@article{eisemann_nienaber_huntington_2022, title={Ractopamine and age alter oxygen use and nitrogen metabolism in tissues of beef steers}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac304}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Eisemann, Joan H. and Nienaber, John A. and Huntington, Gerald B.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{huntington_eisemann_2020, title={Past, present and future of protein and N metabolism in ruminants}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa278.311}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Huntington, Gerald B. and Eisemann, Joan H.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={169–169} }
 @article{eisemann_ashwell_devine_poole_poore_linder_2020, title={Physiological response, function of sweat glands, and hair follicle cycling in cattle in response to fescue toxicosis and hair genotype}, volume={98}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa013}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa013}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Eisemann, J.H. and Ashwell, M.S. and Devine, T.L. and Poole, D.H. and Poore, M.H. and Linder, K.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{poole_devine_mayberry_eisemann_poore_long_poole_2019, title={Impact of slick hair trait on physiological and reproductive performance in beef heifers consuming ergot alkaloids from endophyte-infected tall fescue}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz024}, abstractNote={Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome common in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the slick hair trait on physiological and reproductive parameters in heifers experiencing fescue toxicosis. Angus × Senepol heifers (n = 31) were blocked by weight (393.5 ± 17.3 kg) and phenotype relative to hair coat at birth, and randomly fed novel endophyte fescue (EN) or endophyte-infected fescue (EI) haylage in a total mixed ration for 91 d. Weekly measurements were collected to monitor heifer growth and response during ergot alkaloids exposure. Following 28 d of treatment, estrus was synchronized and heifers were inseminated. Ovary mapping and AI pregnancy rate were examined via transrectal ultrasonography. Blood samples were taken for genotyping: slick (S) or wildtype (W). Data were analyzed using repeated measures in PROC MIXED of SAS including fescue treatment (EN vs. EI), genotype (S vs. W), and sample collection time as main effects. Body condition scores were decreased for W heifers compared with S heifers (5.48 vs. 5.66, respectively; P < 0.0001). Surface temperature was greater for EI-W heifers (37.2 °C) compared with other groups (36.4, 36.6, 36.7 °C for EN-S, EN-W, EI-S, respectively; P < 0.05). Serum PRL concentrations were reduced for EI heifers compared with EN heifers (133.5 vs. 163.1 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.05). The average number of 2 to 4 mm follicles were greater in EI-W heifers (13.8 follicles) compared with other groups (12.2, 10.6, and 11.1 for EN-S, EN-W, and EI-S, respectively; P < 0.0001). However, the average number of preovulatory follicles (≥9 mm) were reduced in EI-W heifers (0.52 follicles) compared with other heifer groups (0.94, 0.88, and 0.85 ± 0.04 for EN-S, EN-W, and EI-S, respectively; P < 0.05). Ovulatory follicle size was smaller in EI-W heifers compared with EN-W heifers (9.14 vs. 11.57 mm, respectively; P = 0.05). Corpus luteum area was reduced in EI-W heifers (235.1 mm2) compared with other heifer groups (297.2, 272.7, and 276.8 mm2 for EN-S, EN-W, and EI-S, respectively; P < 0.05). Concentrations of P4 were greater for EN heifers compared with EI heifers (2.7 vs. 1.8 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.05). Pregnancy was not established in EI-W heifers (0%) compared with other heifer groups (37.5%, 57.1%, and 62.5% for EN-S, EN-W, and EI-S, respectively; P < 0.05). Overall, the slick hair mutation appears to aid in offsetting the physiological symptoms associated with fescue toxicosis and helps to improve reproductive performance.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Poole, Rebecca K. and Devine, Thomas L. and Mayberry, Kyle J. and Eisemann, Joan H. and Poore, Matt H. and Long, Nathan M. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={1456–1467} }
 @article{eisemann_tedeschi_2016, title={Predicting the amount of urea nitrogen recycled and used for anabolism in growing cattle}, volume={154}, ISSN={["1469-5146"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0021859616000228}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Eisemann, J. H. and Tedeschi, L. O.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1118–1129} }
 @article{eisemann_lewis_broome_sullivan_boyd_odle_harrell_2014, title={Lysine requirement of 1.5-5.5 kg pigs fed liquid diets}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1836-5787"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84897497474&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1071/an12280}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to define the lysine requirement of neonatal pigs fed a liquid diet up to 5.5 kg bodyweight (BW). Neonatal pigs, 1–2 days old, with an initial bodyweight of 1.63 ± 0.04 kg, were randomly allotted to 10 isocaloric diets varying in lysine concentration from 0.76 to 1.62 g lysine/MJ gross energy (GE). Diets were formulated using whey protein concentrate and casein as protein sources and contained similar balance of indispensable amino acids. On day 1 of the experiment, pigs were fed 350 g liquid diet/kg metabolic bodyweight (BW0.75) according to the average BW of all pigs. On day 2, feeding rate was increased to 400 g/kg BW0.75. Increments were 100 g/kg BW0.75 per day for the subsequent 3 days until pigs reached 700 g/kg BW0.75 on day 5. Thereafter, feed was offered to pigs at a common feeding level of 700 g/kg BW0.75 each day until they reached 5.5 kg BW. Feed intake and BW were measured daily. Concentration of fat in the carcass decreased (P < 0.05) and the ratio of crude protein (CP) to fat in the carcass increased (P < 0.05) linearly as lysine inclusion increased. Both average daily gain and CP accretion increased (quadratic, P < 0.05), whereas fat accretion decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as lysine inclusion increased. Using the maximum point of the quadratic function, the estimated dietary lysine required for maximal growth (271 g/day) and CP accretion (45.2 g/day) was 1.41 and 1.32 g lysine/MJ GE, respectively. The dietary lysine required, estimating the requirement at the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for CP accretion of 42.9 g/day, was 1.12 g lysine/MJ GE. Gross efficiency of CP deposition (CP deposition/CP intake) achieved a maximum of 0.85 at 1.01 g lysine/MJ GE.