@article{isleib_milla-lewis_pattee_copeland_zuleta_shew_hollowell_sanders_dean_hendrix_et al._2015, title={Registration of ‘Sugg’ peanut}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2013.09.0059crc}, abstractNote={‘Sugg’ (Reg. No. CV-125, PI 666112) is a large-seeded virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar with partial resistance to four diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia–Carolina production area: early leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori, Cylindrocladium black rot caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield & Alfenas, Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger, and tomato spotted wilt caused by the Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. Sugg was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple disease resistance funded by growers, seed dealers, shellers, and processors. Sugg was tested under the experimental designation N03091T and released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2009. Sugg was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, and five other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA–ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Sugg has alternate branching pattern, intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia-type seeds. It has seeds with pink testa averaging 957 mg seed−1, approximately 40% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, and extra-large kernel content of ∼47%. Sugg is named in honor of Norfleet “Fleet” Sugg and the late Joseph “Joe” Sugg, cousins who served consecutively as executive directors of the North Carolina Peanut Growers Association from 1966 through 1993.}, number={1}, journal={J. Plant Reg.}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Pattee, H.E. and Copeland, S.C. and Zuleta, M.C. and Shew, B.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.O. and Hendrix, K.W. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={44–52} }
 @article{isleib_milla-lewis_pattee_copeland_zuleta_shew_hollowell_sanders_dean_hendrix_et al._2010, title={Registration of ‘Bailey’ peanut}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2009.12.0742crc}, abstractNote={‘Bailey’ (Reg. No. CV‐111, PI 659502) is a large‐seeded virginia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) with partial resistance to five diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia‐Carolina production area: early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori), late leaf spot [caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton], Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas], Sclerotinia blight (caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger), and tomato spotted wilt (caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus). It also has partial resistance to southern stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.). Bailey was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple‐disease resistance funded by growers, seedsmen, shellers, and processors. Bailey was tested under the experimental designation N03081T and was released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2008. Bailey was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station, and five other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA‐ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Bailey has an alternate branching pattern, an intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia‐type seeds. It has approximately 34% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, seeds with tan testas and an average weight of 823 mg seed−1, and an extra large kernel content of approximately 42%. Bailey is named in honor of the late Dr. Jack E. Bailey, formerly the peanut breeding project's collaborating plant pathologist.}, number={1}, journal={J. Plant Reg.}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Pattee, H.E. and Copeland, S.C. and Zuleta, M.C. and Shew, B.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.O. and Hendrix, K.W. and et al.}, year={2010}, pages={27–39} }
 @article{smith_garrison_hollowell_isleib_shew_2008, title={Evaluation of application timing and efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam. and boscalid for control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2007.11.010}, abstractNote={Sclerotinia blight of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor. Management of Sclerotinia blight of peanut requires an integrated approach that includes rotation with non-hosts, resistant cultivars, cultural practices, and fungicides. Greenhouse experiments compared fluazinam and boscalid and investigated pre- and post-inoculation applications of fungicide or no fungicide to control infections by S. minor. Significant reductions in successful infections in the greenhouse occurred when fungicide was applied prior to, or up to 2 d after, inoculation, but not when applied 4 d after inoculation. Field experiments were conducted from 2004 to 2006 to investigate the comparative efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam and boscalid using alternating sequences of those fungicides or no fungicide for each of three sprays per season. In the field, applications of fungicide that preceded the largest incremental increase in disease incidence provided the best control of disease or increased yield. In both the field and greenhouse studies boscalid performed marginally better than fluazinam. Disease advisories or intensive scouting should be used to determine when epidemics initiate so that a fungicide can be applied prior to infection.}, number={3-5}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Smith, D. L. and Garrison, M. C. and Hollowell, J. E. and Isleib, T. G. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2008}, pages={823–833} }
