@article{tsai_wilson_reyes_2022, title={Using illustrated system analysis for qualitative risk assessment of emptying of pit latrines}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2296-665X"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1033877}, DOI={10.3389/fenvs.2022.1033877}, abstractNote={Pit latrines as the primary means of sanitation for billions of people. Fecal sludge must be removed regularly when pit latrines fill up, and the workers who empty these latrines are essential service providers. Pit latrine emptying services and approaches are highly variable, ranging from highly trained teams using vacuum trucks with a suite of personal protective equipment to individuals with no protection using simple manual tools like buckets and shovels. While national governments and nonprofits endeavor to make pit latrine emptying safer, the people making day-to-day decisions such as local pit emptying associations, sanitation businesses, utilities, and local governments have limited resources to evaluate how different emptying practices vary in terms of risk. In this paper we describe the development of an open-source Illustrated System Analysis tool for the fecal sludge management community. This tool can be used in conjunction with a simple risk assessment matrix to help decision makers describe, compare, and prioritize risks for mitigation. We demonstrate this process by outlining how a pit emptying team can compare mechanical and manual emptying with respect to ingestion of fecal material and inhalation of fecal bioaerosols. Illustrated System Analysis can be a tool to analyze fecal sludge management systems, and the associated challenges and opportunities so that they could be understood and referenced by the wider public and used to spark innovation. We provide a library of graphics freely under creative commons.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Tsai, Jocelyn and Wilson, Noel and Reyes, Francis L. L.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{portiolli_rogers_beckwith_tsai_ole-moiyoi_wilson_reyes_2021, title={Development of trash exclusion for mechanized pit latrine emptying}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2053-1419"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EW00383F}, DOI={10.1039/d1ew00383f}, abstractNote={The trash-excluding attachment (Excluder) can be connected to a custom vacuum (such as the Flexcrevator), a vacuum truck, or a sludge pump. The system allows the mechanized emptying of pit latrines with high levels of trash without manual “fishing”.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Portiolli, Giovanna F. and Rogers, Tate W. and Beckwith, Walter and Tsai, Jocelyn and ole-MoiYoi, Payan and Wilson, Noel and Reyes, Francis L., III}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{greene_hennessy_rogers_tsai_reyes_2021, title={The role of emptying services in provision of safely managed sanitation: A classification and quantification of the needs of LMICs}, volume={290}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112612}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112612}, abstractNote={Classifications for onsite sanitation in terms of facility type (septic tanks, pit latrines) exist, but connecting these facilities to the wider sanitation value chain via improved containment, emptying, and collection has not been well explored. Using existing Joint Monitoring Programme facility classifications and secondary data on piped water access, a Service Typology was developed to classify and quantify the primary emptying service needs of household level onsite sanitation facilities. Facilities in six Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) regions were classified as Emptiable (faecal sludge can be removed either via Mechanized or Non-Mechanized means) or Unemptiable. Of the 722 million household level sanitation facilities assessed in these regions, 32% were found to be emptiable via Mechanized means, 50% via Non-Mechanized means and 18% were found to be Unemptiable pits. The volume (by number of facilities) and density (as a proportion of the full population) of each service type were estimated by SDG region and by country. Results from this study provide background data on the role of emptying sanitation facilities in achieving SDG6, and can be incorporated into investment priorities, policy framing, technology development, infrastructure development, and targeted behaviour change strategies.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Greene, Nicola and Hennessy, Sarah and Rogers, Tate W. and Tsai, Jocelyn and Reyes, Francis L., III}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }