@article{evans_garlich_stark_grimes_2021, title={The effect of feed processing of novel unheated, low trypsin inhibitor soybeans on the performance of young female turkeys reared from hatch to 21 days of age}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2021.101399}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of a novel low trypsin inhibitor soybean (LTI) fed as mash or crumbled pellet form on the productive performance and digestibility in turkey poults from hatch to 21 d. A total of 336 Hybrid Converter turkey poults were allocated in groups of 7 to 6 treatments, each with 8 replicate cages. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with inclusion level of the low trypsin-inhibitor soybean (0, 20, and 40% LTI) and feed form (mash and crumbled pellet). A single batch of feed was mixed for each inclusion level and divided into 2 aliquots: one remaining as mash and the other conditioned at 82°C for approximately 30 s, pelleted and then crumbled. On d 7, 14, and 21 posthatching, BW, and feed intake (FI) were recorded and BW gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated. Excreta samples were collected from d 19 to 21 and pooled by cage. At d 21, intestines were excised, pancreas weights recorded (PRW), and ileal contents collected. There were no interactions (linear, P > 0.05) between LTI inclusion and feed form on BW, BWG, FI, or FCR at d 7 or 21. Increasing LTI resulted in a linear reduction in BW at 7, 14, and 21 d (P < 0.006). Poults fed crumbles were significantly heavier at d 21 than those fed mash feed (P < 0.027) with no interaction of LTI level with feed form. FCR was not significantly greater with increasing LTI. However, poults fed crumbles had a better, lower FCR that those fed mash feed from d 0 to 21 (P < 0.018). There was a significant interaction between feed form and LTI level at 14 d (P < 0.031), but not 7 or 21 d. Pancreatic hypertrophy (PRW) increased linearly with increasing LTI (P < 0.001) with a significant linear interaction with feed form (P < 0.001). Poults fed crumbles had less pancreatic hypertrophy. At 21 d of age, dietary fat digestibility (ALD, %) was linearly reduced with increasing LTI (P < 0.001). However, poults fed crumbles had significantly better fat absorption than poults fed mash (91.2 vs. 85.8%) (P < 0.001), and there was a significant linear interaction between feed form and LTI level (P < 0.001). AMEn was significantly better for the poults fed crumbles compared to mash (3228 vs. 3132 kcal/kg) (P < 0.001), and there was a significant linear interaction between feed form and LTI level (P < 0.001). Based on the results this trial, it is possible to include up to 20% unheated full fat LTI soybeans into poult starter diets after pelleting. Pelleting improves nutrient utilization, allowing for greater incorporation of the LTI soybean in the crumbled diet compared to the mash diet.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Evans, C. E. and Garlich, J. D. and Stark, C. R. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{evans_garlich_barasch_stark_fahrenholz_grimes_2019, title={The Effects of Miscanthus Grass as a Bedding Source and the Dietary Inclusion of Unheated, Low-Trypsin Inhibitor Soybeans on the Performance of Commercial Tom Turkeys Reared to Market Age}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfz060}, abstractNote={SUMMARY A study was conducted to evaluate bedding source and the inclusion of rolled, unheated soybeans on the growth performance of male turkeys when reared to market age. Pine shavings are the most common poultry bedding material, however recently, increased marketplace competition has significantly reduced its availability and necessitated the need for economical alternatives. Additionally, the development of new varieties of soybeans with low levels of antinutritional factors have created an opportunity for dietary inclusion with minimal processing. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of Miscanthus grass as an alternative to pine shavings litter and to evaluate 2 novel, low trypsin inhibitor soybean varieties as a potential ingredient for turkeys. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design with main effects of litter type (Miscanthus grass or pine shavings) and dietary treatment. Diets were defined based on the soy protein source: LO (novel, unheated low oligosaccharide and trypsin inhibitor soybean), LT (novel, unheated low trypsin inhibitor soybean), SBM (commercial solvent extracted soybean meal), or CB (unheated conventional soybeans). Bedding type did not affect BW gain or feed intake at market, however, a tendency for improved FCR was observed when turkeys were raised on Miscanthus grass (P = 0.073). Turkey toms fed diets containing low trypsin inhibitor soybeans had improved BW gain and feed intake with a lower overall FCR compared to turkeys fed diets containing conventional raw whole soybeans. Therefore, there was improved digestibility of the novel soybean lines. Nutrient utilization of the novel low trypsin inhibitor soybeans, however, remained inferior to diets containing solvent extracted soybean meal, which yielded the heaviest BW and lowest FCR with similar feed intake to the low trypsin inhibitor soybean diets.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Evans, C. E. and Garlich, J. D. and Barasch, I. B. and Stark, C. R. and Fahrenholz, A. C. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={982–996} }
 @article{wang_garlich_shih_2006, title={Beneficial effects of versazyme, a keratinase feed additive, on body weight, feed conversion, and breast yield of broiler chickens}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/15.4.544}, abstractNote={Abstract Versazyme (VZ) is a keratinase-based feed additive. Broiler diets were formulated with low (95%), medium (100%), or high (105%) CP and amino acid levels relative to US Poultry Industry Reporting Service averages (2003). In each diet, amino acid minimums were maintained relative to the percentage of CP. The protein levels were as follows: starter—21, 22, 23%; grower—19, 20, 21%; finisher—17, 18, 19%; and withdrawal—16, 17, 18%. Mixed sex broilers 0 to 48 d of age were fed the 3 protein levels with and without VZ (0.10%) in a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. Statistical main effects indicated 48-d BW was greater on the high protein diets (2.42 kg) compared with low protein (2.36 kg), with the medium protein diet being intermediate (2.40 kg). Overall, VZ significantly (P}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Wang, J. J. and Garlich, J. D. and Shih, J. C. H.}, year={2006}, pages={544–550} }
 @article{fasina_classen_garlich_black_ferket_uni_olkowski_2006, title={Response of turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 2. Effect on intestinal development and lymphoid organs}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/85.5.870}, abstractNote={Lectins are capable of altering intestinal morphology by binding to and disrupting the intestinal brush border membrane. They are also known to alter the weight of lymphoid organs. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of soybean lectin (SBL) on intestinal morphology and lymphoid organ weights of poults fed diets containing SBL. Dietary treatments evaluated in this study included a cornstarch and casein-based control (lectin-free) semipurified diet (PD) and semipurified diets containing 0.024 or 0.048% SBL (PDL and PDH, respectively). Experimental diets were fed from hatch to 14 d. Morphological evaluation of the intestine involved measurement of the villi height and perimeter, crypt depth, villus:crypt, and thickness of the muscle layer in the jejunum. Intestinal physical characteristics were also determined by measuring intestinal weight, length, and volume. Results indicated that 0.048% SBL in PDH increased villus:crypt and reduced total intestinal length in turkey poults. In addition, both the 0.024 and 0.048% dietary SBL levels reduced thymus weights. It was concluded that dietary SBL up to 0.048% enhanced intestinal development by increasing villus:crypt, but might alter the structural integrity of lymphoid organs.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fasina, YO and Classen, HL and Garlich, JD and Black, BL and Ferket, PR and Uni, Z and Olkowski, AA}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={870–877} }
