inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 by polen and propolis extracts.}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={Plant Pathology Journal}, publisher={orgz}, author={Hwang, BK and Kim, CH and Jones, JB and Stall, RE and Zitter, TA and Ristaino, JB and Johnstan, SB and Matheron, ME and Matajka, JC and Gisi, U and et al.}, year={1995}, pages={221–227} }
 @article{ristaino_abad_ugent_1995, title={Tracking ancient epidemics: Survey of plant pathogens of preceramic Peru}, volume={150}, journal={Phytophthora infestans}, author={Ristaino, JB and Abad, ZG and Ugent, D}, year={1995}, pages={226–231} }
 @inproceedings{larkin_gumpertz_ristaino_1994, title={Geostatistical analysis of epidemic development caused by Phytophthora capsici in commercial bell pepper fields}, number={RESEARCH}, booktitle={National pepper conference; Proceedings}, author={Larkin, RP and Gumpertz, ML and Ristaino, JB}, year={1994} }
 @article{ristaino_lewis_lumsden_1994, title={INFLUENCE OF ISOLATES OF GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS ON BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL OF SOUTHERN BLIGHT ON CARROT AND TOMATO IN THE FIELD}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028133668&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/PD-78-0153}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted in the field from 1990 to 1992 to evaluate the influence of two isolates of the fungal antagonist Gliocladium virens and two delivery systems on the biological control of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on processing carrot and tomato. Two isolates of G. virenq (GL-3 and GL-21) in either a bran prill or vermiculite bran formulation, nonamended control formulations, and the fungicides PCNB (Terrachlor 75WP) or flutolanil (Moncut 50WP) were applied to separate plots infested with S. rolfsii arranged in a randomized complete block design. The incidence of southern blight in carrot was consistently reduced over 3 yr by both isolates of G. virens in the bran prill formulation when the antagonist was cultivated into soil on both sides of the row}, number={2}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={RISTAINO, JB and LEWIS, JA and LUMSDEN, RD}, year={1994}, month={Feb}, pages={153–156} }
 @article{king_harold lawrence_calhoun_ristaino_1994, title={Isolation and characterization of thaxtomin-type phytotoxins associated with Streptomyces ipomoeae}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001586976&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry}, author={King, R.R. and Harold Lawrence, C. and Calhoun, L.A. and Ristaino, J.B.}, year={1994}, pages={1791–1794} }
 @article{king_lawrence_calhoun_ristaino_1994, title={Isolation and characterization of thaxtomin-type phytotoxins associated with Streptomyces ipomoeae}, volume={42}, number={8}, journal={Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, publisher={American Chemical Society}, author={King, Russell R and Lawrence, C Harold and Calhoun, Larry A and Ristaino, Jean B}, year={1994}, pages={1791–1794} }
 @article{ristaino_larkin_campbell_1994, title={SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF DISEASE SYMPTOM EXPRESSION DURING PHYTOPHTHORA EPIDEMICS IN BELL PEPPER}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028189086&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/Phyto-84-1015}, abstractNote={Epidemics caused by Phytophthora capsici were monitored in three commercial fields of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) in order to characterize the spatial progression of symptom expression over rime and to provide evidence for possible mechanisms of inoculum dispersal. Spatial dynamics were characterized using two dimensional distance class analysis. Symptom expression was nonrandom in each field, and quadrats containing dead plants or plants with wilt, crown lesions, or stem lesions were clearly aggregated. Wilting preceded crown symptoms, suggesting that root infection and subsequent colonization to crowns of plants occurred most frequently. Large clusters of dead plants or plants with wilt or crown lesions were observed, and these clusters changed in size over time}, number={10}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={[St. Paul, Minn., etc.: American Phytopathological Society]}, author={RISTAINO, JB and LARKIN, RP and CAMPBELL, CL}, year={1994}, month={Oct}, pages={1015–1024} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_perry_lumsden_1994, title={Soil solarization and Gliocladium virens reduce the incidence of southern blight in bell pepper in the field}, number={RESEARCH}, booktitle={National pepper conference; Proceedings}, author={Ristaino, JB and Perry, KB and Lumsden, RD}, year={1994} }
