@article{guo_whitesell_fox_2005, title={Synthesis of TiO2 photocatalysts in supercritical CO2 via a non-hydrolytic route}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1520-5207"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp0530101}, abstractNote={Nanoscaled TiO2 powders with narrow size dispersion were prepared in supercritical carbon dioxide via non-hydrolytic acylation/deacylation of titanium alkoxide precursors with or without tris-fluorination. The microstructures of these powders were characterized by spectroscopic (FTIR, TGA, and XRD), microscopic (SEM or TEM), and surface area (BET) measurements. Photocatalytic oxidation of 1-octanol on these calcined TiO2 powders and on commercial T805 TiO2 suspended in aerated supercritical carbon dioxide revealed relative reactivity controlled by the powder microstructures. Calcined TiO2 prepared from titanium(IV) isopropoxide and trifluoroacetic anhydride was effectively dispersed in aerated supercritical carbon dioxide under stirring and exhibited high photocatalytic oxidation activity.}, number={40}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Guo, GQ and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={18781–18785} }
 @article{rusa_whitesell_fox_2004, title={Controlled fabrication of gold/polymer nanocomposites with a highly structured poly(N-acylethylenimine) shell}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma035008i}, abstractNote={Two families of well-defined organic−inorganic nanocomposites have been synthesized either by attachment of an initiator as a capping self-assembled monolayer on a gold cluster onto which a macromolecule is grown in situ or by preformation of a defined polymer, followed by covalent or adsorptive attachment to a surface-capped metal cluster. The characteristics of these composites are compared in size and local organization. Possessing nanometer-sized gold clusters at the core and poly(N-acylethylenimine) chains radially or tangentially connected to the core, the resulting materials were characterized by TEM, GPC, UV, IR, NMR, and XPS spectroscopies. Larger particles with narrower polydispersity were obtained by in situ growth of the polymer on a preformed metal cluster, with best results being attained with a mixture of brominated and nonbrominated thiols in which steric accessibility to the initiator sites is varied.}, number={8}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Rusa, M and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={2766–2774} }
 @article{hirakawa_whitesell_fox_2004, title={Effect of temperature and pressure in the photocatalytic oxidation of n-octanol on partially desilanized hydrophobic TiO2 suspended in aerated supercritical CO2}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1520-6106"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp0364957}, abstractNote={Reaction temperature and CO 2 pressure affect the rate of reaction in photocatalytic oxidations in supercritical (sc) CO 2 on partially silanized TiO 2 . In supercritical CO 2 , the photocatalytic oxidation of octanol appeared to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics, with octanal being produced as the initial product. At 309 K, the pseudo-first-order rate constant k d i s decreased upon increasing CO 2 pressure from 8 to 20 MPa, giving rise to an increased yield of octanal. When the temperature was raised within the range from 299 to 319 K at constant CO 2 pressure (10 MPa), k d i s increased while the net yield of octanal decreased. These changes are rationalized as being caused by changes in near-surface CO 2 density and, hence, in efficiency of mass transport of octanal to and from the catalytically active site. The observed dependence of the photoactivity of hydrophobic T805 TiO 2 in scCO 2 on temperature and pressure likely varies with surface conditions promoted by irradiation, which effects partial desilanization photocatalytically active sites. When scCO 2 density was very low, T805 TiO 2 did not suspend well into the scCO 2 fluid; that is, almost all of the T805 TiO 2 precipitated on a window or inner wall of the cell. At scCO 2 densities between 8 and 20 MPa, T805 TiO 2 was efficiently dispersed under stirring. At very low pressures near the critical point, the kinetic analysis was complicated by incident light scattering caused by suspended particles which act as inhibitory inner filters.}, number={29}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Hirakawa, T and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={10213–10218} }
 @article{gu_whitesell_fox_2004, title={Electrochemical charging of a fullerene-functionalized self-assembled monolayer on Au(111)}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0022-3263"]}, DOI={10.1021/jo049939j}, abstractNote={A fullerene derivative 10 with a terminal thiol group dissolves easily in common organic solvents and forms a densely packed self-assembled monolayer on gold surfaces. The functionalization of C(60) is based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the azomethine ylide generated in situ from the corresponding aldehyde and N-methylglycine. The monolayers were characterized by grazing angle reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, scan tunneling microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammogram of a SAM of 10 showed two well-resolved reversible cathodic waves corresponding to the first two one-electron reductions of the fullerene fragment.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Gu, T and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={4075–4080} }
