@article{casper_kim_bocarro_2024, title={Perceived Constraints to Pickleball Participation Among Black Older Adults}, url={https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2023-0009}, DOI={10.1123/japa.2023-0009}, abstractNote={Pickleball offers sociopsychological and physical activity benefits for older adults but lacks racial diversity. The purpose of this study was to identify constraints to pickleball participation with Black older adults (65+ years) as well as examine differences based on physical activity and sex. A Qualtrics panel included Black older adults (N = 292) who have heard of pickleball and are physically able to play but have not played. Results found Knowledge, Accessibility, Interpersonal, and Interest were the most salient constraints overall. Multivariate analysis of variance found that those who report low physical activity had significantly higher Interpersonal, Psychological, Costs, and Perceived Racism constraints. Additionally, females report significantly higher Knowledge, Psychological, and Cost constraints compared to males. The results further the theoretical application of constraints to physical activity research and provide insights into practitioner implications to grow the sport of pickleball for Black older adults.}, journal={Journal of Aging and Physical Activity}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Kim, Amy Chan Hyung and Bocarro, Jason N.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{bocarro_casper_bush_steptoe_dupree_blake_kanters_2023, title={An Exploratory Study of a Health and Wellness Intervention on STEM College Students During COVID-19}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1558-867X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661231154490}, DOI={10.1177/15588661231154490}, abstractNote={ To address the growing health challenges faced by college students, campus recreation departments have evolved from a primary university intramural sport setting to organizations that have an increased emphasis on student recruitment, retention, and overall wellness. Among the strategies used to attract and engage students in campus recreation programs and services, health coaching shows some promise as a potentially effective intervention strategy. This study examined the efficacy of a university campus recreation health coaching program. Students from Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) disciplines (n = 34) were provided with individual, group, and virtual support to assist in developing effective strategies for academic success. Fitbit data measuring participants’ sleep and physical activity were collected along with self-reported measures of stress and perceived happiness and focus group qualitative data focused on participants’ perceptions of the program. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic forcing the program to adapt, findings suggest that health coaching may be an effective intervention strategy to help university students cope with the heightened anxiety and stress levels associated with campus life. }, journal={RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Bush, Kimberly A. and Steptoe, Alexis and DuPree, Shannon and Blake, Virginia and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{mcgillivray_mcpherson_bocarro_heerdt_2023, title={Editorial: Foregrounding a rights-based agenda for sport events}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2624-9367"]}, DOI={10.3389/fspor.2023.1282492}, abstractNote={COPYRIGHT © 2023 McGillivray, McPherson, Bocarro and Heerdt. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING}, author={Mcgillivray, David and Mcpherson, Gayle and Bocarro, Jason and Heerdt, Daniela}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_drake_2023, title={Physical Activity Associated with Older Adult Pickleball Participation: A Pilot Study}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1558-867X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661231156139}, DOI={10.1177/15588661231156139}, abstractNote={ The quantity and quality of physical activity accrued from recreational pickleball participation have not been published. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount and intensity of physical activity older adults (65 years and older) get from pickleball participation. Thirty-three pickleball participants wore FitbitHR monitors for 2 weeks and logged days/times of pickleball participation. On average, participants spent over 68 min of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) per playing session. Playing pickleball had beneficial cardiovascular benefits, as participants averaged over 86 min at increased heart rate zones. On average, participants gained significantly more steps on pickleball play days versus non-pickleball play days. Pickleball play days were found to have significantly more MVPA minutes, and participants were significantly less sedentary. The results inform sport and leisure providers evidence that pickleball participation helps older adults meet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USHHS) recommended guidelines for MVPA per week if played three or more times. Knowing the health benefits of pickleball may assist sport and leisure managers as they accommodate this popular sport activity. }, journal={RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. M. and Bocarro, Jason. N. and Drake, Nicholas R. R.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{koenigstorfer_yang_bocarro_brittain_lundberg_mcgillvray_misener_chalip_duignan_2023, title={THE STATE OF PLAY BETWEEN MANAGING MAJOR SPORTS EVENTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A SCOPING REVIEW}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1943-4308"]}, DOI={10.3727/152599522X16419948695323}, abstractNote={This scoping review integrates literature from diverse perspectives to better understand when and how management of major sport events promotes or harms human rights. The authors critically review 130 peer-reviewed English language articles to identify conceptual contributions to research
 and practice. The findings reveal that politics and political reform, legal frameworks, and organizational actions are crucial influences in when and how management of events promotes or harms human rights. The most frequently considered rights in the literature are: equality, human trafficking
 related, sport as a human right, worker rights, and freedom of residence. Activism for human rights stimulates change within relevant stakeholders via collaboration, naming and shaming, in-public debates, and media coverage. The committed, transparent, and inclusive consideration of human
 rights in all stages of managing sport events (from bid preparation, bidding, planning, and hosting to postevent leverage) may increase the likelihood that the event has social benefits.}, number={6}, journal={EVENT MANAGEMENT}, author={Koenigstorfer, Joerg and Yang, Yanxiang and Bocarro, Jason N. and Brittain, Ian and Lundberg, Erik and McGillvray, David and Misener, Laura and Chalip, Laurence and Duignan, Michael B.}, year={2023}, pages={823–849} }
 @article{bocarro_2023, title={Thinking Outside the Pillbox - Sport and Health}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/709835}, DOI={10.52750/709835}, abstractNote={Dr. Jason Bocarro discusses how participating in sport can impact people's physical and mental health.However, like many things in life, how these opportunities are planned, structured and designed are critically important to maximize those health benefits as well as other social, community and economic benefits.We will discuss some of the sport initiatives our faculty and students have been a part of both locally and across the globe and discuss how sport often plays a critical role in addressing fundamental health challenges.}, author={Bocarro, Jason}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{penbrooke_edwards_bocarro_henderson_hipp_2022, title={Applying Systems Thinking Approaches to Address Preventive Health Factors through Public Parks and Recreation Agencies}, volume={40}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2021.11007}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Penbrooke, Teresa and Edwards, Michael and Bocarro, Jason and Henderson, Karla and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2022}, pages={98–114} }
 @article{robledo_edwards_bocarro_behnke_casper_2022, title={Examination of Ecological Systems Contexts Within a Latino-Based Community Sport Youth Development Initiative}, volume={4}, ISSN={2624-9367}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.869589}, DOI={10.3389/fspor.2022.869589}, abstractNote={Youth Development Programs (YDPs) can serve as effective mechanisms to alleviate social and psychological adversities while enhancing and developing resilience among youth. Recently, more YDPs have incorporated sport within Sport for Development (SFD) models to achieve these goals. Due to the growing Latino population in the US and the wide achievement gap between Latinos and other demographic populations, there is a need to explore programs that may support individual development as well as long-term change with regard to social inequality. There is also a need to better understand the ecological contexts within SFD programs and how these contexts may support underserved youth. Specifically, using an ecological systems perspective, this study seeks to explore the implementation of a sport program by a YDP in order to examine the ecological processes that may support or inhibit the efficacy of sport programs working with underserved youth. Juntos is a YDP that primarily serves Latinx youth and families by assisting youth with graduating high school and pursuing higher education opportunities. Juntos incorporates two annual soccer tournaments (i.e., Kicking it with Juntos and Copa Unidos). A qualitative case study approach was implemented in two counties in North Carolina. Interviews were conducted with tournament participants, county coordinators and planning committee members. Findings found three key themes related to three ecological levels 1. At the Microsystem level, sport was implemented to engage youth and connect to non-sport program outcomes, but divergent perceptions of goals among stakeholders potentially inhibited intentional implementation. At the Mesosystem level, sport provided a mechanism to engage in collaborative relationships and encouraged parental participation. At the Macrosystem level, sport celebrated Latino culture and attempted to address social barriers facing Latinx youth, but some aspects of culture may have created barriers to access for girls. Findings suggested that while the programs emphasized mesosystem engagement, more integration across exosystem and macrosystem levels may be needed for sustainable outcomes.}, journal={Frontiers in Sports and Active Living}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Robledo, Mayra V. and Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Behnke, Andrew O. and Casper, Jonathan M.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{howard_bocarro_floyd_sanderson_2022, title={Promoting Recreational Interests of Black Undergraduate Students Attending Historically White Institutions}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1558-867X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661211068502}, DOI={10.1177/15588661211068502}, abstractNote={ Research shows that collegiate recreation contributes to a greater sense of campus belonging for undergraduate students. Few studies, however, have examined the recreational interests of Black undergraduate students attending four-year colleges and universities. As part of a study comparing recreational preferences of Black and White students attending historically White institutions, 150 Black and 154 White undergraduate students were surveyed related to their interest in 27 recreational activities. Significant differences existed in several categories, but overall interest in outdoor recreation among Black undergraduate students was higher than expected, compared to prior literature. Moreover, findings were notable in several sport activities when comparing gender differences. Results support the notion that social, psychological, and institutional barriers exist that limit recreational involvement for certain groups. Findings may be useful for collegiate recreation professionals looking to promote sport and outdoor opportunities for undergraduate students of color on college campuses in the U.S. }, number={1}, journal={RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL}, author={Howard, Keith and Bocarro, Jason N. and Floyd, Myron F. and Sanderson, Heather}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={52–63} }
 @article{brittain_bunds_bocarro_2022, title={The Contribution of Sport in the Rehabilitation Process of Disabled Military Veterans: A Case Study of the 2016 Invictus Games}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2470-4075"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2022.2031249}, DOI={10.1080/24704067.2022.2031249}, abstractNote={A growing body of research highlights the positive impacts of sport and physical activity upon the physical and mental well-being of traumatically injured military personnel. This study, conducted at the 2016 Invictus Games in Orlando, Florida, sought to understand the role of sport in the rehabilitation process of military personnel who have undergone traumatic injury or have experienced chronic illness. Data were derived from in-depth focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and open-ended questions with competitors, team managers, and family members. Findings indicated that the use of sport and physical activity has been an effective rehabilitation tool for those who competed. Tactics such as goal setting and team mentality, often critical components of both sport and military training, are helpful in allowing these competitors to reconnect with their military identity, without the negative implications of self-comparison.}, journal={JOURNAL OF GLOBAL SPORT MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Brittain, Ian and Bunds, Kyle and Bocarro, Jason}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{johnson_bocarro_saelens_2022, title={Youth Sport Participation by Metropolitan Status: 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH)}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2168-3824"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2022.2069662}, DOI={10.1080/02701367.2022.2069662}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Purpose: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2018–2019 National Survey of Children’s Health to examine the association between metropolitan statistical area (MSA) status and sports participation among American youth ages 6–17. Methods: Weighted prevalence statistics were computed for sports participation by MSA status (non-MSA, MSA), overall and by child sex and age. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for non-MSA versus MSA youth, before and after adjusting for special health-care needs, race/ethnicity, household income, parent education, and family structure. Results: The final sample included 30,029 youth [Mage = 11.6 years (SD = 0.4), 51.4% female, 49.0% White]. About 56% participated in sports in the past year. Sports participation was significantly higher among females versus males [59.1% (95% CI: 57.4%–60.7%) versus 52.1% (95% CI: 50.4%–53.8%), p < .001]. Among ages 6–11, those in non-MSAs (versus MSAs) were less likely to participate in sports [PR 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86–0.99), p = .033], which was non-significant after adjustment. In adjusted models, youth ages 12–17 in non-MSAs (versus in MSAs) were more likely to participate in sports overall [aPR 1.07 (95% CI: 1.00–1.15), p = .042] and among males [aPR 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01–1.23), p = .026]. Conclusion: The relationship between MSA status and sports participation may be largely driven by factors that affect youth’s ability to participate in sports. Sports participation was higher among females versus males overall. In the models adjusted for demographics, non-MSA youth ages 12–17 were more likely to participate, particularly males. Efforts promoting youth sports should consider differences in socio-demographic factors between MSA versus non-MSA areas to help increase participation.}, journal={RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT}, author={Johnson, Ashleigh M. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Saelens, Brian E.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{macnell_hardison-moody_wyant_bocarro_elliott_bowen_2022, title={“I have to be the example”: Motherhood as a lens for understanding physical activity among low-income women}, volume={53}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2022.2051116}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2022.2051116}, abstractNote={Abstract Parents and people living in poverty are less likely to engage in leisure-time physical activity, yet these groups are underrepresented in socio-ecological studies of activity. To understand barriers and facilitators to leisure-time physical activity within these groups, this study draws on 138 interviews with low-income U.S. mothers to highlight the ways in which motherhood framed their decisions and ability to engage in physical activity. The challenges they faced were filtered through their practices as mothers; for example, they had little time and energy to be active because of the demands of daily childrearing and household labor. In addition, their strategies around leisure-time physical activity were tied to ideas of good mothering; for example, they sought opportunities that were free or low-cost for the entire family. Understanding how motherhood shapes low-income women’s leisure-time physical activity can inform interventions and policies to increase physical activity among this population.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={MacNell, Lillian and Hardison-Moody, Annie and Wyant, Amanda and Bocarro, Jason N. and Elliott, Sinikka and Bowen, Sarah}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={575–594} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_lothary_2021, title={An examination of pickleball participation, social connections, and psychological well-being among seniors during the COVID-19 pandemic}, volume={63}, ISSN={1607-8055 2333-4509}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2021.1957708}, DOI={10.1080/16078055.2021.1957708}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study examined how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the physical activity, social connections, and psychological well-being of seniors who participate in the sport of pickleball. A total of 36 pickleball players who were over the age of 65 completed an online survey that assessed pickleball participation, social connections, physical/mental health, loneliness, and life satisfaction measures in February/March 2020 (pre-COVID) and again in November 2020 (during COVID). Findings indicated that a majority of the participants are still playing pickleball outdoors, but less frequently. They reported lower social connections through pickleball and in their daily life. While perceived physical health scores were stable, participants reported significantly lower mental health, higher loneliness, and lower life satisfaction during the pandemic. Those playing less pickleball were significantly more likely to report lower life satisfaction during the pandemic. The findings from this study have implications for both leisure practitioners and public health professionals as they strategize ways to continue to offer recreation experiences safely.}, number={3}, journal={World Leisure Journal}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lothary, Allura F.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={330–346} }
 @article{carlton_mckenzie_bocarro_edwards_casper_suau_kanters_2021, title={Objective Assessment of Physical Activity and Associated Contexts During High School Sport Practices}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2624-9367"]}, DOI={10.3389/fspor.2021.548516}, abstractNote={Background: Organized sports provide children and adolescents with opportunities to achieve recommended amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and schools are a primary setting for sports programs. The main aims of this study were to examine participant physical activity (PA) levels during the most popular high school sports in the United States and to assess the influences of practice contextual factors on PA levels.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING}, author={Carlton, Troy and McKenzie, Thomas L. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Edwards, Michael and Casper, Jonathan and Suau, Luis and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{edwards_bocarro_bunds_bush_casper_dorsch_chalip_kanters_kanters_2021, title={Parental perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 and returning to play based on level of sport}, volume={25}, ISSN={1743-0437 1743-0445}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.2016703}, DOI={10.1080/17430437.2021.2016703}, abstractNote={Abstract This study examined the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport parents based on competition level to understand how the pandemic affected youth sport and factors associated with youth returning to sport. Survey data were collected from samples of US sport parents in two waves - early in the pandemic (N = 751) and as programs began to resume (N = 707). Data showed elite sport parents were more willing to return. Although most participants returned to play, significant numbers had not resumed participation. Parent comfort was the most important factor associated with resuming. However, parents allowed children to resume play due to perceived external pressure, potentially creating stress among parents regarding sport participation decisions. Attending school in person and household income were associated with the ability to resume sport suggesting the need to provide school sport environments and consider the financial impacts of COVID-19 on sport families.}, number={7}, journal={Sport in Society}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Bush, Kimberly A. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Dorsch, Travis E. and Chalip, Laurence and Kanters, David and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1273–1290} }
 @article{mcgillivray_koenigstorfer_bocarro_edwards_2021, title={The role of advocacy organisations for ethical mega sport events}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1839-2083"]}, DOI={10.1080/14413523.2021.1955531}, abstractNote={HIGHLIGHTS We interviewed advocacy organisations campaigning for human rights. We explore the roles and relationships between mega sport event stakeholders with respect to human rights. We found that mega sport event stakeholders recognize the importance of, and accept responsibility for, human rights. We found that building trust with, while protecting the independence of, advocacy organisations is important. We found that advocacy organizations have moved away from shaming to a more collaborative approach with awarding bodies. We recommend that event governance and monitoring need to be implemented before and after the event. Non-governmental organisations have sought to enshrine progressive and ethical principles, protocols, and practices into governance arrangements for mega sport events. Evidence on whether, and how, they influence awarding bodies and events for the better, however, is scarce. Two research questions guided the present research: What role human rights advocacy organisations play at different stages of the event lifecycle? What is the nature of relationships between advocacy organisations and event awarding bodies to ensure that human rights are effectively embedded into decision-making processes? The authors conducted interviews with representatives from three advocacy organisations campaigning for human rights, two event awarding bodies and two intermediary organisations. A thematic analysis revealed four central themes: accepting responsibility for human rights; considering events as human-rights leveraging opportunity; facilitating within-coalition balance and independence of advocacy organisations; and implementing good governance and structural change. The findings contribute to the understanding of advocacy organisations within the sport event context by identifying relevant roles and relationships (including success factors and burdens on human rights).}, journal={SPORT MANAGEMENT REVIEW}, author={McGillivray, David and Koenigstorfer, Joerg and Bocarro, Jason N. and Edwards, Michael B.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{larson_zhang_oh_beam_ogletree_bocarro_lee_casper_stevenson_hipp_et al._2021, title={Urban Park Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Socially Vulnerable Communities Disproportionately Impacted?}, volume={3}, ISSN={2624-9634}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, DOI={10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, abstractNote={The COVID-19 pandemic altered human behavior around the world. To maintain mental and physical health during periods of lockdown and quarantine, people often engaged in outdoor, physically distanced activities such as visits to parks and greenspace. However, research tracking outdoor recreation patterns during the pandemic has yielded inconsistent results, and few studies have explored the impacts of COVID-19 on park use across diverse neighborhoods. We used a mixed methods approach to examine changes in park use patterns in cities across North Carolina, USA, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on impacts in socially vulnerable communities (based on racial/ethnic composition and socioeconomic status). First, we surveyed a demographically representative sample of 611 urban residents during August 2020 to assess their use of outdoor park spaces before and during the pandemic. Second, we used cell phone location (i.e., geo-tracking) data to document changes in park visits within 605 socioeconomically diverse urban census tracts before (July 2019) and during (July 2020) the pandemic. Data from both methods revealed urban park use declined during the pandemic; 56% of survey respondents said they stopped or reduced park use, and geo-tracked park visits dropped by 15%. Park users also became more homogenous, with visits increasing the most for past park visitors and declining the most in socially vulnerable communities and among individuals who were BIPOC or lower-income. Our results raise concerns about urban park use during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest pre-existing health disparities in socially vulnerable communities might be exacerbated by inequitable access and utilization of parks and greenspace.}, journal={Frontiers in Sustainable Cities}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Zhang, Zhenzhen and Oh, Jae In and Beam, Will and Ogletree, S. Scott and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Hipp, J. Aaron and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{jones_carlton_hyun_kanters_bocarro_2020, title={Assessing the contribution of informal sport to leisure-time physical activity: a new perspective on social innovation}, volume={25}, ISSN={["2375-0480"]}, DOI={10.1080/23750472.2019.1620627}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Rationale/purpose: Most social innovation research within health-oriented SDP initiatives has focused on improvements to structured program contexts, with less attention to informal sport. The purpose of this study was to analyze leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) across a range of activity settings, and provide informed recommendations for SDP organizations to integrate informal sport into LTPA-promoting initiatives. Methodology: Data was collected through systematic observations of sport facilities at twenty schools in North Carolina. A two-way factorial analysis of variance was utilized to assess variation in physical activity across different activities and levels of organization (i.e. formal vs. informal). Findings: Findings reveal significant variation across different activities, as well as the level of organization (i.e. formal vs. informal). In addition, sport activities were not associated with significantly higher levels of physical activity than other forms of physically active leisure. Practical implications: Sport managers must recognize the contribution of various sport and leisure activities to maximize the role of sport in promoting LTPA. In addition, preconceived notions regarding the inherent health benefits of sport must be altered in order to promote LTPA. Research contribution: SDP organizations incorporate informal sport are key to promoting LTPA, but require program-, process-, and socially transformative social innovation.}, number={3}, journal={MANAGING SPORT AND LEISURE}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Carlton, Troy and Hyun, Moonsup and Kanters, Michael and Bocarro, Jason}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={161–174} }