 @article{miller_giddens_foster_1994, title={on Biological Control of Southern Blight on Carrot and Tomato in the Field}, volume={78}, number={2}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Miller, JH and Giddens, JE and Foster, AA}, year={1994}, pages={153} }
 @article{ristaino_1993, title={EFFECT OF RESISTANCE TO STREPTOMYCES-IPOMOEA ON DISEASE, YIELD, AND DRY-MATTER PARTITIONING IN SWEET-POTATO}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-77-0193}, number={2}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={RISTAINO, JB}, year={1993}, month={Feb}, pages={193–196} }
 @article{ristaino_others_1993, title={Effect of resistance to Streptomyces ipomoeae on disease, yield, and dry matter partitioning in sweetpotato.}, volume={77}, number={2}, journal={Plant disease}, author={Ristaino, JB and others}, year={1993}, pages={193–196} }
 @article{ristaino_1993, title={INFECTION OF SWEET-POTATO FIBROUS ROOTS BY STREPTOMYCES-IPOMOEAE - INFLUENCE OF SOIL-WATER POTENTIAL}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1879-3428"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38249004366&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/0038-0717(93)90025-7}, abstractNote={The effect of the matric component of soil water potential (Ψm) on infection of fibrous roots of sweetpotato (Ipomoeae batatas) cv. Jewel by Streptomyces ipomoeae and the influence of infection on water extraction by fibrous roots were examined. The severity of disease on fibrous roots was low in plants grown at constant Ψm of 0, −1.0 or −2.5J kg−1 in non-fumigated or fumigated soils infested with S. ipomoeae. Disease severity increased with decreasing Ψm and was greatest at Ψm of −7.5 to −20J kg−1. Growth of S. ipomoeae in water-filled pores and subsequent infection may have been limited at Ψm of 0, −1.0 and −2.5J kg−1. Root and shoot dry weights of sweetpotato were significantly lower in plants grown in infested soil than in non-infested soils at Ψm between −5 and −20J kg−1, but were not affected by disease at Ψm of 0, −1.0 or −2.5 J kg−1. The severity of disease on fibrous roots was low in plants drip-irrigated on a daily schedule, whereas the severity of disease on fibrous roots was significantly greater in plants irrigated on either a 4- or 6-day schedule. Total dry weights of roots were lower in plants grown for 4 weeks in infested than non-infested soil. However, total dry weights of roots were not affected by disease as compared to non-inoculated controls in plants grown for 8 weeks, thus suggesting that roots of cv. Jewel may be able to compensate for disease by production of additional root biomass in soil. Although root dry weight was not affected by disease in plants grown for 8 weeks, diseased plants extracted significantly less water from soil than healthy plants. Therefore, the effect of disease on water extraction from soil was not due solely to a reduction in root biomass. Limited growth of roots to inoculum in saturated soil, limited growth of the pathogen in saturated soil, or altered susceptibility of the host may explain the reduction of disease at high Ψm.}, number={2}, journal={SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY}, publisher={Pergamon}, author={RISTAINO, JB}, year={1993}, month={Feb}, pages={185–192} }