 @book{fox_whitesell_2004, title={Organic chemistry (3rd ed.)}, ISBN={0763721972}, publisher={Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers}, author={Fox, M. A. and Whitesell, J. K.}, year={2004} }
 @article{gu_whitesell_fox_2003, title={Energy transfer from a surface-bound arene to the gold core in omega-fluorenyl-alkane-1-thiolate monolayer-protected gold clusters}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1520-5002"]}, DOI={10.1021/cm0209867}, abstractNote={9-(9-Fluorenyl)-nonane-1-thiolate and 12-(9-fluorenyl)-dodecane-1-thiolate (fluorenyl-alkane-1-thiolates) monolayer-protected gold clusters (Au-MPCs) have been prepared by place exchange of fluorenyl-alkane-1-thiol with alkane-1-thiolate Au-MPCs. The structures of these composites were established by TEM, elemental analysis, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Changes in optical and physical properties caused by attachment of the fluorenyl groups to the gold nanoparticles were studied by absorption, Fourier transform infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopies. Emission from the end-attached fluorenyl groups is substantially quenched upon attachment to a gold cluster so that less than 5% of emission intensity from an optically matched solution of the analogous freely dissolved fluorene and alkane-1-thiolate Au-MPCs is retained in the fluorenyl-alkane-1-thiolate Au-MPCs. Nanosecond flash photolysis shows that intersystem crossing (from the fluorenyl singlet to the corresponding triplet) was suppressed because energy transfer was much faster. No direct evidence of electron transfer from the excited fluorenyl group to the gold cluster could be observed, implying that electronic coupling through energy transfer accounts for most of the observed emission quenching and suppressed intersystem crossing.}, number={6}, journal={CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS}, author={Gu, T and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={1358–1366} }
 @misc{gopidas_whitesell_fox_2003, title={Metal-core-organic shell dendrimers as unimolecular micelles}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1520-5126"]}, DOI={10.1021/ja036626h}, abstractNote={The synthesis and characterization of nanoparticle-cored dendrimers (NCDs), consisting of a metal core capped by arylpolyethers terminated with ester or carboxylate groups, are reported. These NCDs, comprising nanometer-sized gold clusters at the core and organic dendrons radially connected to the gold core by gold-sulfur bonds, were analyzed by TEM, TGA, UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopies. The density of the branching units connected to the core decreased from 1.90/nm(2) for a first-generation NCD (Au-G1(CO(2)Me)) to 0.80/nm(2) for a fourth-generation NCD (Au-G4(CO(2)Me)). Although the ester-terminated NCDs were stable and resisted aggregation, they were easily hydrolyzed to the corresponding water-soluble sodium salts. Aqueous solutions of (Au-Gn(CO(2)Na)) exhibited micellar properties. Since these NCDs possess a relatively unpassivated metal core and an organic aryl ether shell with micellar and dendritic properties, they are expected to have important potential applications in catalysis.}, number={46}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Gopidas, KR and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={14168–14180} }
 @misc{gopidas_whitesell_fox_2003, title={Nanoparticle-cored dendrimers: Synthesis and characterization}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1520-5126"]}, DOI={10.1021/ja029544m}, abstractNote={The synthesis and characterization of a group of new dendrimers-namely, nanoparticle-cored dendrimers (NCDs)-are described. These materials were obtained by the reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate phase-transferred into toluene in the presence of Fréchet-type polyaryl ether dendritic disulfide wedges of generation 1-5. These materials, possessing nanometer-sized gold clusters at the core and dendritic wedges radially connected to the core by Au-S bonds, were analyzed by TEM and TGA, and by UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopies. The number of branching units connected to the core decreased with the generation of the dendritic wedge, and this number changed from 2.18/nm(2) for Au-G-2 to 0.27/nm(2) for Au-G-5. This result suggests that, in the higher-generation NCDs, a large fraction of the surface area of the metal cluster is not passivated and is therefore available for catalytic activity.}, number={21}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Gopidas, KR and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={6491–6502} }
 @article{gromov_ushakov_fedorova_baskin_buevich_andryukhina_alfimov_johnels_edlund_whitesell_et al._2003, title={Novel photoswitchable receptors: Synthesis and cation-induced self-assembly into dimeric complexes leading to stereospecific [2+2]-photocycloaddition of styryl dyes containing a 15-crown-5 ether unit}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0022-3263"]}, DOI={10.1021/jo034460x}, abstractNote={Styryl dyes 4a-e containing a 15-crown-5 ether unit and a quinoline residue with a sulfonatoalkyl or sulfonatobenzyl N-substituent were synthesized. The relationship between the photochemical behavior of these dyes and their aggregates derived from complexation with Mg(2+) in MeCN was studied using (1)H NMR and absorption spectroscopy. The E-isomers of 4a-e were shown to form highly stable dimeric (2:2) complexes with Mg(2+). Upon irradiation with visible light, the dimeric complexes undergo two competing photoreactions, viz., geometric E --> Z isomerization, resulting in an anion-capped 1:1 complex of the Z-isomer with Mg(2+) and stereospecific syn-head-to-tail [2+2]-cycloaddition, affording a single isomer of bis-crown-containing cyclobutane. The N-substituent in the dye has a dramatic effect on the photochemical behavior of the dimeric complex. Molecular dynamics and semiempirical quantum-chemical calculations were carried out to interpret the observed photocycloaddition in the dimer. Conformational equilibria for the dimer of (E)-4b were analyzed using (1)H NMR spectroscopy.}, number={16}, journal={JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Gromov, SP and Ushakov, EN and Fedorova, OA and Baskin, II and Buevich, AV and Andryukhina, EN and Alfimov, MV and Johnels, D and Edlund, UG and Whitesell, JK and et al.}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={6115–6125} }
 @article{zhang_whitesell_fox_2003, title={Photophysical behavior of variously sized colloidal gold clusters capped with monolayers of an alkylstilbenethiolate}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1520-6106"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp027555w}, abstractNote={trans-4-(Mercaptoheptoxy)stilbene (S7-SH) was capped as a monolayer on colloidal gold clusters of diameters ranging from 1.4 to 5.2 nm. The resulting shell−core nanostructured composite showed emission from the metal and the appended arene. Differential surface area, rather than gold cluster size per se, accounted for the observed decreases in fluorescence intensity of the excited stilbene moiety upon shrinking the metal core size. Tight packing by an organic monolayer bound to the surface of the Au core was achieved most easily on large composite particles, whereas thiolatestilbene S7-SH groups bound to the surface of the smallest metal clusters were found to be conformationally more labile.}, number={25}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Zhang, J and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={6051–6055} }
 @article{gu_ye_simon_whitesell_fox_2003, title={Subpicosecond transient dynamics in gold nanoparticles encapsulated by a fluorophore-terminated monolayer}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1520-6106"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp026884l}, abstractNote={Gold nanoparticles (2.2 nm) protected by a densely packed monolayer of 9-(9-fluorenyl)-nonane-1-thiol (MPC-b) or a mixed monolayer of 9-(9-fluorenyl)-alkane-1-thiol with nonane-1-thiol (MPC-c and MPC-d) were studied by transient spectroscopy upon 305 nm excitation with subpicosecond laser pulses. Electronic relaxation of the gold core took place through a fast electron−phonon interaction within 2.0 ps, followed by a slow phonon−phonon interaction over a period longer than 15 ps. Electronic coupling of the excited fluorenyl groups with the gold core in these composite clusters affected the observed gold electron relaxation dynamics, likely by adding an excitation path for gold electrons by working as a sensitizer. The efficiency of energy transfer from the excited fluorene to the gold particles was affected by surface composition, with the ratio of the fast decay component to the slow decay component decreasing upon increasing the fraction of fluorenyl groups present at the surface. Thus, energy transfer f...}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Gu, T and Ye, T and Simon, JD and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={1765–1771} }
 @article{gopidas_whitesell_fox_2003, title={Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic applications of a palladium-nanoparticle-cored dendrimer}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1530-6992"]}, DOI={10.1021/nl0348490}, abstractNote={A palladium-nanoparticle-cored G-3 dendrimer, characterized by TEM, TGA, absorption, and IR spectroscopies, has approximately 300 Pd atoms in the metallic core and an average diameter of 2.0 nm, to which are attached fourteen G-3 dendrons. Nearly 90% of the metal nanoparticle surface is unpassivated and available for catalysis. The dendrons inhibit metal agglomeration without adversely affecting chemical reactivity. Thus, preliminary investigations have shown that Pd-G-3 can efficiently catalyze Heck and Suzuki reactions.}, number={12}, journal={NANO LETTERS}, author={Gopidas, KR and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={1757–1760} }