 @article{odetallah_wang_garlich_shih_2005, title={Versazyme supplementation of broiler diets improves market growth performance}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.6.858}, abstractNote={Day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 32 floor pens in a completely randomized block design and grown to 6 wk of age. Birds in experiment 1 were fed 1 of 2 basal diets supplemented with or without a protease containing feed additive, Versazyme (VZ). The 4 treatments were 1) control (C), a corn-soybean meal diet that contained 95% of amino acids recommended by NRC except for threonine and isoleucine; 2) C + 0.1% VZ (wt/wt) (C+) in the starter diet only; 3) high (HP) amino acid diet, a corn-soybean meal diet with 100 to 105% of amino acid recommended by NRC except for threonine and isoleucine; and 4) HP + 0.1% VZ (wt/wt) (HP+) in starter diet only. Supplementing both diets with VZ improved BW and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 21 d of age and BW at 42 d of age. Cumulative 42-d FCR was only improved in birds fed the HP+ diet. Birds in experiment 2 received the following treatments: 1) HP, 2) HP + 0.1% VZ batch A (wt/wt) (A) in starter diet only, and 3) HP + 0.1% VZ batch B (wt/wt) (B) in starter diet only. Enzyme supplementation improved 22-d BW and FCR. There was no significant difference in BW at 43 d of age. Both A and B improved overall FCR (1.758 and 1.751 vs. 1.79 for A and B vs. HP, respectively). In conclusion, supplementation of starter broiler diets with VZ resulted in improved market growth performance.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Odetallah, NH and Wang, JJ and Garlich, JD and Shih, JCH}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={858–864} }
 @article{hadri_garlich_qureshi_ferket_odetallah_2004, title={Glucose and electrolyte supplementation of drinking water improve the immune responses of poults with inanition}, volume={83}, DOI={10.1093/ps/83.5.803}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Enteric disorders predispose poultry to malnutrition. The objectives of this paper were 1) to simulate the inanition of poult enteritis mortality syndrome by restricting feed intake and 2) to develop a drinking water supplement that supports the immune functions of poults with inanition.
 Poults were restricted to 14 g of feed/d for 7 d beginning at 14 d of age then fed ad libitum until 36 d (recovery). The control was fed ad libitum. During the feed-restriction period, duplicate groups of 6 poults received 1 of 5 drinking water treatments: 1) restricted feed, unsupplemented water; 2) restricted feed + electrolytes (RE); 3) RE + glucose + citric acid (REGC); 4) REGC + betaine (REGCB); or 5) REGCB + zinc-methionine (REGCBZ). Immunological functions were assessed by inoculating poults with SRBC and B. abortus (BA) antigen at 15, 22, and 29 d of age. Antibody (Ab) titers were determined 7 d later for primary, secondary, and recovery responses. The primary and secondary total Ab titers to SRBC for restricted feed were 4.71 and 6.16 log3, which where lower (P < 0.05) than for controls (8.00 and 9.66 log3) and the other treatments. The recovery Ab titer for controls was 10.7, significantly higher than restricted feed (8.71) and RE (8.10) groups but not different from other treatments. The primary total Ab responses to BA were significantly lower in the restricted feed and RE groups as compared with the control and other treatments. Although feed restriction of poults to maintenance reduces the humoral immune responses, these responses can be significantly improved by drinking water containing electrolytes and especially sources of energy such as glucose and citric acid.