 @article{ristaino_larkin_campbell_1993, title={SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF PHYTOPHTHORA EPIDEMICS IN COMMERCIAL BELL PEPPER FIELDS}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027134395&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1094/Phyto-83-1312}, abstractNote={Epidemics in bell pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici were monitored in three commercial fields to characterize the spatial pattern of disease and to gain a preliminary indication of dispersal mechanisms that may influence spatial disease progress. Disease incidence increased from 3.8 to 35.8% and from 13.6 to 38.5%, and the final percentage of quadrats with plants with wilt, crown lesions, stem lesions, or dead plants was 15.8, 16.8, 15.5, and 15.3 in field one and 16.5, 23.5, 10.5, and 31 in field two, respectively. In field three, disease incidence increased from 15.9 to 22.6% in the upper portion of the field and from 53.1 to 67.3% in the lower portion of the field [...]}, number={12}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={RISTAINO, JB and LARKIN, RP and CAMPBELL, CL}, year={1993}, month={Dec}, pages={1312–1320} }
 @article{ristaino_larkin_campbell_1993, title={Spatial and temporal dynamics of Phytophthora epidemics in commercial bell pepper fields}, volume={83}, number={12}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={[St. Paul, Minn., etc.: American Phytopathological Society]}, author={Ristaino, Jean B and Larkin, Robert P and Campbell, C Lee}, year={1993}, pages={1312–1320} }
 @article{ristaino_averre_1992, title={EFFECTS OF FIBROUS ROOT INFECTION BY STREPTOMYCES IPOMOEA ON YIELD OF SWEETPOTATO.}, volume={27}, number={11}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Ristaino, Jean B and Averre, Charles}, year={1992}, pages={1165c–1165} }
 @article{ristaino_averre_1992, title={EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION, SULFUR, AND FUMIGATION ON STREPTOMYCES SOIL ROT AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SWEET-POTATO}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/Phyto-82-670}, abstractNote={The effect of fibrous root infection by Streptomyces ipomoea on disease on storage roots and production of marketable yield in the susceptible sweetpotato cultivar Jewel was evaluated in replicated field studies conducted over 3 yr. Levels of disease were manipulated by soil treatments with drip irrigation (main plots), reduction of soil pH with sulfur (subplots), and soil fumigation with Telone C-17 (sub-subplots). Sweetpotatoes were grown in a field with natural inoculum of S. ipomoea in 1 yr or were artificially infested in other years (...)}, number={6}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={RISTAINO, JB and AVERRE, CW}, year={1992}, month={Jun}, pages={670–677} }
 @article{hord_ristaino_1992, title={Effect of the matric component of soil water potential on infection of pepper seedlings in soil infested with oospores of Phytophthora capsici.}, volume={82}, number={7}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Hord, MJ and Ristaino, JB}, year={1992}, pages={792–798} }
 @article{ristaino_averre_others_1992, title={Effects of irrigation, sulfur, and fumigation on streptomyces soil rot and yield components in sweetpotato.}, volume={82}, number={6}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Ristaino, JB and Averre, CW and others}, year={1992}, pages={670–676} }
 @article{ristaino_hord_gumpertz_1992, title={POPULATION-DENSITIES OF PHYTOPHTHORA-CAPSICI IN FIELD SOILS IN RELATION TO DRIP IRRIGATION, RAINFALL, AND DISEASE INCIDENCE}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-76-1017}, abstractNote={Population dynamics of Phytophthora capsici were monitored in artificially infested plots in fields planted with bell peppers (Capsicum annuum). Plots were drip-irrigated on either a more frequent (three times per week) or a less frequent (one or two times after infestation) schedule and were infested with one of three levels of inoculum or left uninfested. Pathogen population densities increased and then decreased over time in each field. In a field with moderate rainfall, plots had population densities of 0, 5, 18, and 41 cfu/g of dry soil at the time of infestation (.)}, number={10}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={RISTAINO, JB and HORD, MJ and GUMPERTZ, ML}, year={1992}, month={Oct}, pages={1017–1024} }
