@article{heinen-kay_schmidt_stafford_costa_peterson_kern_langerhans_2016, title={Predicting multifarious behavioural divergence in the wild}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1095-8282"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.08.016}, abstractNote={Many animals show complex behaviours that can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Environmental variation can lead to divergent selection that consistently favours particular behaviours in different environments; but how predictably multiple aspects of animal behaviour diverge in response to different environmental conditions remains unclear. We tested whether populations evolving under different levels of predation risk show predictable and repeatable population-level behavioural differences in all five primary components of animal personality: aggression, sociability, boldness, activity and exploration. We formulated and tested a priori predictions of divergence for each behaviour using the adaptive radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish, Gambusia hubbsi (family Poeciliidae), inhabiting vertical water-filled caves (blue holes) where they have evolved for thousands of years in either the presence or absence of predatory fish. Mosquitofish behaviours differed consistently, and largely predictably, between predation regimes: low-predation mosquitofish showed reduced sociability and greater exploration of a novel environment compared to high-predation counterparts. However, some differences were sex dependent: only females showed greater boldness and only males displayed reduced aggressiveness in low-predation populations. Activity levels did not differ between predation regimes. All populations showed a behavioural syndrome characteristic of either proactive or reactive stress-coping styles with regard to exploration. Exploration behavioural syndromes were more similar among populations that evolved in similar predation regimes, regardless of genetic relatedness. Using laboratory-born, high-predation mosquitofish, we confirmed that exploratory behaviours have a genetic basis and show significant within-individual repeatability. Our results suggest that environmental variation, such as chronic predation risk, can lead to repeatable, and often predictable, changes in multifarious animal behaviours, and that various aspects of behaviour can diversify more or less independently of one another. Considering the ecological importance of these behaviours, the ability to forecast behavioural shifts in a rapidly changing world could serve as a valuable conservation tool.}, journal={ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR}, author={Heinen-Kay, Justa L. and Schmidt, Danielle A. and Stafford, A. Tayt and Costa, Michael T. and Peterson, M. Nils and Kern, Elizabeth M. A. and Langerhans, R. Brian}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={3–10} }
 @article{heinen-kay_morris_ryan_byerley_venezia_peterson_langerhans_2015, title={A trade-off between natural and sexual selection underlies diversification of a sexual signal}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1465-7279"]}, DOI={10.1093/beheco/aru228}, abstractNote={A longstanding hypothesis in evolutionary biology is that trade-offs between natural and sexual selection often underlie the diversification of sexual signals in the wild. A classic example of this “selection trade-off hypothesis” proposes that males evolve elaborate and conspicuous ornamentation in low-risk environments where female preferences dominate selection on sexual traits, but they evolve muted and relatively cryptic sexual traits in high-risk environments where selection from predators acts against conspicuous sexual traits and female preferences potentially weaken or reverse. However, little direct empirical evidence supports this notion. Using the model system of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi)—where males have recently evolved greater orange coloration in their dorsal fins in blue holes lacking predatory fish relative to populations with fish predators—we tested this hypothesis using fish replicas differing only in dorsal-fin color. Specifically, we employed plastic fish models in a combination of field and lab experiments to directly examine conspicuity to predators and female preferences for dorsal-fin color. We found that orange-shifted dorsal fins resembling the color exhibited in predator-free populations appeared more conspicuous to predatory bigmouth sleepers (Gobiomorus dormitor) that are evolutionarily naive to mosquitofish. Wild-caught female mosquitofish preferred the orange-shifted dorsal-fin model during dichotomous choice tests; evolutionary history with predators did not affect female preferences. Similar mate-choice trials with lab-born virgin females also found preferences for the orange-shifted dorsal-fin model and revealed significant genetic variation for female preferences. Our study provides direct empirical evidence documenting a trade-off between natural and sexual selection in a colorful sexual signal.}, number={2}, journal={BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY}, author={Heinen-Kay, Justa L. and Morris, Kirstin E. and Ryan, Nicole A. and Byerley, Samantha L. and Venezia, Rebecca E. and Peterson, M. Nils and Langerhans, R. Brian}, year={2015}, pages={533–542} }
