@article{richmond-bryant_wilson_2024, title={Invited Perspective: Increasing Disparities in Air Pollution Health Burdens in the United States—A Concerning Trend for PM2.5 and a Path Forward}, url={https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14233}, DOI={10.1289/EHP14233}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Wilson, Ayo}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{odera_kelley_rivers iii_wilson_tran_patel_vallee_subra_cramer_irving_et al._2023, title={A Community-Engaged Oral History Study as a Tool for Understanding Environmental Justice Aspects of Human Exposures to Hazardous Waste Thermal Treatment Emissions in Colfax, LA}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1937-5174"]}, DOI={10.1089/env.2023.0003}, abstractNote={This study investigates environmental justice (EJ) themes related to siting a hazardous waste thermal treatment facility near a low-income community of color. We investigated effects of living near a hazardous waste thermal treatment facility through three EJ aspects: recognitional, procedural, and distributive justice. The study involved the collection of oral history interviews from residents of Colfax, a town in Grant Parish, Louisiana, that hosts an open burn/open detonation hazardous waste thermal treatment facility. The facility processes materials such as munitions, theme park waste, and contaminated soils from Superfund sites, and it increased its volume drastically in 2014. Residents reported adverse health conditions and exposure to air pollutants. We analyzed how the three themes of EJ emerged from the interviews using the NVivo coding software. We recorded narratives that described substantial changes around people's identity, health, and social experiences after the facility's increase in operations. Residents described a peaceful and clean community before the facility's construction in 1980. Some residents stated that the community had not been consulted when the facility was established or when its operations were increased. Colfax residents' narratives jointly relay a proud history of community connections and homeownership that was undermined by environmental health hazards created by the facility and by their exclusion from local and state government decisions about the facility's placement.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE}, author={Odera, Matilda and Kelley, Blair and Rivers III, Louie and Wilson, Alyanna and Tran, Jessica and Patel, Khushi and Vallee, Brenda and Subra, Wilma and Cramer, Jennifer A. and Irving, Jennifer K. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{yu_cao_hamer_urbanek_straif-bourgeois_cormier_ferguson_richmond-bryant_2023, title={Associations of COVID-19 Hospitalizations, ICU Admissions, and Mortality with Black and White Race and Their Mediation by Air Pollution and Other Risk Factors in the Louisiana Industrial Corridor, March 2020–August 2021}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4611}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph20054611}, abstractNote={Louisiana ranks among the bottom five states for air pollution and mortality. Our objective was to investigate associations between race and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalizations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and mortality over time and determine which air pollutants and other characteristics may mediate COVID-19-associated outcomes. In our cross-sectional study, we analyzed hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and mortality among positive SARS-CoV-2 cases within a healthcare system around the Louisiana Industrial Corridor over four waves of the pandemic from 1 March 2020 to 31 August 2021. Associations between race and each outcome were tested, and multiple mediation analysis was performed to test if other demographic, socioeconomic, or air pollution variables mediate the race–outcome relationships after adjusting for all available confounders. Race was associated with each outcome over the study duration and during most waves. Early in the pandemic, hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality rates were greater among Black patients, but as the pandemic progressed, these rates became greater in White patients. However, Black patients were disproportionately represented in these measures. Our findings imply that air pollution might contribute to the disproportionate share of COVID-19 hospitalizations and mortality among Black residents in Louisiana.}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, author={Yu, Qingzhao and Cao, Wentao and Hamer, Diana and Urbanek, Norman and Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne and Cormier, Stephania and Ferguson, Tekeda and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{mathieu_odera_ofori-boadu_richmond-bryant_2023, title={Inclusive excellence through digital learning: an undergraduate research experience to pilot cross-institutional collaboration between a historically black university and a predominantly white institution}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2023.2180621}, DOI={10.1080/14675986.2023.2180621}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Increasing diversity in higher education and the workforce requires undergraduate students to learn to work together effectively to address scientific and social issues. Our goal is to learn how best to facilitate teamwork among students from Historically Black Universities (HBU) and Predominantly White Institutions (PWI) to promote collaborative learning. We analysed the evolving knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of participating students as they developed close working relationships through a ‘study-within-a-study’ design where student pairs (one from an HBU and one from a PWI) conducted their own research project while we analysed how these students interacted with their partners. The Association of American Colleges and Universities (AACU) rubric of Intercultural Knowledge and Competence was used to develop a set of codes for assessing transcripts of student meetings. AACU defines six attributes of this rubric including cultural self-awareness, cultural worldview frameworks, empathy, verbal and nonverbal communication, curiosity, and openness. Our pilot results suggest that students willing to engage collaboratively with others from different cultural or educational backgrounds can display attributes of intercultural competence, while those not willing to engage in the collaborative process may not exhibit such competence. We also learnedthat students require the same initial preparation necessary for the assigned project.}, journal={Intercultural Education}, author={Mathieu, Martine and Odera, Matilda and Ofori-Boadu, Andrea and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_odera_subra_vallee_rivers_kelley_cramer_wilson_tran_beckham_et al._2023, title={Oral histories document community mobilisation to participate in decision-making regarding a hazardous waste thermal treatment facility}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1469-6711"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2023.2249498}, DOI={10.1080/13549839.2023.2249498}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Colfax, Louisiana hosts a commercial hazardous waste thermal treatment (TT) facility, which treats fireworks, explosives, and military ordnances by open-burn/open-detonation one mile from the edge of the nearest community. Seventy-one percent of Colfax’s residents are Black, and forty-six percent live below poverty, indicating the community’s structural vulnerability. This community-based study originated at the behest of Colfax community members. We hypothesised that the close relationships among members of this enclave may have enhanced the community’s ability to mobilise in opposition to the TT facility. We conducted semi-structured oral history interviews with nineteen community members and examined the social and interorganisational networks used by the Colfax community to claim its role in decision-making regarding the TT facility after years of exclusion from this process. Interview transcripts were analysed through the lens of community capacity theory to gain insight into how interactions among community members about the environmental hazards led to social mobilisation and improved participation in the decision-making process using codes for communication, organisation, and outcome. Additionally, we reviewed Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality records for complaints about the facility to gauge public participation. One notable theme across several interviews was exclusion from the initial decision-making process related to the facility. However, interviewees noted a sustained effort was made among community members to educate themselves about the facility, organise a response through neighbour-to-neighbour contact, and take action by submitting formal complaints and participating in public hearings. Through the lens of environmental justice, this study illustrates an evolving condition of procedural justice.}, journal={LOCAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Odera, M. and Subra, W. and Vallee, B. and Rivers, L. and Kelley, B. and Cramer, J. A. and Wilson, A. and Tran, J. and Beckham, T. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{mathieu_gray_richmond-bryant_2023, title={Spatial associations of long-term exposure to diesel particulate matter with seasonal and annual mortality due to COVID-19 in the contiguous United States}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15064-5}, DOI={10.1186/s12889-023-15064-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={BMC Public Health}, author={Mathieu, Martine Elisabeth and Gray, Joshua and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_odera_subra_vallee_tucker_oliver_wilson_tran_kelley_cramer_et al._2022, title={A community-integrated geographic information system study of air pollution exposure impacts in Colfax, LA}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1469-6711"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2022.2075840}, DOI={10.1080/13549839.2022.2075840}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A community-integrated geographic information systems (CIGIS) study assimilating qualitative and quantitative information about human exposures and health was conducted in Colfax, Louisiana, which hosts a commercial open burn/open detonation thermal treatment (TT) facility that destroys hazardous waste from Superfund sites, explosives, military ordnances, and propellants. Fifty-eight percent of residents identified as Black, and median annual income was $16,318, with 90% of the population living below the poverty line. We conducted oral history interviews of twenty-nine residents and mined public records to document the community’s experiences. Interviews focused on themes of Colfax’s history, changing community fabric, resident health, and air pollution. The oral histories and public comments by community members provided information about lived experiences, including several health conditions, toleration of noise and vibration, property damage, and resulting changes to activity levels. These statements provided insight into the extent of suffering experienced by the local community. We also ran dispersion models for dates in 2020 when the waste stream composition, mass, and burn/smoldering times were provided in the facility’s public records. The dispersion models placed the air pollution at the homes of residents during some of the time, and waste stream records from the TT facility agree with community testimony about health effects based on the known health effects of those compounds. CIGIS integration of our community-based qualitative data and maps with quantitative air pollution dispersion model output illustrated alignment between community complaints of impacts to health and property, known toxicological information about waste stream compounds, and dispersion model output.}, journal={LOCAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Odera, Matilda and Subra, Wilma and Vallee, Brenda and Tucker, Chloe and Oliver, Christopher and Wilson, Alyanna and Tran, Jessica and Kelley, Blair and Cramer, Jennifer Abraham and et al.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{yu_cao_hamer_urbanek_straif-bourgeois_cormier_ferguson_richmond-bryant_2022, title={Risk factors among Black and White COVID-19 patients from a Louisiana Hospital System, March, 2020 – August, 2021}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.27.22278118}, DOI={10.1101/2022.07.27.22278118}, abstractNote={Abstract}, author={Yu, Qingzhao and Cao, Wentao and Hamer, Diana and Urbanek, Norman and Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne and Cormier, Stephania and Ferguson, Tekeda and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{mathieu_gray_richmond-bryant_2022, title={Spatial Associations of Long-term Exposure to Diesel Particulate Matter with Seasonal and Annual Mortality Due to COVID-19 in the Contiguous United States}, url={https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1567636/v1}, DOI={10.21203/rs.3.rs-1567636/v1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, author={Mathieu, Martine and Gray, Joshua and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{guo_richmond-bryant_2021, title={A critical review of environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) solvent extraction methodology and retrieval efficiency}, volume={284}, ISSN={["1879-1298"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131353}, DOI={10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131353}, abstractNote={Long-lived environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) exposures have been shown in toxicology studies to lead to respiratory and cardiovascular effects, which were thought to be due to the persistence of EPFR and their ability to produce reactive oxygen species. To characterize EPFR exposure and resulting health impacts, it is necessary to identify and systematize analysis protocols. Both direct measurement and solvent extraction methods have been applied to analyze environmental samples containing EPFR. The use of different protocols and solvents in EPFR analyses makes it difficult to compare results among studies. In this work, we reviewed EPFR studies that involved solvent extraction and carefully reported the details of the extraction methodology and retrieval recovery. EPFR recovery depends on the structure of the radical species and the solvent. For the limited number of studies available for review, the polar solvents had superior recovery in more studies. Radicals appeared to be more oxygen-centered following extraction for fly ash and particulate matter (PM) samples. Different solvent extraction methods to retrieve EPFR may produce molecular products during the extraction, thus potentially changing the sample toxicity. The number of studies reporting detailed methodologies is limited, and data in these studies were not consistently reported. Thus, inference about the solvent and protocol that leads to the highest EPFR extraction efficiency for certain types of radicals is not currently possible. Based on our review, we proposed reporting criteria to be included for future EPFR studies.}, journal={CHEMOSPHERE}, author={Guo, Chuqi and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{richmond-bryant_2021, title={Re. In Defense of the Weight-of-evidence Approach to Literature Review in the Integrated Science Assessment Response}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1531-5487"]}, DOI={10.1097/EDE.0000000000001364}, abstractNote={To the Editor: In the letter by Goodman et al.1 regarding the commentary by Richmond-Bryant,2 the authors assert that quantitative scoring of study quality is needed to promote transparency in the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for review of the state of the science regarding the criteria air pollutants. They also argue that consideration of individual study quality is needed to weigh the studies included in the ISA and provide an example of a checklist approach in their Supplemental Material.1 Goodman et al.1 contend that quantitative scoring of study quality, in addition to qualitative assessment, is needed for the EPA to present a transparent and systematic review of the health effects literature related to criteria air pollutants evaluated in the ISAs. However, this argument overlooks the subjective nature of study quality scoring systems. Richmond-Bryant2 pointed to several studies that evaluated the use of study quality scoring systems in systematic reviews and found the scoring systems to produce arbitrary judgments of quality, which Goodman et al.1 acknowledged in their letter’s eAppendix. Nothing in Goodman et al.’s1 letter or their supplemental analysis contradicts that point. It is unclear why quantitative scoring is needed to augment the qualitative review of relevant literature if it produces arbitrary results. The US EPA published quality criteria3 for qualitative studies that inform the Agency’s review of the literature within the ISAs. However, a checklist approach to study quality evaluation overlooks nuanced issues related to study design. For example, Goodman et al.1 list several facets of PM2.5 exposure assessment as sources of bias and uncertainty, including use of data from central site monitors to produce low spatial resolution of the exposure estimates, not accounting for temporal variability, and lack of accounting for personal activities or time spent indoors. However, there may be instances where decisions to include studies with those features are defensible. PM2.5 has been found in some cities to have low spatial variability at the urban scale due to secondary aerosol production,4 so data from central site monitors may be acceptable for long-term studies comparing PM2.5 exposures among cities. Studies of long-term average exposures are not designed to investigate impacts of temporal variability. Lack of accounting for personal activities may not be important if the objective of an epidemiologic study is to ascertain relationships between average concentrations in a community and health effects. Each of these scenarios could lead to an incorrect determination that valuable studies are flawed and should be excluded from the ISA. Incorporation of quantitative study quality evaluation criteria can be misleading, and application of a rigid checklist of study quality criteria creates the potential to dismiss or downplay individual studies that may prove informative to the ISA. Instead, scientific judgment of the EPA team conducting the ISAs is needed to make more nuanced determinations about the literature to determine a level of causality based on the body of literature, guided by their well-regarded5 weight-of-evidence approach.}, number={4}, journal={EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={E12–E13} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_mikati_benson_luben_sacks_2020, title={Disparities in Distribution of Particulate Matter Emissions from US Coal-Fired Power Plants by Race and Poverty Status After Accounting for Reductions in Operations Between 2015 and 2017}, volume={110}, ISSN={0090-0036 1541-0048}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305558}, DOI={10.2105/ajph.2019.305558}, abstractNote={ Objectives. To investigate potential changes in burdens from coal-fired electricity-generating units (EGUcfs) that emit fine particulate matter (PM2.5, defined as matter with a nominal mean aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 µm) among racial/ethnic and economic groups after reduction of operations in 92 US EGUcfs. }, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Public Health}, publisher={American Public Health Association}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Mikati, Ihab and Benson, Adam F. and Luben, Thomas J. and Sacks, Jason D.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={655–661} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_2020, title={In Defense of the Weight-of-Evidence Approach to Literature Review in the Integrated Science Assessment}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1531-5487"]}, DOI={10.1097/EDE.0000000000001254}, abstractNote={Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.}, number={6}, journal={EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={755–757} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_long_2019, title={Influence of exposure measurement errors on results from epidemiologic studies of different designs}, volume={9}, ISSN={1559-0631 1559-064X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-019-0164-z}, DOI={10.1038/s41370-019-0164-z}, abstractNote={In epidemiologic studies of health effects of air pollution, measurements or models are used to estimate exposure. Exposure estimates have errors that propagate to effect estimates in exposure-response models. We critically evaluate how types of exposure measurement error influenced bias and precision of effect estimates to understand conditions affecting interpretation of exposure-response models for epidemiologic studies of exposure to PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and SO 2 . We reviewed available literature on exposure measurement error for time-series and long-term exposure epidemiology studies. For time-series studies, time-activity error (daily exposure concentration did not account for variation in exposure due to time-activity during a day) and nonambient (indoor) sources negatively biased the effect estimates and increased standard error, so uncertainty grew with increasing bias while underestimating the true health effect in these studies. Spatial error (deviation between true exposure concentration at an individual's location and concentration at a receptor) was ascribed to negatively biased effect estimates in most cases. Positive bias occurred for spatially variable pollutants when the variance of error correlated with the exposure estimate. For long-term exposure studies, most spatial errors did not bias the effect estimate. For both time-series and long-term exposure studies reviewed, large uncertainties were observed when exposure concentration was modeled with low spatial and temporal resolution for a spatially variable pollutant.}, journal={Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Long, Thomas C.}, year={2019}, month={Sep} }
 @article{luben_buckley_patel_stevens_coffman_rappazzo_owens_hines_moore_painter_et al._2018, title={A cross-disciplinary evaluation of evidence for multipollutant effects on cardiovascular disease}, volume={161}, ISSN={0013-9351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.008}, abstractNote={The current single-pollutant approach to regulating ambient air pollutants is effective at protecting public health, but efficiencies may be gained by addressing issues in a multipollutant context since multiple pollutants often have common sources and individuals are exposed to more than one pollutant at a time. We performed a cross-disciplinary review of the effects of multipollutant exposures on cardiovascular effects. A broad literature search for references including at least two criteria air pollutants (particulate matter [PM], ozone [O3], oxides of nitrogen, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide) was conducted. References were culled based on scientific discipline then searched for terms related to cardiovascular disease. Most multipollutant epidemiologic and experimental (i.e., controlled human exposure, animal toxicology) studies examined PM and O3 together. Epidemiologic and experimental studies provide some evidence for O3 concentration modifying the effect of PM, although PM did not modify O3 risk estimates. Experimental studies of combined exposure to PM and O3 provided evidence for additivity, synergism, and/or antagonism depending on the specific health endpoint. Evidence for other pollutant pairs was more limited. Overall, the evidence for multipollutant effects was often heterogeneous, and the limited number of studies inhibited making a conclusion about the nature of the relationship between pollutant combinations and cardiovascular disease.}, journal={Environmental Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Luben, Thomas J. and Buckley, Barbara J. and Patel, Molini M. and Stevens, Tina and Coffman, Evan and Rappazzo, Kristen M. and Owens, Elizabeth O. and Hines, Erin P. and Moore, Danielle and Painter, Kyle and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={144–152} }
 @article{mikati_benson_luben_sacks_richmond-bryant_2018, title={Disparities in Distribution of Particulate Matter Emission Sources by Race and Poverty Status}, volume={108}, ISSN={0090-0036 1541-0048}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304297}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2017.304297}, abstractNote={ Objectives. To quantify nationwide disparities in the location of particulate matter (PM)-emitting facilities by the characteristics of the surrounding residential population and to illustrate various spatial scales at which to consider such disparities. }, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Public Health}, publisher={American Public Health Association}, author={Mikati, Ihab and Benson, Adam F. and Luben, Thomas J. and Sacks, Jason D. and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={480–485} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_snyder_owen_kimbrough_2018, title={Factors associated with NO2 and NOX concentration gradients near a highway}, volume={174}, ISSN={1352-2310}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.026}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.026}, abstractNote={The objective of this research is to learn how the near-road gradient, in which NO2 and NOX (NO + NO2) concentrations are elevated, varies with changes in meteorological and traffic variables. Measurements of NO2 and NOX were obtained east of I-15 in Las Vegas and fit to functions whose slopes (dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx, respectively) characterize the size of the near-road zone where NO2 and NOX concentrations from mobile sources on the highway are elevated. These metrics were used to learn about the near-road gradient by modeling dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx as functions of meteorological variables (e.g., wind direction, wind speed), traffic (vehicle count), NOX concentration upwind of the road, and O3 concentration at two fixed-site ambient monitors. Generalized additive models (GAM) were used to model dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx versus the independent variables because they allowed for nonlinearity of the variables being compared. When data from all wind directions were included in the analysis, variability in O3 concentration comprised the largest proportion of variability in dCNO2/dx, followed by variability in wind direction. In a second analysis constrained to winds from the west, variability in O3 concentration remained the largest contributor to variability in dCNO2/dx, but the relative contribution of variability in wind speed to variability in dCNO2/dx increased relative to its contribution for the all-wind analysis. When data from all wind directions were analyzed, variability in wind direction was by far the largest contributor to variability in dCNOX/dx, with smaller contributions from hour of day and upwind NOX concentration. When only winds from the west were analyzed, variability in upwind NOX concentration, wind speed, hour of day, and traffic count all were associated with variability in dCNOX/dx. Increases in O3 concentration were associated with increased magnitude near-road dCNO2/dx, possibly shrinking the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Wind direction parallel to the highway was also related to an increased magnitude of both dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx, again likely shrinking the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Wind direction perpendicular to the road decreased the magnitude of dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx and likely contributed to growth of the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Thus, variability in near-road concentrations is influenced by local meteorology and ambient O3 concentration.}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Snyder, M.G. and Owen, R.C. and Kimbrough, S.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={214–226} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_chris owen_graham_snyder_mcdow_oakes_kimbrough_2017, title={Estimation of on-road NO2 concentrations, NO2/NOX ratios, and related roadway gradients from near-road monitoring data}, volume={10}, ISSN={1873-9318 1873-9326}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-016-0455-7}, DOI={10.1007/s11869-016-0455-7}, abstractNote={This paper describes a new regression modeling approach to estimate on-road nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) concentrations and near-road spatial gradients using data from a near-road monitoring network. Field data were collected in Las Vegas, NV at three monitors sited 20, 100, and 300 m from Interstate-15 between December, 2008 and January, 2010. Measurements of NO2 and NOX were integrated over 1-hour intervals and matched with meteorological data. Several mathematical transformations were tested for regressing pollutant concentrations against distance from the roadway. A logit-ln model was found to have the best fit (R2 = 94.7%) and also provided a physically realistic profile. The mathematical model used data from the near-road monitors to estimate on-road concentrations and the near-road gradient over which mobile source pollutants have concentrations elevated above background levels. Average and maximum on-road NO2 concentration estimates were 33 ppb and 105 ppb, respectively. Concentration gradients were steeper in the morning and late afternoon compared with overnight when stable conditions preclude mixing. Estimated on-road concentrations were also highest in the late afternoon. Median estimated on-road and gradient NO2 concentrations were lower during summer compared with winter, with a steeper gradient during the summer, when convective mixing occurs during a longer portion of the day On-road concentration estimates were higher for winds perpendicular to the road compared with parallel winds and for atmospheric stability with neutral-to-unstable atmospheric conditions. The concentration gradient with increasing distance from the road was estimated to be sharper for neutral-to-unstable conditions when compared with stable conditions and for parallel wind conditions compared with perpendicular winds. A regression of the NO2/NOX ratios yielded on-road ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.35, substantially higher than the anticipated tail-pipe emissions ratios. The results from the ratios also showed that the diurnal cycle of the background NO2/NOX ratios were a driving factor in the on-road and downwind NO2/NOX ratios.}, number={5}, journal={Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Chris Owen, R. and Graham, Stephen and Snyder, Michelle and McDow, Stephen and Oakes, Michelle and Kimbrough, Sue}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={611–625} }
 @article{stingone_luben_carmichael_aylsworth_botto_correa_gilboa_langlois_nembhard_richmond-bryant_et al._2017, title={Maternal Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide, Intake of Methyl Nutrients, and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring}, volume={186}, ISSN={0002-9262 1476-6256}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx139}, DOI={10.1093/aje/kwx139}, abstractNote={Nutrients that regulate methylation processes may modify susceptibility to the effects of air pollutants. Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (United States, 1997-2006) were used to estimate associations between maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dietary intake of methyl nutrients, and the odds of congenital heart defects in offspring. NO2 concentrations, a marker of traffic-related air pollution, averaged across postconception weeks 2-8, were assigned to 6,160 nondiabetic mothers of cases and controls using inverse distance-squared weighting of air monitors within 50 km of maternal residences. Intakes of choline, folate, methionine, and vitamins B6 and B12 were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Hierarchical regression models, which accounted for similarities across defects, were constructed, and relative excess risks due to interaction were calculated. Relative to women with the lowest NO2 exposure and high methionine intake, women with the highest NO2 exposure and lowest methionine intake had the greatest odds of offspring with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (odds ratio = 3.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.74, 6.01; relative excess risk due to interaction = 2.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.39, 3.92). Considerable departure from additivity was not observed for other defects. These results provide modest evidence of interaction between nutrition and NO2 exposure during pregnancy.}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Epidemiology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Stingone, Jeanette A. and Luben, Thomas J. and Carmichael, Suzan L. and Aylsworth, Arthur S. and Botto, Lorenzo D. and Correa, Adolfo and Gilboa, Suzanne M. and Langlois, Peter H. and Nembhard, Wendy N. and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={719–729} }
 @article{kimbrough_chris owen_snyder_richmond-bryant_2017, title={NO to NO 2 conversion rate analysis and implications for dispersion model chemistry methods using Las Vegas, Nevada near-road field measurements}, volume={165}, ISSN={1352-2310}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.027}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.027}, abstractNote={The nitrogen dioxide/oxides of nitrogen (NO2/NOX) ratio is an important surrogate for NO to NO2 chemistry in dispersion models when estimating NOX impacts in a near-road environment. Existing dispersion models use different techniques and assumptions to represent NO to NO2 conversion and do not fully characterize all of the important atmospheric chemical and mechanical processes. Thus, “real-world” ambient measurements must be analyzed to assess the behavior of NO2/NOX ratios near roadways. An examination of NO2/NOX ratio data from a field study conducted in Las Vegas, Nevada (NV), from mid-December, 2008 through mid-December, 2009 provides insights into the appropriateness of assumptions about the NO2/NOX ratio included in dispersion models. Data analysis indicates multiple factors affect the downwind NO2/NOX ratio. These include spatial gradient, background ozone (O3), source emissions of NO and NO2, and background NO2/NOX ratio. Analysis of the NO2/NOX ratio spatial gradient indicates that under high O3 conditions, the change in the ratio is fairly constant once a certain O3 threshold (≥30 ppb) is reached. However, under low O3 conditions (<30 ppb), there are differences between weekdays and weekends, most likely due to a decline in O3 concentrations during the weekday morning hours, reducing the O3 available to titrate the emitted NO, allowing lower NO2/NOX ratios. These results suggest that under high O3 conditions, NOX chemistry is driving the NO2/NOX ratios whereas under low O3 conditions, atmospheric mixing is the driving factor.}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kimbrough, Sue and Chris Owen, R. and Snyder, Michelle and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={23–34} }
 @article{breen_long_schultz_williams_richmond-bryant_breen_langstaff_devlin_schneider_burke_et al._2015, title={Air Pollution Exposure Model for Individuals (EMI) in Health Studies: Evaluation for Ambient PM<inf>2.5</inf> in Central North Carolina}, volume={49}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84950115881&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.5b02765}, abstractNote={Air pollution health studies of fine particulate matter (diameter ≤2.5 μm, PM2.5) often use outdoor concentrations as exposure surrogates. Failure to account for variability of indoor infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and time indoors can induce exposure errors. We developed and evaluated an exposure model for individuals (EMI), which predicts five tiers of individual-level exposure metrics for ambient PM2.5 using outdoor concentrations, questionnaires, weather, and time-location information. We linked a mechanistic air exchange rate (AER) model to a mass-balance PM2.5 infiltration model to predict residential AER (Tier 1), infiltration factors (Tier 2), indoor concentrations (Tier 3), personal exposure factors (Tier 4), and personal exposures (Tier 5) for ambient PM2.5. Using cross-validation, individual predictions were compared to 591 daily measurements from 31 homes (Tiers 1-3) and participants (Tiers 4-5) in central North Carolina. Median absolute differences were 39% (0.17 h(-1)) for Tier 1, 18% (0.10) for Tier 2, 20% (2.0 μg/m(3)) for Tier 3, 18% (0.10) for Tier 4, and 20% (1.8 μg/m(3)) for Tier 5. The capability of EMI could help reduce the uncertainty of ambient PM2.5 exposure metrics used in health studies.}, number={24}, journal={Environmental Science and Technology}, author={Breen, M.S. and Long, T.C. and Schultz, B.D. and Williams, R.W. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Breen, M. and Langstaff, J.E. and Devlin, R.B. and Schneider, A. and Burke, J.M. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={14184–14194} }
 @misc{lassiter_owens_patel_kirrane_madden_richmond-bryant_hines_davis_vinikoor-imler_dubois_2015, title={Cross-species coherence in effects and modes of action in support of causality determinations in the US Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Science Assessment for Lead}, volume={330}, ISSN={["0300-483X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84922811712&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.tox.2015.01.015}, abstractNote={The peer-reviewed literature on the health and ecological effects of lead (Pb) indicates common effects and underlying modes of action across multiple organisms for several endpoints. Based on such observations, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) applied a cross-species approach in the 2013 Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Lead for evaluating the causality of relationships between Pb exposure and specific endpoints that are shared by humans, laboratory animals, and ecological receptors (i.e., hematological effects, reproductive and developmental effects, and nervous system effects). Other effects of Pb (i.e., cardiovascular, renal, and inflammatory responses) are less commonly assessed in aquatic and terrestrial wildlife limiting the application of cross-species comparisons. Determinations of causality in ISAs are guided by a framework for classifying the weight of evidence across scientific disciplines and across related effects by considering aspects such as biological plausibility and coherence. As illustrated for effects of Pb where evidence across species exists, the integration of coherent effects and common underlying modes of action can serve as a means to substantiate conclusions regarding the causal nature of the health and ecological effects of environmental toxicants.}, journal={TOXICOLOGY}, author={Lassiter, Meredith Gooding and Owens, Elizabeth Oesterling and Patel, Molini M. and Kirrane, Ellen and Madden, Meagan and Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Hines, Erin Pias and Davis, J. Allen and Vinikoor-Imler, Lisa and Dubois, Jean-Jacques}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={19–40} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_meng_cohen_davis_svendsgaard_brown_tuttle_hubbard_rice_kirrane_et al._2015, title={Effect measure modification of blood lead-air lead slope factors}, volume={25}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84931567353&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/jes.2014.46}, abstractNote={There is abundant literature finding that susceptibility factors, including race and ethnicity, age, and housing, directly influence blood lead levels. No study has explored how susceptibility factors influence the blood lead–air lead relationship nationally. The objective is to evaluate whether susceptibility factors act as effect measure modifiers on the blood lead–air lead relationship. Participant level blood lead data from the 1999 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were merged with air lead data from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Linear mixed effects models were run with and without an air lead interaction term for age group, sex, housing age, or race/ethnicity to determine whether these factors are effect measure modifiers for all ages combined and for five age brackets. Age group and race/ethnicity were determined to be effect measure modifiers in the all-age model and for some age groups. Being a child (1–5, 6–11, and 12–19 years) or of Mexican-American ethnicity increased the effect estimate. Living in older housing (built before 1950) decreased the effect estimate for all models except for the 1–5-year group, where older housing was an effect measure modifier. These results are consistent with the peer-reviewed literature of time-activity patterns, ventilation, and toxicokinetics.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Meng, Q. and Cohen, J. and Davis, J.A. and Svendsgaard, D. and Brown, J.S. and Tuttle, L. and Hubbard, H. and Rice, J. and Kirrane, E. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={411–416} }
 @article{coffman_richmond-bryant_2015, title={Multiple biomarker models for improved risk estimation of specific cardiovascular diseases related to metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study}, volume={13}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924905667&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/s12963-015-0041-5}, abstractNote={Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the co-occurrence of several conditions that increase risk of chronic disease and mortality. Multivariate models for calculating risk of MetS-related diseases based on combinations of biomarkers are promising for future risk estimation if based on large population samples. Given biomarkers’ nonspecificity and commonality in predicting diseases, we hypothesized that unique combinations of the same clinical diagnostic criteria can be used in different multivariate models to develop more accurate individual and cumulative risk estimates for specific MetS-related diseases. We utilized adult biomarker and cardiovascular disease (CVD) data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey as part of a cross-sectional analysis. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), glycohemoglobin, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, and apolipoprotein-B were modeled. CVDs included congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Decile analysis for disease prevalence in each biomarker group and multivariate logistic regression for estimation of odds ratios were employed to measure the joint association between multiple biomarkers and CVD diagnoses. Of the biomarkers considered, glycohemoglobin, triglycerides, and CRP were consistently associated with the CVD outcomes of interest in decile analysis and were selected for the final models. Associations were overestimated when using single-marker models in comparison with full models; individual odds ratios decreased an average of 16.4% from the single-biomarker models to the joint association models for CRP, 6.6% for triglycerides, and 1.4% for glycohemoglobin. However, joint associations were stronger than any single-marker estimate. Additionally, reduced models produced unique combinations of biomarkers for specific CVD outcomes. The reduced joint association modeling results suggest that unique combinations of biomarkers with their related measure of association can be used to produce more accurate cumulative risk estimates for each CVD. Additionally, our results indicate that the use of multiple biomarkers in a single multivariate model may provide increased accuracy of individual biomarker association estimates by controlling for statistical artifacts and spurious relationships due to co-biomarker confounding.}, number={1}, journal={Population Health Metrics}, author={Coffman, E. and Richmond-Bryant, J.}, year={2015} }
 @article{datko-williams_wilkie_richmond-bryant_2014, title={Analysis of U.S. soil lead (Pb) studies from 1970 to 2012}, volume={468-469}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884563732&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.089}, abstractNote={Although lead (Pb) emissions to the air have substantially decreased in the United States since the phase-out of leaded gasoline by 1995, amounts of lead in some soils remain elevated. Lead concentrations in residential and recreational soils are of concern because health effects have been associated with Pb exposure. Elevated soil Pb is especially harmful to young children due to their higher likelihood of soil ingestion. The purpose of this study is to create a comprehensive compilation of U.S. soil Pb data published from 1970 through 2012 as well as to analyze the collected data to reveal spatial and/or temporal soil Pb trends in the U.S. over the past 40 years. A total of 84 soil Pb studies across 62 U.S. cities were evaluated. Median soil Pb values from the studies were analyzed with respect to year of sampling, residential location type (e.g., urban, suburban), and population density. In aggregate, there was no statistically significant correlation between year and median soil Pb; however, within single cities, soil Pb generally declined over time. Our analysis shows that soil Pb quantities in city centers were generally highest and declined towards the suburbs and exurbs of the city. In addition, there was a statistically significant, positive relationship between median soil Pb and population density. In general, the trends examined here align with previously reported conclusions that soil Pb levels are higher in larger urban areas and Pb tends to remain in soil for long periods of time.}, journal={Science of the Total Environment}, author={Datko-Williams, L. and Wilkie, A. and Richmond-Bryant, J.}, year={2014}, pages={854–863} }
 @article{meng_richmond-bryant_davis_cohen_svendsgaard_brown_tuttle_hubbard_rice_vinikoor-imler_et al._2014, title={Contribution of particle-size-fractionated airborne lead to blood lead during the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2008}, volume={48}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892696256&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es4039825}, abstractNote={The objective of this work is to examine associations between blood lead (PbB) and air lead (PbA) in particulate matter measured at different size cuts by use of PbB concentrations from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and PbA concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for 1999-2008. Three size fractions of particle-bound PbA (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) data with different averaging times (current and past 90-day average) were utilized. A multilevel linear mixed effect model was used to characterize the PbB-PbA relationship. At 0.15 μg/m(3), a unit decrease in PbA in PM10 was significantly associated with a decrease in PbB of 0.3-2.2 μg/dL across age groups and averaging times. For PbA in PM2.5 and TSP, slopes were generally positive but not significant. PbB levels were more sensitive to the change in PbA concentrations for children (1-5 and 6-11 years) and older adults (≥ 60 years) than teenagers (12-19 years) and adults (20-59 years). For the years following the phase-out of Pb in gasoline and a resulting upward shift in the PbA particle size distribution, PbA in PM10 was a statistically significant predictor of PbB. The results also suggest that age could affect the PbB-PbA association, with children having higher sensitivity than adults.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Science and Technology}, author={Meng, Q. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Davis, J.A. and Cohen, J. and Svendsgaard, D. and Brown, J.S. and Tuttle, L. and Hubbard, H. and Rice, J. and Vinikoor-Imler, L. and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={1263–1270} }
 @article{meng_richmond-bryant_davis_cohen_svendsgaard_brown_tuttle_hubbard_rice_kirrane_et al._2014, title={Sensitivity of blood lead-air lead slope factors to particle size distribution of ambient air lead}, volume={48}, journal={Environmental Science and Technology}, author={Meng, Q. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Davis, J.A. and Cohen, J. and Svendsgaard, D. and Brown, J.S. and Tuttle, L. and Hubbard, H. and Rice, J. and Kirrane, E. and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={1263–1270} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_meng_davis_cohen_lu_svendsgaard_brown_tuttle_hubbard_rice_et al._2014, title={The Influence of Declining Air Lead Levels on Blood Lead–Air Lead Slope Factors in Children}, volume={122}, ISSN={0091-6765 1552-9924}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307072}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.1307072}, abstractNote={Background: It is difficult to discern the proportion of blood lead (PbB) attributable to ambient air lead (PbA), given the multitude of lead (Pb) sources and pathways of exposure. The PbB–PbA relationship has previously been evaluated across populations. This relationship was a central consideration in the 2008 review of the Pb national ambient air quality standards. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between PbB and PbA concentrations among children nationwide for recent years and to compare the relationship with those obtained from other studies in the literature. Methods: We merged participant-level data for PbB from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988–1994) and NHANES 9908 (1999–2008) with PbA data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. We applied mixed-effects models, and we computed slope factor, d[PbB]/d[PbA] or the change in PbB per unit change in PbA, from the model results to assess the relationship between PbB and PbA. Results: Comparing the NHANES regression results with those from the literature shows that slope factor increased with decreasing PbA among children 0–11 years of age. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a larger relative public health benefit may be derived among children from decreases in PbA at low PbA exposures. Simultaneous declines in Pb from other sources, changes in PbA sampling uncertainties over time largely related to changes in the size distribution of Pb-bearing particulate matter, and limitations regarding sampling size and exposure error may contribute to the variability in slope factor observed across peer-reviewed studies. Citation: Richmond-Bryant J, Meng Q, Davis A, Cohen J, Lu SE, Svendsgaard D, Brown JS, Tuttle L, Hubbard H, Rice J, Kirrane E, Vinikoor-Imler LC, Kotchmar D, Hines EP, Ross M. 2014. The Influence of declining air lead levels on blood lead–air lead slope factors in children. Environ Health Perspect 122:754–760; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307072}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, publisher={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Meng, Qingyu and Davis, Allen and Cohen, Jonathan and Lu, Shou-En and Svendsgaard, David and Brown, James S. and Tuttle, Lauren and Hubbard, Heidi and Rice, Joann and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={754–760} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_meng_davis_cohen_svendsgaard_brown_tuttle_hubbard_rice_kirrane_et al._2013, title={A multi-level model of blood lead as a function of air lead}, volume={461-462}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878647451&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.008}, abstractNote={National and local declines in lead (Pb) in blood (PbB) over the past several years coincide with the decline in ambient air Pb (PbA) concentrations. The objective of this work is to evaluate how the relationship between PbB levels and PbA levels has changed following the phase out of leaded gasoline and tightened controls on industrial Pb emissions over the past 30 years among a national population sample. Participant-level data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were employed for two time periods (1988-1994 and 1999-2008), and the model was corrected for housing, demographic, socioeconomic, and other covariates present in NHANES. NHANES data for PbB and covariates were merged with PbA data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Linear mixed effects models (LMEs) were run to assess the relationship of PbB with PbA; sample weights were omitted, given biases encountered with the use of sample weights in LMEs. The 1988-1994 age-stratified results found that ln(PbB) was statistically significantly associated with ln(PbA) for all age groups. The consistent influence of PbA on PbB across age groups for the years 1988-1994 suggests a ubiquitous exposure unrelated to age of the sample population. The comparison of effect estimates for ln(PbA) shows a statistically significant effect estimate and ANOVA results for ln(PbB) for the 6- to 11-year and 12- to 19-year age groups during 1999-2008. The more recent finding suggests that PbA has less consistent influence on PbB compared with other factors.}, journal={Science of the Total Environment}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Meng, Q. and Davis, J.A. and Cohen, J. and Svendsgaard, D. and Brown, J.S. and Tuttle, L. and Hubbard, H. and Rice, J. and Kirrane, E. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={207–213} }
 @article{meng_richmond-bryant_lu_buckley_welsh_whitsel_hanna_yeatts_warren_herring_et al._2013, title={cardiovascular outcomes and the physical and chemical properties of metal ions found in particulate matter air pollution: A QICAR study}, volume={121}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84877019658&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.1205793}, abstractNote={Background: This paper presents an application of quantitative ion character–activity relationships (QICAR) to estimate associations of human cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs) with a set of metal ion properties commonly observed in ambient air pollutants. QICAR has previously been used to predict ecotoxicity of inorganic metal ions based on ion properties. Objectives: The objective of this work was to examine potential associations of biological end points with a set of physical and chemical properties describing inorganic metal ions present in exposures using QICAR. Methods: Chemical and physical properties of 17 metal ions were obtained from peer-reviewed publications. Associations of cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, stroke, and thrombosis with exposures to metal ions (measured as inference scores) were obtained from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Robust regressions were applied to estimate the associations of CVDs with ion properties. Results: CVD was statistically significantly associated (Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of 0.003) with many ion properties reflecting ion size, solubility, oxidation potential, and abilities to form covalent and ionic bonds. The properties are relevant for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which has been identified as a possible mechanism leading to CVDs. Conclusion: QICAR has the potential to complement existing epidemiologic methods for estimating associations between CVDs and air pollutant exposures by providing clues about the underlying mechanisms that may explain these associations.}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Meng, Q. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Lu, S.-E. and Buckley, B. and Welsh, W.J. and Whitsel, E.A. and Hanna, A. and Yeatts, K.B. and Warren, J. and Herring, A.H. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={558–564} }
 @article{cho_richmond-bryant_thornburg_portzer_vanderpool_cavender_rice_2012, title={'Corrigendum to "A literature review of concentrations and size distributions of ambient airborne Pb-containing particulate matter" [Atmos. Environ. 45 (28) (2011) 5005-5015]'}, volume={60}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865860314&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.045}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, author={Cho, S.-H. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Thornburg, J. and Portzer, J. and Vanderpool, R. and Cavender, K. and Rice, J.}, year={2012}, pages={680–681} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_reff_2012, title={Air pollution retention within a complex of urban street canyons: A two-city comparison}, volume={49}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856554703&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.036}, abstractNote={Uncharacterized microscale spatial and temporal variability in urban air pollutant concentration dynamics may contribute uncertainty or bias to epidemiological model results. In this study, a method for quantifying this variability is presented. Urban buildings were treated as a matrix of bluff bodies to estimate the retention of air pollution in the street canyons downstream of the buildings. This method was based primarily on bluff body theoretical work that derived functional relationships between nondimensional contaminant residence time (H) within a wake and the following fluid properties of the air: 1) Reynolds Number (Re), 2) street canyon height (D) to width (W) aspect ratio (D/W), and 3) turbulence intensity, defined as the square root of turbulence kinetic energy (k) divided by the freestream wind speed (U). Empirical relationships between these variables were built from sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentration and meteorological data collected during the Midtown Manhattan 2005 (MID05) Study held in August, 2005 in Manhattan, NY, along with geographical information system (GIS) data describing the building topography. Results were then compared with results from a similar previous analysis using data collected during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) study in Oklahoma City, OK. For the MID05 data, Re ranged from 1.65 × 106 to 7.74 × 107, with a median of 1.13 × 107. The range of Re was consistent with earlier observations from the JU2003 study, although the measured winds tended to be more turbulent (median k = 2.2 m2 s−2) compared with JU2003 (median k = 0.45 m2 s−2). Values for H ranged from 7.2 to 1186, with a median H of 80.9. The distribution of H was substantially wider for MID05 than for JU2003, with model estimates exceeding observations of H by an order of magnitude for single obstacle wind tunnel studies with Re ∼ 104. Inverse relationships were validated between H and Re and between H and D/W for the MID05 data and for a pooled data analysis from the MID05 and JU2003 studies. The model of H vs. Re for pooled MID05 and JU2003 data provided a good fit overall but produced a positively biased estimate of the Oklahoma City model results. The model of H vs. D/W for pooled MID05 and JU2003 data did not provide a good fit, suggesting that the building topographies of the two cities are too different to produce a reasonable comparison. These inter-study comparisons suggest that the topographic relationships may contain underlying site-specific features that would require elucidation prior to generalizing to other urban sites. Overall, results from this work present a foundational method for generating estimates of H based on readily available sources of data such as building coordinates and dimensions and meteorological parameters.}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Reff, A.}, year={2012}, pages={24–32} }
 @article{cho_richmond-bryant_thornburg_portzer_vanderpool_cavender_rice_2011, title={A literature review of concentrations and size distributions of ambient airborne Pb-containing particulate matter}, volume={45}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960572218&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.009}, abstractNote={The final 2008 lead (Pb) national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) revision maintains Pb in total suspended particulate matter as the indicator. However, the final rule permits the use of low-volume PM10 (particulate matter sampled with a 50% cut-point of 10 μm) Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitors in lieu of total suspended particulate (TSP) monitors for some non-source-oriented monitoring. PM10 FRM monitors are known to provide more reliable concentration measurements than TSP samplers because they are omni-directional samplers and so are not biased by wind conditions. However, by design they exclude the upper tail of the particle size distribution. Hence, each monitor produces uncertainties about measured concentrations of Pb-bearing PM. Uncertainties in reported Pb data are also related to spatiotemporal variation of the concentration and size distribution of Pb-bearing PM. Therefore, a comprehensive literature review was performed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the concentration and size distribution of Pb particles in the atmosphere. The objectives of this review were to compile data that could shed light on these uncertainties, to provide insights useful during future Pb NAAQS reviews, and to identify areas where more research is needed. Results of this review indicated that Pb size distribution data are relatively limited and often outdated. Thirty-nine articles were found to have sufficiently detailed information regarding airborne Pb concentrations, study location, sample collection methods, and analytical techniques; only 16 of those papers reported Pb concentration data for multiple size fractions. For the most part, U.S. and European studies from the last forty years illustrate that the largest mode of the size distribution of airborne particle-bound Pb has shifted to larger sizes while airborne Pb concentrations have decreased in urban areas. This shift occurred as tetraethyl Pb additives in gasoline were phased out and industrial emissions and resuspended road dust became more important sources of Pb. Several studies also suggested the occurrence of long-range transport of Pb-bearing PM from industrial emissions. Uncertainties associated with these studies include influence of wind speed and direction on captured concentrations and variability in analytical techniques used to quantify Pb concentrations on the reported size distributions.}, number={28}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, author={Cho, S.-H. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Thornburg, J. and Portzer, J. and Vanderpool, R. and Cavender, K. and Rice, J.}, year={2011}, pages={5005–5015} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_bukiewicz_kalin_galarraga_mirer_2011, title={A multi-site analysis of the association between black carbon concentrations and vehicular idling, traffic, background pollution, and meteorology during school dismissals}, volume={409}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79953322815&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.024}, abstractNote={A study was performed to assess the relationship between black carbon (BC), passing traffic, and vehicular idling outside New York City (NYC) schools during student dismissal. Monitoring was performed at three school sites in East Harlem, the Bronx, and Brooklyn for 1 month per year over a two-year period from November 2006–October 2008. Monitoring at each site was conducted before and after the Asthma Free School Zone (AFSZ) asthma reduction education program was administered. Real-time equipment with a one-minute averaging interval was used to obtain the BC data, while volume counts of idling and passing school busses, trucks, and automobiles were collected each minute by study staff. These data were matched to ambient PM2.5 and meteorology data obtained from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. A generalized additive model (GAM) model was run to examine the relationship between BC concentration and each variable while accounting for site-to-site differences. F-tests were employed to assess the significance of each of the predictor variables. The model results suggested that variability in ambient PM2.5 concentration contributed 24% of the variability in transformed BC concentration, while variability in the number of idling busses and trucks on the street during dismissal contributed 20% of the variability in transformed BC concentration. The results of this study suggest that a combination of urban scale and local traffic control approaches in combination with cessation of school bus idling will produce improved local BC concentration outside schools.}, number={11}, journal={Science of the Total Environment}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Bukiewicz, L. and Kalin, R. and Galarraga, C. and Mirer, F.}, year={2011}, pages={2085–2093} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_isukapalli_vallero_2011, title={Air pollutant retention within a complex of urban street canyons}, volume={45}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856544994&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.003}, abstractNote={Epidemiological studies of health effects associated with ambient air pollution are subject to uncertainty in the effects estimates related to the spatial and temporal variability of ambient air pollution. This study examines meteorological and concentration decay data for an urban canopy in Oklahoma City, OK to develop a modeling approach that can be used to estimate spatiotemporal variability in contaminant retention that could add bias or uncertainty to epidemiological results. Concentration and microscale turbulent wind data from the Joint Urban 2003 study were reanalyzed to examine scaling relationships between contaminant residence time in urban street canyons, urban boundary layer winds, and urban topography. Street-level sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentration time series were reviewed to find time periods that included a peak and decay. Exponential decay curves were fitted to each period, and a characteristic residence time was derived from each model slope. That residence time was nondimensionalized by the ratio of mean urban boundary layer wind speed to height of the building just upwind of the street canyon in which the concentration was measured. Sonic detection and ranging (SODAR) data were used to assess atmospheric turbulence conditions at times concurrent with the concentration decay measurements. Reynolds number (Re) was calculated from the 15-min average wind velocity and ranged from 2.1 × 106 to 7.6 × 107. Nondimensional residence time (H) ranged from 3.7 to 996 with a median of 13.3. Inverse relationships were validated between H and Re and between H and the street canyon aspect ratio. These relationships provided a mechanism to understand time-varying ventilation within a street canyon. The results shown here were intended to demonstrate how scaling relationships derived from the transport equation can be used to provide rapid estimates of characteristic decay times for the purpose of estimating variability in the concentrations encountered in an urban environment. This could be a useful tool to reduce uncertainty in air pollution epidemiological study results related to spatial and temporal variability in urban concentrations.}, number={40}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Isukapalli, S.S. and Vallero, D.A.}, year={2011}, pages={7612–7618} }
 @article{hahn_wiener_richmond-bryant_brixey_henkle_2010, title={Erratum: Overview of the brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study: Theoretical background and model for design of field experiments (Journal of Environmental Monitoring (2009) 11 (2115-2121) DOI: 10.1039/b907123g)}, volume={12}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78649960598&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/c0em90039g}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Hahn, I. and Wiener, R.W. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Brixey, L.A. and Henkle, S.W.}, year={2010}, pages={2309} }
 @article{eisner_richmond-bryant_hahn_drake-richman_brixey_wiener_ellenson_2009, title={Analysis of indoor air pollution trends and characterization of infiltration delay time using a cross-correlation method}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849094368&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/b907144j}, abstractNote={High-density housing in close proximity to freeways in conjunction with high concentrations of traffic emissions may contribute to significant degradation of indoor air quality. Densely populated areas may also be targeted for intentional releases of biological or chemical agents because an urban release could result in higher morbidity and mortality from the attack. Since people tend to spend the majority of their time indoors, it is paramount to explore the relationships between outdoor and indoor air quality and, specifically, the time scales that characterize transport of airborne contaminants from outdoors to indoors. In the Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study, a three-story row house with a flat face and roof and multiple rooms was used to investigate outdoor-to-indoor contaminant time scales. The building was located in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, NY, USA, in the vicinity of a major expressway and a heavily trafficked arterial road. It was found that the building shell has a profound impact on the indoor concentrations. A strong hourly periodicity (see Eisner et al., this issue, DOI: 10.1039/b907132f) in concentration outside the building during the morning "rush hour" was used as evidence to suggest that indoor contaminants originated from outdoor air penetration. Although the indoor concentrations followed a similar pattern, indoor concentrations were found to be more persistent than outdoor concentrations. Stronger persistency is used here to describe the tendency of the indoor concentration to continue to rise even if the outdoor concentration has started to drop, or vice versa. This may be an important factor in assessing negative health risks to inhabitants or first responders. A cross-correlation technique was employed to study the correlation between outdoor and indoor time series. In the high-density housing residential building used in the study, it was found that a long lag time exists (11 min) before indoor and outdoor concentrations reach maximal correlation.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Eisner, A.D. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Hahn, I. and Drake-Richman, Z.E. and Brixey, L.A. and Wiener, R.W. and Ellenson, W.D.}, year={2009}, pages={2201–2206} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_saganich_bukiewicz_kalin_2009, title={Associations of PM<inf>2.5</inf> and black carbon concentrations with traffic, idling, background pollution, and meteorology during school dismissals}, volume={407}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-62749205470&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.046}, abstractNote={An air quality study was performed outside a cluster of schools in the East Harlem neighborhood of New York City. PM2.5 and black carbon concentrations were monitored using real-time equipment with a one-minute averaging interval. Monitoring was performed at 1:45–3:30 PM during school days over the period October 31–November 17, 2006. The designated time period was chosen to capture vehicle emissions during end-of-day dismissals from the schools. During the monitoring period, minute-by-minute volume counts of idling and passing school buses, diesel trucks, and automobiles were obtained. These data were transcribed into time series of number of diesel vehicles idling, number of gasoline automobiles idling, number of diesel vehicles passing, and number of automobiles passing along the block adjacent to the school cluster. Multivariate regression models of the log-transform of PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) concentrations in the East Harlem street canyon were developed using the observation data and data from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation on meteorology and background PM2.5. Analysis of variance was used to test the contribution of each covariate to variability in the log-transformed concentrations as a means to judge the relative contribution of each covariate. The models demonstrated that variability in background PM2.5 contributes 80.9% of the variability in log[PM2.5] and 81.5% of the variability in log[BC]. Local traffic sources were demonstrated to contribute 5.8% of the variability in log[BC] and only 0.43% of the variability in log[PM2.5]. Diesel idling and passing were both significant contributors to variability in log[BC], while diesel passing was a significant contributor to log[PM2.5]. Automobile idling and passing did not contribute significant levels of variability to either concentration. The remainder of variability in each model was explained by temperature, along-canyon wind, and cross-canyon wind, which were all significant in the models.}, number={10}, journal={Science of the Total Environment}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Saganich, C. and Bukiewicz, L. and Kalin, R.}, year={2009}, pages={3357–3364} }
 @article{eisner_richmond-bryant_wiener_hahn_drake-richman_ellenson_2009, title={Establishing a link between vehicular PM sources and PM measurements in urban street canyons}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849116120&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/b907132f}, abstractNote={The Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study, conducted in Brooklyn, NY, USA, in 2005, was designed with multiple goals in mind, two of which were contaminant source characterization and street canyon transport and dispersion monitoring. In the portion of the study described here, synchronized wind velocity and azimuth as well as particulate matter (PM) concentrations at multiple locations along 33rd Street were used to determine the feasibility of using traffic emissions in a complex urban topography as a sole tracer for studying urban contaminant transport. We demonstrate in this paper that it is possible to link downwind concentrations of contaminants in an urban street canyon to the vehicular traffic cycle using Eigen-frequency analysis. In addition, multivariable circular histograms are used to establish directional frequency maxima for wind velocity and contaminant concentration.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Eisner, A.D. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Wiener, R.W. and Hahn, I. and Drake-Richman, Z.E. and Ellenson, W.D.}, year={2009}, pages={2146–2152} }
 @article{hahn_wiener_richmond-bryant_brixey_henkle_2009, title={Overview of the Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study in a near-highway urban residential neighborhood}, volume={11}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Hahn, I. and Wiener, R.W. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Brixey, L.A. and Henkle, S.W.}, year={2009}, pages={2115–2121} }
 @article{hahn_wiener_richmond-bryant_brixey_henkle_2009, title={Overview of the Brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study: Theoretical background and model for design of field experiments}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849092157&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/b907123g}, abstractNote={The Brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study was a multidisciplinary field research project that investigated the transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes of traffic emission particulate matter (PM) pollutants in a near-highway urban residential area. The urban PM transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes were described mathematically in a theoretical model that was constructed to develop the experimental objectives of the B-TRAPPED study. In the study, simultaneous and continuous time-series PM concentration and meteorological data collected at multiple outdoor and indoor monitoring locations were used to characterize both temporal and spatial patterns of the PM concentration movements within microscale distances (<500 m) from the highway. Objectives of the study included (1) characterizing the temporal and spatial PM concentration fluctuation and distribution patterns in the urban street canyon; (2) investigating the effects of urban structures such as a tall building or an intersection on the transport and dispersion of PM; (3) studying the influence of meteorological variables on the transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes; (4) characterizing the relationships between the building parameters and the infiltration mechanisms; (5) establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between outdoor-released PM and indoor PM concentrations and identifying the dominant mechanisms involved in the infiltration process; (6) evaluating the effectiveness of a shelter-in-place area for protection against outdoor-released PM pollutants; and (7) understanding the predominant airflow and pollutant dispersion patterns within the neighborhood using wind tunnel and CFD simulations. The 10 papers in this first set of papers presenting the results from the B-TRAPPED study address these objectives. This paper describes the theoretical background and models representing the interrelated processes of transport, dispersion, and infiltration. The theoretical solution for the relationship between the time-dependent indoor PM concentration and the initial PM concentration at the outdoor source was obtained. The theoretical models and solutions helped us to identify important parameters in the processes of transport, dispersion, and infiltration. The B-TRAPPED study field experiments were then designed to investigate these parameters in the hope of better understanding urban PM pollutant behaviors.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Hahn, I. and Wiener, R.W. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Brixey, L.A. and Henkle, S.W.}, year={2009}, pages={2115–2121} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_hahn_fortune_rodes_portzer_lee_wiener_smith_wheeler_seagraves_et al._2009, title={The Brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) field study methodology}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849089200&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/b907126c}, abstractNote={The Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) field study examined indoor and outdoor exposure to traffic-generated air pollution by studying the individual processes of generation of traffic emissions, transport and dispersion of air contaminants along a roadway, and infiltration of the contaminants into a residence. Real-time instrumentation was used to obtain highly resolved time-series concentration profiles for a number of air pollutants. The B-TRAPPED field study was conducted in the residential Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, NY, USA, in May 2005. The neighborhood contained the Gowanus Expressway (Interstate 278), a major arterial road (4(th) Avenue), and residential side streets running perpendicular to the Gowanus Expressway and 4(th) Avenue. Synchronized measurements were obtained inside a test house, just outside the test house façade, and along the urban residential street canyon on which the house was located. A trailer containing Federal Reference Method (FRM) and real-time monitors was located next to the Gowanus Expressway to assess the source. Ultrafine particulate matter (PM), PM(2.5), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed and direction were monitored. Different sampling schemes were devised to focus on dispersion along the street canyon or infiltration into the test house. Results were obtained for ultrafine PM, PM(2.5), criteria gases, and wind conditions from sampling schemes focused on street canyon dispersion and infiltration. For comparison, the ultrafine PM and PM(2.5) results were compared with an existing data set from the Los Angeles area, and the criteria gas data were compared with measurements from a Vancouver epidemiologic study. Measured ultrafine PM and PM(2.5) concentration levels along the residential urban street canyon and at the test house façade in Sunset Park were demonstrated to be comparable to traffic levels at an arterial road and slightly higher than those in a residential area of Los Angeles. Indoor ultrafine PM levels were roughly 3-10 times lower than outdoor levels, depending on the monitor location. CO, NO(2), and SO(2) levels were shown to be similar to values that produced increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in the Vancouver studies.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Hahn, I. and Fortune, C.R. and Rodes, C.E. and Portzer, J.W. and Lee, S. and Wiener, R.W. and Smith, L.A. and Wheeler, M. and Seagraves, J. and et al.}, year={2009}, pages={2122–2135} }
 @article{heist_brixey_richmond-bryant_bowker_perry_wiener_2009, title={The effect of a tall tower on flow and dispersion through a model urban neighborhood: Part 1. Flow characteristics}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849104461&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/b907135k}, abstractNote={Wind tunnel experiments were performed to examine the effect of a tall tower on the flow around an otherwise uniform array of buildings. Additionally, preliminary CFD simulations were run to visualize the flow with more resolution. The model used in both the wind tunnel and CFD studies was designed to simulate an area of Brooklyn, NY, USA, where blocks of residential row houses form a neighborhood bordering a major urban highway. This area was the site of a field study that, along with the work reported here, had the goal of improving the understanding of airflow and dispersion patterns within urban microenvironments. Results reveal that a tall tower has a dramatic effect on the flow in the street canyons in the neighboring blocks, enhancing the exchange between the street canyon flow and the freestream flow aloft. In particular, vertical motion down the windward side and up the leeward side of the tower resulted in strong flows in the lateral street canyons and increased winds in the street canyons in the immediate vicinity of the tower. These phenomena were visible in both the wind tunnel and CFD results, although some minor differences in the flow fields were noted.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Heist, D.K. and Brixey, L.A. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Bowker, G.E. and Perry, S.G. and Wiener, R.W.}, year={2009}, pages={2163–2170} }
 @article{brixey_heist_richmond-bryant_bowker_perry_wiener_2009, title={The effect of a tall tower on flow and dispersion through a model urban neighborhood: Part 2. Pollutant dispersion}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849088405&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/b907137g}, abstractNote={This article is the second in a two-paper series presenting results from wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of flow and dispersion in an idealized model urban neighborhood. Pollutant dispersion results are presented and discussed for a model neighborhood that was characterized by regular city blocks of three-story row houses with a single 12-story tower located at the downwind edge of one of these blocks. The tower had three significant effects on pollutant dispersion in the surrounding street canyons: drawing the plume laterally towards the tower, greatly enhancing the vertical dispersion of the plume in the wake of the tower, and significantly decreasing the residence time of pollutants in the wake of the tower. In the wind tunnel, tracer gas released in the avenue lee of the tower, but several blocks away laterally, was pulled towards the tower and lifted in the wake of the tower. The same lateral movement of the pollutant was seen in the next avenue, which was approximately 2.5 tower heights downwind of the tower. The tower also served to ventilate the street canyon directly in its wake more rapidly than the surrounding areas. This was evidenced by CFD simulations of concentration decay where the residence time of pollutants lee of the 12-story tower was found to be less than half the residence time behind a neighboring three-story building. This same phenomenon of rapid vertical dispersion lee of a tower among an array of smaller buildings was also demonstrated in a separate set of wind tunnel experiments using an array of cubical blocks. A similar decrease in the residence time was observed when the height of one block was increased.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Brixey, L.A. and Heist, D.K. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Bowker, G.E. and Perry, S.G. and Wiener, R.W.}, year={2009}, pages={2171–2179} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_eisner_hahn_fortune_drake-richman_brixey_talih_wiener_ellenson_2009, title={Time-series analysis to study the impact of an intersection on dispersion along a street canyon}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849110695&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/b907134m}, abstractNote={This paper presents data analysis from the Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study to assess the transport of ultrafine particulate matter (PM) across urban intersections. Experiments were performed in a street canyon perpendicular to a highway in Brooklyn, NY, USA. Real-time ultrafine PM samplers were positioned on either side of an intersection at multiple locations along a street to collect time-series number concentration data. Meteorology equipment was positioned within the street canyon and at an upstream background site to measure wind speed and direction. Time-series analysis was performed on the PM data to compute a transport velocity along the direction of the street for the cases where background winds were parallel and perpendicular to the street. The data were analyzed for sampler pairs located (1) on opposite sides of the intersection and (2) on the same block. The time-series analysis demonstrated along-street transport, including across the intersection when background winds were parallel to the street canyon and there was minimal transport and no communication across the intersection when background winds were perpendicular to the street canyon. Low but significant values of the cross-correlation function (CCF) underscore the turbulent nature of plume transport along the street canyon. The low correlations suggest that flow switching around corners or traffic-induced turbulence at the intersection may have aided dilution of the PM plume from the highway. This observation supports similar findings in the literature. Furthermore, the time-series analysis methodology applied in this study is introduced as a technique for studying spatiotemporal variation in the urban microscale environment.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Eisner, A.D. and Hahn, I. and Fortune, C.R. and Drake-Richman, Z.E. and Brixey, L.A. and Talih, M. and Wiener, R.W. and Ellenson, W.D.}, year={2009}, pages={2153–2162} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_2009, title={Transport of exhaled particulate matter in airborne infection isolation rooms}, volume={44}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51449094788&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.01.009}, abstractNote={The goal of this research was to examine the characteristics of the spatial velocity and concentration profiles which might result in health care workers' exposure to a pathogenic agent in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed for this purpose. This investigation expanded on the work of Huang and Tsao [The influence of air motion on bacteria removal in negative pressure isolation rooms. HVAC & R Research 2005; 11: 563-85], who studied how ventilation conditions impact dispersion of pathogenic nuclei in an AIIR by investigating the airflow conditions impacting dispersion of infectious agents in the AIIR. The work included a careful quality assurance study of the computed airflow, and final simulations were performed on a fine tetrahedral mesh with approximately 1.3×106 cells. The 1 μm diameter particles were released from a 0.001225 m2 area representing the nose and mouth. Two cases were investigated during the current study: continuous exhalation of pathogen-laden air from the patient and expulsion of pathogenic particles by a single cough or sneeze. Slow decay of particle concentration in the AIIR during the single cough/sneeze simulation and tendency for particle accumulation near the AIIR walls observed in the continuous breathing simulation suggest that unintended exposures are possible despite the ventilation system. Based on these findings, it is recommended that extra care be taken to assure proper functionality of personal protective equipment used in an AIIR.