 @article{smith_hollowell_isleib_shew_2007, title={A site-specific, weather-based disease regression model for Sclerotinia blight of peanut}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-91-11-1436}, abstractNote={ In North Carolina, losses due to Sclerotinia blight of peanut, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia minor, are an estimated 1 to 4 million dollars annually. In general, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is very susceptible to Sclerotinia blight, but some partially resistant virginia-type cultivars are available. Up to three fungicide applications per season are necessary to maintain a healthy crop in years highly favorable for disease development. Improved prediction of epidemic initiation and identification of periods when fungicides are not required would increase fungicide efficiency and reduce production costs on resistant and susceptible cultivars. A Sclerotinia blight disease model was developed using regression strategies in an effort to describe the relationships between modeled environmental variables and disease increase. Changes in incremental disease incidence (% of newly infected plants of the total plant population per plot) for the 2002–2005 growing seasons were statistically transformed and described using 5-day moving averages of modeled site-specific weather variables (localized, mathematical estimations of weather data derived at a remote location) obtained from SkyBit (ZedX, Inc.). Variables in the regression to describe the Sclerotinia blight disease index included: mean relative humidity (linear and quadratic), mean soil temperature (quadratic), maximum air temperature (linear and quadratic), maximum relative humidity (linear and quadratic), minimum air temperature (linear and quadratic), minimum relative humidity (linear and quadratic), and minimum soil temperature (linear and quadratic). The model explained approximately 50% of the variability in Sclerotinia blight index over 4 years of field research in eight environments. The relationships between weather variables and Sclerotinia blight index were independent of host partial resistance. Linear regression models were used to describe progress of Sclerotinia blight on cultivars and breeding lines with varying levels of partial resistance. Resistance affected the rate of disease progress, but not disease onset. The results of this study will be used to develop site- and cultivar-specific spray advisories for Sclerotinia blight. }, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Smith, D. L. and Hollowell, J. E. and Isleib, T. G. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1436–1444} }
 @article{smith_hollowell_isleib_shew_2006, title={Analysis of factors that influence the epidemiology of Sclerotinia minor on peanut}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-90-1425}, abstractNote={ In North Carolina, sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor germinate myceliogenically to initiate infections on peanut. The effects of soil temperature and soil matric potential (ψM on germination and growth of S. minor have not been well characterized, and little is known about relative physiological resistance in different parts of the peanut plant. Laboratory tests examined the ability of the fungus to germinate, grow, and infect detached peanut leaflets at soil temperatures ranging from 18 to 30°C at ψM of -100, -10, and -7.2 kPa. In addition, detached pegs, leaves, main stems, and lateral branches from three peanut lines varying in field resistance were examined for resistance to infection by S. minor. Sclerotial germination was greatest at 30°C and ψM of -7.2 kPa. Final mycelial diameters decreased with decreasing ψM, whereas soil matric potential did not affect lesion development. Mycelial growth and leaflet lesion expansion were maximal at 18 or 22°C. Soil ψM did not affect leaflet infection and lesion expansion. Lesions were not observed on leaves incubated at temperatures of 29°C or above, but developed when temperatures were reduced to 18 or 22°C 2 days after inoculation. Pegs and leaflets were equally susceptible to infection and were more susceptible than either main stems or lateral branches. Results of this work, particularly the effects of temperature on S. minor, and knowledge of peanut part susceptibility has application in improving Sclerotinia blight prediction models for recommending protective fungicide applications. }, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Smith, D. L. and Hollowell, J. E. and Isleib, T. G. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={1425–1432} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2005, title={First report of Sclerotinia minor on Allium vineale in North Carolina.}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-89-0908C}, abstractNote={ Allium vineale L. (wild garlic) is a bulbous perennial that emerges in early spring in many agricultural fields. The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen found in many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During September 2002, symptoms of bleached, water-soaked foliage and wilting were observed on several wild garlic plants growing in a 0.8-ha (2-acre) peanut research plot in Perquimans County, NC. We had previously observed similar symptoms on wild garlic at another location. Two symptomatic wild garlic plants were collected from the field. In the laboratory, symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, towel dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal isolation and identification. Pure cultures with small, black, irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by inoculating leaf blades near the leaf axils of two symptom-free wild garlic plants (vegetative stage, 4 cm high) with fungal mycelium from 2-day-old cultures. Mycelial agar plugs (4 mm in diameter) were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at an ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on leaves within 2 days. Plants wilted and bleached water-soaked lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Sclerotia were produced on leaf blades after approximately 14 days. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that wild garlic is a host of S. minor. Although few monocots have been reported as hosts of S. minor, the fungus has been reported on two other species of Allium (A. cepa and A. satium), Gladiolus spp., and Cyperus esculentus (1,2). Weed hosts may support populations of S. minor during rotations to nonhosts, serve as reservoirs of inoculum, or act as infection bridges in peanut fields. }, number={8}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={908–908} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2005, title={First report of Sclerotinia minor on Sida spinosa in North Carolina}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pd-89-1128a}, abstractNote={ The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. The pathogen attacks several winter annual weed species (1). Economic crops that are hosts to S. minor are seldom grown in rotation with peanut; therefore, its pathogenicity on weed species is of importance in understanding how inoculum densities are maintained between peanut crops. During September 2004, signs of fluffy, white mycelium, small, black sclerotia, and symptoms of bleached leaves and stems were observed on prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) in a peanut field in Bertie County, NC. Plants of prickly sida with similar signs and symptoms were observed previously in a Chowan County, NC peanut field. Prickly sida is one of several weed species commonly found in peanut fields and rotational crops in agricultural areas of northeastern North Carolina. Cultivation and herbicides usually keep prickly sida under control in the early part of the growing season, but as the summer progresses into early fall, it can become prevalent, as was true in the two fields reported here. Symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, blotted dry, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The pure cultures with small, black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity was determined by inoculating stems of two symptom-free prickly sida plants with 2-day-old fungal mycelium. Mycelial agar plugs, 4 mm in diameter, were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on the stems in 2 days and water-soaked leaves and bleached lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that prickly sida is a host of S. minor. To our knowledge, this report of S. minor on prickly sida is also the first report of a plant in the family Malvaceae as a host of S. minor (2). }, number={10}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1128–1128} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2004, title={First report of Sclerotium rolfsii on common chickweed in North Carolina.}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.4.426B}, abstractNote={ Common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo) is a common weed species found in agricultural fields of northeastern North Carolina. Symptomatic plants of common chickweed were observed during a March 2001 survey of winter annual weed species in Perquimans County, NC. The plants were growing in a harvested peanut field with a known history of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Water-soaked, bleached stems and chlorotic leaves were collected from plants and brought to the laboratory for isolation. Small portions (1 to 2 cm) of symptomatic stems and entire leaves were rinsed with tap water and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Developing colonies were transferred to obtain pure cultures. The rapidly growing cultures had coarse, white mycelium typical of S. rolfsii and produced abundant, small, round, brown sclerotia approximately 2.0 mm in diameter on the surface of the culture. Clamp connections were observed with microscopic examination of mycelia. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by placing 4-mm-diameter agar plugs of 2-day-old fungal mycelium on stems of three mature, nonsymptomatic chickweed plants. Agar plugs without fungal mycelium were used for the control treatment. Plugs were held in place with self-sticking bandage gauze. Plants were misted with water, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated on a laboratory counter top at ambient temperature (24°C). Abundant mycelia developed, and water-soaked lesions and necrotic stems were observed. Noninoculated plants remained healthy and free of signs and symptoms during the incubation period. The fungus was reisolated on PDA, and pure cultures of S. rolfsii were obtained. Koch's postulates confirmed common chickweed was a host of S. rolfsii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of common chickweed as a host of S. rolfsii. Crop species commonly used in peanut rotations (corn, small grains, sorghum, and cotton) do not support populations of S. rolfsii. Many dicotyledonous weed species have been reported as hosts of S. rolfsii, but our observation of active disease on a winter weed species was unexpected. Colonization of winter weed, if prevalent, may enhance survival of S. rolfsii between crops of susceptible hosts such as peanut. }, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={426–426} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2004, title={First report of stem and leaf blight caused by Sclerotinia minor on Geranium carolinianum in North Carolina.}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.312B}, abstractNote={ The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina and overwinters in soil, on crop debris, or on winter annual weed species (1). Bleached stems and small, black sclerotia are typically seen on peanut plants infected by S. minor. Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum L.) is one of several winter annual weed species found during winter fallow in peanut production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During a March 2002 survey of previously harvested peanut fields, plants of Carolina geranium were observed with typical signs and symptoms of infection caused by S. minor. Symptomatic plants with bleached stems and signs of small, black sclerotia were collected in the field and returned to the laboratory. Pathogen isolation and fungal identification were performed from the symptomatic tissues by placing 1- to 2-cm sections of stems on potato dextrose agar after rinsing with tap water and towel drying. Pure cultures of S. minor were obtained and observed to have white, fluffy mycelium and small, black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) produced abundantly and scattered over the culture surface. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating stems of three symptom-free Carolina geranium plants with 2-day-old fungal mycelium from pure isolation. Mycelial agar plugs, 4 mm in diameter, were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory counter top. Bleached water-soaked lesions developed on the stems, and leaves became chlorotic after 8 days. Following 8 days of incubation, S. minor was reisolated from all inoculated plants. Three noninoculated plants remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that Carolina geranium is a host of S. minor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. minor on G. carolinianum. These results indicate that G. carolinianum is a potential overwintering host for S. minor in peanut fields. Infected weed hosts allow reproduction of the fungus in the winter, potentially resulting in more disease on peanut planted in the spring. }, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={312–312} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_isleib_2003, title={Evaluating isolate aggressiveness and host resistance from peanut leaflet inoculations with Sclerotinia minor}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.4.402}, abstractNote={ Sclerotinia minor is a major pathogen of peanut in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Partial resistance to S. minor has been reported based on field screening, but field performance is not always correlated with laboratory or greenhouse evaluations of resistance. More efficient screening methods and better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to Sclerotinia blight resistance are needed, and a detached leaf assay was developed and evaluated. Detached leaflets of 12 greenhouse-grown peanut lines were inoculated on the adaxial surface with a 4-mm-diameter mycelial plug of a single isolate of S. minor. Leaflets were incubated in the dark at 20°C in Nalgene utility boxes containing moistened sand. Lesion length 3 days after inoculation ranged from 11 to 24 mm, with a mean of 19 mm. Lengths differed significantly among the entries, with GP-NC WS 12, an advanced breeding line derived from a cross of NC 6 × (NC 3033 × GP-NC WS 1), being the most resistant. Forty-eight isolates of S. minor obtained from peanut were inoculated on leaflets of the susceptible cultivar NC 7 and aggressiveness was assessed by measuring lesion-length expansion. Three days after inoculation, lesion length differed among the isolates and ranged from 2 to 24 mm, with a mean of 15 mm. Finally, the potential for specific interactions between peanut lines and S. minor isolates was evaluated. A subset of S. minor isolates was selected to represent the observed range of aggressiveness and a subset of peanut entries was selected to represent the range of resistance or susceptibility. Nine-week-old greenhouse- or field-grown plants were compared for five peanut entries. Main effects of isolates and entries were highly significant, but isolate-entry interactions were not significant. The most resistant peanut entry (GP-NC WS 12) performed consistently with all isolates regardless of plant source. }, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB and Isleib, TG}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={402–406} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_cubeta_wilcut_2003, title={Weed species as hosts of Sclerotinia minor in peanut fields}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.2.197}, abstractNote={ Bleached stems and sclerotia were observed on winter annual weed species growing in harvested peanut fields in northeastern North Carolina in March 2001. Each field had a history of Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor. Symptomatic plants were collected and brought back to the laboratory for identification and isolation. S. minor was isolated and Koch's postulates were fulfilled to confirm pathogenicity of S. minor on nine weed species. They included Lamium aplexicaule (henbit), Cardamine parviflora (smallflowered bittercress), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Cerastium vulgatum (mouse-ear chickweed), Coronopus didymus (swinecress), Oenothera laciniata (cutleaf eveningprimrose), Conyza canadensis (horseweed), Brassica kaber (wild mustard), and Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress). This is the first report of these species as hosts of S. minor in the natural environment. All isolates of S. minor obtained from the weed species were pathogenic to peanut. }, number={2}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB and Cubeta, MA and Wilcut, JW}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={197–199} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2001, title={Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) as a host of Sclerotinia minor}, volume={85}, ISBN={0191-2917}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.2001.85.5.562c}, abstractNote={ Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Economic crops that are hosts to S. minor are seldom grown in rotation with peanut, and the pathogenicity of S. minor to most weed species commonly found in peanut fields is unknown. In September 2000, signs and symptoms of Sclerotinia infection were observed on plants of yellow nutsedge growing in peanut fields in Bertie County, NC. Fluffy white mycelium, water soaked and bleached areas of the leaves were observed on basal portions of plants. Isolations were made from a symptomatic plant growing in a peanut field at the Peanut Belt Research Station at Lewiston-Woodville, NC. Small portions (1 to 2 cm) of symptomatic leaves were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and pure cultures typical of S. minor were obtained. Small black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) were produced abundantly and scattered over the culture surface (1). Pathogenicity was tested by placing agar plugs of mycelium of the fungus between the leaf blades of potted mature yellow nutsedge plants. Plants were misted with water, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated on a lab counter top at ambient temperature (˜24°C). Mycelia developed after 3 to 4 days and chlorotic leaves appeared by day 7. Sclerotia were observed in 11 days on seedheads, which were distal from the site of inoculation. Uninoculated plants did not develop symptoms. The fungus was reisolated on PDA, and typical cultures of S. minor with small sclerotia were obtained. The nutgrass isolate was inoculated onto detached peanut leaves and typical symptoms developed. This is the first report of yellow nutsedge as a host of S. minor. }, number={5}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Hollowell, J. E. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2001}, pages={562} }