 @article{hayes_peterson_heinen-kay_langerhans_2015, title={Tourism-related drivers of support for protection of fisheries resources on Andros Island, The Bahamas}, volume={106}, ISSN={0964-5691}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2015.01.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.01.007}, abstractNote={Fisheries resources in the Caribbean suffer intense pressure from overharvesting. Some of the most valuable fisheries in The Bahamas, such as queen conch (Strombus gigas), spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), and Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), are overexploited and require additional protection. Despite these pressures, we currently know very little about the factors that underlie local residents' support for such protection. We interviewed residents of Andros Island, The Bahamas to evaluate how perception of environmental impacts of tourism, perception of benefits of tourism for their quality of life, income generation from tourism, and education level influenced their willingness to support additional protection of marine resources in the face of a growing tourism industry. We found that respondents supporting additional marine resource protection tended to perceive tourism as having negative impacts on marine resources and neutral to positive effects on their family's quality of life. Attending at least some college also positively influenced support for marine resource protection, although whether residents sold natural products to tourists did not appear to influence their stance on marine resource protection. Our results suggest education in a broad sense, and particularly education highlighting how tourism can both positively affect human well-being and harm marine resources, will promote public support for marine resource protection.}, journal={Ocean & Coastal Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hayes, Maureen C. and Peterson, M. Nils and Heinen-Kay, Justa L. and Langerhans, R. Brian}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={118–123} }
 @article{martin_riesch_heinen-kay_langerhans_2014, title={EVOLUTION OF MALE COLORATION DURING A POST-PLEISTOCENE RADIATION OF BAHAMAS MOSQUITOFISH (GAMBUSIA HUBBSI)}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1558-5646"]}, DOI={10.1111/evo.12277}, abstractNote={Sexual signal evolution can be complex because multiple factors influence the production, transmission, and reception of sexual signals, as well as receivers’ responses to them. To grasp the relative importance of these factors in generating signal diversity, we must simultaneously investigate multiple selective agents and signaling traits within a natural system. We use the model system of the radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) inhabiting blue holes to test the effects of resource availability, male body size and other life-history traits, key aspects of the transmission environment, sex ratio, and predation risk on variation in multiple male color traits. Consistent with previous work examining other traits in this system, several color traits have repeatedly diverged between predation regimes, exhibiting greater elaboration in the absence of predators. However, other factors proved influential as well, with variation in resource levels, body size, relative testes size, and background water color being especially important for several color traits. For one prominent signaling trait, orange dorsal fins, we further confirmed a genetic basis underlying population differences using a laboratory common-garden experiment. We illustrate a promising approach for gaining a detailed understanding of the many contributing factors in the evolution of multivariate sexual signals.}, number={2}, journal={EVOLUTION}, author={Martin, Ryan A. and Riesch, Ruediger and Heinen-Kay, Justa L. and Langerhans, R. Brian}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={397–411} }
 @article{heinen-kay_noel_layman_langerhans_2014, title={Human-caused habitat fragmentation can drive rapid divergence of male genitalia}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1752-4571"]}, DOI={10.1111/eva.12223}, abstractNote={The aim of this study rests on three premises: (i) humans are altering ecosystems worldwide, (ii) environmental variation often influences the strength and nature of sexual selection, and (iii) sexual selection is largely responsible for rapid and divergent evolution of male genitalia. While each of these assertions has strong empirical support, no study has yet investigated their logical conclusion that human impacts on the environment might commonly drive rapid diversification of male genital morphology. We tested whether anthropogenic habitat fragmentation has resulted in rapid changes in the size, allometry, shape, and meristics of male genitalia in three native species of livebearing fishes (genus: Gambusia) inhabiting tidal creeks across six Bahamian islands. We found that genital shape and allometry consistently and repeatedly diverged in fragmented systems across all species and islands. Using a model selection framework, we identified three ecological consequences of fragmentation that apparently underlie observed morphological patterns: decreased predatory fish density, increased conspecific density, and reduced salinity. Our results demonstrate that human modifications to the environment can drive rapid and predictable divergence in male genitalia. Given the ubiquity of anthropogenic impacts on the environment, future research should evaluate the generality of our findings and potential consequences for reproductive isolation.}, number={10}, journal={EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS}, author={Heinen-Kay, Justa L. and Noel, Holly G. and Layman, Craig A. and Langerhans, R. Brian}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={1252–1267} }
 @article{heinen_coco_marcuard_white_peterson_martin_langerhans_2013, title={Environmental drivers of demographics, habitat use, and behavior during a post-Pleistocene radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi)}, volume={27}, ISSN={0269-7653 1573-8477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10682-012-9627-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10682-012-9627-6}, number={5}, journal={Evolutionary Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Heinen, Justa L. and Coco, Matthew W. and Marcuard, Maurice S. and White, Danielle N. and Peterson, M. Nils and Martin, Ryan A. and Langerhans, R. Brian}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={971–991} }
 @article{heinen-kay_langerhans_2013, title={Predation-associated divergence of male genital morphology in a livebearing fish}, volume={26}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, author={Heinen-Kay, J. L. and Langerhans, R. B.}, year={2013} }