@article{pietrosemoli_green_villamide_2020, title={A Comparison of Stocking Methods for Pasture-Based Growing-Finishing Pig Production Systems}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani10101885}, abstractNote={Two alternative stocking methods (rotational and strip-grazing) were compared to continuous stocking at a stocking rate of 47 pigs ha−1 in tall fescue pastures. The research was conducted during two twelve-weeks grazing periods in North Carolina (USA). In total 144 (females and castrated males, 17.5 and 29.1 kg initial body weight) crossbred Yorkshire X Berkshire, Yorkshire/Landrace X Hampshire and Yorkshire/Landrace X Duroc pigs without nose rings were used. Greater soil bulk density and soil concentrations of NO3−, P, K, Mn, Zn and Cu were observed in paddocks managed continuously, while greater final ground cover (+22%) was recorded in paddocks managed with rotational and strip-grazing stocking methods. No differences were detected in botanical composition of the paddocks. Greater weight gains (+8.5%) were registered for rotationally managed pigs. Feed efficiency was better (+8%) for rotationally than for continuously stocked pigs, while strip-grazed pigs presented intermediate values. The results indicated the potential of both alternative stocking methods to be implemented in sustainable pasture-based pig production systems.}, number={10}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Pietrosemoli, Silvana and Green, James T. and Villamide, Maria Jesus}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{pietrosemoli_raczkowski_green_villamide_2020, title={Effects of Growing-Finishing Pig Stocking Rates on Bermudagrass Ground Cover and Soil Properties}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani10091666}, abstractNote={This study compares four stocking rates (37, 74, 111 and 148 pigs ha−1) for growing to finishing pigs (18.4 ± 0.5 kg and 118.5 ± 2.0 kg and 35.7 ± 2.1 kg and 125.7 ± 2.3 kg initial and final BW for grazing periods 1 and 2, respectively) and their effect on ground cover and soil traits in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers) pastures, over two 14-week grazing periods (July–September and May–August). The study was conducted at the Center for Environmental Farming systems at the Cherry Research Station, Goldsboro North Carolina. A continuous stocking method was implemented to manage the pasture. The percent ground cover was estimated with a modified step point technique. Soil samples were collected in three sampling positions (center, inner and outer areas of the paddocks) and two soil sampling depths (0–30 and 30–90 cm). The experimental design was a completely randomized block with three field replicates. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS/STAT ® Version 9.4. Greater ground cover and lesser soil nutrient concentrations were registered in bermudagrass paddocks managed with 37 pigs ha−1. The results of this study also validated the existence of a spatial pattern of soil properties, which differed among sampling positions and depths.}, number={9}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Pietrosemoli, Silvana and Raczkowski, Charles and Green, James T., Jr. and Villamide, Maria Jesus}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{pietrosemoli_green_jesus villamide_2020, title={Sows-Gilts Stocking Rates and Their Environmental Impact in Rotationally Managed Bermudagrass Paddocks}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani10061046}, abstractNote={Ground cover maintenance and nutrients management are key elements to reduce the environmental impact of outdoor swine production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sows-gilts stocking rates on vegetative ground cover and soil nutrient concentrations in rotationally stocked bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers) pastures. Three stocking rates (10, 15 and 25 sows-gilts ha−1) were compared during three 8-week grazing periods. Increasing the stocking rate from 10 to 25 sows-gilts ha−1 decreased the ground cover of the paddocks from 65 to 48%, and increased soil nutrient concentrations (ammonium 47%; nitrate 129%; phosphorus 53%; zinc 84%; and copper 29%).}, number={6}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Pietrosemoli, Silvana and Green, James T., Jr. and Jesus Villamide, Maria}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{pietrosemoli_green_2018, title={Pasture systems for pigs}, ISBN={["978-1-78676-096-8"]}, DOI={10.19103/AS.2017.0013.21}, abstractNote={The inclusion of pastures in outdoor pig systems contributes significantly to improving the sustainability of these farming systems. This chapter examines the characteristics of pasture pig systems, including forages and pasture management as well the effects of pasture on meat quality. The chapter also provides a detailed case study of the pasture pig system developed at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) in the United States. Finally, the chapter looks ahead to future research in the field of sustainable pasture pig systems and provides guidance on further reading in this area.}, journal={ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF PIG MEAT, VOL 3: ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE}, author={Pietrosemoli, Silvana and Green, James T.}, year={2018}, pages={151–202} }
 @article{drewnoski_oliphant_poore_green_hockett_2009, title={Growth and reproductive performance of beef heifers grazing endophyte-free, endophyte-infected and novel endophyte-infected tall fescue}, volume={125}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2009.05.003}, abstractNote={A three-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of endophyte-free (E−), endophyte-infected (E+) and novel endophyte-infected (EN) tall fescue on the growth and pregnancy rate of beef heifers during the spring. Each year, 48 beef heifers were strip-grazed on stockpiled fescue from December through February, fed fescue hay during late February to early April and then rotationally grazed on spring growth of fescue until June. At the end of the trial, heifers had been maintained on E+, E− or EN (pasture or hay) for a total of 152, 188 and 191 d in years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In late March, heifers were synchronized using a controlled intravaginal drug-releasing device, (CIDR®) for 7 d followed by injection with PGF2α (Lutalyse®). Heatmount detectors (Kamar®) and observation for behavioral estrus were used to detect estrus for 63 d. Heifers were artificially inseminated 8 to12 h after the onset of standing estrus. Conception was determined by transrectal ultrasonography at approximately 30, 60 and 90 d after synchronization. Reproductive performance did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.20). Pregnancy rate was 54, 65, and 65% for E+, E− and EN, respectively. However, during the spring, growth and prolactin were decreased (P < 0.01) for heifers on E+. Gains on spring pasture were 0.24, 0.75, and 0.71 kg/d (SEM ± 0.03) for E+, E− and EN, respectively. Based on these results, the wild type endophyte-infected fescue can be used in production systems as a source of winter forage but producers should consider placing heifers on alternative forage (such as the novel endophyte-infected fescue) in the spring.}, number={2-3}, journal={Livestock Science}, author={Drewnoski, M. E. and Oliphant, E. J. and Poore, M. H. and Green, J. T. and Hockett, M. E.}, year={2009}, pages={254–260} }
 @article{drewnoski_oliphant_marshall_poore_green_hockett_2009, title={Performance of growing cattle grazing stockpiled Jesup tall fescue with varying endophyte status}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2008-0977}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of growing cattle when intensively grazing stockpiled endophyte-infected (E+), endophyte-free (E-), and nontoxic endophyte-infected (EN) tall fescue during the winter. The experiment was conducted over 5 consecutive winters. In each year, plots (1 ha each, 4 per treatment) were harvested for hay in August, fertilized in September, and forage was allowed to accumulate until grazing was initiated in early December. Each year, 48 Angus-cross tester cattle (4 per plot) were given a daily allotment of forage, under strip-grazing (frontal grazing) management, with a target residual height of 5 cm. Steers were used the first year, and heifers were used in subsequent years. The grazing periods for determination of pasture ADG were 86 d (yr 1), 70 d (yr 2), 86 d (yr 3), 72 d (yr 4), and 56 d (yr 5). Pasture ADG of cattle did not differ among treatments (P = 0.13) and were 0.51, 0.59, and 0.56 kg/d (SEM 0.03) for E+, E-, and EN, respectively. Serum prolactin concentrations of heifers grazing E+ were less (P < 0.05) than those grazing E- and EN during all years except yr 2. In yr 2, E+ and E- did not differ (P = 0.11). Serum prolactin of heifers grazing E- and EN did not differ (P > 0.20) except in yr 4. During yr 4, serum prolactin of heifers grazing E- was greater (P = 0.05) than that of heifers grazing EN. Serum urea-N concentrations (SUN) tended to differ among treatments (P = 0.10) and there was a treatment x year interaction (P = 0.05). During yr 1 through 3, SUN did not differ (P > 0.15) among treatments. However, as the stands aged, E- had a greater invasion of other plant species, which increased the CP content of the sward, thus causing heifers grazing E- during yr 5 to have greater (P < 0.01) SUN than heifers grazing E+ and EN, which did not differ (P = 0.89). Forage disappearance (DM basis) did not differ (P = 0.75) among treatments and was 4.7, 4.7, and 5.0 kg/animal daily (SEM 0.27) for E+, E-, and EN, respectively. Body weight gain per hectare was greater (P = 0.04) for E+ (257 kg) than for E- (220 kg) or EN (228 kg). In most years, animal grazing days on E+ were greater than those on E- or EN. However, in yr 5, animal grazing days did not differ (P > 0.20) among treatments. The use of stockpiled E+ as a source of low-cost winter feed is a viable option for producers, whereas grazing of EN may be more beneficial during the spring and fall, when more severe negative effects of ergot alkaloids have been observed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Drewnoski, M. E. and Oliphant, E. J. and Marshall, B. T. and Poore, M. H. and Green, J. T. and Hockett, M. E.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={1034–1041} }
 @article{vibart_fellner_burns_huntington_green_2008, title={Performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying levels of total mixed ration and pasture}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1469-7629"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0022029908003361}, abstractNote={Two, 8-week experiments, each using 30 lactating Holstein cows, were conducted to examine performance of animals offered combinations of total mixed ration (TMR) and high-quality pasture. Experiment 1 was initiated in mid October 2004 and Experiment 2 was initiated in late March 2005. Cows were assigned to either a 100% TMR diet (100:00, no access to pasture) or one of the following three formulated partial mixed rations (PMR) targeted at (1) 85% TMR and 15% pasture, (2) 70% TMR and 30% pasture and (3) 55% TMR and 45% pasture. Based on actual TMR and pasture intake, the dietary TMR and pasture proportions of the three PMR in Experiment 1 were 79% TMR and 21% pasture (79:21), 68% TMR and 32% pasture (68:32), and 59% TMR and 41% pasture (59:41), respectively. Corresponding proportions in Experiment 2 were 89% TMR and 11% pasture (89:11), 79% TMR and 21% pasture (79:21) and 65% TMR and 35% pasture (65:35), respectively. Reducing the proportion of TMR in the diets increased pasture consumption of cows on all PMR, but reduced total dry matter intake compared with cows on 100:00. An increase in forage from pasture increased the concentration of conjugated linoleic acids and decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids in milk. Although milk and milk protein yields from cows grazing spring pastures (Experiment 2) increased with increasing intakes of TMR, a partial mixed ration that was composed of 41% pasture grazed in the fall (Experiment 1) resulted in a similar overall lactation performance with increased feed efficiency compared to an all-TMR ration.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY RESEARCH}, author={Vibart, Ronaldo E. and Fellner, Vivek and Burns, Joseph C. and Huntington, Gerald B. and Green, James T., Jr.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={471–480} }
 @article{butler_ranells_franklin_poore_green_2008, title={Runoff water quality from manured riparian grasslands with contrasting drainage and simulated grazing pressure}, volume={126}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.004}, abstractNote={Globally,management ofgrazedriparian areasiscriticallyimportanttoagriculturalsustainabilityandenvironmentalquality.However,the potential impacts of riparian grazing management on water quality are not well-documented, particularly in the southeastern USA. The objective of this work was to determine sediment and nutrient export under simulated rainfall from poorly drained and well-drained riparian soils where heavy or light grazing pressure by cattle was simulated. Plots were established on stands of existing vegetation to create grazing pressure treatments of (a) light-use (full ground cover, uncompacted), and with stands modified to establish (b) heavy-use (bare ground, compacted) treatments. Vegetation on poorly drained soils consisted of several typical wetland species (e.g., Pontederia cordata L., Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie) in the southeastern USA, whereas mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) stands were the dominant vegetation on well-drained soils. Runoff volumewas generally greater from heavy-use than from light-use for poorly drained soils and for well-drained soils. Greater runoff volume was also observed from poorly drained soils compared to well-drained soils for both light-use and for heavy-use treatments. Light-use plots were remarkably effective at minimizing export of total suspended solids (TSS)onboth soils (<30 kg ha � 1 ). Mean total Kjeldahl P(TKP) exportwas fourfold greater from heavy-useplots than from light-use plots on both soils. While export of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) was unaffected by grazing pressure and soil drainage, mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH4N) and total N (TN) export from poorly drained heavy-use plots was greater than fivefold that from well-drained light-use plots. Results indicate that livestock heavy-use areas in the riparian zone may export substantial TSS and nutrients, especially on poorly drained soils. However, when full ground cover is maintained on well-drained soils, TSS and nutrient losses may be limited. # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, number={3-4}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Butler, David M. and Ranells, Noah N. and Franklin, Dorcas H. and Poore, Matthew H. and Green, James T., Jr.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={250–260} }
 @article{iyyemperumal_green_israel_ranells_shi_2008, title={Soil chemical and microbiological properties in hay production systems: residual effects of contrasting N fertilization of swine lagoon effluent versus ammonium nitrate}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1432-0789"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00374-007-0221-y}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS}, author={Iyyemperumal, Kannan and Green, James, Jr. and Israel, Daniel W. and Ranells, Noah N. and Shi, Wei}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={425–434} }
 @article{butler_ranells_franklin_poore_green_2007, title={Ground cover impacts on nitrogen export from manured riparian pasture}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2006.0082}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Butler, David M. and Ranells, Noah N. and Franklin, Dorcas H. and Poore, Matthew H. and Green, James T., Jr.}, year={2007}, pages={155–162} }
 @article{vibart_washburn_fellner_poore_green_brownie_2007, title={Varying endophyte status and energy supplementation of fresh tall fescue in continuous culture}, volume={132}, ISSN={["0377-8401"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.03.002}, abstractNote={Eight dual-flow continuous culture vessels (700 ml) were used to compare in vitro effects of toxic, endophyte-infected (E+), endophyte-free (E−), and non-toxic, endophyte-infected (EN) Jesup tall fescue (vegetative stage) on ruminal fermentation at 4 levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 g kg−1 DM) of concentrate supplementation (ground corn) for a total of 12 experimental diets in a randomized incomplete block design with 2 replicates. Each culture vessel was offered a total of 15 g DM d−1. Forage was fed in four equal portions (fed at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00, and 21:00 h); and corn was fed in two equal portions (fed at 09:00 and 21:00 h). Headspace gas and liquid samples were analyzed for methane, ruminal culture pH, ammonia–N, and volatile fatty acid production. Ammonia–N output (g d−1) varied by grass; EN had lower values compared to those of E+ and E−. Increasing the level of grain linearly decreased ruminal culture pH, ammonia–N, acetate production, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio, whereas propionate and butyrate production increased with higher grain supplementation. Ruminal fermentation was minimally altered by the presence of the endophyte; however, for the highest level of grain fed (450 g kg−1 DM fed) the methane production pattern for all three grasses was altered. In addition to having the lowest ruminal ammonia–N accumulation, the non-toxic, endophyte-infected fescue resulted in the lowest methane production measured.}, number={1-2}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Vibart, R. E. and Washburn, S. P. and Fellner, V. and Poore, M. H. and Green, J. T., Jr. and Brownie, C.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={123–136} }
 @article{butler_franklin_ranells_poore_green_2006, title={Ground cover impacts on sediment and phosphorus export from manured riparian pasture}, volume={35}, DOI={10.2134/ieq2005.0351}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Environmental Quality}, author={Butler, D. M. and Franklin, D. H. and Ranells, N. N. and Poore, M. H. and Green, J. T.}, year={2006}, pages={2178–2185} }
 @article{fike_parrish_wolf_balasko_green_rasnake_reynolds_2006, title={Long-term yield potential of switchgrass-for-biofuel systems}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0961-9534"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.10.006}, abstractNote={Limited information is available regarding biomass production potential of long-term (>5- yr-old) switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) stands. Variables of interest in biomass production systems include cultivar selection, site/environment effects, and the impacts of fertility and harvest management on productivity and stand life. We studied biomass production of two upland and two lowland cultivars under two different managements at eight sites in the upper southeastern USA during 1999–2001. (Sites had been planted in 1992 and continuously managed for biomass production.) Switchgrass plots under lower-input management received 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and were harvested once, at the end of the season. Plots under higher-input management received 100 kg N ha−1 (in two applications) and were harvested twice, in midsummer and at the end of the season. Management effects on yield, N removal, and stand density were evaluated. Annual biomass production across years, sites, cultivars, and managements averaged 14.2 Mg ha−1. Across years and sites, a large (28%) yield response to increased inputs was observed for upland cultivars; but the potential value of higher-input management for lowland cultivars was masked overall by large site×management interactions. Nitrogen removal was greater under the higher-input system largely due to greater N concentrations in the midsummer harvests. Management recommendations (cultivar, fertilization, and harvest frequency), ideally, should be site and cultivar dependent, given the variable responses reported here.}, number={3}, journal={BIOMASS & BIOENERGY}, author={Fike, JH and Parrish, DJ and Wolf, DD and Balasko, JA and Green, JT and Rasnake, M and Reynolds, JH}, year={2006}, pages={198–206} }
 @article{poore_scott_green_2006, title={Performance of beef heifers grazing stockpiled fescue as influenced by supplemental whole cottonseed}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0021-8812"]}, DOI={10.2527/2006.8461613x}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to determine the composition of stockpiled fescue from December through February over 2 yr and to determine the performance of heifers grazing stockpiled fescue with or without supplemental whole cottonseed. In early December, 36 heifers (initial BW 277 +/- 0.70 kg, yr 1; 266 +/- 2.2 kg, yr 2; and initial BCS of 5.0 +/- 0.04) were assigned randomly to 6 groups. Each group was assigned randomly to a 2.4-ha tall fescue pasture (98% endophyte infected), which had received 76 kg of N/ha on September 1. Group was the experimental unit for all measures. Forage DM available during grazing (to ground level) averaged 3,913 and 5,370 kg/ha in yr 1 and 2, respectively. The pasture was strip-grazed for 83 d, with daily forage allocation. Three groups were fed whole cottonseed (0.90 kg of DM/heifer; 24.4% CP, DM basis) daily at 0.33% of BW, and a small amount of a corn-based concentrate (0.19 kg of DM/heifer) to assure complete cottonseed consumption. Nutritive value of forage (dry basis) was determined each week by sampling each pasture to the 5-cm target grazing height. Forage disappearance was estimated every 2 wk from pre- and postgraze forage mass. Forage CP was 16.8% in yr 1 and 12.6% in yr 2. In vitro true organic matter digestibility (IVTOMD) was 82.0 and 71.9%, and ADF was 25.9 and 30.7% in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Most indicators of forage quality declined slightly through the winter, although they recovered in late winter in yr 1. The proportion of fescue that was green declined (P < 0.05) from December (79% in yr 1 and 64% in yr 2) to February (62% in yr 1 and 52% in yr 2). Green tissue averaged 20.4 and 15.2% CP, 91 and 87% IVTOMD, and 22.1 and 23.3% ADF in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Brown tissue averaged 10.3 and 8.5% CP, 64 and 62% IVTOMD, and 35.7 and 37.4% ADF in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Shrunk ADG (0.46 vs. 0.56 kg/d in yr 1 and 0.23 vs. 46 kg/d in yr 2) and change in BCS (- 0.03 vs. 0.33 in yr 1 and 0.13 vs. 0.5 in yr 2) was greater (P < 0.05) for supplemented heifers. Supplemented heifers had greater serum urea nitrogen in yr 1 (9.5 vs. 10.5 mg/dL; P < 0.07) and yr 2 (7.2 vs. 8.6 mg/dL; P < 0.01). Forage disappearance was similar between supplemented and unsupplemented heifers (3.19 vs. 3.39 kg.heifer(-1).d(-1) in yr 1 and 4.14 vs. 4.17 kg.heifer(-1).d(-1) in yr 2, respectively). Heifers responded to supplementation, but performance was lower than expected based on forage nutrient content.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Poore, MH and Scott, ME and Green, JT}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={1613–1625} }
 @article{fike_parrish_wolf_balasko_green_rasnake_reynolds_2006, title={Switchgrass production for the upper southeastern USA: Influence of cultivar and cutting frequency on biomass yields}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0961-9534"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.10.008}, abstractNote={Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is considered a good biofuels feedstock candidate. However, limited information is available on its productivity and harvest management in the upper southeastern USA. Our objective was to examine production potential of upland and lowland switchgrass cultivars in response to one- or two-cut management across the region. Upland ('Cave-in-Rock' and 'Shelter') and lowland ('Alamo' and 'Kanlow') cultivars were harvested for 3 yr under one- or two-cut management at eight sites in five states (North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia). Across all sites, years, and cutting managements, upland cultivars yielded 12.6 vs. 15.8 Mg ha−1 for lowland cultivars. Both cultivars yielded more on average with two harvests rather than one, but the effect was greater for upland cultivars (36% more biomass), while lowland cultivars yielded only 8% more biomass with two harvests. Tiller densities were higher for Alamo (lowland) than for Cave-in-Rock (upland) and higher with two-cut than with one-cut management. Early season production of Alamo (a cultivar of southern origin) appeared sensitive to low temperatures. Weak linear responses to precipitation were observed for first-cut biomass, but none was observed for summer precipitation. Lowland switchgrass cultivars appear better suited to biomass production in the upper southeastern USA, due to their greater productivity. Two vs. one cutting per year may be of less advantage for biomass yield with lowland cultivars in this region. However, if upland cultivars are used, two harvests may be of benefit dependent upon production costs and feedstock quality.}, number={3}, journal={BIOMASS & BIOENERGY}, author={Fike, JH and Parrish, DJ and Wolf, DD and Balasko, JA and Green, JT and Rasnake, M and Reynolds, JH}, year={2006}, pages={207–213} }
 @article{bertone_green_washburn_poore_watson_2006, title={The contribution of tunneling dung beetles to pasture soil nutrition}, ISBN={1547-4631}, DOI={10.1094/fg-2006-0711-02-rs}, abstractNote={A highly quality printing of images such as photographs, designs, and the like, is effected without using special paper. The following is provided: a supply mechanism for supplying a recording medium; means for applying a surface modifier for coating the surface modifier on the surface modification area, which is the area to be the modified of the recording medium supplied with the aforementioned means for supplying; and means for drying for drying the surface modification area coated on the aforementioned surface modification area. An area can be printed on the surface modification area with high quality. As such, high quality printing is made possible with regular paper, without using special paper, as before.}, journal={Forage and Grazinglands}, author={Bertone, M. A. and Green, J. T. and Washburn, S. P. and Poore, M. H. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2006}, pages={1} }
 @article{matthews_poore_huntington_green_2005, title={Intake, digestion, and N metabolism in steers fed endophyte-free, ergot alkaloid-producing endophyte-infected, or nonergot alkaloid-producing endophyte-infected fescue hayI}, volume={83}, DOI={10.2527/2005.8351179x}, abstractNote={A digestion and N balance trial was conducted to compare effects of traditional endophyte-infected (E+), endophyte-free (E-), and nontoxic endophyte infected (NE; MaxQ; Pennington Seed, Inc., Madison, GA) Jesup tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) hay on digestion and N retention in steers. Hay composition (DM basis) was as follows: E+ (10.8% CP, 59.9% NDF, and 29.4% ADF), E- (11.8% CP, 58.5% NDF, and 28.4% ADF), and NE (11.6% CP, 58.6% NDF, and 28.3% ADF). Eight Polled Hereford steers (initial BW 240 +/- 9 kg) were used in a replicated, 3 x 3 Latin square design, with an extra steer allotted to each square. Steers were fed ad libitum for 14 d, followed by a 9-d adaptation to restricted intake (based on the animal with the lowest ad libitum intake for the square) and a 5-d fecal and urine collection. Water intake (20.2 L/d) and urine output (7.40 L/d) did not differ (P > 0.10) during the collection period. Plasma prolactin concentration was less (P < 0.05) for steers on the E+ hay (8.83 ng/mL) than for those on the E- hay (18.03 ng/mL) and intermediate for steers on the NE hay (12.65 ng/mL). Endophyte-infected hay differed (P < 0.05) from E- and NE in ad libitum DMI (5.02 vs. 5.62 and 5.61 kg/d, respectively) and ad libitum DMI as a percentage of BW (1.86 vs. 2.06 and 2.06%, respectively). Restricted DMI during the fecal and urine collection was lower (P < 0.05) for E+ hay than for E- (5.04 vs. 5.24 kg/d), and NE was intermediate (5.19 kg/d). Dry matter digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) for E+ compared with E- and NE (62.3 vs. 67.0 and 65.9%, respectively). Digestibility of ADF was lower (P < 0.05) for E+ than for E-, and was intermediate for NE (61.5, 66.0, and 63.9%, respectively). There were no differences for NDF, cellulose, or hemicellulose digestibilities among hay types. Crude protein digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) for E- and NE than for E+ (54.3 and 52.5 vs. 48.1%, respectively). Nitrogen retention was lower (P < 0.01) for E+ than for E- or NE (15.6 vs. 22.7 or 23.0 g/d, respectively). Hay type did not influence plasma urea N, urine urea N output, or urine urea N as a percentage of urinary N. Results from this study indicate that E+ tall fescue hay was lower in ad libitum DMI, DM digestibility, and N retention than NE or E- hays with similar chemical composition. Hay from NE and E- fescue had nearly identical composition, and did not differ for any variable measured.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Matthews, A. K. and Poore, M. H. and Huntington, G. B. and Green, J. T.}, year={2005}, pages={1179–1185} }
 @article{bertone_green_washburn_poore_sorenson_watson_2005, title={Seasonal activity and species composition of dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) inhabiting cattle pastures in North Carolina}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0309:SAASCO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Species composition and seasonal distribution of dung beetles were studied on dairy and beef cattle pastures in North Carolina. Study sites included a dairy located in the piedmont region (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Piedmont Research Station, Salisbury, NC) and a combined dairy/beef facility in the coastal plain (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Center for Environmental Farming Systems, Goldsboro, NC). Dung beetles were trapped in cattle pastures from March 2002 through September 2003 by using dung-baited pitfall traps. Trapping yielded 4,111 beetles representing 14 species from the piedmont dairy, including Aphodius prodromus Brahm, a new record for North Carolina. Totals of 57,026 beetles representing 28 species and 28,857 beetles representing 26 species were trapped from the dairy unit and beef unit in the coastal plain site, respectively. Onthophagus gazella (F.), a second new record for North Carolina, was collected from the coastal plain. Beetles common to all collection sites include Aphodius erraticus (L.), Aphodius fimetarius (L.), Aphodius granarius (L.), Aphodius pseudolividus Balthasar, Onthophagus taurus Schreber, Onthophagus hecate hecate Panzer, and Onthophagus pennsylvanicus Harold. The introduced beetle O. taurus dominated the dung beetle population, accounting for >50% of the total beetles caught at either site. Beetle activity was greatest from March until November, with activity declining during the winter. Nine exotic species in the genera Onthophagus and Aphodius represented nearly 95% of the beetles trapped.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Bertone, M and Green, J and Washburn, S and Poore, M and Sorenson, C and Watson, DW}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={309–321} }
 @article{white_benson_washburn_green_2002, title={Milk production and economic measures in confinement or pasture systems using seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74057-5}, abstractNote={This 4-yr study examined total lactation performance of dairy cows in two feeding systems: pasture-based and confinement. Spring and fall calving herds were used and each seasonal herd had 36 cows on pasture and 36 cows in confinement with 282 Holstein and 222 Jersey cows included over seven seasonal replicates. Pasture-fed cows received variable amounts of grain and baled haylage depending upon pasture availability. Confinement cows received a total mixed ration with corn silage as the primary forage. Data were collected on milk production, feed costs, and other costs. Pasture-fed cows produced 11.1% less milk than confinement cows. Across treatments, Jerseys produced 23.3% less milk than Holsteins, but calving season and various interactions were not significant. Feed costs averaged $0.95/cow per day lower for pastured cows than confinement cows. Feed costs were lower for Jerseys than Holsteins and for cows calving in spring. Income over feed costs averaged $7.05 +/- 0.34 for confinement Holsteins, $6.89 +/- 0.34 for pastured Holsteins, $5.68 +/- 0.34 for confinement Jerseys, and $5.36 +/- 0.34 for pastured Jerseys; effects of breed were significant but treatment, season, and interactions were not. Economic factors such as labor for animal care, manure handling, forage management, and cow culling rates favored pastured cows. Higher fertility and lower mastitis among Jerseys partially offsets lower income over feed cost compared with Holsteins. Milk production was lower in this study for pasture-based systems but lower feed costs, lower culling costs, and other economic factors indicate that pasture-based systems can be competitive with confinement systems.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={White, SL and Benson, GA and Washburn, SP and Green, JT}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={95–104} }
 @article{washburn_white_green_benson_2002, title={Reproduction, mastitis, and body condition of seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows in confinement or pasture systems}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74058-7}, abstractNote={Dairy cows in confinement and pasture-based feeding systems were compared across four spring-calving and three fall-calving replicates for differences in reproduction, mastitis, body weights, and body condition scores. Feeding systems and replicates included both Jersey and Holstein cows. Cows in confinement were fed a total mixed ration, and cows on pasture were supplemented with concentrates and provided baled hay or haylage when pasture supply was limiting. Breeding periods were for 75 d in spring or fall. Reproductive performance did not differ significantly due to feeding system or season. Jerseys had higher conception rates (59.6 vs. 49.5 +/- 3.3%) and higher percentages of cows pregnant in 75 d (78.1 vs. 57.9 +/- 3.9%) than Holsteins. Cows in confinement had 1.8 times more clinical mastitis and eight times the rate of culling for mastitis than did cows on pasture. Jerseys had half as many clinical cases of mastitis per cow as Holsteins. Only 41 +/- 5% of confinement Holsteins remained for a subsequent lactation, starting within the defined calving season compared with 51 +/- 5% of pastured Holsteins and 71 and 72 +/- 5% of Jerseys, respectively. Body weights and condition scores were generally higher for confinement cows than pastured cows, and Jerseys had higher condition scores and lower body weights than Holsteins. In summary, pastured cows had fewer clinical cases of mastitis, lower body condition scores, and lower body weights than confinement cows. Holsteins were less likely to rebreed, had more mastitis, higher culling rates, and lower body condition scores than Jerseys.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Washburn, SP and White, SL and Green, JT and Benson, GA}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={105–111} }
 @article{white_bertrand_wade_washburn_green_jenkins_2001, title={Comparison of fatty acid content of milk from jersey and Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74676-0}, abstractNote={Holstein (n = 19) and Jersey (n = 18) cows were used to study effects of two feeding systems on fatty acid composition of milk. Confinement cows were fed a total mixed ration with corn silage and alfalfa silage and pastured cows grazed a crabgrass (90%) and clover (10%) pasture and were allowed 5.5 kg of grain per head daily. Two milk samples were collected from each cow at morning and afternoon milkings 1 d each week for four consecutive weeks in June and July 1998. One set of milk samples was analyzed to determine fatty acid composition, and the second set was used for crude protein and total fat analyses. Data were analyzed by the general linear models procedure of SAS, using a split-plot model with breed, treatment, and breed x treatment as main effects and time of sampling and week as subplot effects along with appropriate interactions. Milk from pastured cows was higher than milk from confinement cows for the cis-9, trans-11 octadecadienoic acid isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Also, milk from Holsteins was higher than milk from Jerseys for C16:1, C18:1, and CLA and lower than Jerseys for C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0. Several treatment x week interactions existed, but main effects were still important; for example, proportions of CLA in milk of grazed cows were relatively constant across weeks (0.66, 0.64, 0.64, and 0.69% +/- 0.02%, respectively), but the CLA in milk of confinement cows increased in wk 4 (0.35, 0.31, 0.31, and 0.48% +/- 0.02% for wk 1 to 4, respectively). There are potentially important differences in fatty acid composition of milk from cows consuming a warm season pasture species compared with milk from cows consuming a total mixed ration, as well as differences between Holstein and Jersey breeds.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={White, SL and Bertrand, JA and Wade, MR and Washburn, SP and Green, JT and Jenkins, TC}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={2295–2301} }
 @article{white_sheffield_washburn_king_green_2001, title={Spatial and time distribution of dairy cattle excreta in an intensive pasture system}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2001.2180}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={White, SL and Sheffield, RE and Washburn, SP and King, LD and Green, JT}, year={2001}, pages={2180–2187} }
 @article{use of goats to manage vegetation in cattle pastures in the appalachian region of north carolina_2000, volume={16}, number={2000}, journal={Sheep & Goat Research Journal}, year={2000}, pages={124–135} }
 @book{belesky_burns_chamblee_daniel_ruiter_fisher_green_mochrie_mueller_pond_et al._1998, title={Carostan flaccidgrass: Establishment, adaption, production management, forage quality, and utilization}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: N.C. Agricultural Research Service, N.C. State University}, author={Belesky, D. P. and Burns, J.C. and Chamblee, Douglas S. and Daniel, Dorsey W. and Ruiter, J.M. and Fisher, D.S. and Green, J. T. and Mochrie, R. D. and Mueller, J. P. and Pond, K. R. and et al.}, year={1998} }
 @article{luginbuhl_harvey_green_poore_mueller_1998, title={Use of goats as biological agents for the renovation of pastures in the Appalachian region of the United States}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0167-4366"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1006250728166}, number={2-3}, journal={AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS}, author={Luginbuhl, JM and Harvey, TE and Green, JT and Poore, MH and Mueller, JP}, year={1998}, pages={241–252} }
 @article{edmisten_green_mueller_burns_1998, title={Winter annual small grain forage potential. I. Dry matter yield in relation to morphological characteristics of four small grain species at six growth stages}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103629809369992}, abstractNote={Abstract Small grains offer a potential animal feed at a time when moisture is usually available in the Southeast. The four major winter annual small grains, barley, oats, rye, and wheat, have not been compared as potential feed sources in the same study in the past. These four small grains were harvested at six stages of growth: vegetative, boot, heading, milk, soft dough, and hard dough. Harvest dates, dry matter (DM) yield, DM yield of regrowth following initial harvest, DM concentration, and the proportions of leaf, stem and inflorescence were measured and used to evaluate the four species for silage production and grazing potential. Rye and barley reached boot prior to the suggested planting date for corn in the Piedmont of North Carolina and dry matter yields ranged from 4.72 to 6.71 Mg ha‐1 and were harvested. Barley reached milk, soft dough, and hard dough earlier than the other species and was equal to or higher than the other species in proportion of DM in leaf DM yield and total DM yield in 198...}, number={7-8}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Edmisten, KL and Green, JT and Mueller, JP and Burns, JC}, year={1998}, pages={867–879} }
 @article{edmisten_green_mueller_burns_1998, title={Winter annual small grain forage potential. II. Quantification of nutritive characteristics of four small grain species at six growth stages}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103629809369993}, abstractNote={Abstract Four small grain species, barley, oat, rye, and wheat were harvested at six growth stages to investigate their nutritive quality as a possible replacement for corn silage. Crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin contents were measured on fresh and ensiled samples. The IVDMD, an estimate of forage ruminant digestibility, of all species generally decreased from the vegetative (765–854 g kg‐1) through the milk stage (505–662 g kg‐1) and then remained unchanged or increased slightly through hard dough with the exception of oats which often decreased during later stages of growth. The IVDMD of rye was usually lower than the other species from the milk to hard dough stage. The IVDMD of barley was generally higher than the other species at the soft and hard dough stages. The NDF, ADF, and lignin fractions usually increased from the vegetative to milk stages and remained unchanged or increased slightly through the...}, number={7-8}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Edmisten, KL and Green, JT and Mueller, JP and Burns, JC}, year={1998}, pages={881–899} }