 @book{ristaino_hord_gumpertz_1992, title={Population densities of Phytophthora capsici in field soils in relation to drip irrigation, rainfall, and disease incidence}, author={Ristaino, JB and Hord, MJ and Gumpertz, ML}, year={1992} }
 @article{ristaino_perry_lumsden_1991, title={EFFECT OF SOLARIZATION AND GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS ON SCLEROTIA OF SCLEROTIUM-ROLFSII, SOIL MICROBIOTA, AND THE INCIDENCE OF SOUTHERN BLIGHT OF TOMATO}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/Phyto-81-1117}, abstractNote={Soil solarization in combination with the introduction of the fungal antagonist Gliocladium virens was evaluated as a potential disease management strategy for control of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on tomatoes in North Carolina. Highest soil temperatures measured during the solarization period in 1988 and 1990 were 41 and 49 C, respectively, whereas maximum differences in soil temperature between plots that were solarized and plots that were not solarized were 9 C in 1988 and 14 C in 1990 (...)}, number={10}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={RISTAINO, JB and PERRY, KB and LUMSDEN, RD}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={1117–1124} }
 @article{ristaino_perry_lumsden_others_1991, title={Effect of solarization and Gliocladium virens on sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii, soil microbiota, and the incidence of southern blight of tomato.}, volume={81}, number={10}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Ristaino, JB and Perry, KB and Lumsden, RD and others}, year={1991}, pages={1117–1124} }
 @article{hord_ristaino_1991, title={Effects of physical and chemical factors on the germination of oospores of Phytophthora capsici in vitro.}, volume={81}, number={12}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Hord, MJ and Ristaino, JB}, year={1991}, pages={1541–1546} }
 @article{ristaino_1991, title={INFLUENCE OF RAINFALL, DRIP IRRIGATION, AND INOCULUM DENSITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT AND CROWN ROT EPIDEMICS AND YIELD IN BELL PEPPER}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/Phyto-81-922}, abstractNote={Peppers (Capsicum annuum) were grown in three fields in which main plots were irrigated either on a more frequent or less frequent basis. Soil in subplots was left uninfested or was infested 5-6 wk after transplanting with one of three inoculum densities of Phytophthora capsici. In the Clayton field in 1988, where rainfall was low (16 cm), disease onset occurred 26 days after infestation in plots that were drip irrigated more frequently, whereas disease onset occurred 39 days after infestation in plots that were drip irrigated less frequently (...)}, number={8}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={RISTAINO, JB}, year={1991}, month={Aug}, pages={922–929} }
 @article{ristaino_respess_sullivan_whittington_1991, title={Influence of rainfall, drip irrigation, and inoculum density on the development of Phytophthora root and crown rot epidemics and yield in bell pepper}, volume={81}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Ristaino, JB and Respess, K and Sullivan, T and Whittington, D}, year={1991}, pages={922–929} }
 @article{ristaino_averre_abad_jester_1991, title={Occurrence of sweetpotato chlorotic distortion (Fusarium lateritium) in North Carolina}, volume={75}, number={7}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Ristaino, J. B. and Averre, C. W. and Abad, G. and Jester, W. R.}, year={1991}, pages={750} }
 @article{ristaino_duniway_1991, title={The impact of phytophthora root rot on water extraction from soil by roots of field-grown processing tomatoes}, volume={116}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Ristaino, JB and Duniway, JM}, year={1991}, pages={603–608} }