 
}, number={5}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Hadri, L. El and Garlich, J. D. and Qureshi, M. A. and Ferket, Peter and Odetallah, N. H.}, year={2004}, pages={803–809} }
 @misc{fasina_swaisgood_garlich_classen_2004, title={Rebuttal on a semi-pilot-scale procedure for isolating and purifying soybean (Glycine max) lectin}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0021-8561"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf0401367}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCorrespondenceNEXTRebuttal on A Semi-Pilot-Scale Procedure for Isolating and Purifying Soybean (Glycine max) LectinYewande O. Fasina, Harold E. Swaisgood, Jim D. Garlich, and Henry L. ClassenView Author Information Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849; Departments of Food Science and Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; and Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, CanadaCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 10, 3209Publication Date (Web):April 20, 2004Publication History Received16 March 2004Published online20 April 2004Published inissue 1 May 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf0401367https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0401367article-commentaryACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views207Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (20 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Chromatography,Organic polymers,Peptides and proteins,Purification,Separation science Get e-Alerts}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Fasina, YO and Swaisgood, HE and Garlich, JD and Classen, HL}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={3209–3209} }
 @article{fasina_garlich_classen_ferket_havenstein_grimes_qureshi_christensen_2004, title={Response of turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 1. Effect on growth and nutrient digestibility}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/83.9.1559}, abstractNote={Lectins are known to bind to the intestinal brush border membrane and induce antinutritional effects such as disruption of the brush border membrane (BBM) and reduced nutrient digestibility in laboratory rodents. Because soybean lectin (SBL) is usually present in poult starter diets, 2 similar experiments with starting turkey poults were conducted to investigate the effects of purified SBL on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Experimental diets were a corn starch-casein based control (lectin-free) semipurified diet (PD), semipurified diets containing 0.024 or 0.048% soybean lectin (PDL, PDH), and a corn-soybean meal diet (SBD). Experimental diets were fed from hatch to 14 d. Antibodies specific for soybean lectin were detected in the serum of poults fed the PDL and PDH diets, implying that the SBL in these diets remained active in the digestive tract. Poults fed the control PD or SBD grew equally well. The 0.024% SBL level in PDL had no significant detrimental effect on any parameters assessed in the 2 experiments. In contrast, the 0.048% SBL level in the PDH gave inconsistent results for feed efficiency (FE) and brush border enzyme levels. For instance, on d 6 in experiment 2, poults fed the PDH had poorer FE (P < 0.05) compared with the control PD treatment, but had similar FE to poults fed the PD in experiment 1. In conclusion, SBL present at levels up to 0.024% of the diet would not cause antinutritional effect in turkey poults up to 2 wk of age.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fasina, YO and Garlich, JD and Classen, HL and Ferket, PR and Havenstein, GB and Grimes, JL and Qureshi, MA and Christensen, VL}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={1559–1571} }
 @article{fasina_classen_garlich_swaisgood_clare_2003, title={Investigating the possibility of monitoring lectin levels in commercial soybean meals intended for poultry feeding using steam-heated soybean meal as a model}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.4.648}, abstractNote={Native soybean lectins (SBL) could potentially have deleterious effects on young animals. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum processing temperature and time at which SBL is inactivated and to investigate the possibility of using urease activity (UA) to predict residual lectin levels in soybean meal (SBM). Raw defatted SBM was steam-heated at incremental temperatures between 90 and 120 degrees C for 5 to 20 min in an autoclave. The processed meals were subjected to native-PAGE and measurement of total carbohydrate-binding lectin (TCBL), agglutinating lectin (AL), UA, and trypsin inhibitor (TI). Processing severity was evaluated by determining protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide. Results indicated that levels of all antinutrients (TCBL, AL, UA, and TI) decreased with increasing processing temperature (P < 0.05). The intensity of the lectin band on the electrophoresis gel was considerably reduced when meal was heated at 100 degrees C for 5 min. This result implied that lectin inactivation occurred at 100 degrees C. More than 90% of all the original antinutrient levels in the raw meal were destroyed when meals were heated at 100 degrees C for 5 min. Meals processed at 100 degrees C for 5 to 20 min had protein solubility values (80 to 85%) indicative of adequate processing. The denaturation pattern of UA was highly correlated with that of SBL (r > or = 0.73), indicating that UA could be used for monitoring lectin levels in commercial meals. We concluded that UA of 0.03 to 0.09 units of pH change are indicative of adequately processed meals that contain negligible lectin levels.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fasina, YO and Classen, HL and Garlich, JD and Swaisgood, HE and Clare, DA}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={648–656} }