 @article{jones_hyun_edwards_casper_bocarro_lynch_2020, title={Is "school sport" associated with school belongingness? Testing the influence of school sport policy}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1839-2083"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.003}, abstractNote={Highlights• Interscholastic sport is often prioritized by administrators due to a presumed influence on school belongingness.• The association between sport and school belongingness is different depending on policy context.• The indirect effect of sport competence is stronger in schools with interscholastic sport policies.• Policymakers should look beyond “single entity” categorizations of school sport.}, number={5}, journal={SPORT MANAGEMENT REVIEW}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Hyun, Moonsup and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lynch, James}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={925–936} }
 @article{mcgillivray_edwards_brittain_bocarro_koenigstorfer_2019, title={A conceptual model and research agenda for bidding, planning and delivering Major sport events that lever human rights}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1466-4496"]}, DOI={10.1080/02614367.2018.1556724}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT In this conceptual article, the authors propose a framework for how progressive human rights outcomes may be obtained in the context of bidding, planning and implementing major sport events (MSEs) through the implementation of four pathways, including good governance, the democratic participation of stakeholders, the formalisation of human rights agendas and the deployment of sensitive urban development. The authors argue that there is a need for adherence to internationally recognised standards, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights if rhetorical statements from MSE awarding bodies and host organisers are to be accountable to a wider set of actors. If researchers and practitioners want to address some of the critical issues related to human rights and MSEs, it is imperative that key actors working in the rights sphere are involved in shaping the research agenda and monitoring its implementation. Academics need to take a proactive approach aimed at achieving both theoretically grounded and practically relevant solutions, with engagement occurring over an extended period of time. This approach, avowedly political and concerned with genuine action, is a key way in which MSE stakeholders can be held to account for their actions in regard to human rights.}, number={2}, journal={LEISURE STUDIES}, author={McGillivray, David and Edwards, Michael B. and Brittain, Ian and Bocarro, Jason and Koenigstorfer, Joerg}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={175–190} }
 @article{koenigstorfer_bocarro_byers_edwards_jones_preuss_2019, title={Mapping research on legacy of mega sporting events: structural changes, consequences, and stakeholder evaluations in empirical studies}, volume={38}, ISSN={0261-4367 1466-4496}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1662830}, DOI={10.1080/02614367.2019.1662830}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Findings from empirical studies on the legacy of hosting a mega sporting event are inconclusive. This paper considers empirical studies published in English language peer-reviewed journals between 1997 and 2016 to identify trends and gaps in current knowledge related to event-attributed changes in structures, consequences, and stakeholder evaluations. Following systematic literature search guidelines, 233 articles (238 studies) were coded. The authors assessed structural changes, consequences, and stakeholder evaluations. Contextual factors, such as type of event, timeframe, and geographical location were also considered, as well as research design, methods, and a risk of bias assessment. Most studies considered structural changes per se, without further specification (such as the urban and human level). Economic and social consequences were the two most often considered consequences. The range of stakeholders considered in the studies was diverse, although host city residents received the most research attention. The mapping helps scholars better understand dominant themes, critically appraise studies as well as identify gaps in existing research. The authors discuss managerial implications and propose research directions that address concerns: unclear definition and biased selection of relevant stakeholder groups, short legacy timeframes, and the low-level evidence for cause-effect relationships in the legacy production process.}, number={6}, journal={Leisure Studies}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Koenigstorfer, Joerg and Bocarro, Jason N. and Byers, Terri and Edwards, Michael B. and Jones, Gareth J. and Preuss, Holger}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={729–745} }
 @book{schultz_bocarro_2019, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={National Association of State Park Directors Health and Nature Partnership Toolkit}, institution={National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Schultz, C.L. and Bocarro, J.N.}, year={2019} }
 @article{schultz_bocarro_lee_sene-harper_fearn_floyd_2019, title={Whose National Park Service? An Examination of Relevancy, Diversity, and Inclusion Programs from 2005-2016}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9052}, abstractNote={As the U.S. population becomes more diverse, there has been a growing concern about the ability of the National Park Service (NPS) to remain relevant to individuals from different backgrounds, establish deeper connections with future generations, and to address the underrepresentation of diverse groups among national park visitors and in the NPS workforce. Implementing successful diversity and inclusion programs to foster relevancy, diversity and inclusion (RDI) is critical for the agency’s future. As the NPS implements RDI programs system wide, an assessment of current programs and initiatives is timely, providing information on the extent of follow-through, given policy directives and calls for increased focus on diversity in management. Thus, the purpose of this study was to catalogue NPS RDI programs targeting the areas of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, ability, age, economic status, gender, non-English speakers, tribal communities, urban populations, and veteran status, as well as examine some of the key characteristics related to the management and administration of these programs. In fall 2016, NPS employees were invited to participate in a comprehensive online inventory of RDI programs implemented between 2005 and 2016. A total of 161 park units participated, yielding a park unit response rate of 39%. A total of 1,359 RDI programs were reported, resulting in an average of 2.68 diversity aspects per program. Age ( n =662; 17.7%), ethnicity ( n =456; 12.2%), race ( n =434; 11.6%), economic status ( n =391; 10.4%), and urban population ( n =361; 9.6%) were the dominant aspects of diversity reported across the RDI programs and initiates. The majority of the reported RDI programs (61.6%) were located in three regions: Northeast ( n = 364; 26.8%), Midwest ( n = 247; 18.2%), and Intermountain ( n = 225; 16.6%) and concentrated in one of two emphasis areas: Co-creation and Community Engagement ( n =563; 41.4%) and Connecting Youth with Our Mission ( n =251; 18.4%). Nearly half of the identified programs ( n =645; 47.5%) focused on an external audience such as visitors and 497 (36.6%) programs focused on both an external and internal audience. The number of new RDI programs has steadily increased from 16 new programs in 2006 to 256 new programs in 2016. Of the 1,359 RDI programs, 17.7% ( n =240) of reported RDI programs are conducted annually. Internal funding supported 61.7% ( n =838) of the reported RDI programs. For the collaboration structure, 42.8% ( n =581) of programs collaborated internally and 53.9% ( n =733) relied upon external collaborations. These findings were discussed based upon previous NPS management scholarship as well as Stanfield McCown’s (2011, 2012) conceptual model comprised of six connected themes critical to the success of NPS diversity efforts. The discussion also presented several managerial recommendations for the NPS such as refocusing efforts to broaden the amount of diversity aspects represented in RDI programming, creating more repeat programs to ensure youth and community members establish long-term relationships, initiating more RDI programs specifically for internal audiences, increasing external funding sources, and cultivating external partnerships to improve program sustainability. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Schultz, Courtney L. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Sene-Harper, Aby and Fearn, Mickey and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, pages={51–69} }
 @inbook{brittain_bocarro_byers_2018, place={London}, title={Conclusion}, ISBN={9781138678378}, booktitle={Legacies and Mega Events: Fact or Fairy Tales?}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Brittain, I. and Bocarro, J.N. and Byers, T.}, editor={Brittain, I. and Bocarro, J.N. and Byers, T. and Swart, K.Editors}, year={2018} }
 @book{kanters_bocarro_edwards_casper_mckenzie_carlton_2018, title={Evaluating Physical Activity Behavior in High School Sports}, institution={Aspen Institute}, author={Kanters, M. and Bocarro, J.N. and Edwards, M.B. and Casper, J.M. and McKenzie, T. and Carlton, T.}, year={2018} }
 @article{jones_wegner_bunds_edwards_bocarro_2018, title={Examining the Environmental Characteristics of Shared Leadership in a Sport-for-Development Organization}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1543-270X"]}, DOI={10.1123/jsm.2017-0274}, abstractNote={To promote community development, sport-for-development (SFD) organizations strive to build local leadership that fosters long-term sustainability. Although shared leadership (SL) structures are particularly effective in these settings, there has been limited attention to SL within the SFD context, especially from a multilevel perspective. While previous studies of leadership in sport have primarily focused on the individual traits of leaders, multilevel analysis is required to understand how environmental characteristics relate to leadership development. This qualitative case study analyzes the development and deployment of SL in an American SFD organization. Interviews, observations, and document analysis are used to generate data, and theoretical thematic analysis is used to identify key themes related to the environmental characteristics of SL. Results highlight how environmental characteristics are related to SL, as well as group and task characteristics. The discussion integrates these findings with SL theory to discuss implications for the management of SFD projects in this context, and recommends integrated forms of leadership that combine shared and servant leadership approaches.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SPORT MANAGEMENT}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Wegner, Christine E. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={82–95} }
 @book{edwards_bocarro_byers_knott_2018, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Food for Sport Youth Survey Report}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management}, author={Edwards, M.B. and Bocarro, J.N. and Byers, T. and Knott, B.}, year={2018} }
 @inbook{bocarro_brittain_byers_2018, place={London}, title={Introduction}, ISBN={9781138678378}, booktitle={Legacies and Mega Events: Fact or Fairy Tales?}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Brittain, I. and Byers, T.}, editor={Brittain, I. and Bocarro, J.N. and Byers, T. and Swart, K.Editors}, year={2018} }
 @book{brittain_bocarro_byers_swart_2018, place={London}, title={Legacies and Mega Events: Fact or Fairy Tales?}, ISBN={9781138678378}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2018} }
 @article{jones_edwards_bocarro_bunds_smith_2018, title={Leveraging community sport organizations to promote community capacity: Strategic outcomes, challenges, and theoretical considerations}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1441-3523"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.006}, abstractNote={Highlights• Provides an empirical investigation of community capacity building through sport.• Strategies were effective at building local skills, knowledge, and social relations.• Redundant social ties hindered several community capacity building strategies.• Limited organizational capacity influenced ability to promote community capacity.}, number={3}, journal={SPORT MANAGEMENT REVIEW}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={279–292} }
 @inbook{bocarro_byers_carter_2018, place={London}, title={Mega Event Research: What do we know, where are we going?}, booktitle={Legacies of Mega Events: Fact or Fairy Tales}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Byers, T. and Carter, L.}, editor={Brittain, I. and Bocarro, J.N. and Byers, T. and Swart, K.Editors}, year={2018} }
 @inbook{bocarro_witt_2018, place={Urbana, IL}, edition={2nd edition}, title={The Power of people: The importance of relationship-based programming}, booktitle={Youth Development Principles and Practices in Out-of-School Time Settings}, publisher={Sagamore-Venture Publishing}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Witt, P.A.}, editor={Witt, P.A. and Caldwell, L.L.Editors}, year={2018} }
 @inbook{jones_bocarro_edwards_2018, place={Urbana, IL}, edition={2nd}, title={The status of youth sports in American society}, booktitle={Youth Development Principles and Practices in Out-of-School Time Settings}, publisher={Sagamore-Venture Publishing}, author={Jones, G.J. and Bocarro, J.N. and Edwards, M.B.}, editor={Witt, P.A. and Caldwell, L.L.Editors}, year={2018} }