 @article{ristaino_1990, title={INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION AMONG ISOLATES OF PHYTOPHTHORA-CAPSICI FROM PEPPER AND CUCURBIT FIELDS IN NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/Phyto-80-1253}, abstractNote={Phytophthora capsici was isolated from seven pepper and seven cucurbit fields in North Carolina. The relative virulence of the isolates was tested on pepper (Capsicum annuum), morphological characteristics of sporangia and oospores were evaluated, and mating type and growth response to temperature were determined. All pepper and some cucurbit isolates of P. capsici were highly virulent on pepper, whereas other cucurbit isolates were less virulent on pepper. Sporangia of cucurbit isolates were greater than 55 μm in length and were less variable in length than sporangia of pepper isolates (...)}, number={11}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={RISTAINO, JB}, year={1990}, month={Nov}, pages={1253–1259} }
 @article{ristaino_others_1990, title={Intraspecific variation among isolates of Phytophthora capsici from pepper and cucurbit fields in North Carolina.}, volume={80}, number={11}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Ristaino, JB and others}, year={1990}, pages={1253–1259} }
 @book{ristaino_duniway_1989, title={Effect of preinoculation and postinoculation water stress on the severity of Phytophthora root rot in processing tomatoes}, author={Ristaino, JB and Duniway, JM}, year={1989} }
 @article{ristaino_duniway_marois_1989, title={Phytophthora root rot and irrigation schedule influence growth and phenology of processing tomatoes}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (USA)}, author={Ristaino, JB and Duniway, JM and Marois, JJ}, year={1989} }
 @article{kumar_srivastava_srivastava_sinha_agarwal_chauhan_anastasi_varese_marchisio_badale_et al._1988, title={Effect of traditional and biodynamic farmyard manure amendment on yields, soil chemical, biochemical and biological properties in a long-term field experiment.}, volume={4}, number={2}, journal={Asian Journal of Plant Pathology}, publisher={orgz}, author={Kumar, Ravindra and Srivastava, Seweta and Srivastava, Manisha and Sinha, Asha and Agarwal, AK and Chauhan, S and Anastasi, A and Varese, GC and Marchisio, VF and Badale, SB and et al.}, year={1988}, pages={603–610} }
 @article{beagle-ristaino_1988, title={INFLUENCE OF FURROW IRRIGATION SCHEDULE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT AND THE EFFECTS OF ROOT ROT ON THE WATER RELATIONS, GROWTH, PHENOLOGY, AND YIELD OF PROCESSING TOMATOES IN THE FIELD.}, author={Beagle-Ristaino, Jean Elaine}, year={1988} }
 @article{ristaino_duniway_marois_1988, title={Influence of frequency and duration of furrow irrigation on the development of Phytophthora root rot and yield in processing tomatoes}, journal={Phytopathology (USA)}, author={Ristaino, JB and Duniway, JM and Marois, JJ}, year={1988} }
 @article{beagle-ristaino_papavizas_1985, title={Biological control of Rhizoctonia stem canker and black scurf of potato.}, volume={75}, number={5}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Beagle-Ristaino, JE and Papavizas, GC}, year={1985}, pages={560–564} }
 @inproceedings{metabolite produced by talaromyces-flavus reduces viability of microsclerotia of verticillium-dahliae invitro and in soil_1985, volume={75}, number={5}, booktitle={Phytopathology}, year={1985}, pages={625–625} }
 @article{beagle-ristaino_papavizas_1985, title={Survival and proliferation of propagules of Trichoderma ssp. and Gliocladium virens in soil and in plant rhizospheres.}, volume={75}, number={6}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Beagle-Ristaino, JE and Papavizas, GC}, year={1985}, pages={729–732} }
 @article{papavizas_dunn_lewis_beagle-ristaino_1984, title={Liquid fermentation technology for experimental production of biocontrol fungi.}, volume={74}, number={10}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Papavizas, GC and Dunn, MT and Lewis, JA and Beagle-Ristaino, J}, year={1984}, pages={1171–1175} }
 @article{ristaino_rissler_1983, title={Early events of pathogenesis of zoospores of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. Glycinea on resistant and susceptible soybean roots [Scanning electron microscopy].}, journal={Newsletter Electron Microscope Central Facility}, author={Ristaino, JB and Rissler, JF}, year={1983} }
 @article{beagle-ristaino_rissler_1983, title={Effect of Rhizobium japonicum nodulation on severity of Phytophthora root rot of soybean.}, volume={67}, number={6}, journal={Plant disease}, author={Beagle-Ristaino, JE and Rissler, JF}, year={1983}, pages={651–654} }