}, number={5}, journal={ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE}, author={Eisemann, J. H. and Lewis, H. E. and Broome, A. I. and Sullivan, K. and Boyd, R. D. and Odle, J. and Harrell, R. J.}, year={2014}, pages={608–615} }
 @article{cartiff_fellner_eisemann_2013, title={Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids increase insulin sensitivity in growing steers}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2012-5694}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary n-3 long chain PUFA on insulin sensitivity in growing steers. Steers (n = 12, initial BW = 336.3 kg, SEM = 7.7) were adapted to a basal diet that was 70% concentrate mix and 30% orchardgrass hay. Steers were fed a daily amount of 0.26 Mcal ME per kg BW (0.75). After 3 wk steers were transitioned to 1 of 2 treatment (Trt) diets (n = 6 per diet) containing added Ca salts of fatty acids at 4% of DM using a source of fat that was enriched in n-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (FOFA), or a source of fat without n-3 fatty acids and a greater percentage of C16:0 and C18:1 (LCFA). Three intravenous (i.v.) glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were conducted, 1 during the basal diet, and 2 after transition to treatment diets at time 1 (T1; d 4 Trt) and time 2 (T2; d 39 Trt). Three i.v. insulin challenge tests (IC) were conducted the day after each IVGTT. Measurements on the basal diet were used as covariates. For IVGTT, there was a diet by time interaction (P < 0.05) for glucose area under the response curve (AUC). The AUC50 (mM glucose × 50 min) at T1 was less (P = 0.02) for LCFA (126.2) than FOFA (151.8), AUC50 at T2 tended to be greater (P = 0.07) for LCFA (165.9) than FOFA (146.0). Preinfusion insulin concentration was greater (P < 0.001) before the IVGTT and IC for steers fed LCFA (40.4 and 40.2 µIU/mL) than for steers fed FOFA (23.7 and 27.1 µIU/mL), respectively. Glucose clearance did not differ between treatments. For IC, minimum glucose concentration was greater (P = 0.02) and glucose AUC150 was less (P < 0.01) for steers fed LCFA than for steers fed FOFA. Values for glucose concentration were 1.8 mM and 1.5 mM and for AUC150 (mM glucose × 150 min) were 203.1 and 263.6 for steers fed LCFA and FOFA, respectively. Insulin clearance (fraction/min) was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed LCFA (0.121) than FOFA (0.101). The insulin AUC60 (µIU/mL × 60 min) postinfusion was less for LCFA (17,674) than FOFA (19,997), and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) at T1 (19,552) than T2 (18,119). Plasma NEFA concentrations at T2 during IVGTT were greater (P < 0.05) in steers fed FOFA than in steers fed LCFA. The results indicated that supplementing with long-chain n-3 PUFA (FOFA) increased insulin sensitivity in growing steers compared with feeding a supplement with greater concentration of SFA (LCFA).}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Cartiff, S. E. and Fellner, V. and Eisemann, J. H.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={2332–2342} }
 @article{kutzner-mulligan_eisemann_siciliano_smith_hewitt_sharlette_pratt-phillips_2013, title={The effect of different feed delivery methods on time to consume feed and the resulting changes in postprandial metabolite concentrations in horses}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2012-5727}, abstractNote={Management techniques that reduce the insulin response to feeding in horses have application in preventing insulin resistance (IR) and potential associations (e.g., laminitis). Eight mature idle horses of BCS between 5 and 6.5 and with no previous indication of IR were fed a meal of concentrate under 4 feed delivery treatments in a repeated Latin Square design. Treatments were all based on a bucket of equal dimensions. The treatments included a control (CON) and 3 treatments hypothesized to increase time to consume feed (TCF): mobile obstacles above the feed (BALL), stationary obstacles below the feed (WAFF), and feed with water added (WTR). Jugular venous blood samples were taken at feed delivery, every 10 min for the first hour, and then every 30 min until 300 min after feed delivery. The TCF was different across treatment and was greater (P < 0.05) for BALL and WAFF when compared with CON and WTR. Glucose and insulin concentrations increased after feeding (P < 0.05) and tended to differ among treatments (P < 0.10). Peak insulin and glucose concentrations were affected by treatment as were the time to peak insulin and the area under the curve of insulin (P < 0.05). Therefore, feed delivery methods that include obstacles effectively increase TCF and attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. A second experiment was designed to determine if the TCF changes associated with BALL and WAFF in Exp. 1 remain effective over a 4-d period. Four horses with no recent or regular history of consuming concentrates were fed concentrate meals for 4 consecutive d using the same treatments described in Exp. 1 and a Latin square design. Horses were subject to a 4-d adaptation period and were randomly assigned to 4-d treatment periods using the 4 previously described treatments. During adaptation, TCF decreased over time (P = 0.02). After adaptation, WAFF had greater TCF when compared with CON and WTR (P < 0.05) whereas WTR had the lowest TCF overall. Using obstacles to increase TCF on a daily basis may be an effective method to reduce postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations, thereby decreasing the risk of IR development in horses.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Kutzner-Mulligan, J. and Eisemann, J. and Siciliano, P. and Smith, J. and Hewitt, K. and Sharlette, J. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={3772–3779} }
 @article{eisemann_heugten_2007, title={Response of pigs to dietary inclusion of formic acid and ammonium formate}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0021-8812"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2006-464}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine the optimal inclusion rate of dietary formic acid-ammonium formate (composition by weight was 62% formic acid and 37% ammonium formate) in nursery and grower-finisher diets or grower-finisher diets only. At weaning (d 21 +/- 2), 224 pigs (equal numbers of gilts and barrows) were blocked by BW within sex (28 pigs per BW block, 4 pigs per pen) and assigned randomly to 1 of 7 dietary treatments within each block. Dietary treatments (TRT), listed as percentage of dietary formic acid-ammonium formate in the nursery (NR) and the grower-finisher (GRF) diets, were as follows (NR and GRF): TRT 1: 0.0 and 0.0; TRT 2: 1.2 and 1.0; TRT 3: 0.0 and 1.0; TRT 4: 1.0 and 0.8; TRT 5: 0.0 and 0.8; TRT 6: 0.8 and 0.6; and TRT 7: 0.0 and 0.6. During the grower 2 (GR2) period, pigs fed treatments containing formic acid-ammonium formate in the nursery diets (TRT 2, TRT 4, and TRT 6) had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F than pigs fed diets containing formic acid-ammonium formate in the grower period only (TRT 3, TRT 5, and TRT 7). Average daily feed intake tended to decrease (NR1, P = 0.07) or decreased (NR2, P < 0.05) for pigs fed formic acid-ammonium formate in the nursery (TRT 2, TRT 4, and TRT 6) compared with pigs fed control diets (TRT 1, TRT 3, TRT 5, and TRT 7). The ADFI also decreased (P < 0.05) during the GR1 and GR2 periods for pigs fed diets containing formic acid-ammonium formate compared with pigs fed control (TRT 1). In the combined nursery data, there was no effect (P > 0.10) of treatment on ADG. Pigs on diets containing formic acid-ammonium formate ate less feed (P < 0.05) and had improved G:F (P < 0.05) compared with pigs on the control treatments (TRT 1, TRT 3, TRT 5, and TRT 7). Combining the grower-finisher phases, G:F was greater (P = 0.05) for pigs fed diets containing formic acid-ammonium formate than for pigs fed the control feed. The efficiency of gain (i.e., G:F) was improved by 3.5% for pigs fed all formic acid-ammonium formate treatments and ranged from 2.3 (TRT 7) to 5.9% (TRT 4) compared with pigs fed control (TRT 1). Combining all phases from nursery to finisher, the G:F ratio tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for pigs fed formic acid-ammonium formate compared with pigs fed control. The efficiency of gain was improved by 3.0% for pigs fed all formic acid-ammonium formate treatments, ranging from 1.8 (TRT 7) to 5.2% (TRT 4), compared with pigs fed the control diet (TRT 1).}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Eisemann, J. H. and Heugten, E.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1530–1539} }
 @article{campbell_williams_eisemann_2004, title={Characterizing gastrointestinal transit time in four lemur species using barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS)}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1098-2345"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajp.20080}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Campbell, JL and Williams, CV and Eisemann, JH}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={309–321} }
 @article{salih_tripathi_holding_szestak_gonzalez_carter_cobb_eisemann_pell_2004, title={Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (Igfbp5) compromises survival, growth, muscle development, and fertility in mice}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.0400230101}, abstractNote={
            The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are essential for development; bioavailable IGF is tightly regulated by six related IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs).
            Igfbp5
            is the most conserved and is developmentally up-regulated in key lineages and pathologies;
            in vitro
            studies suggest that IGFBP-5 functions independently of IGF interaction. Genetic ablation of individual
            Igfbps
            has yielded limited phenotypes because of substantial compensation by remaining family members. Therefore, to reveal
            Igfbp5
            actions
            in vivo
            , we generated lines of transgenic mice that ubiquitously overexpressed
            Igfbp5
            from early development. Significantly increased neonatal mortality, reduced female fertility, whole-body growth inhibition, and retarded muscle development were observed in
            Igfbp5
            -overexpressing mice. The magnitude of the response in individual transgenic lines was positively correlated with
            Igfbp5
            expression. Circulating IGFBP-5 concentrations increased a maximum of only 4-fold, total and free IGF-I concentrations increased up to 2-fold, and IGFBP-5 was detected in high
            M
            
              r
            
            complexes; however, no detectable decrease in the proportion of free IGF-I was observed. Thus, despite only modest changes in IGF and IGFBP concentrations, the
            Igfbp5
            -overexpressing mice displayed a phenotype more extreme than that observed for other
            Igfbp
            genetic models. Although growth retardation was obvious prenatally, maximal inhibition occurred postnatally before the onset of growth hormone-dependent growth, regardless of
            Igfbp5
            expression level, revealing a period of sensitivity to IGFBP-5 during this important stage of tissue programming.