 @article{odetallah_wang_garlich_shih_2003, title={Keratinase in starter diets improves growth of broiler chicks}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.4.664}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a broad-spectrum protease enzyme, PWD-1 keratinase, upon supplementation to corn-soy starter diets on growth performance of broiler chickens. Three experiments were conducted. In each experiment, 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 24 cage pens of eight birds per pen in a completely randomized design of five experimental treatments and grown to 21 or 26 d of age. Treatments in experiments 1 and 2 were control (C, 21.39% CP), low protein (LP, 18% CP), and LP supplemented with 0.05, 0.1, or 0.15% enzyme preparation (wt/wt). Treatments in experiment 3 were control (C), C+ 0.1% enzyme preparation (C+E) fed starting at either 1 or 5 d of age, LP and LP+ 0.1% enzyme preparation (LP+E). Feeding the LP+E diet produced numerically higher BW at 21 d of age (experiments 1 and 3) and a significantly higher BW at 26 d of age (experiment 2; 1,025 and 1,032 g vs. 965 g for 0.1 and 0.15% vs. LP, respectively, P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also improved when chicks were fed the LP+E diet both at 21 (experiment 3) and 26 d of age (experiment 2). In experiment 3, supplementing the C diets with 0.10% enzyme resulted in improvements (P < 0.05) in BW whether the enzyme was supplemented starting at 1 d (767 vs. 695 g for C+E vs. C, respectively) or 5 d of age (764 vs. 695 g for C+E vs. C, respectively). FCR was numerically improved. Furthermore, diets supplemented with the enzyme at any level resulted in reduction of jejunal viscosity at 22 and 27 d of age (P < 0.05). Results of these experiments indicate that the growth of broiler chickens can be significantly improved by dietary supplementation with PWD-1 keratinase.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Odetallah, NH and Wang, JJ and Garlich, JD and Shih, JCH}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={664–670} }
 @article{blanchard_degernes_dewolf_garlich_2002, title={Intermittent biotelemetric monitoring of electrocardiograms and temperature in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.6.887}, abstractNote={Biotelemetry was used to acquire electrocardiograms (ECG) and temperature measurements in a study of male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome (SDS), a fatal condition that may have underlying cardiovascular mechanisms. Day-old (Day 1) Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres male chicks were randomly assigned to two different diets: control (Diet A) and one that contained elements that contribute to SDS (Diet B). The heaviest birds in each group on Day 13 underwent surgery on Day 15 to have transmitters with temperature sensors and ECG electrodes implanted. After surgery, three controls and three implanted birds from each diet group were kept in individual cages and exposed to 23 h of light and 1 h of darkness during each 24-h cycle. Implantation did not affect weight gain between Days 13 and 22 (P = 0.396). Temperature measurements and 1-min ECG were taken every 15 min. Heart rate and heart rate variability were measured from three 2-s segments in two dark and two light period samples during Days 17 to 19. Diet B decreased weight gain (P = 0.045), lowered heart rate (P < 0.0001), and increased internal temperature (P < 0.0001). Heart rate variability was lower during dark versus light periods (P = 0.004), which indicates that the birds rested during the dark periods, but was not affected by diet (P = 0.651). Thus, biotelemetry provided a useful method for intermittent physiological monitoring of poultry on different diets and under changing environmental conditions.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Blanchard, SM and Degernes, LA and DeWolf, DK and Garlich, JD}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={887–891} }
 @article{odetallah_ferket_garlich_elhadri_kruger_2001, title={Growth and digestive function of turkeys surviving the poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.8.1223}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Stunted growth of poults afflicted by enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) may be associated with depressed digestive capabilities. We conducted two experiments to test this hypothesis. Survivors of PEMS were obtained from a research flock that had been purposefully infected at 5 d of age with PEMS inoculum that included turkey corona virus. The PEMS survivors were assigned to Experiments 1 and 2, beginning at 40 and 35 d of age, respectively. Three groups (large, L; medium, M; and small, S) and two groups (L and S) of 20 poults each were selected to represent different degrees of stunting in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. When the body weights of each group in both experiments were plotted using initial body weight as the starting point, all of the weights fell on the normal growth curve except Group S in Experiment 1. Therefore, there was no evidence of compensatory growth over the period studied. In Experiment 1, apparent fat absorption (AFA) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for control (85.9%) than for M (78.5%) and S (78.3%) groups, and AME, for the control group was significantly higher than all the PEMS-survivor groups. In Experiment 2, Group L had a higher AFA and AMEn than Group S. AFA and AMEn improved in both groups over time. The digestive capabilities of PEMS survivors were depressed proportionally to the degree of stunting. Impaired fat digestibility and dietary energy utilization in PEMS-afflicted birds are likely contributors to stunted growth and reduced recovery rates.