 @article{canepa_fox_whitesell_2003, title={The influence of core size on electronic coupling in shell-core nanoparticles: gold clusters capped with pyrenoxylalkylthiolate}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1474-905X"]}, DOI={10.1039/b306306b}, abstractNote={The mean size of the metallic core of monolayer-protected gold clusters densely capped with 9-(1-pyrenoxyl)octane-1-thiol or 1-dodecanethiol can be adjusted by controlling the thiol/HAuCl_4 ratio during synthesis. Upon reduction of tetrachloroaurate by NaBH_4, lower mean metal core diameters were attained in those composites prepared from mixtures with higher thiol/Au ratios. The efficiency of electronic coupling between the core metal cluster and pyrenyl groups appended as an outer shell in this size-graded family was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The observed emission intensity from the bound fluorophores is independent of the gold core size.}, number={11}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Canepa, M and Fox, MA and Whitesell, JK}, year={2003}, pages={1177–1180} }
 @article{ghaddar_wishart_thompson_whitesell_fox_2002, title={A dendrimer-based electron antenna: Paired electron-transfer reactions in dendrimers with a 4,4 '-bipyridine core and naphthalene peripheral groups}, volume={124}, ISSN={["1520-5126"]}, DOI={10.1021/ja020103c}, abstractNote={Paired electron transfers (ET) induced by the absorption of two photons by synthetic dendrimers are observed in first-, second-, and third-generation dendrimers comprised of a viologen-like core and an array of naphthalene peripheral groups. Flash photolysis and transient absorption techniques show that the yield of photoinduced double ET depends on laser intensity in the two largest dendrimers, NBV2(+2) and NBV3(+2). Their photochemical behavior thus requires an unusual multiphoton kinetic scheme. These dendrimers constitute the first synthetic models capable of multiple electron redox events deriving from a defined molecular architecture, thus mimicking natural light-collecting antenna systems.}, number={28}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Ghaddar, TH and Wishart, JF and Thompson, DW and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={8285–8289} }
 @misc{resmi_whitesell_fox_2002, title={Photocatalytic oxidation of n-octanol in aerated supercritical CO(2) on hydrophobic TiO(2)}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0922-6168"]}, DOI={10.1163/15685670260469375}, abstractNote={Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) has been used as a reaction medium for the photocatalytic oxidative degradation of n-octanol on a partially desilanized hydrophobic suspension of TiO2 as photocatalyst. Hydrophobic sites on the catalyst surface are necessary to maintain a sustained suspension, and hence surface-mediated interfacial electron exchange, in this non-polar medium. The reaction rates for photooxidative degradation, ultimately to complete mineralization, depend only weakly on temperature and pressure of the supercritical fluid near the critical point. Product distributions were monitored in situ by on-line gas chromatographic analysis, which provides a convenient and rapid method for comparisons and optimization of the reaction conditions.}, number={7-9}, journal={RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES}, author={Resmi, MR and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2002}, pages={711–718} }
 @article{ushakov_gromov_vedernikov_malysheva_botsmanova_alfimov_eliasson_edlund_whitesell_fox_2002, title={Self-organization of highly stable electron donor-acceptor complexes via host-guest interactions}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1089-5639"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp012082z}, abstractNote={Biscrown stilbene S forms complexes of 1:1 and 2:1 composition with bisammonium viologen salt V4+ in acetonitrile solution. Both of the complexes exhibit spectroscopic behavior typical of molecular ...}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A}, author={Ushakov, EN and Gromov, SP and Vedernikov, AI and Malysheva, EV and Botsmanova, AA and Alfimov, MV and Eliasson, B and Edlund, UG and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={2020–2023} }
 @article{kittredge_minton_fox_whitesell_2002, title={alpha-Helical polypeptide films grown from sulfide or thiol linkers on gold surfaces}, volume={85}, number={3}, journal={Helvetica Chimica Acta}, author={Kittredge, K. R. and Minton, M. A. and Fox, M. A. and Whitesell, J. K.}, year={2002}, pages={788–798} }
 @article{hu_zhang_liu_kittredge_whitesell_fox_2001, title={Competitive photochemical reactivity in a self-assembled monolayer on a colloidal gold cluster}, volume={123}, DOI={10.1021/ja003180I}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, author={Hu, J. and Zhang, J. and Liu, F. and Kittredge, K. and Whitesell, J. K. and Fox, M. A.}, year={2001}, pages={1464–1470} }
 @article{kittredge_fox_whitesell_2001, title={Effect of alkyl chain length on the fluorescence of 9-alkylfluorenyl thiols as self-assembled monolayers on gold}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1089-5647"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp004325d}, abstractNote={Spectral characterization indicates that SAMs of 9-alkylfluorenyl thiols 1 form well-ordered monolayers on polycrystalline gold. Sessile drop contact angle measurements demonstrate the hydrophobic nature of these self-assembled thin films. The thicknesses of the films as measured by optical ellipsometry correspond well to the calculated thickness of monolayer films in which the extended alkyl chains are oriented at a 30° angle to the Au surface. The films are densely packed and are passivating to electron transfer between the Au surface and K4Fe(CN)6 in a contacting aqueous KCl solution. Grazing angle reflectance FTIR spectra show that the aromatic fluorenyl groups are fixed at a defined distance from the Au surface as determined by alkyl chain length disposed in an all-trans conformation. Surface fluorescence spectra for the SAMs are red-shifted and broadened compared with the corresponding molecule's fluorescence when measured in dilute solution. Lifetimes for the terminal fluorenyl groups when bound as...}, number={43}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Kittredge, KW and Fox, MA and Whitesell, JK}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={10594–10599} }