          }, number={12}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Salih, DAM and Tripathi, G and Holding, C and Szestak, TAM and Gonzalez, ML and Carter, EJ and Cobb, LJ and Eisemann, JE and Pell, JM}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={4314–4319} }
 @article{cole_argenzio_eisemann_2004, title={Physiological responses in swine treated with water containing sodium bicarbonate as a prophylactic for gastric ulcers}, volume={82}, DOI={10.2527/2004.8292757x}, abstractNote={Maintenance of gastric pH above 4.0 aids the prevention of bile acid-mediated ulcerative damage to the pars esophageal tissue in pigs. One means of doing so is the addition of buffering compounds, such as sodium bicarbonate, to the water supply; however, any potential physiological effect of buffer consumption has yet to be determined. Experiment 1 tested the acute effects of buffer addition to the water supply on systemic acid-base and electrolyte balance in swine (BW 40.7 +/- 3.0 kg). Consumption of water calculated to a 200 mOsm solution with sodium bicarbonate for 24 h increased (P < 0.05) blood Na+, HCO3(-), and pCO2, although these effects were all within physiologically tolerable levels. Urine pH and Na+ excretion increased (P < 0.001) following the consumption of NaHCO3, with Na+ concentration almost threefold higher in treated pigs compared with controls. Experiment 2 determined the chronic systemic effects of buffer consumption by measuring blood and urine variables, with pigs consuming NaHCO3-treated water throughout. Water consumption increased (P < 0.001) during buffer consumption, although intake levels remained within normal ranges. Blood pH levels were not affected by long-term consumption of dietary buffer; however, blood HCO3(-) (P < 0.05), Na+, and pCO2 (P < 0.01) increased. Urine pH and urine Na+ concentration increased (P < 0.01) in buffer-treated compared with control animals. Results indicate that sodium bicarbonate can safely be added to the water supply for pigs, with no clinically relevant alterations in acid-base balance because the animals readily compensate for buffer intake.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Cole, J. T. and Argenzio, R. A. and Eisemann, J. H.}, year={2004}, pages={2757–2763} }
 @article{stevens_burns_fisher_eisemann_2004, title={The  influence of high-nitrogen forages on the voluntary feed intake of sheep}, volume={82}, DOI={10.2527/2004.8251536x}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to examine the effect of high concentrations of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) on the voluntary food intake of sheep fed high-quality grasses. Wether lambs (n = 6 per treatment) were fed dried switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.; Exp. 1) or dried tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; Exp. 2). In both experiments, urea was added to the dried forage at 0 (control), 12, or 24 g of N/kg of DM to increase the NPN concentration. Acid detergent fiber concentrations were 305 g/kg of DM in both experiments, although DM digestibility was 663 and 618 g/ kg of DM in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Voluntary feed intake of the control forage was 28.2 and 19.1 g/ kg of BW in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively, and decreased for the high-urea treatments to 25.2 and 16.2 g/kg of BW in Exp. 1 (P = 0.07) and Exp 2 (P = 0.03), respectively. Total feed N concentrations increased from 29.5 g to 45.7 g of N/kg of DM in Exp. 1 (P < 0.01) and from 28.4 to 55.9 g of N/kg of DM in Exp. 2 (P < 0.01). Nonprotein N concentrations increased from 28.3 to 53.8% of the total N in switchgrass diets (Exp. 1; P < 0.01), and from 26.4 to 64.0% in tall fescue diets (Exp. 2; P < 0.01). Plasma urea concentrations of the lambs increased from 3.1 to 6.6 mM (Exp. 1; P < 0.01) and from 2.9 to 5.8 mM (Exp. 2; P < 0.01) as the amount of urea added to the diets increased. These changes resulted in an increase in plasma osmolality from 298 to 307 mOsm/kg (Exp. 1; P = 0.04), and from 299 to 307 mOsm/kg (Exp. 2; P = 0.06). Increasing feed N and NPN concentrations through the addition of urea caused a significant decrease in the voluntary feed intake of sheep fed tall fescue and switchgrass. These responses showed no significant cause-and-effect relationship between voluntary feed intake, plasma urea concentrations, and plasma osmolality.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Stevens, D. R. and Burns, J. C. and Fisher, D. S. and Eisemann, J. H.}, year={2004}, pages={1536–1542} }
 @article{campbell_williams_eisemann_2004, title={Use of total dietary fiber across four lemur species (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Hapalemur griseus griseus, Varecia variegata, and Eulemur fulvus): Does fiber type affect digestive efficiency?}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0275-2565"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajp.20081}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Campbell, JL and Williams, CV and Eisemann, JH}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={323–335} }
 @article{eisemann_morrow_see_davies_zering_2002, title={Effect of feed withdrawal prior to slaughter on prevalence of gastric ulcers in pigs}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037085335&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.503}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Eisemann, JH and Morrow, WEM and See, MT and Davies, PR and Zering, K}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={503–506} }
 @article{morrow_see_eisemann_davies_zering_2002, title={Effect of withdrawing feed from swine on meat quality and prevalence of Salmonella colonization at slaughter}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037085491&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.497}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Morrow, WEM and See, MT and Eisemann, JH and Davies, PR and Zering, K}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={497–502} }
 @article{cole_gookin_gayle_eisemann_argenzio_blikslager_2002, title={Endoscopy via a gastric cannula to monitor the development of ulcers in the pars esophagea in pigs after consumption of a finely ground feed combined with a period of withholding of feed}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1076}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Cole, JT and Gookin, JL and Gayle, JM and Eisemann, JH and Argenzio, RA and Blikslager, AT}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={1076–1082} }
 @article{campbell_williams_eisemann_2002, title={Fecal inoculum can be used to determine the rate and extent of in vitro fermentation of dietary fiber sources across three lemur species that differ in dietary profile: Varecia variegata, Eulemur fulvus and Hapalemur griseus}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/131.10.3073}, abstractNote={To estimate fermentative capacity among lemur species, four fiber substrates were tested across three species, Eulemur fulvus, Hapalemur griseus and Varecia variegata. The substrates, cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp and citrus pectin, ranged in composition from completely insoluble fiber (IF) to completely soluble fiber (SF), respectively. The lemurs consumed a nutritionally complete biscuit formulated for primates [85 g/100 g diet dry matter (DM)] and locally available produce (15 g/100 g diet DM). Feces were then collected and used to inoculate fermentation tubes prefilled with fiber substrates and an anaerobic growth medium. Dry matter disappearance (DMD), and acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were measured in tubes subjected to 6, 12, 24 or 48 h of fermentation. Results were fitted to a logistic growth model. The maximal production (MP) time at which production or disappearance is at one-half maximum (t(50)) and the fermentation rate at 3 h were calculated. The maximal disappearance of DM differed among substrates (citrus pectin > citrus pulp > beet pulp; P < 0.0001) and species (E. fulvus > H. griseus > V. variegata; P < 0.001). V. variegata reached t(50) for acetate and total SCFA production faster than H. griseus or E. fulvus (P < 0.02). Three-hour production rates of acetate and total SCFA were also greater for V. variegata for citrus pulp and citrus pectin (P < 0.01). Few species differences were observed for beet pulp. Results provide evidence for differences in fermentative capacity and suggest that fiber solubility and fermentability should be considered when assessing the nutritional management of lemurs.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Campbell, JL and Williams, CV and Eisemann, JH}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={3073–3080} }
 @article{campbell_glenn_grossi_eisemann_2001, title={Use of local North Carolina browse species to supplement the diet of a captive colony of folivorous primates (Propithecus sp.)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0733-3188"]}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.10007}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={ZOO BIOLOGY}, author={Campbell, JL and Glenn, KM and Grossi, B and Eisemann, JH}, year={2001}, pages={447–461} }
 @article{campbell_eisemann_williams_glenn_2000, title={Description of the gastrointestinal tract of five lemur species: Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0275-2565"]}, DOI={10.1002/1098-2345(200011)52:3<133::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-#}, abstractNote={The objective of this project was to better define the similarities and differences in gastrointestinal morphology present in lemur species. Measurements of the gastrointestinal tract of lemurs were obtained at necropsy from the captive population at Duke University Primate Center. Measurements of body length and weight, as well as gastrointestinal length, were recorded from five prosimian species: Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus verreauxi, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta. Photographs and measurements were used to obtain illustrations. Preliminary results suggest differences in gastrointestinal morphology among lemur species that coincide with differences in diet. Distinct sacculations in either the cecum or the colon were present for H. griseus, L. catta, P. verreauxi, and P. tattersalli, but not for V. variegata. The Propithecus specimens possessed a much greater ratio of gastrointestinal length to body length than the other three species. A short, blunt cecum and a shortened and sacculated colon were unique characteristics of the H. griseus specimens. These differences correlate well with a dietary shift from consumption of large amounts of structural plant cell wall (Propithecus sp.) to consumption of variable or moderate amounts (H. griseus, L. catta, and V. variegata). They also suggest that captive groups would benefit from further diet refinement in captivity.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Campbell, JL and Eisemann, JH and Williams, CV and Glenn, KM}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={133–142} }
 @article{ange_eisemann_argenzio_almond_blikslager_2000, title={Effects of feed physical form and buffering solutes on water disappearance and proximal stomach pH in swine.}, volume={78}, ISSN={0021-8812}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2000.7892344x}, DOI={10.2527/2000.7892344x}, abstractNote={The effects of the physical form of feed on water disappearance and the effects of buffered water on proximal stomach pH in swine were determined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 32 barrows were used to evaluate the water disappearance in pigs fed a finely ground and pelleted diet vs those fed a coarsely ground and mashed diet for ad libitum consumption over a 2-wk interval. There were four replicates with eight pigs per replicate. Average daily water and feed disappearance did not differ (P = 0.06 and P = 0.10, respectively). However, average daily water to feed ratio was higher for pigs on the pelleted diet (4.21+/-0.31 L/kg vs 3.04+/-0.33 L/kg; P = 0.02). The higher ratio for the pelleted diet indicated that this may be the cause of a more fluid digesta allowing reflux of irritants from the distal stomach to damage the pars esophageal region of the proximal stomach. In Exp. 2, four barrows (25+/-2 kg) had gastric cannulas surgically implanted into the proximal region of the stomach. Pigs were given ad libitum access to a finely ground and pelleted diet. The experimental design was a Latin square. Water treatments included water (control), 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Pigs were given a 4-d adjustment period, and pH measurements began on the morning of the 5th d and continued for 24 h under normal feeding conditions. Feed was removed and measurements were continued for 16 h. Buffered water raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach compared to the control (P < 0.001). Average pH while consuming the water treatments was 3.65+/-0.11 (n = 4) for water control, 4.86+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 4.63+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 4.59+/-0.14 (n = 3) for the 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Buffers also raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach for the fed (P < 0.001) and the feed restriction (P < 0.01) phases of the trial. Water disappearance rates in pigs given NaHCO3 were higher than in the control (P < 0.01). Average daily water disappearance for the treatments was 9.13+/-0.74 L for the control, 13.56+/-0.74 L for 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 13.77+/-0.74 L for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 10.33+/-0.95 L for the phosphate buffer. The proximal pH of the stomach was increased by adding buffers to the water supply. Addition of NaHCO3 buffers also caused increased water disappearance.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Ange, K D and Eisemann, J H and Argenzio, R A and Almond, G W and Blikslager, A T}, year={2000}, pages={2344} }
 @article{regina_eisemann_lang_argenzio_1999, title={Changes in gastric contents in pigs fed a finely ground and pelleted or coarsely ground meal diet}, volume={77}, DOI={10.2527/1999.77102721x}, abstractNote={The objective was to characterize the change in stomach contents in relation to time after feeding between pigs consuming a restricted amount of a finely ground and pelleted (FGP) or coarsely ground meal (CGM) diet. Particular interest was placed on the concentration of organic acids and ammonia, the products of microbial fermentation. Thirty barrows were ranked by weight and assigned to a postfeeding time of 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 h and either the FGP or CGM diet. Initiation and termination of the experiment were staggered over a 2-wk period. The treatment period was 42 d. Percentage of dry matter was higher (P<.01) in the stomach contents of pigs on the CGM diet. Concentrations of pepsin and protein were higher (P<.05) and ammonia tended to be higher (P = .10) in the proximal stomach of pigs fed the FGP diet. In contrast, concentrations of acetate and L-lactate were higher (P<.05) in the proximal stomach of pigs fed the CGM diet. All pigs on the CGM diet had stomachs that graded as normal on visual inspection. There was variable damage to the stomachs of pigs on the FGP diet. Measurement of chromium concentration in the stomach after an oral dose of Cr-EDTA clearly demonstrated the mixing that occurs between the proximal and distal stomach by 2 h after feeding in pigs consuming the FGP diet, whereas a gradient was maintained in pigs consuming the CGM diet. Thus, components normally secreted in the distal stomach return to the proximal stomach. These data show that components secreted in the distal region, such as acid and pepsin, may play a role in initiating damage to the stratified squamous mucosa. High concentrations of organic acids in the stomach of pigs on the CGM diet were not associated with damage to the stratified squamous mucosa in the esophageal region.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Regina, D. C. and Eisemann, J. H. and Lang, J. A. and Argenzio, R. A.}, year={1999}, pages={2721–2729} }
 @article{eisemann_argenzio_1999, title={Effects of diet and housing density on growth and stomach morphology in pigs}, volume={77}, DOI={10.2527/1999.77102709x}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of housing density on the stomach morphology of growing pigs and determine whether there was an interaction between housing density and diet. All diets were corn-soybean meal based. In Exp. 1, 42 barrows (41.0+/-.95 kg BW) were allotted either individually or three pigs per pen to evaluate the effects of crowding on stomach lesions. Pen space per pig was 1.54 and .51 m2, respectively. All pigs were fed a finely ground and pelleted diet (610 microm) for 6 wk. The ADG decreased (P<.05) for the pigs housed three per pen during wk 4 to 6 only. There was no effect of housing density on feed intake or gain/feed ratio. Neither visual nor histological ulcer score differed between the two treatment groups. No stomachs were graded as normal. In Exp. 2, 80 barrows (39.8+/-.9 kg BW) were allotted either two or four pigs per pen. Pen space per pig was .77 and .39 m2, respectively. Half of the pigs in each housing situation were fed a coarse meal diet (1,050 microm), and half of the pigs were fed a finely ground and pelleted diet (577 microm) throughout the 49-d experimental period. Throughout the trial, pigs housed two per pen gained at a greater rate (P<.05) than pigs housed four per pen. From d 14 to the end of the trial, pigs consuming the finely ground and pelleted diet gained at a greater rate (P<.05) than pigs fed the coarse meal diet. The differences in ADG were reflected in final body weight. Stomach weight as a percentage of body weight was higher for animals on the coarse meal diet. Visual and histological ulcer scores were similar, and both were higher (P<.001) on the finely ground and pelleted diet, indicating greater damage. There was no effect of space restriction on stomach morphology. These data show the major effect of diet type on stomach lesions with no interaction with space restriction.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Eisemann, J. H. and Argenzio, R. A.}, year={1999}, pages={2709–2714} }