 
}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Odetallah, NH and Ferket, PR and Garlich, JD and Elhadri, L and Kruger, KK}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={1223–1230} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_garlich_2001, title={Restriction of feed consumption and body weight in turkey breeder hens during the rearing period to improve reproductive performance}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={5}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Crouch, A. N. and Grimes, J. L. and Christensen, V. L. and Garlich, J. D.}, year={2001}, pages={50} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_garlich_1999, title={Restriction of feed consumption and body weight in two strains of large white turkey breeder hens}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.8.1102}, abstractNote={Large White female-line turkey breeder hen poults (576) of two strains (N, female line and B, male line) were brooded by strain in floor pens from day of hatch until 3 wk of age (WOA). At 3 WOA, all poults were randomly distributed by strain to 48 floor pens in a curtain-sided house. Poults were feed (calorie) restricted beginning at 3 (N3, B3) or 6 (N6, B6) WOA to obtain a 45% reduction in BW at 16 WOA compared to ad libitum controls (NC, BC). At 16 WOA, all hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 18 to 30 WOA, all hens were subjected to 8 h light/d. At 30 WOA, all hens were photostimulated with 15.5 h/d. Hens were inseminated weekly with semen from same strain, male-line breeder males. Eggs were collected daily, and all settable eggs from weeks of lay (WOL) 5 to 6, 10 to 11, 15 to 16, 20 to 21, and 24 to 25 were incubated by pen in a common incubator for each set date. Measurements included BW, feed consumption, egg production, mortality, egg fertility, egg hatchability, and poult weight. Statistical analysis of means was performed by strain. Target BW were obtained for feed-restricted hens. Restricted hens increased their feed consumption upon re-alimentation but did not achieve the cumulative feed consumption or BW of control fed hens by 56 WOA. Egg production of N3 hens was greater than NC hens for WOL 2 and 3. Total and settable eggs per hen were greater for N3 hens than for NC for WOL 1 to 5. There were no differences observed for egg weight, egg fertility, hatch of all eggs set, hatch of fertile eggs, or offspring weight among N hen treatments. The B0 hens produced more eggs than B3 or B6 hens. The B6 hens produced lighter weight eggs than B0 hens. It was concluded that early severe feed restriction of female line breeder hens might improve subsequent reproductive performance.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Garlich, JD}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={1102–1109} }
 @article{aslam_garlich_qureshi_1998, title={Vitamin D deficiency alters the immune responses of broiler chicks}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.6.842}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a vitamin D deficiency alters the immune responses of female broiler chicks. The control diet contained 800 IU of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)/kg and the deficient diet was the same except without supplemental vitamin D3. The vitamin D deficiency status was established on the basis of a significantly lower blood ionized calcium or total serum calcium (75 to 85% of the control). Vitamin D-deficient chicks also had lower growth rate and bone ash. In Experiment 1 at 8 d of age, and Experiment 2 at 23 d of age, the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response as determined by the increase in interdigital skin thickness 20 h after a single injection of 100 microg phytohemagglutinin-P was significantly depressed in vitamin D-deficient chicks (62 to 64% of the control). Thymus weight, adjusted for body weight, was significantly lower in the vitamin D-deficient chicks at 24 d of age (61% of the control). Primary and secondary antibody responses against SRBC in vitamin D-deficient chicks were not different from the control. In Experiment 3, in 17-d-old chicks, vitamin D deficiency decreased the number of abdominal macrophages phagocytizing SRBC in vitro within 45 min from 14.7 to 10.1%. These results indicate that vitamin D deficiency depresses the cellular immune responses in young broiler chicks.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Aslam, SM and Garlich, JD and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={842–849} }