 @article{ghaddar_whitesell_fox_2001, title={Excimer formation in a naphthalene-labeled dendrimer}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1089-5647"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp010933x}, abstractNote={Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were conducted on newly synthesized Frechet-type dendrimers with naphthalene peripheral groups in homogeneous and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solutions. Intense excimer emission was observed for the third-generation dendrimer 3 but not for the first-generation dendrimer 1a. This different spectroscopic behavior was attributed to the geometry of dendrimer 3, where excimeric interactions between adjacent π-stacked naphthyl groups are present.}, number={37}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Ghaddar, TH and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={8729–8731} }
 @article{canepa_fox_whitesell_2001, title={Photochemistry and spectroscopy of "stable organic radicals": Steric and electronic effects in intermolecular photoinduced electron transfer}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0022-3263"]}, DOI={10.1021/jo0017988}, abstractNote={The intermolecular reactivities of amino-substituted perchlorotriphenylmethyl radicals 1-3 were studied, with particular emphasis on electron transfer (ET) reactions. The natural fluorescence lifetimes and the rates of the electron-transfer quenching were studied with several electron donors and acceptors. Fluorescence quenching studies demonstrate the importance of the redox potentials of the ET pair on the observed steric and electronic properties.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Canepa, M and Fox, MA and Whitesell, JK}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={3886–3892} }
 @misc{zhang_whitesell_fox_2001, title={Photoreactivity of self-assembled monolayers of azobenzene or stilbene derivatives capped on colloidal gold clusters}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1520-5002"]}, DOI={10.1021/cm000752s}, abstractNote={Trans-4-methyl-4‘-(−S−(CH2)n−O−)azobenzenes (1) with varying alkyl chain lengths (n = 4, 6, 9, 12) and trans-4-methyl-4‘-(−S−(CH2)n−O−)stilbenes (2) (n = 6, 7, 8, 9) were used to cap colloidal gold clusters, yielding composite shell−core nanostructures 3 and 4, respectively. Aggregation of the terminal arene moieties by π-stacking within the organic shells was weak in these composite particles. Upon irradiation at 350 nm, photoisomerization of the appended trans isomer to the corresponding cis isomer takes place both in solution and in the composite cluster. Inefficient photodimerization could be observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy for cluster 4. The quantum yields for photoisomerization of the composite clusters 3 and 4 were affected by the length of the linker because of distance-dependent through-bond quenching by the metal core.}, number={7}, journal={CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS}, author={Zhang, J and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={2323–2331} }
 @article{ghaddar_wishart_kirby_whitesell_fox_2001, title={Pulse radiolysis studies of dendritic macromolecules with biphenyl peripheral groups and a ruthenium tris-bipyridine core}, volume={123}, ISSN={["1520-5126"]}, DOI={10.1021/ja011615e}, abstractNote={Electron-transfer reactions in Fréchet-type dendrimers with biphenyl peripheral groups and a ruthenium core were investigated by pulse radiolysis techniques. Fast electron-transfer rates found in the two ruthenium dendrimers suggest a very efficient electronic coupling between the peripheral donor groups and the core acceptor.}, number={51}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Ghaddar, TH and Wishart, JF and Kirby, JP and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={12832–12836} }
 @article{siiman_gordon_burshteyn_maples_whitesell_2000, title={Immunophenotyping using gold or silver nanoparticle-polystyrene bead conjugates with multiple light scatter}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0196-4763"]}, DOI={10.1002/1097-0320(20001201)41:4<298::AID-CYTO8>3.0.CO;2-0}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
The type of antibody-conjugated polystyrene (PS) latex beads for use as light scatter shift agents for targeted lymphocyte populations in whole blood has been expanded to include gold and silver nanoparticle-aminodextran-PS latex bead conjugates with antibodies. The linkers between antibody and colloidal metal were an aminotrithiol ligand or aminodextran polymer molecules.


METHODS
A modified flow instrument, including forward light scatter (FS), side light scatter (SS), light scatter at other intermediate angle ranges, LMALS (10-20 degrees ) and UMALS (20-65 degrees ) was used for simultaneous bead probe measurements. A conventional flow cytometer was used in simultaneous bead-fluorescent marker experiments.


RESULTS
Two mutually exclusive cell populations, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, have been simultaneously enumerated in blood by using a mixture of CD4-PS, CD8-Au-PS or CD4-Au-PS, CD8-PS beads, and one laser line, 633 nm, excitation. Similar measurements were made with mixtures of CD4-PS, CD8-Ag-PS or CD4-Ag-PS, CD8-PS beads. Also, simultaneous use of bead and fluorescent markers mixed with whole blood was demonstrated with CD4-PS beads and with the CD4-RD1/CD8-FITC dual marker.


CONCLUSIONS
Enumeration of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in whole blood by light scatter parameters only compared well with standard analyses with fluorescent markers. In simultaneous bead-fluorescent marker labeling of lymphocytes, the labeled bead had to be mixed first with cells in whole blood.}, number={4}, journal={CYTOMETRY}, author={Siiman, O and Gordon, K and Burshteyn, A and Maples, JA and Whitesell, JK}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={298–307} }
 @article{siiman_burshteyn_maples_whitesell_2000, title={Tris(3-mercaptopropyl)-N-glycylaminomethane as a new linker to bridge antibody with metal particles for biological cell separations}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1043-1802"]}, DOI={10.1021/bc990176u}, abstractNote={Conjugates of nickel beads with CD8 and anti-red blood cell KC16 antibody were prepared by using the aminotrithiolate "spider" ligand, tris(3-mercaptopropyl)-N-glycylaminomethane, in its new function as a linker between the surface of nickel beads and antibody via activation of spider ligand attached to nickel beads with the common, heterobifunctional cross-linker, sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC). Raw nickel beads were cleaned by either mild sonication in a bath or by stronger probe sonication to remove surface nickel oxide layers, before attachment of the spider ligand. Scanning electron micrographs of the nickel beads before and after probe sonication showed a marked change from a corrugated to a smooth bead surface. Analyses of the supernatants of conjugation mixtures for antibody gave surface densities of 2.5-5.2 mg/m(2) for CD8 and 0.6-12 mg/m(2) for KC16 antibody runs. The antibody-spider-nickel bead conjugates were used in magnetic bead depletions of targeted CD8+ lymphocytes or red blood cells (rbcs) in whole blood of normal donors. For CD8 cell depletions, the undepleted controls and supernatants of depleted samples were analyzed for CD8/CD4 cell populations by flow cytometry with appropriate fluorescent antibody markers. Enumeration of red blood cells, white blood cells (wbcs), and platelets (plts) in undepleted controls and supernatants of depleted samples were carried out on appropriate hematology counters. Whole blood titer results with various lots of either CD8-spider-nickel or KC16-spider-nickel bead conjugates showed varying degrees of depletion ability as indicated by bead-to-cell ratios of 2-32 for CD8 beads and by rbc-to-bead ratios of 1.2-10 for KC16 beads. Moreover, varying degrees of specificity of CD8 beads for CD8+ cells over CD4+ cells and of KC16 beads for rbcs over white blood cells and platelets were observed from the normalized nontargeted cell population figures in undepleted controls versus supernatants of depleted samples.}, number={4}, journal={BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY}, author={Siiman, O and Burshteyn, A and Maples, JA and Whitesell, JK}, year={2000}, pages={549–556} }
 @article{gromov_ushakov_vedernikov_lobova_alfimov_strelenko_whitesell_fox_1999, title={A novel optical sensor for metal ions based on ground-state intermolecular charge-transfer complexation}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1523-7060"]}, DOI={10.1021/ol990710d}, abstractNote={A derivative of dipyridylethylene 2 was synthesized in order to study intermolecular coordination between the 18-crown-6 ether units of bis-crown stilbene 1 and the NH3+ groups of 2. In acetonitrile solution, the formation of a supramolecular complex is evidenced by a considerable upfield shift of the 1H NMR signals from the aromatic and olefinic protons. Emission quenching and the appearance of a new absorption band in the visible spectral region indicate the formation of a charge-transfer complex. The addition of Ba2+ to a solution of the complex leads to significant fluorescence enhancement and to the disappearance of the charge-transfer absorption band.}, number={11}, journal={ORGANIC LETTERS}, author={Gromov, SP and Ushakov, EN and Vedernikov, AI and Lobova, NA and Alfimov, MV and Strelenko, YA and Whitesell, JK and Fox, MA}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={1697–1699} }