}, number={1}, journal={Building and Environment}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J.}, year={2009}, pages={44–55} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_wittig_2008, title={An Approach to the Study of Transport and Dispersion of Threat Agents in a Subway Station}, volume={4}, ISSN={1936-1610 1936-1629}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19361610802210210}, DOI={10.1080/19361610802210210}, abstractNote={The objective of the proposed research is to assess the exposure of subway riders and workers to threat agents introduced in the subway environment. This article presents the study plan, considerations, and expected outcomes of a novel approach to study this issue. A modular scale model of a subway station has been erected from Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York design specifications. This model will be used in a series of experiments to analyze airflow and dispersion patterns in the wake of a moving train and in an empty tunnel. Particle image velocimetry will be used to measure transient velocity profiles and concentration profiles.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Applied Security Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer and Wittig, Ann E.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={68–78} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_eisner_flynn_2006, title={Considerations for modeling particle entrainment into the wake of a circular cylinder}, volume={40}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57649132298&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/02786820500464877}, abstractNote={The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of the steady state Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for estimating concentration of low Stokes number aerosols (Stk = O(10−4)) in the wake of a bluff body. These simulations are compared with experimental data. In the simulations and experiments, particles are released upstream of the body and convected downstream, where some are entrained into the wake. The air velocity is computed using a steady state renormalized group k ∼ ϵ model. Lagrangian particle trajectory simulations are performed in conjunction with each airflow model to calculate concentrations. The experiments are performed in an aerosol wind tunnel in which phase Doppler velocimetry measurements are obtained for the velocity field and aerosol concentration. The RANS model yields a wake concentration deficit that extends downstream past x/D = 10, while the experiments produce elevated concentrations immediately downstream of the near wake. It is postulated that the concentration peak is at least in part attributed to particle interaction with the boundary layer by the following mechanism. Particles are transported into the boundary layer by turbulent diffusion, turbophoresis, and/or inertial forces. Particles then separate from the cylinder with the airflow and travel in a sheath around the periphery of the near wake to converge at the downstream edge of the near wake. Underestimation of the wake concentration by the RANS model is potentially due to inadequacy in the boundary layer approximation used in the model.}, number={1}, journal={Aerosol Science and Technology}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Eisner, A.D. and Flynn, M.R.}, year={2006}, pages={17–26} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_eisner_flynn_2006, title={Erratum: Considerations for modeling particle entrainment into the wake of a circular cylinder (Aerosol Science and Technology 40: 1 (14-26))}, volume={40}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-32344445863&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/02786820600553546}, number={2}, journal={Aerosol Science and Technology}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Eisner, A.D. and Flynn, M.R.}, year={2006}, pages={146} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_eisner_brixey_wiener_2006, title={Short-term dispersion of indoor aerosols: Can it be assumed the room is well mixed?}, volume={41}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-26444558590&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.12.016}, abstractNote={Monitoring of aerosols is typically performed over 3 h to diurnal time scales for outdoor concentration levels and 15 min to 8 h scales indoors. At these scales, concentration is assumed to be well mixed with little spatio-temporal variability around the sampler. Less attention has been given to the potential for acute exposure to contaminants during the initial minutes after a point-source release, where point-wise concentrations may greatly exceed the well-mixed conditions. Here, we seek to demonstrate that the commonly used well-mixed assumption is flawed in the first minutes after a contaminant is released because point-wise concentration levels are initially highly non-uniform and are influenced by turbulent structures caused by the presence of obstacles in the room. This assumption was examined by releasing 3 μm aerosols in a test room with HEPA filter ventilation and by varying controlled conditions of room furnishings (furnished vs. unfurnished) and contaminant release locations (at the inlet vent or under a desk). For each experiment, aerosol concentrations were measured simultaneously at seven locations by nephelometry. Complementary computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to lend confidence to the experiments and to provide detailed pictures of the velocity and particle concentration profiles. The experimental and numerical results corroborated the hypothesis. For both release locations in the furnished room, a completely well-mixed condition did not occur 600 s after the release, and aerosol dispersion was dictated by the turbulent airflow pattern. For the empty room, there was significantly less spatial variability in the point-wise measured concentrations after 300 s than for the furnished room. This information may aid in evaluating the potential for occupant exposure to aerosolized hazardous substances and in supporting optimization of detector placement.}, number={2}, journal={Building and Environment}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Eisner, A.D. and Brixey, L.A. and Wiener, R.W.}, year={2006}, pages={156–163} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_eisner_brixey_wiener_2006, title={Transport of airborne particles within a room}, volume={16}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645238401&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00398.x}, abstractNote={The objective of this study is to test a technique used to analyze contaminant transport in the wake of a bluff body under controlled experimental conditions for application to aerosol transport in a complex furnished room. Specifically, the hypothesis tested by our work is that the dispersion of contaminants in a room is related to the turbulence kinetic energy and length scale. This turbulence is, in turn, determined by the size and shape of furnishings within the room and by the ventilation characteristics. This approach was tested for indoor dispersion through computational fluid dynamics simulations and laboratory experiments. In each, 3 mum aerosols were released in a furnished room with varied contaminant release locations (at the inlet vent or under a desk). The realizable k approximately epsilon model was employed in the simulations, followed by a Lagrangian particle trajectory simulation used as input for an in-house FORTRAN code to compute aerosol concentration. For the experiments, concentrations were measured simultaneously at seven locations by laser photometry, and air velocity was measured using laser Doppler velocimetry. The results suggest that turbulent diffusion is a significant factor in contaminant residence time in a furnished room. This procedure was then expanded to develop a simplified correlation between contaminant residence time and the number of enclosing surfaces around a point containing the contaminant. Practical Implications The work presented here provides a methodology for relating local aerosol residence time to properties of room ventilation and furniture arrangement. This technique may be used to assess probable locations of high concentration by knowing only the particle release location, furniture configuration, inlet and outlet locations, and air speeds, which are all observable features. Applications of this method include development of 'rules of thumb' for first responders entering a room where an agent has been released and selection of sampler locations to monitor conditions in sensitive areas.}, number={1}, journal={Indoor Air}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Eisner, A.D. and Brixey, L.A. and Wiener, R.W.}, year={2006}, pages={48–55} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_flynn_2005, title={Applying the discrete vortex method in environmental fluid mechanics: A study of the time-averaged near wake behind a circular cylinder}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13844312053&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10652-005-0896-2}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Fluid Mechanics}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Flynn, M.R.}, year={2005}, pages={455–463} }
 @inproceedings{richmond-bryant_eisner_brixey_wiener_2004, title={Monitoring exposure to point-source aerosolized contaminants: Can we continue to assume they are well mixed?}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-19944381858&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology 2004}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J. and Eisner, A.D. and Brixey, L.A. and Wiener, R.W.}, year={2004}, pages={693–709} }
 @article{heist_richmond-bryant_eisner_conner_2003, title={Development of a versatile aerosol generation system for use in a large wind tunnel}, volume={37}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037368956&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/02786820300947}, abstractNote={A novel aerosol generation system has been constructed for use in a large wind tunnel for two distinct research projects. One project requires a uniform aerosol concentration over the wind tunnel cross section, while the other project demands a stratified aerosol concentration distribution. The system consists of an array of venturi nozzles, which entrains particulate matter from a moving conveyor belt and disperses it into the tunnel under the force provided by a compressed air source. For the stratified release configuration, only the bottom row of nozzles was used and a confinement sleeve was installed to prevent mixing with clean air; the mixing fans were omitted from this configuration. The uniform release arrangement was tested by gravimetrically measuring particle concentration over the cross section of the tunnel for tunnel speeds of 0.1 and 1.0 m/s; uniformity was achieved within a coefficient of variation of 6.4%. The stratified distribution results show a high concentration near the floor, which diminishes with increased height. Particle size distribution was also determined on filter samples using scanning electron microscopy analysis for the uniform release experiments. No appreciable difference in mass median diameter or geometric standard deviation could be discerned for the various sampling points.}, number={3}, journal={Aerosol Science and Technology}, author={Heist, D.K. and Richmond-Bryant, J. and Eisner, A. and Conner, T.}, year={2003}, pages={293–301} }
 @article{richmond-bryant_2003, title={Verification testing in computational fluid dynamics: An example using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes methods for two-dimensional flow in the near wake of a circular cylinder}, volume={43}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0345763110&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/fld.568}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids}, author={Richmond-Bryant, J.}, year={2003}, pages={1371–1389} }