 @article{blanchard_dewolf_ekwueme okoli_degernes_garlich_1997, title={Heart rate and heart rate variability in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome}, volume={25}, number={1}, journal={Annals of Biomedical Engineering}, author={Blanchard, S. M. and Dewolf, D. K. and Ekwueme Okoli, T. C. and Degernes, L. A. and Garlich, J. D.}, year={1997}, pages={S-63} }
 @misc{kidd_ferket_garlich_1997, title={Nutritional and osmoregulatory functions of betaine}, volume={53}, ISSN={["0043-9339"]}, DOI={10.1079/wps19970013}, abstractNote={Betaine, a donor of labile methyl groups, can spare choline and methionine but cannot replace these compounds in poultry diets. Betaine is synthesized from choline by choline oxidase and it can don...}, number={2}, journal={WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL}, author={Kidd, MT and Ferket, PR and Garlich, JD}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={125–139} }
 @article{garlich_1993, title={Quality of soybean meal: Amino acid availabilities and their relationship to processing, urease index and trypsin inhibitors}, volume={13}, number={1}, journal={Pakistan Veterinary Journal}, author={Garlich, J. D.}, year={1993}, pages={61} }
 @article{garlich_brake_parkhurst_thaxton_morgan_1984, title={Physiological profile of caged layers during one production year, molt, and postmolt: Egg production, egg shell quality, liver, femur, and blood parameters}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0630339}, abstractNote={A longitudinal study of a flock of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets was initiated at 19 weeks of age (preproduction) and continued through a production year, a forced molt, and for 4 months of postmolt production. A representative sample of hens was obtained at 12-week intervals during the first year and at subsequent selected times. Liver lipid, femur weight, femur volume, femur density, egg weight, shell weight, percent shell, milligrams shell/square centimeter of shell surface area, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and serum alkaline phosphatase were determined. Percent hen-day production peaked at 90% and then declined by .6 to .7% each week during the first production year. After molting, percent hen-day egg production peaked at 80% and declined .9% per week over the subsequent 20 weeks. Egg weight increased continually during the first production year. Shell weight was greatest immediately postmolt; thereafter it declined. Shell thickness was greatest at 31 weeks of age and declined throughout the first year. After molting, the shell thickness of 83-week-old hens was similar to values of hens about 37 weeks of age. Serum calcium and phosphorus of laying hens were influenced by age, feed intake and environmental temperature. The lowest values occurred during hot weather. Liver lipid was lowest in nonlaying hens (17 to 20%) and was approximately 42% of dry weight in laying hens. Femur density was greater in laying than nonlaying hens.}, number={2}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Garlich, J. and Brake, J. and Parkhurst, C.R. and Thaxton, J.P. and Morgan, G.W.}, year={1984}, pages={339–343} }
 @article{garlich_parkhurst_ball_1975, title={COMPARISON OF ROUGH, NORMAL, AND TRANSLUCENT EGG-SHELLS WITH RESPECT TO SHELL STRENGTH AND CALCIFICATION}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0541574}, abstractNote={Abstract Eggs from one flock were sampled monthly for a five month period. From a total of 2440 eggs, 345 were selected and classified as having shells which were either normal, rough, or translucent streaked. There were 115 eggs in each classification. There were no differences between these classes in egg weight or surface area. Relative to normal shelled eggs both rough and translucent shells had significantly lower shell weights, mg. shell/cm.2 of surface area, percent shell, and breaking strength as determined by quasi-static loading (P}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={GARLICH, JD and PARKHURST, CR and BALL, HR}, year={1975}, pages={1574–1580} }