 @article{hu_chai_whitesell_bard_1999, title={In situ monitoring of diffuse double layer structure changes of electrochemically addressable self-assembled monolayers with an atomic force microscope}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/la9813937}, abstractNote={An alkyl disulfide containing two sulfonate-substituted ferrocenes, 7,8-dithiatetradecane-1,14-di-(aminocarbonyl)-bis(1'-ferrocene-1-sulfonic acid), was synthesized and used to form electroactive self-assembled monolayers on gold electrodes. Atomic force microscope (AFM) force curves were employed to measure in situ the change in surface charge as the ferrocene groups were oxidized to compensate for the negative charges on the sulfonate groups. The electrode surface charge density was calculated from the surface coverage measured by electrochemical oxidation of the ferrocene groups, while the diffuse double layer charges were obtained from theoretical fits of the force data to solutions of the complete nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation with knowledge of the silica probe surface potential. A significant difference between the AFM measured (i.e., effective) surface charge and the surface charge calculated from electrochemical measurements was found. This difference is attributed to a layer of counterions near the surface that screens a large fraction of the surface charge (variously described as ion condensation or failure of the nonlinear PB theory). The experimental results also showed that the extent of this ion screening (∼97%) was relatively constant and independent of the total electrode surface charge.}, number={9}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Hu, K and Chai, Z and Whitesell, JK and Bard, AJ}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={3343–3347} }
 @book{fox_whitesell_1998, title={Core organic chemistry}, ISBN={0763703672}, publisher={Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett}, author={Fox, M. A. and Whitesell, J. K.}, year={1998} }
 @article{fox_whitesell_mckerrow_1998, title={Fluorescence and redox activity of probes anchored through an aminotrithiol to polycrystalline gold}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/la9707787}, abstractNote={A self-assembled monolayer of tris[3-(mercaptopropyl)methyl)]-N-(aminoacetyl)amine (1) covalently anchored onto a polycrystalline gold surface acts as an effective linking agent for binding surface probes that can be activated by light or by an applied potential. Fluorescence from two appended chromophores was observed when scattering of incident light from the gold support was minimized. Monolayers of 1 coupled to an end-terminated ferrocenyl group showed blocking electrochemical behavior by cyclic voltammetry, while retaining the characteristic redox activity of the attached group. These results indicate high yields of in situ surface coupling and significant local order within the two-dimensional array.}, number={4}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Fox, MA and Whitesell, JK and Mckerrow, AJ}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={816–820} }
 @article{fox_li_wooten_mckerrow_whitesell_1998, title={Fluorescence probes for chemical reactivity at the interface of a self-assembled monolayer}, volume={329}, number={1998 Aug. 31}, journal={Thin Solid Films}, author={Fox, M. A. and Li, W. J. and Wooten, M. and Mckerrow, A. and Whitesell, J. K.}, year={1998}, pages={477–480} }
 @misc{whitesell_1998, title={MacSpartan}, volume={120}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, author={Whitesell, J. K.}, year={1998}, pages={239} }
 @misc{whitesell_1998, title={The Merck Index, 12th Edition, CD-ROM (Macintosh): An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs & biologicals}, volume={120}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, author={Whitesell, J. K.}, year={1998}, pages={2209} }
 @book{fox_whitesell_1997, title={Organic chemistry (2nd ed.)}, ISBN={0763701785}, publisher={Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett}, author={Fox, M. A. and Whitesell, J. K.}, year={1997} }