 @article{beagle-ristaino_rissler_1983, title={Histopathology of susceptible and resistant soybean roots inoculated with zoospores of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea.}, volume={73}, number={4}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Beagle-Ristaino, Jean E and Rissler, Jane F}, year={1983}, pages={590–595} }
 @article{kurt_katan_gamliel_stapleton_coelho_chellemi_mitchell_taylor_gamliel_austerweil_et al._1981, title={Solarization: An Implementable Alternative for Soil Disinfestation.}, volume={3}, number={2}, journal={Plant Pathology Journal}, publisher={orgz}, author={Kurt, Sener and Katan, J and Gamliel, A and Stapleton, JJ and Coelho, L and Chellemi, DO and Mitchell, DJ and Taylor, R and Gamliel, A and Austerweil, M and et al.}, year={1981}, pages={211–236} }
 @article{mathur_vyas_abdel-gawad_el-shouny_saleh_ahmed_abdel-wahed_amin_ali_abdel-wahed_et al._1980, title={Plant growth-promoting brassinosteroids.}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Agricultural Research}, publisher={orgz}, author={Mathur, Nishi and Vyas, Anil and Abdel-Gawad, AA and El-Shouny, KA and Saleh, SA and Ahmed, MA and Abdel-Wahed, MS and Amin, AA and Ali, ZA and Abdel-Wahed, MSA and et al.}, year={1980}, pages={201–215} }
 @article{windels_councilor-at-large_powelson_councilor-at-large_cline_loper_tally_chase_culbreath_lipps_et al., title={Agriculture Biotechnology Research Advisory Committee, CSRS: D. Coplin}, author={Windels, CE and Councilor-at-Large, Intermediate and Powelson, ML and Councilor-at-Large, Junior and Cline, MN and Loper, JE and Tally, A and Chase, AR and Culbreath, AK and Lipps, PE and et al.} }
 @article{parra_ristaino, title={Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA}, author={PARRA, G and RISTAINO, JB} }
 @article{ristaino_campbell_parra_gumpertz, title={Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; 2 Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA}, author={RISTAINO, JB and CAMPBELL, CL and PARRA, G and GUMPERTZ, ML} }
 @article{ristaino_blanco, title={GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG ISOLATES OF PERONOSPORA TABACINA FROM TOBACCO}, journal={NCSU Phytotron}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Blanco, Monica}, pages={70} }
 @article{ristaino, title={Grace Marion Waterhouse}, author={Ristaino, Jean Beagle} }
 @article{ristaino, title={Intraspecific Variation Among Isolates of Phytophthora capsici from Pepper}, author={Ristaino, JB} }
 @article{ristaino_guo, title={PROTOCOL 01-03.1: Isolation of Phytophthora infestans from tomato fruit}, author={Ristaino, Jean and Guo, L} }
 @article{ristaino, title={PROTOCOL 06-04.1: DNA extraction from plant material or mycelium using IsoCode Stixs or FTA cards}, author={Ristaino, Jean} }
 @article{ristaino, title={PROTOCOL 06-06.1: Phytophthora DNA extraction and amplification from dried plant or herbarium samples}, author={Ristaino, Jean} }
 @article{ivors_jeffers_shew_tooley_hansen_ristaino_werres_bonants, title={PROTOCOL 07-03.1: PARP (H)-CMA}, author={Ivors, Kelly and Jeffers, Steve and Shew, David and Tooley, Paul and Hansen, Everett and Ristaino, Jean and Werres, Sabine and Bonants, Peter} }
 @article{ristaino, title={PROTOCOL 07-13.1: V8 rye agar}, author={Ristaino, Jean} }
 @article{ristaino, title={PROTOCOL 07-15.1: Rye B agar}, author={Ristaino, Jean} }
 @article{ristaino, title={PROTOCOL 07-18.1: Fresh lima bean agar}, author={Ristaino, Jean} }
 @article{beagle-ristaino, title={Papavizas/GC 1985}, volume={75}, journal={Biological control of Rhizoctonia stem canker and black scurf of potato. Phytopathology}, author={Beagle-Ristaino, JE}, pages={560–564} }
 @article{lee_ristaino_heitman, title={Parallels in intercellular communication in oomycete and fungal}, author={Lee, Soo Chan and Ristaino, Jean B and Heitman, Joseph} }
 @article{schumann_d’arcy_ristaino, title={Symptoms and Signs}, author={Schumann, Gail L and D’Arcy, Cleora J and Ristaino, Jean} }
 @article{beagle—ristaino_papavizas, title={and Gh'ocladr’um virens in Soil and in Plant Rhizospheres}, author={Beagle—Ristaino, JE and Papavizas, GC} }