 @book{bocarro_schultz_hipp_kanters_floyd_2018, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Thinking outside the Pillbox: Prescribing Parks for Community-Clinical Connections and Health}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Schultz, C.L. and Hipp, J.A. and Kanters, M.A. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2018} }
 @book{schultz_bocarro_floyd_fearn_2017, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={2016 Relevancy, Diversity, and Inclusion Service-Wide Inventory}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management}, author={Schultz, C.L. and Bocarro, J.N. and Floyd, M.F. and Fearn, M.}, year={2017} }
 @article{hodge_kanters_forneris_bocarro_sayre-mccord_2017, title={A Family Thing: Positive Youth Development Outcomes of a Sport-Based Life Skills Program}, volume={35}, ISSN={2160-6862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2017-v35-i1-6840}, DOI={10.18666/jpra-2017-v35-i1-6840}, abstractNote={According to the National Council on Youth Sports, millions of youth in the United States participate in sport each year. Research and evaluation have further elucidated the role of sport in positive youth development (PYD) by specifying that intentional programming is key to facilitating PYD outcomes (Gould & Carson, 2008; Petitpas et al., 2005). Scholars have also asserted that the processes or outcomes associated with youth sport participation must be considered within family contexts (Kirk et al., 1997). The family context, however, has remained largely unexplored in research on sport and PYD outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the role and influence of families in a sport-based life skills program targeting positive youth development outcomes among an underserved youth population. Thirty-six youth aged 7 to 15 participated in a Hockey is For Everyone (HIFE) program, the official youth development program of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the Southeastern United States. HIFE, which aims to provide youth of all backgrounds the opportunity to learn and play ice hockey, was paired with a specific life skills curriculum: the Sports United to Promote Education and Recreation (SUPER) curriculum (Papacharisis et al., 2005). The combined HIFE-SUPER program was delivered over 11 weeks. Parents were recruited via their children’s enrollment. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews of youth and parents. Themes emerging from the data suggested the sport-based life skills program and participants’ families were reciprocally influential, and that this may have shaped opportunities for PYD outcomes. Findings indicated that family members and family contexts were an active part of the acquisition and application of life skills. Parents and youth perceived changes in behaviors (specifically, increased competencies) related to the life skills taught in the program, and these changes persisted after the program ended. Family presence and family involvement supported the acquisition and application of life skills, and youth participation in the program created opportunities for bonding and reinforcement and recognition of positive changes within families. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, publisher={Sagamore Publishing, LLC}, author={Hodge, Camilla J. and Kanters, Michael A. and Forneris, Tanya and Bocarro, Jason N. and Sayre-McCord, Rob}, year={2017}, pages={34–50} }
 @article{jones_edwards_bocarro_bunds_smith_2017, title={A structural perspective of cross-sector partnerships involving youth sport nonprofit organizations}, volume={18}, ISSN={1618-4742 1746-031X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1322625}, DOI={10.1080/16184742.2017.1322625}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Research question: Reductions in public funding for sport and recreation programs have created a vacuum in services that has increasingly been filled by nonprofit organizations. However, nonprofits often lack the organizational capacity to efficiently and sustainably deliver sport and recreation programs to the public. Cross-sector partnerships have been highlighted as an effective strategy to build organizational capacity, yet are currently underutilized by youth sport nonprofit organizations. While previous research has focused on functional characteristics of these partnerships, very few studies have examined their broader structural characteristics. Research methods: This study utilized structured interviews to collect quantitative network data from youth sport nonprofits registered in a large Southeastern US city (n = 32) to understand how cross-sector partnerships have been used to build organizational capacity. Using social network analysis, the study uncovers the size and composition of the network, identifies key external actors and industry sectors, and examines the network’s underlying balance and stability. Results and findings: Results indicate wide variation in the utilization and composition of partnerships, and an unbalanced structure that may influence their functional characteristics. Implications: The discussion provides empirically grounded recommendations to improve these structural characteristics and help youth sport managers effectively utilize cross-sector partnerships.}, number={2}, journal={European Sport Management Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={133–155} }
 @article{jones_edwards_bocarro_bunds_smith_2017, title={An integrative review of sport-based youth development literature}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1743-0445"]}, DOI={10.1080/17430437.2015.1124569}, abstractNote={Abstract Sport is frequently regarded as an effectual mechanism for promoting positive youth development (PYD). However, this connection is not inherent, and depends upon a variety of programmatic and contextual factors. To help elucidate these linkages, scholars have called for more process-based approaches to programme evaluation and research. This paper contributes to that agenda by presenting the results of a systematic integrative review of the empirical sport-based PYD literature. Using a theory of change to guide coding and analysis, these findings demonstrate how various aspects of the change process (i.e. resources/inputs, outcomes, impacts) have been integrated into empirical research. In addition to identifying trends and gaps in the literature, the authors use this information to provide informed recommendations for future research in the area of sport-based PYD.}, number={1}, journal={SPORT IN SOCIETY}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={161–179} }
 @article{jones_edwards_bocarro_bunds_smith_2017, title={Collaborative Advantages: The Role of Interorganizational Partnerships for Youth Sport Nonprofit Organizations}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1543-270X"]}, DOI={10.1123/jsm.2016-0118}, abstractNote={Interorganizational partnerships have been used by nonprofits in a variety of industries to build organizational capacity, yet they are currently underutilized by many youth sport nonprofit organizations. While previous research has highlighted key features of dyadic relationships that inhibit the development and maintenance of partnerships, there has been less attention to the influence of broader or complete networks. This study examined key structural properties of a youth sport nonprofit network in one municipality to determine how interorganizational partnerships were used to build organizational capacity. Whole network analysis was used to study partnerships between youth sport nonprofits and analyze the configuration and structural features of the network. Results indicated a fragmented network of youth sport nonprofit organizations, with the majority of organizations operating independently of one another, and the network itself characterized by unbalanced ties. The discussion highlights how this network structure influences organizational action and contributes to relational issues often observed at the dyadic level. The introduction of a third-party brokerage organization is discussed as a potentially useful strategy for improving this network structure.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SPORT MANAGEMENT}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Edwards, Mike and Bocarro, Jason N. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={148–160} }
 @article{hardison-moody_edwards_bocarro_stein_kanters_sherman_rhew_stallings_bowen_2017, title={Shared Use of Physical Activity Facilities Among North Carolina Faith Communities, 2013}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1545-1151"]}, DOI={10.5888/pcd14.160393}, abstractNote={Introduction Shared use of recreational facilities is a promising strategy for increasing access to places for physical activity. Little is known about shared use in faith-based settings. This study examined shared use practices and barriers in faith communities in North Carolina. Methods Faith communities in North Carolina (n = 234) completed an online survey (October–December 2013) designed to provide information about the extent and nature of shared use of recreational facilities. We used binary logistic regression to examine differences between congregations that shared use and those that did not share use. Results Most of the faith communities (82.9%) that completed the survey indicated that they share their facilities with outside individuals and organizations. Formal agreements were more common when faith communities shared indoor spaces such as gymnasiums and classroom meeting spaces than when they shared outdoor spaces such as playgrounds or athletic fields. Faith communities in the wealthiest counties were more likely to share their spaces than were faith communities in poorer counties. Faith communities in counties with the best health rankings were more likely to share facilities than faith communities in counties that had lower health rankings. The most frequently cited reasons faith communities did not share their facilities were that they did not know how to initiate the process of sharing their facilities or that no outside groups had ever asked. Conclusion Most faith communities shared their facilities for physical activity. Research is needed on the relationship between shared use and physical activity levels, including the effect of formalizing shared-use policies.}, number={E11}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, author={Hardison-Moody, A. and Edwards, M.B. and Bocarro, J.N. and Stein, A. and Kanters, M.A. and Sherman, D. and Rhew, L.K. and Stallings, W.M. and Bowen, S.K.}, year={2017} }
 @article{carlton_kanters_bocarro_floyd_edwards_suau_2017, title={Shared use agreements and leisure time physical activity in North Carolina public schools}, volume={95}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.037}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.037}, abstractNote={Although increasing community access to public schools through shared use agreements (SUAs) has been a recommended strategy for promoting physical activity (PA) among national, state and local organizations, empirical evidence examining the efficacy of SUAs is limited. This study examined the degree of usage and production of PA among schools with shared use, and how variation in PA output is related to characteristics of the school, type of activity, facility type, and when activity occurs. Data were collected in 20 schools across North Carolina using System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Structured Physical Activity Surveys (SPAS) to assess PA in school athletic facilities during out of school time. Findings indicated that although schools had a policy of shared or open use, most facilities were empty during non-school hours. Hierarchal linear regression models also showed that formal programming was positively associated with both use and PA levels. Given the abundance of empty facilities, community groups in need of space to facilitate structured PA programs should pursue avenues of sharing facilities with public schools. Furthermore, to increase the efficacy of shared use, structured physical activity programs may be needed. Future studies are encouraged to further explore the effects of the specific types of shared use programs on PA production as well other aspects of the built environment surrounding schools.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carlton, Troy A. and Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Floyd, Myron F. and Edwards, Michael B. and Suau, Luis J.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={S10–S16} }
 @inbook{bocarro_edwards_2016, place={State College, PA}, title={Leisure, Health and Physical Activity}, booktitle={Leisure Matters: The State and Future of Leisure Studies}, publisher={Venture Publishing Inc}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Edwards, M.B.}, editor={Walker, G. and Stodolska, M. and Scott, D.Editors}, year={2016} }