 @article{eisemann_argenzio_1999, title={Effects of diets differing in propensity to promote gastric lesions on defense systems in gastric mucosae}, volume={77}, DOI={10.2527/1999.77102715x}, abstractNote={The objectives were to characterize biochemical changes, focusing on the antioxidant defense system, in stratified squamous and oxyntic mucosae in pigs fed diets with differing propensity to promote gastric lesions. Barrows (n = 24; 48.7+/-1.0 kg BW) housed in individual pens were used in the experiment. Barrows were fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Half of the animals were fed the diet as a coarsely ground meal (CGM; average particle size = 886 microm), and half were fed the diet as a finely ground pelleted (FGP; average particle size = 528 microm) feed. Initiation and termination of the experiment were staggered over a 3-wk period. Diets were fed for 6 wk. Visual evaluation of the stratified squamous mucosa of the proximal stomach showed increased (P<.001) damage in animals fed the FGP diet. These results were supported by histological evaluation. Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), indicative of peroxide generation, relative to amount of protein were higher (P<.001) in stratified squamous than in oxyntic mucosa, and, per unit of tissue, TBARS were highest in stratified squamous mucosa of animals fed the FGP diet. Glutathione peroxidase activity followed a pattern similar to that of peroxides. Prostaglandin E2 was higher (P<.004) in stratified squamous than in oxyntic mucosa. In contrast, the activity of catalase was higher (P<.001) in oxyntic mucosa and was not affected by diet. The data show differences in the production of peroxides, the antioxidant defense system, and PGE2 between stratified squamous and oxyntic mucosae. Generation of prooxidants and the antioxidant defense system may play a role in the predilection of ulcers for the stratified squamous mucosal region of the pig stomach.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Eisemann, J. H. and Argenzio, R. A.}, year={1999}, pages={2715–2720} }
 @article{campbell_eisemann_glander_crissey_1999, title={Intake, digestibility, and passage of a commercially designed diet by two Propithecus species}, volume={48}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:3<237::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-V}, abstractNote={The digestibility and passage of an experimental diet was used to compare the digestive physiology of two Propithecus species: P. verreauxi and P. tattersalli. Though both animals have a similar feeding ecology, the captive status of P. verreauxi is considered more stable than that of P. tattersalli. The test diet included a local tree species, Rhus copallina, at 15% of dry matter intake (DMI) and Mazuri Leafeater Primate Diet at 85% of DMI. The chemical composition of the diet (dry matter basis) was 25% crude protein, 34% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 22% acid detergent fiber (ADF) with a gross energy of 4.52 kcal/g. After a 6 week acclimation to the experimental diet, animals were placed in research caging. After a 7 day adjustment period, animals were dosed with chromium mordant and Co‐EDTA as markers for digesta passage and all feed refusals and feces were collected at timed intervals for 7 days. Digestibility values, similar for both species, were approximately 65% for dry matter, crude protein, and energy, and 40% and 35% respectively, for NDF and ADF. Transit times (17–18.5 hr) and mean retention times (31–34 hr) were not significantly different between species, and there was no difference between the chromium mordant and Co‐EDTA. Serum values for glucose, urea, and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were obtained during four different time periods to monitor nutritional status. While there was no change in serum glucose, serum urea increased over time. The NEFAs increased across all four time periods for P. verreauxi and increased for the first three periods then decreased in the last period for P. tattersalli. Results obtained indicate no difference in digestibility nor digesta passage between species, and that both Propithecus species were similar to other post‐gastric folivores. Am. J. Primatol. 48:237–246, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Primatology}, author={Campbell, J. L. and Eisemann, J. H. and Glander, K. E. and Crissey, S. D.}, year={1999}, pages={237–246} }
 @article{eisemann_bristol_1998, title={Change in insulin sensitivity or responsiveness is not a major component of the mechanism of action of ractopamine in beef steers}, volume={128}, ISSN={["0022-3166"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/128.3.505}, abstractNote={Our objective was to determine whether the beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine altered sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin. We used the hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp approach in five multicatheterized beef steers to evaluate insulin sensitivity (ED50) and responsiveness (Rmax or Rmin) during control or ractopamine feeding (80 mg/kg feed). Steers had blood vessel catheters and ultrasound flow probes that allowed measurement of net uptake and release of glucose and insulin by portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver and hindlimb. Steers ate meals of equal size every 2 h. Steers were fed at 1.8 times calculated maintenance energy. The design was a single reversal. Two rates of insulin infusion followed a base-line period on each of three sample days. Insulin was infused into a mesenteric vein at 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mU/(h.kg body weight). During the base-line period, arterial concentrations of glucose, oxygen, nonesterified fatty acids and insulin were not different between control and ractopamine feeding. Arterial urea was lower during ractopamine than during control feeding (5.02 vs. 6.20 mmol/L, respectively, P < 0.01). Net release of glucose by liver and net uptake of glucose by the hindlimb were not affected by treatment. Similarly, net release of insulin by PDV and net uptake of insulin by liver were not affected by treatment. The Rmax and ED50 for steady-state glucose infusion rate, total glucose entry, hepatic glucose production and hindlimb glucose uptake did not differ between treatments. There was a trend for a lower ED50 in hindlimb with ractopamine treatment (P < 0.13). These data do not support a change in sensitivity or responsiveness of tissues to insulin as a major component of the mechanism of action of ractopamine.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Eisemann, JH and Bristol, DG}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={505–511} }
 @article{lang_blikslager_regina_eisemann_argenzio_1998, title={Synergistic effect of hydrochloric acid and bile acids on the pars esophageal mucosa of the porcine stomach}, volume={59}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Lang, J. and Blikslager, A. and Regina, D. and Eisemann, J. and Argenzio, R.}, year={1998}, pages={1170–1176} }
 @article{eisemann_huntington_catherman_1997, title={Insulin sensitivity and responsiveness of portal drained viscera, liver, hindquarters, and whole body of beef steers weighing 275 or 490 kilograms}, volume={75}, DOI={10.2527/1997.7582084x}, abstractNote={Our objective was to quantify effects of age, weight, and body composition on responsiveness (Rmax or Rmin) and sensitivity (ED50) of several parameters of glucose metabolism to insulin in growing beef steers. Steers ate equal-sized meals every 2 h; the diet contained 62% concentrate and sustained 1 kg ADG. Treatments were euglycemic clamps at 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mU.h-1.kg BW-1 of insulin infused into a mesenteric vein of seven younger (275 kg BW) and seven older (490 kg BW) steers. Most steers received three of the six treatments; two extra steers were added to compensate for missing data. Steers had blood vessel catheters and ultrasound flow probes that allowed measurement of net uptake or release of glucose and insulin by portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, and hindquarters (HQ). Steady-state glucose infusion rate (SSGIR) was intrajugular glucose infused during treatments to maintain euglycemia. Within age groups, Rmax or Rmin and ED50 were estimated by nonlinear regression of glucose flux on arterial plasma insulin concentrations. Steers were killed after sampling, tissues were weighted, and HQ content of fat and protein was determined. Those data were used to predict tissue weights and HQ composition at the time of the euglycemic clamps. Predicted EBW (243 vs 444 kg), liver (4.24 vs 6.19 kg), and HQ (73 vs 122 kg) were heavier for older than for younger steers. Fat in HQ was higher for older than for younger steers (173 vs 134 g/kg), but protein was similar (198 g/kg). The ED50 (mU of insulin/L of plasma) for SSGIR (237 +/- 65 vs 113 +/- 22), liver glucose release (89 +/- 22 vs 44 +/- 11), total glucose entry (418 +/- 184 vs 125 +/- 20), and HQ glucose uptake (488 +/- 151 vs 243 +/- 78) was higher for older than for younger steers. The Rmax (mmol glucose.h-1.kg tissue-1) for SSGIR (2.68 +/- .22 vs 2.09 +/- .23) and HQ (3.08 +/- .33 vs 2.46 +/- .30) was higher for younger than for older steers. Liver glucose release decreased in response to insulin; Rmin (mmol glucose.h-1.kg liver-1) was higher for younger (36.0 +/- 6.9) than for older (24.7 +/- 3.2) steers. We conclude that as steers grew older, heavier, and fatter, their peripheral tissues and liver became less sensitive and less responsive to insulin.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Eisemann, J. H. and Huntington, G. B. and Catherman, D. R.}, year={1997}, pages={2084–2091} }
 @article{kegley_spears_eisemann_1997, title={Performance and glucose metabolism in calves fed a chromium-nicotinic acid complex or chromium chloride}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76107-1}, abstractNote={Twenty-four Holstein bull calves were fed a milk replacer diet to assess the effects of Cr on calf performance and metabolism of glucose. Treatments consisted of no supplemental Cr (control) or 0.4 mg/kg of dry matter of supplemental Cr from CrCl3 or from a Cr-nicotinic acid complex. Supplementation with the Crt-nicotinic acid complex increased the average daily gain and feed efficiency from d 28 to 42, but not over the entire 63-d performance phase. Calves that were fed diets supplemented with CrCl3 or the Cr-nicotinic acid complex had lower plasma glucose concentrations at 45 to 180 min after an i.v. infusion of insulin than did controls. Calves fed diets supplemented with the Cr-nicotinic acid complex also had lower plasma glucose concentrations from 90 to 180 min after insulin challenge than did calves that were fed diets supplemented with CrCl3. After an i.v. infusion of glucose, calves that were fed diets supplemented with CrCl3 had lower serum insulin concentrations at 10 to 25 min after challenge than did controls or calves that were fed diets supplemented with the Cr-nicotinic acid complex. However, the glucose clearance rate after glucose infusion was not affected by Cr supplementation. Chromium supplementation did not markedly affect the performance of calves, but the Cr-nicotinic acid complex and CrCl3 did intensify the response to insulin administered i.v.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Kegley, EB and Spears, JW and Eisemann, JH}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={1744–1750} }
 @article{eisemann_1994, title={COORDINATION OF NUTRIENT USE BY PERIPHERAL-TISSUES}, volume={124}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1393s}, abstractNote={The growth of peripheral tissues reflects the combined effect of endogenous and exogenous signals. Limits of endogenous signals are determined by genetics, which define a chronology of growth of individual tissues. Fractional synthesis rate of muscle also follows a chronology. Endogenous mediators are both systemic and local, with tissue response a product of combined effects. Exogenous signals derive from the environment and dietary intake. Exogenous somatotropin or beta-adrenergic agonists change endogenous genetic limits for protein deposition and change partition of absorbed amino acids by stimulating anabolic use of amino acids in peripheral tissues and decreasing catabolism. Peripheral tissues provide a valuable model to study the relationships between tissues and the complexity of in vivo regulation. Shifts in metabolism of nitrogenous compounds by the liver are an example of directed changes in nutrient partitioning that act to increase supply of amino acids to peripheral tissues in conjunction with a stimulus to increase anabolic amino acid use. Further studies should integrate tissue changes with intracellular mechanisms.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={EISEMANN, JH}, year={1994}, month={Aug}, pages={S1393–S1398} }