 @article{schultz_layton_edwards_bocarro_moore_tepperberg_bality_floyd_2016, title={Potential measures for linking park and trail systems to public health}, volume={34}, ISSN={2160-6862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2016-v34-i1-7143}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2016-V34-I1-7143}, abstractNote={Executive Summary: The connection between the outdoor environment and general well-being has been intuitively recognized for centuries. Recent research has built a body of knowledge supporting the role of parks and trails in public health regarding physical, mental, social and ecological health domains. However, different populations and communities use parks and trails in varying ways and to different degrees. Understanding these differences can play an important role in guiding systematic park and trail system planning for maximizing beneficial health outcomes. In light of this, a collaborative process involving the National Park Service (NPS) Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program (RTCA) and North Carolina State University (NCSU), with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was used to identify potential health measures associated with public parks and trails that could be used for future surveillance, advocacy, and planning. This literature review is the initial step in the process of recommending measures that are both valid and feasible for practitioner and planning use. A systematic strategy was utilized to search for studies that incorporated measures of health or well-being related to parks and trail system planning. A total of 37 study measures were identified that focused on one of five health categories: physical, psychological, social, ecosystem services, and the built environment. Current practices for allocating parks and trails in the planning process are not based on empirical evidence and may or may not support the goals of public health and well-being that were a large part of the original impetus for providing public parks and trails. The health problems agencies are trying to address are not going away, and may be exacerbated by new ones as cities continue to grow and change. The intent of this study is to identify validated metrics, which link parks and trails to public health goals. The collection of park and trail data related to these public health outcomes could be used to inform policies, practices, guidelines, and other strategies for the allocation and management of parks and trails. Results from this research have four important implications for professionals and advocates in the fields of parks, recreation, trails, greenways, open space, and health: (1) to help make the case for public health goals related to park and trail system planning; (2) guide practitioners in their efforts to provide health-related recreation opportunities; (3) support community recreation and conservation projects; and (4) encourage more productive conversations among planners, advocates, managers, and researchers.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, publisher={Sagamore Publishing, LLC}, author={Schultz, C. and Layton, R. and Edwards, M.B. and Bocarro, J.N. and Moore, R. and Tepperberg, S. and Bality, A. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2016}, pages={4–23} }
 @inbook{bocarro_edwards_2016, title={Sport Participation}, ISBN={9781446282199 9781473919761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473919761.n16}, DOI={10.4135/9781473919761.n16}, booktitle={Contemporary Issues in Sport Management: A Critical Introduction}, publisher={SAGE Publications Ltd}, author={Bocarro, Jason and Edwards, Michael}, year={2016}, pages={203–216} }
 @article{jones_bunds_carlton_edwards_bocarro_2016, title={The salience of sport in cross-race friendship selection}, volume={2}, ISSN={2372-8078}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v2i1.5020}, DOI={10.17161/jas.v2i1.5020}, abstractNote={In response to growing racial concerns, stakeholders have called for programs that facilitate positive cross-race interactions. Adolescence has been targeted as the most effective life stage to initiate programs promoting relationships. Since schools are one of the primary social influences on adolescent development, they have been emphasized as a particularly important setting for promoting intergroup contact. Sport plays an important role in the experiences of students, and contributes to intergroup relations within a school. The purpose of this study is to examine the unique effect of sport participation on cross-race friendship selection. Using data from Wave I of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), mixed-effects regression models and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess the effects of sport participation on friendship heterogeneity. Overall, participation in sport activities did not significantly influence the racial heterogeneity of adolescent’s friendship networks.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Amateur Sport}, publisher={The University of Kansas}, author={Jones, Gareth and Bunds, Kyle S. and Carlton, Troy A. and Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={73} }
 @article{hodge_bocarro_henderson_zabriskie_parcel_kanters_2015, title={Family Leisure An Integrative Review of Research from Select Journals}, volume={47}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.18666/jlr-2015-v47-i5-5705}, abstractNote={Abstract Understanding the relationship between leisure and families has been and will continue to be an important area of study. The purpose of this study is to review existing family leisure research from four select journals between 1990 and 2012. Articles are examined for sample characteristics, methods, analytical approaches, and thematic trends. Overall, 181 articles regarding family leisure, leisure in context of family life or roles, and individual experiences of family leisure are identified. Findings suggest scholars made strides toward expanding methods, analyses, and sampling diversity, though more diversity in sampling and analytical approaches is needed. Three major research themes are present: promoting family well-being through leisure, the costs and constraints to family leisure, and family leisure in the margins.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Hodge, Camilla and Bocarro, Jason N. and Henderson, Karla A. and Zabriskie, Ramon and Parcel, Toby L. and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2015}, pages={577–600} }
 @article{bocarro_floyd_edwards_schultz_smith_baran_moore_cosco_suau_2015, title={Social and Environmental Factors Related to Boys’ and Girls’ Park-Based Physical Activity}, volume={12}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140532}, DOI={10.5888/pcd12.140532}, abstractNote={Introduction Parks provide opportunities for physical activity for children. This study examined sex differences in correlates of park-based physical activity because differences may indicate that a standard environmental intervention to increase activity among children may not equally benefit boys and girls. Methods The System for Observation Play and Recreation in Communities was used to measure physical activity among 2,712 children and adolescents in 20 neighborhood parks in Durham, North Carolina, in 2007. Sedentary activity, walking, vigorous park activity, and energy expenditure were the primary outcome variables. Hierarchical logit regression models of physical activity were estimated separately for boys and girls. Results Type of activity area and presence of other active children were positively associated with boys’ and girls’ physical activity, and presence of a parent was negatively associated. A significant interaction involving number of recreation facilities in combination with formal activities was positively associated with girls’ activity. A significant interaction involving formal park activity and young boys (aged 0–5 y) was negatively associated with park-based physical activity. Conclusion Activity area and social correlates of park-based physical activity were similar for boys and girls; findings for formal park programming, age, and number of facilities were mixed. Results show that girls’ physical activity was more strongly affected by social effects (eg, presence of other active children) whereas boys’ physical activity was more strongly influenced by the availability of park facilities. These results can inform park planning and design. Additional studies are necessary to clarify sex differences in correlates of park-based physical activity.}, number={E97}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Floyd, M.F. and Edwards, M.B. and Schultz, C. and Smith, W. and Baran, P. and Moore, R. and Cosco, N. and Suau, L.J.}, year={2015} }
 @article{kanters_mckenzie_edwards_bocarro_mahar_martel_hodge_2015, title={Youth sport practice model gets more kids active with more time practicing skills}, volume={28}, journal={Retos: Nuevas tendencias en Educacion Fisica, Deporte y Recreacion}, author={Kanters, M.A. and McKenzie, T.L. and Edwards, M.B. and Bocarro, J.N. and Mahar, M. and Martel, K. and Hodge, C.}, year={2015}, pages={222–225} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_moore_floyd_carlton_2014, title={Afterschool shared use of public school facilities for physical activity in North Carolina}, volume={69}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.003}, abstractNote={To determine the status and common characteristics of shared use in public schools in North Carolina.All public school principals (N=2,359) in North Carolina were invited to participate in an online survey (February - May, 2013) designed to provide baseline information about the extent and nature of shared use of school facilities.Responses (n=1182, 50.1%) indicated that most schools share their facilities (88.9%). Formal agreements were more common when schools shared gyms and outdoor athletic fields. Informal agreements were most common with playgrounds and track facilities. Schools with more low income or Black students were less likely to share facilities. For schools that did not share use of their facilities the most frequent reason was no outside groups had ever asked.Schools may be more accommodating to shared use partnerships. Community organizations seeking to use indoor school facilities or athletic fields should be prepared to complete a formal written agreement. Preconceived notions that schools are unwilling to share their facilities may be preventing community organizations from initiating shared use inquiries. Schools located in the middle tier of economic distress and schools with a greater concentration of Black students were less likely to share their facilities.}, number={S}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Moore, Renee and Floyd, Myron F. and Carlton, Troy A.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={S44–S48} }
 @article{sibthorp_bocarro_2014, title={Leisure Research and the legacy of George Daniel Butler introduction}, volume={46}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2014.11950309}, abstractNote={In 2004, at the first George Butler Lecture, Dan Dustin (2004) provided a glimpse into the life of one of the fields pioneers, George Daniel Butler. For many of us who entered the field of parks and recreation over the last several decades, Butlers work, writing, and research remain less familiar. However, in a similar vein to Dustin, we wondered what George Butler would make of the current research presented at the Leisure Research Symposium. While our own experiences with the Leisure Research Symposium support the premise that it is inclusive, diverse, and rigorous, some of the research seems incongruent with NRPA's mission and mandate. How should the Leisure Research Symposium welcome speculative and cutting-edge research while embracing the reality that for research to be relevant to NRPA, it needs to inform practice and policy? This is a tired and in some ways, unproductive debate. However, it remains central as we continue to wrestle with the Leisure Research Symposium's fit and function within NRPA.To this end, the 2012 Butler Lecture, given by Robert Garcia (2013), began a dialogue that was continued by this year's speaker, Dr. Vivian Tseng. Dr. Tseng, a vice president of the William T. Grant Foundation, specializes in the translation, application, and use of research evidence in policy and practice. This approach to research aligns well with Butler's vision, when he served as the Research Director at the National Recreation Association (the forerunner of NRPA). Much of Butler's research involved tackling applied problems and creating evidence-informed solutions to advocate for the structure, utility, and design of public parks and recreation programs. While Butler embodied a service ethic, he was also passionate about the role of public parks and recreation in addressing health and wellness. Ultimately, he worked to inform and improve the profession through research and evidence.In her article, Tseng (2014) reminds us of three key avenues to better unite research, policy, and practice. To help readers connect these concepts to the field of Parks and Recreation, we have provided examples which further illustrate the usefulness and application of these approaches.Creating Conditions for Integration of EvidenceTseng (2014) described how researchers need to recognize that policymakers and practitioners do not use "research in isolation." Thus, however important we think research evidence and data are in guiding practice and policy, there are other types of evidence-political and financial realities and local data-that remain critical for policy and practice decisions. Putty and Wilkins (2011) refer to evidence as coming from three interrelated sources: research, experience, and context. In other words, the learned experience of practitioners in a specific context constitutes valued evidence that can be supported or refuted by research. Likewise, problems that research might inform can evolve from practical experience and contextual differences, not solely from past research.Bridging between practice, policy, and research is not easy, but some have found a way. Consider some of our academic compatriots who smoothly transitioned to work in governmental agencies or nonprofits who now have direct expectations of translation and application of research. Having representatives in practice and policy settings who are intelligent consumers and internal advocates of research certainly facilitates integration.Changing the ways we communicate our research findings to wider audiences remains crucial. However, the work involved in alternate forms of dissemination remains undervalued in most academic settings where impact factors and citation counts are commonly discussed in tenure and promotion decisions. Impact on policy or practice, while valued, remains more difficult to quantify-especially as promotion materials are reviewed by scholars from a diverse array of academic disciplines.How can we increase the probability that research will be used? …}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Sibthorp, J. and Bocarro, Jason}, year={2014}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{baran_smith_moore_floyd_bocarro_cosco_danninger_2014, title={Park Use Among Youth and Adults: Examination of Individual, Social, and Urban Form Factors}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1552-390X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903973570&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0013916512470134}, abstractNote={This article examines park use in relation to neighborhood social (safety and poverty) and urban form (pedestrian infrastructure and street network pattern) characteristics among youth and adult subpopulations defined by age and gender. We utilized System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Geographic Information Systems to objectively measure park use and park and neighborhood characteristics in 20 neighborhood parks. Heterogeneous negative binomial regression models indicated that the relationship between park use and types of activity settings, and park use and neighborhood attributes vary by age and gender. In general, the study found that park and activity setting size; activity settings such as playgrounds, basketball courts, pool and water features, shelters, and picnic areas; and availability of sidewalks and intersections in the park’s neighborhood were positively associated with park use, whereas crime, poverty, and racial heterogeneity of the surrounding neighborhood were negatively associated with park use.}, number={6}, journal={Environment & Behavior}, author={Baran, P.K. and Smith, W.R. and Moore, R.C. and Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Cosco, N. and Danninger, T.}, year={2014}, pages={768–800} }
 @article{edwards_kanters_bocarro_2014, title={Policy Changes to Implement Intramural Sports in North Carolina Middle Schools: Simulated Effects on Sports Participation Rates and Physical Activity Intensity, 2008–2009}, volume={11}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.130195}, DOI={10.5888/pcd11.130195}, abstractNote={Introduction Extracurricular school sports programs can provide adolescents, including those who are economically disadvantaged, with opportunities to engage in physical activity. Although current models favor more exclusionary interscholastic sports, a better understanding is needed of the potential effects of providing alternative school sports options, such as more inclusive intramural sports. The purpose of this study was to simulate the potential effect of implementing intramural sports programs in North Carolina middle schools on both the rates of sports participation and on energy expenditure related to physical activity levels. Methods Simulations were conducted by using a school-level data set developed by integrating data from multiple sources. Baseline rates of sports participation were extrapolated from individual-level data that were based on school-level characteristics. A regression model was estimated by using the simulated baseline school-level sample. Participation rates and related energy expenditure for schools were calculated on the basis of 2 policy change scenarios. Results Currently, 37.2% of school sports participants are economically disadvantaged. Simulations suggested that policy changes to implement intramural sports along with interscholastic sports could result in more than 43,000 new sports participants statewide, of which 64.5% would be economically disadvantaged students. This estimate represents a 36.75% increase in economically disadvantaged participants. Adding intramural sports to existing interscholastic sports programs at all middle schools in North Carolina could have an annual effect of an additional 819,892.65 kilogram calories expended statewide. Conclusion Implementing intramural sports may provide economically disadvantaged students more access to sports, thus reducing disparities in access to school sports while increasing overall physical activity levels among all children.}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N.}, year={2014}, month={Jan} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_edwards_casper_mckenzie_2014, title={Prioritizing School Intramural and Interscholastic Programs Based on Observed Physical Activity}, volume={28}, ISSN={["2168-6602"]}, DOI={10.4278/ajhp.130430-quan-205}, abstractNote={Purpose. To examine which school sports engage children in more physical activity. }, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan M. and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2014}, pages={S65–S71} }
 @article{liechty_mowen_payne_henderson_bocarro_bruton_godbey_2014, title={Public Park and Recreation Managers’ Experiences with Health Partnerships}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Liechty, T. and Mowen, A.J. and Payne, L.L. and Henderson, K.A. and Bocarro, J.N. and Bruton, C.B. and Godbey, G.C.}, year={2014}, pages={11–27} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_filardo_edwards_mckenzie_floyd_2014, title={Shared Use of School Facilities With Community Organizations and Afterschool Physical Activity Program Participation: A Cost-Benefit Assessment}, volume={84}, ISSN={0022-4391}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12148}, DOI={10.1111/josh.12148}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={Journal of School Health}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Filardo, Mary and Edwards, Michael B. and McKenzie, Thomas L. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={302–309} }
 @article{santucci_floyd_bocarro_henderson_2014, title={Visitor Services Staff Perceptions of Strategies to Encourage Diversity at Two Urban National Parks}, volume={32}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Santucci, D.C. and Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Henderson, K.H.}, year={2014}, pages={15–28} }
 @book{kanters_mckenzie_edwards_bocarro_mahar_hodge_2014, title={Youth Sport Practice Model Gets More Kids Active with More Time Practicing Skills}, institution={Active Living Research Brief}, author={Kanters, M. and McKenzie, T.L. and Edwards, M. and Bocarro, J. and Mahar, M. and Hodge, C.}, year={2014} }
 @article{bocarro_stodolska_2013, title={Researcher and Advocate: Using Research to Promote Social Justice Change Leisure Research Symposium}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0022-2216"]}, DOI={10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i1-2939}, abstractNote={"Until the great mass of the people shall be filled with the sense of responsibility for each other's welfare, social justice can never be attained."-Helen KellerThe "so what" research question is sometimes the most difficult to answer. At a time of increasing academic pressures associated with the need to publish and generate external research funding we rarely step back and ponder what effect our work will have beyond the realm of an academic environment. How many lives will be affected and hopefully changed for the better based on what we do? Although the concept of translational research is becoming more valued in academic circles, many leisure and recreation departments struggle with how to recognize and incentivize this type of scholarship. Moreover, research that promotes social justice is often produced and disseminated in ways that are less than optimal to the goal of making a difference in the lives of individuals and communities we study (Moodie, 2009; Witt 2000). Despite these challenges, we argue that leisure scholars are in a unique position to generate new knowledge that can be used for advocacy and to promote social change.Based on his extensive experience with the City Project, a nonprofit legal and policy advocacy organization, we chose Robert Garcia to deliver the 2012 Butler Lecture. Garcia has a strong track record of helping minority communities create urban parks and preserve public access to beaches and trails in Southern California. He has also helped diversify support for and access to state resource bonds, with unprecedented levels of support among minority and low-income communities and billions of dollars for urban parks. Throughout much of this work, Garcia has relied extensively on research to help advocate for change. Garcia's talk, published in this special issue, describes ways in which research can be most useful for those working to promote social justice. The topic seemed particularly relevant this year as issues of social justice seemed to permeate the 2012 Leisure Research Symposium on many levels. From Robert Garcia's Butler Lecture titled Social justice and leisure: The usefulness and uselessness of research to the special panel session on Leisure research for social justice, the growing emphasis on this concept in our field has been highlighted.Stewart (2012) claimed that social justice research describes injustice and marginalization, explains dominance and oppression, and transforms participants and communities. In his call for a social justice agenda, Dustin (2011) argued:We should neither shy away from speaking up and speaking out for people at the margins who are oppressed by social, cultural, political, and other injustices, nor should we shy away from speaking up and speaking out for the environment that is the ground of our being (...) It is time we adopt a more caring and connected attitude toward the world around us. It is time to replace our hubris with the humility that comes with acknowledging multiple ways of making sense out of life and multiple ways of believing, behaving, and being, (p. v)The distinct but interrelated lines of inquiry that bring attention to the issues of power, inequality and privilege, and espouse social change for marginalized populations have been developing in the field of leisure research and allied disciplines. Such research has mainly focused on health disparities, growing minority populations, access to quality parks and other recreation environments, and quality of life among people of various age groups, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and ability levels (e.g., Allison, 2000; Arai & Kivel, 2009; Floyd & Johnson, 2002; Frisby, Crawford, & Dorer, 1997; Johnson & Delgado-Romero, 2012; Parry, 2012; Taylor, Floyd, Whitt-Glover, & Brooks, 2007; Trussell & Mair, 2010). These lines of inquiry are beginning to find a common voice under the umbrella of the social justice movement which has asserted a strong voice in the field of leisure research. …}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Bocarro, Jason and Stodolska, Monika}, year={2013}, pages={2–6} }
 @article{howard_bocarro_kanters_2013, title={Strategies for creating successful Joint Use agreements: A case study}, volume={31}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Howard, K. and Bocarro, J.N. and Kanters, M.A.}, year={2013}, pages={98–107} }
 @book{kanters_mckenzie_mahar_hodge_bocarro_2013, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={USA Hockey Research Report}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management}, author={Kanters, M. and McKenzie, T. and Mahar, M. and Hodge, C. and Bocarro, J.N.}, year={2013} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_greenwood_casper_suau_mckenzie_2012, title={Determinants of middle school sport participation: a comparison of different models for school sport delivery}, volume={12}, ISSN={1475-8962 1740-2808}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsmm.2012.052665}, DOI={10.1504/ijsmm.2012.052665}, abstractNote={Different models of school sport delivery, such as intramurals (IM), may attract students who are less skilled or less interested in traditional varsity sports (VS). The purpose of this study was to examine whether school sport delivery models (IM or VS) differentially influence middle school students’ motivations to participate in school sports. Using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as a conceptual framework, participants in school sponsored sport programs (n = 2,021) from four middle schools (2 IM; 2 VS) completed a school sport participation questionnaire at the beginning and end of a school year. Results suggest that intentions to participate in sport either increase or are maintained through participation in school sports, and the intentions of non-participants decrease over time. A singular model of school sport that only includes highly competitive varsity sports may limit opportunities for children to play sport and diminish their intentions for enduring sport participation.}, number={3/4}, journal={International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing}, publisher={Inderscience Publishers}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Greenwood, P. Brian and Casper, Jonathan M. and Suau, Luis and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2012}, pages={159} }
 @article{edwards_bocarro_kanters_2012, title={Place Disparities in Supportive Environments for Extracurricular Physical Activity in North Carolina Middle Schools}, volume={45}, ISSN={0044-118X 1552-8499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x11416677}, DOI={10.1177/0044118x11416677}, abstractNote={ Disadvantaged rural youth may be especially at risk for obesity and poorer health due to physical inactivity. Research suggests that extracurricular school programs can increase physical activity for this population. This study sought to determine whether local differences existed in the availability of supportive environments for extracurricular physical activity in North Carolina middle schools. Multiple data sources, including a self-administered questionnaire to personnel at 325 schools were integrated. Multilevel models were estimated using a composite index for supportive environments as the dependent variable and school compositional factors, economic resources, and community social factors as explanatory variables. Study findings suggested adolescents living in socioeconomically deprived rural areas had fewer environmental resources for extracurricular physical activity. Rural schools in poor areas of the state with high racial heterogeneity demonstrated the lowest environmental support. Reduced availability of supportive school environments may be one factor contributing to physical inactivity in the state. }, number={2}, journal={Youth & Society}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={265–285} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_edwards_casper_floyd_2012, title={School Sport Participation Under Two School Sport Policies: Comparisons by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status}, volume={45}, ISSN={0883-6612 1532-4796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9413-2}, DOI={10.1007/s12160-012-9413-2}, abstractNote={School-based extracurricular sport remains an effective strategy to increase physical activity. However, school sport is often limited to a small number of elite athletes. Few schools provide more inclusive sport programs that offer a wider array of activities regardless of ability. The aim of this study was to examine school sport participation in middle schools (ages 11–14) with contrasting school sport delivery strategies (intramural vs. interscholastic). Data were obtained through an online survey administered to students at four public middle schools (grades 6–8) in a southeastern US city (n = 2,582). More students participated in school sports at intramural schools. Boys were more likely to participate in after-school sports at intramural schools. Low-income and Black children, two groups at greater risk of physical inactivity and other negative outcomes, had greater participation in intramural programs. After-school intramural sports in middle school is a promising strategy for increasing sport participation.}, number={S1}, journal={Annals of Behavioral Medicine}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={113–121} }
 @book{kanters_bocarro_edwards_2012, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={School sport policies and physical activity}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management}, author={Kanters, M. and Bocarro, J.N. and Edwards, M.B.}, year={2012} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_cerin_floyd_casper_suau_mckenzie_2012, title={School sport policy and school-based physical activity environments and their association with observed physical activity in middle school children}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1873-2054"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855707754&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.007}, abstractNote={Empirical research on the effects of school sport policies on children's physical activity is limited. This study examined sport policies (intramural vs. varsity), physical settings within schools, and supervision in relation to physical activity using the System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth (SOPLAY). Data were collected on physical activity levels of children in four middle schools. Regression analyses assessed the main effects of sport policy, type of physical activity setting, and supervision as well as interactions. Regression models were stratified by gender. Children in intramural schools were more likely to use indoor spaces and be boys. Regression models indicated that varsity sport programs were associated with lower physical activity levels among boys but not girls. Significant associations between type of physical activity settings and physical activity levels were observed only for boys. Adult supervision was not associated with children's physical activity levels. Finally, descriptive results showed athletic facilities were under-utilized in all schools.}, number={1}, journal={HEALTH & PLACE}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Cerin, Ester and Floyd, Myron F. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Suau, Luis J. and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={31–38} }
 @book{kanters_bocarro_edwards_2012, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Shared use of school facilities}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management}, author={Kanters, M. and Bocarro, J.N. and Edwards, M.B.}, year={2012} }
 @book{bocarro_kanters_cerin_floyd_casper_suau_mckenzie_2012, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Who is using school athletic facilities?}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management. Active Living Research}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Kanters, M. and Cerin, E. and Floyd, M.F. and Casper, J. and Suau, L.J. and McKenzie, T.}, year={2012} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_kanters_floyd_2011, title={"Just Let Me Play!"-Understanding Constraints That Limit Adolescent Sport Participation}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s32}, abstractNote={Background:Organized sport is viewed as a viable medium for promoting more physical activity among youth. However, participation in youth sport declines significantly among both boys and girls during their middle school years. This study examined middle school students’ perceived constraints to sport participation.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={S32–S39} }
 @article{witmer_bocarro_henderson_2011, title={Adolescent Girls' Perception of Health within a Leisure Context}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0022-2216"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2011.11950240}, abstractNote={Abstract The study examined middle school females' perceptions of physical activity, eating, and physical health within a leisure context. A qualitative approach was used to gain a deeper understanding of the significance girls place on health behaviors and factors that go into their decisions about leisure time activity and eating. Four focus groups were conducted with 28 girls in 6th through 8th grades. Four themes emerged from the analyses: perceptions of health, family, and food, social norms, and enjoyment. Results are summarized regarding how healthy diets and physical activity participation in adolescent girls can be associated with promoting enjoyable leisure. Theoretical implications of these data relate to the importance of enjoyment and leisure as prerequisites for healthy behaviors and how social cognitive theory helps explain these relationships.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Witmer, L. and Bocarro, J.N. and Henderson, K.A.}, year={2011}, pages={334–353} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_kanters_floyd_2011, title={Measurement properties of constraints to sport participation: A psychometric examination with adolescents}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952415242&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2011.550221}, abstractNote={Constraint are a major focus of theoretical and empirical study in leisure research. However, analyses of psychometric properties of constraints measures are rare. This study assessed the factor structure and invariance of a leisure constraints measure applied to sport participation among middle school adolescents (ages 11 to 15 years old) using panel data over two time periods nine months apart (N = 2,029). We compared the validity of three baseline models: a theoretical 3-factor model, a 7-factor model, and a second-order factor model. The 7-factor model exhibited a more appropriate measurement model based on fit indices and statistical comparisons. Using the 7-factor model, construct validity and invariance of the model over time (Time 1 and Time 2) was examined by gender, grade level, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The model was found to be invariant at the factor loading and intercept levels, while there was some evidence of non-invariance at further constrained levels. In general, the 7-factor model appeared to be psychometrically stable and applicable over a range of demographic subgroups, lending evidence to its use as a measure in leisure or sport participation constraint studies that involve socio-demographic comparisons. The findings suggest that while the theoretical structure may be effective in simplifying constraint categories, a more detailed specification using subfactors of the dimensions is better for measurement.}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Casper, J. and Bocarro, J.N. and Kanters, M. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2011}, pages={127–146} }
 @article{edwards_kanters_bocarro_2011, title={Opportunities for Extracurricular Physical Activity in North Carolina Middle Schools}, volume={8}, ISSN={1543-3080 1543-5474}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.5.597}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.8.5.597}, abstractNote={Background:This study’s purpose was to assess the opportunities for North Carolina adolescents to be physically active in extracurricular middle school environments and to compare opportunities across community types.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={597–605} }
 @article{floyd_bocarro_smith_baran_moore_cosco_edwards_suau_fang_2011, title={Park-Based Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents}, volume={41}, ISSN={0749-3797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.013}, abstractNote={Background Availability of parks is associated with higher levels of physical activity among children and adolescents. Few studies examine actual park use and park-based physical activity in these populations. Purpose This study examined associations among individual, park, and neighborhood environmental characteristics and children's and adolescent's park-based physical activity. Methods Data were collected in 2007 on 2712 children in 20 randomly selected parks in Durham NC. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) provided measures of physical activity. Hierarchic regression analysis assessed associations among individual, park, and neighborhood environmental characteristics and children's park-based physical activity. Data were analyzed in 2010. Results Of the 2712 children observed, 34.2% and 13.2% were engaged in walking or vigorous physical activity. Environmental features of parks were associated with activity levels whereas neighborhood characteristics were not. Physical activity was negatively associated with gender (girls) (p=0.003); presence of a parent (p<0.0001); presence of nonparental adult (p=0.006); and an interaction involving the 0–5 years age group and style of play (p=0.017). Higher level of physical activity was associated with presence of other active children (p<0.0001); courts (e.g., basketball); and an interaction between number of recreation facilities and formal activities (p=0.004). Conclusions These social factors and design features should be considered in order to stimulate higher levels of park-based physical activity among children and adolescents. Availability of parks is associated with higher levels of physical activity among children and adolescents. Few studies examine actual park use and park-based physical activity in these populations. This study examined associations among individual, park, and neighborhood environmental characteristics and children's and adolescent's park-based physical activity. Data were collected in 2007 on 2712 children in 20 randomly selected parks in Durham NC. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) provided measures of physical activity. Hierarchic regression analysis assessed associations among individual, park, and neighborhood environmental characteristics and children's park-based physical activity. Data were analyzed in 2010. Of the 2712 children observed, 34.2% and 13.2% were engaged in walking or vigorous physical activity. Environmental features of parks were associated with activity levels whereas neighborhood characteristics were not. Physical activity was negatively associated with gender (girls) (p=0.003); presence of a parent (p<0.0001); presence of nonparental adult (p=0.006); and an interaction involving the 0–5 years age group and style of play (p=0.017). Higher level of physical activity was associated with presence of other active children (p<0.0001); courts (e.g., basketball); and an interaction between number of recreation facilities and formal activities (p=0.004). These social factors and design features should be considered in order to stimulate higher levels of park-based physical activity among children and adolescents.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Smith, W. and Baran, P. and Moore, R. and Cosco, N. and Edwards, M.B. and Suau, L.J. and Fang, K.S.}, year={2011}, pages={258–265} }
 @article{edwards_bocarro_kanters_casper_2011, title={Participation in Interscholastic and Intramural Sport Programs in Middle Schools: An Exploratory Investigation of Race and Gender}, volume={35}, ISSN={1558-8661 1558-867X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.35.2.157}, DOI={10.1123/rsj.35.2.157}, abstractNote={ Although school-sponsored extracurricular sport remains one of the most popular and effective ways to increase adolescents' physical activity levels, it is designed to include a small number of a school's elite athletes. Fewer schools offer intramural sports, and little is known about participation in these activities. The purpose of this study is to compare variations in how students participate in interscholastic and intramural school sport programs. Using a sample of seventh and eighth graders in two southeastern middle schools, results indicated that school sport participation levels were higher in intramurals than interscholastic sports for all studied categories of students except for White girls. In addition, students participating in intramural sports played nearly twice as many sports during the school year as students participating in interscholastic sports. Gender and race differences in school sport participation both confirm and contradict previous research and suggest that schools should consider cultural factors when planning sport programs for diverse populations of young people. }, number={2}, journal={Recreational Sports Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael and Casper, Jonathan}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={157–173} }
 @article{bruton_floyd_bocarro_henderson_casper_kanters_2011, title={Physical Activity and Health Partnerships Among Park and Recreation Departments in North Carolina}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bruton, C.B. and Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Henderson, K.A. and Casper, J.M. and Kanters, M.A.}, year={2011}, pages={55–68} }
 @article{outley_bocarro_boleman_2011, title={Recreation as a component of the community youth development system}, volume={2011}, ISSN={1533-8916}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.397}, DOI={10.1002/yd.397}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={130}, journal={New Directions for Youth Development}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Outley, Corliss and Bocarro, Jason N. and Boleman, Chris T.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={59–72} }
 @book{kanters_bocarro_edwards_2011, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={School sport policy analysis: Examining policy changes to increase the impact of after-school sports and facilities on physical activity}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management}, author={Kanters, M. and Bocarro, J.N. and Edwards, M.B.}, year={2011} }
 @misc{bocarro_kanters_2010, title={Leisure, Health, and Physical Activity}, ISBN={9781492596219 9780736082884}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781492596219.ch-004}, DOI={10.5040/9781492596219.ch-004}, journal={Dimensions of Leisure for Life}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2010} }
 @book{kanters_bocarro_siderelis_vurnakes_armstrong_habluka_2010, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Parks & Recreation Fees & Charges Survey Report: 2010}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management}, author={Kanters, M. and Bocarro, J.N. and Siderelis, C. and Vurnakes, C. and Armstrong, P.A. and Habluka, N.}, year={2010} }
 @article{bocarro_floyd_moore_baran_danninger_smith_cosco_2009, title={Adaptation of the System for Observing Physical Activity and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) to Assess Age Groupings of Children}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73349133665&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.6.6.699}, abstractNote={Background:To better measure physical activity (PA) in outdoor environments, McKenzie and colleagues developed the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC). However, previous SOPARC research has focused on adults, seniors, teens and children. One avenue for extending this work is to expand the child age group code to capture important nuances that can influence children's PA and their environments. This study reports on the reliability of a measure designed to account for PA in parks among children in different childhood age groups.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Floyd, M.F. and Moore, R. and Baran, P. and Danninger, T. and Smith, W. and Cosco, N.}, year={2009}, pages={699–707} }
 @article{bocarro_wells_2009, title={Making a difference through parks and recreation: Reflections on physical activity, health and wellness research}, volume={27}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Wells, M.S.}, year={2009}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{bocarro_casper_henderson_floyd_moore_kanters_laven_edwards_2009, title={Physical activity promotion in North Carolina: Perceptions of public park and recreation directors}, volume={27}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Casper, J. and Henderson, K. and Floyd, M.F. and Moore, R. and Kanters, M.A. and Laven, K. and Edwards, M.B.}, year={2009}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{kudláček_bocarro_jirásek_hanuš_2009, title={The Czech Way of Inclusion through an Experiential Education Framework}, volume={32}, ISSN={1053-8259 2169-009X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105382590903200103}, DOI={10.1177/105382590903200103}, abstractNote={ The purpose of this article is to present the development of inclusive experiential education courses in the Czech Republic. The inclusion of people with disabilities (PWD) in recreation, sport, and education has become more prevalent in Czech society. This article describes the conceptual meaning of the term inclusion from both a historical and theoretical perspective based on the work of two Central/Eastern European authors (Jesenský, 1998; Válková, 1998). The article also highlights one case study of The Czech Outward Bound branch Prazdninová škola Lipnice Vacation School Lipnice, which has applied these theoretical perspectives in developing inclusive experiential education programs. This article also provides specific examples of programs and activities that can help enhance the inclusion of PWD within the experiential educational environment. }, number={1}, journal={Journal of Experiential Education}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Kudláček, Martin and Bocarro, Jason and Jirásek, Ivo and Hanuš, Radek}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={14–27} }
 @article{bocarro_greenwood_henderson_2008, title={An Integrative Review of Youth Development Research in Selected United States Recreation}, volume={26}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Greenwood, P.B. and Henderson, K.H.}, year={2008}, pages={4–27} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_forrester_2008, title={Determinants of Sport Participation in Middle School Children and the Impact of Intramural Sports}, volume={32}, ISSN={1558-8661 1558-867X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.32.2.134}, DOI={10.1123/rsj.32.2.134}, abstractNote={ The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants for adolescent participation in sports and to determine the impact of an alternate model of sport delivery (i.e., school intramural sports). More specifically, this study used the theory of planned behavior to highlight factors that might contribute to young people's decisions to play sports and to determine what impact an alternate model of sport delivery would have on intention to participate in sport. Three hundred and three students in grades seven and eight completed measures of their participation in intramural and extramural sports and items related to the theory of planned behavior. In addition to results that showed a relatively large number of students participating in school intramural sports, notable differences in the relative contributions of the predictor variables of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were found across different sport-participation subgroups. Suggestions for future research are made in the context of the limitations of the study. }, number={2}, journal={Recreational Sports Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Kanters, Michael and Bocarro, Jason and Casper, Jonathan and Forrester, Scott}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={134–151} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_forrester_2008, title={Guidelines for positively engaging parents in children's sports}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Youth Sports}, author={Kanters, M. A. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M. and Forrester, S.}, year={2008}, pages={8–11} }
 @article{floyd_bocarro_thompson_2008, title={Research on race and ethnicity in leisure studies: A review of five major journals}, volume={40}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2008.11950130}, abstractNote={Research on race and ethnicity in leisure will take on greater significance in coming years. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine research related to race and ethnicity within five major leisure journals since their inception to discern quantity of research, thematic patterns in topical areas and to document the research methods used. This assessment identified 150 articles related to race and ethnicity. Nineteen thematic categories were identified. Articles with conceptual discussions, activity and participation studies, and outdoor recreation/forest-based recreation occurred most frequently. Similar to other analyses of the literature, survey research was the most frequently used method of data collection. The discussion focuses on implications for future research on race and ethnicity in leisure studies.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Bocarro, Jason and Thompson, T. D.}, year={2008}, pages={1–22} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_forrester_2008, title={School intramural sports: A platform for lifetime sport participation & active leisure}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Recreational Sports Journal}, author={Kanters, M. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M. and Forrester, S.}, year={2008}, pages={134–151} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_casper_forrester_2008, title={School physical education, extracurricular sports, and lifelong active living}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1543-2769"]}, DOI={10.1123/jtpe.27.2.155}, abstractNote={The purpose of this article is to examine the role of school-based extracurricular initiatives in facilitating immediate and long-term positive impact on physical activity, healthy behavior, and obesity in children. A critique of the role of various sports-related initiatives that have been developed to address the obesity epidemic currently facing children within the United States is provided, with a specific emphasis on intramural sports as a preferred mechanism to encourage long-term involvement in sport and physically active pursuits. The article presents support for the notion that a physical education curriculum that includes intramurals before, during, and after school can help children learn the skills to enjoy participation in a variety of sports designed to facilitate lifelong active living.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF TEACHING IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION}, author={Bocarro, Jason and Kanters, Michael A. and Casper, Jonathan and Forrester, Scott}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={155–166} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_2008, title={Supported or pressured? An examination of agreement among parents and children on parent's role in youth sports}, volume={31}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Sport Behavior}, author={Kanters, M. A. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M.}, year={2008}, pages={64–80} }
 @inbook{bocarro_witt_2005, place={State College, PA}, title={The Power of people: The importance of relationship-based programming}, booktitle={Recreation and Youth Development}, publisher={Venture Publishing}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Witt, P.A.}, editor={Witt, P.A. and Caldwell, L.Editors}, year={2005} }
 @book{barcelona_bocarro_2004, place={Durham, NH}, title={New Hampshire Recreation & Conservation Leaders’ Community Assessment Study}, institution={University of New Hampshire, Department of Recreation Management & Policy}, author={Barcelona, R.J. and Bocarro, J.N.}, year={2004} }
 @article{barcelona_bocarro_2004, title={The nature and extent of collaboration between park and recreation agencies and higher education institutions}, volume={22}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Barcelona, R.J. and Bocarro, J.N.}, year={2004}, pages={3–24} }
 @article{sable_bocarro_2004, title={Transitioning back to Health: Participants’ perspectives of Project PATH}, volume={38}, number={2}, journal={Therapeutic Recreation Journal}, author={Sable, J.R. and Bocarro, J.N.}, year={2004}, pages={206–224} }
 @article{bocarro_sable_2003, title={Finding the right P.A.T.H.: Exploring familial relationships and the role of a community TR program in the initial years after a Spinal Cord injury}, volume={37}, number={1}, journal={Therapeutic Recreation Journal}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Sable, J.R.}, year={2003}, pages={58–72} }
 @article{bocarro_2003, title={Maintaining the Balance Between Service and Learning: The Use of Journals in Promoting Critical Thinking}, volume={18}, ISSN={1937-156X 2162-4097}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1937156x.2003.11949506}, DOI={10.1080/1937156x.2003.11949506}, abstractNote={Abstract Service learning curricula in higher education have grown in popularity over the past decade. As students become increasingly vocal in their desire for applicability in their educative experiences and greater real life experiences many instructors have turned to service learning to enhance their teaching pedagogy. However, the challenge for service learning instructors is to ensure that there is balance and connection between the experiences accrued in the field and the learning objectives required in the class-room. This article, drawing upon the experiences of students enrolled in a service-learning based course, introduces the concept of journaling as a way of maintaining this connection between service and learning and highlights how this can help promote critical thinking.}, number={1}, journal={SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bocarro, Jason}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={7–21} }
 @article{bocarro_witt_2003, title={Relationship-based programming: The key to successful youth development programming in recreation settings}, volume={21}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Witt, P.A.}, year={2003}, pages={75–96} }
 @book{bocarro_barcelona_2002, place={Dover, NH}, title={Dover Middle School 21st Century Community Learning Center Program Evaluation}, institution={University of New Hampshire, Department of Recreation Management & Policy}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Barcelona, R.J.}, year={2002} }
 @article{bocarro_witt_2002, title={Reaching out/reaching in: The long term challenges and issues of outreach programs}, volume={20}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Witt, P.A.}, year={2002}, pages={65–80} }
 @article{bocarro_richards_1998, title={Experiential Research At-Risk: The Challenge of Shifting Traditional Research Paradigms}, volume={21}, ISSN={1053-8259 2169-009X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105382599802100206}, DOI={10.1177/105382599802100206}, abstractNote={ This article attempts to address one of the consistent themes within experiential education, notably the concern that the field lacks a strong research base. This concern has contributed to a lack of clarity which surrounds the field. Research and programmatic evaluations of adventure based experiential programs may fail to produce results for a variety of reasons. This article explores two of these reasons. The first is the break-down of the program itself and its ever-changing methods of delivery. Second is the inappropriateness of the research methodology that often follows standard procedures, which may be inconsistent with non-standard programs. }, number={2}, journal={Journal of Experiential Education}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Bocarro, Jason and Richards, Anthony}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={102–107} }
 @book{witt_baker_bocarro_bundrick_koval-bauer_1996, place={College Station, TX}, title={Transition to middle-school study}, institution={Texas A&M University, Department of Recreation, Park & Tourism Sciences}, author={Witt, P.A. and Baker, D.A. and Bocarro, J.N. and Bundrick, D. and Koval-Bauer, K.}, year={1996} }
 @inbook{bocarro_1995, place={Halifax, Nova Scotia}, series={Monograph on youth in the 1999s}, title={Who's at risk: The system or youth?}, booktitle={Alternatives to incarceration: prevention or treatment?}, publisher={Dalhousie University Press}, author={Bocarro, J.N.}, editor={Richards, A. and Bocarro, J.N.Editors}, year={1995}, collection={Monograph on youth in the 1999s} }