@article{ranade_swarts_2022, title={Infrastructural support of users' mediated potential}, volume={10}, ISSN={2166-1642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3507857.3507859}, DOI={10.1145/3507857.3507859}, abstractNote={As one kind of designed communication, technical communication is created for readers we assume use the content for some situated purpose. Understanding users and their situations to be varied, communicators rely on simplified models of both to create usable content. In many cases, this approach works, but in some commercial sectors, companies are recognizing a need to engage with users directly and to include them in the production of communication. Including users in the production of communication may ease the burden of communicating in ways that are sufficiently detailed, accurate, inclusive, localized, and timely, but these ventures also create challenges of collaboration that direct attention to how users are situated in infrastructures that allow them to act as effective readers and collaborators. This article presents a model of users, situating them amid infrastructures that extend their ability to take rhetorical action. The authors explain and demonstrate a heuristic for analyzing infrastructure as an extension of a user's "mediated potential" for rhetorical action.}, number={2}, journal={Communication Design Quarterly}, publisher={Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, author={Ranade, Nupoor and Swarts, Jason}, year={2022}, month={Jul}, pages={10–21} }
 @article{swarts_2022, title={Signaling Context in Topic-Based Writing}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0049-3155"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85146781255&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.55177/tc812725}, abstractNote={In topic-based writing delivered as web help or interactive PDF, readers are able to access topics non-linearly, reading only those topics they feel a need to read. Consequently, readers can easily lose a sense of a topic's broader context of related topics and concepts, which is knowledge
 presumed of a "qualified reader."<br/> Purpose: This paper investigates how relative "that" and "which" clauses are used to signal context in writing that is intended to be free of obligatory contextual connections to other topics in a documentation set.<br/> Method:
 This analysis relies on a computer-assisted, descriptive analysis of relative pronoun use in a corpus of published, topic-based documentation. The analysis focuses on "that" and "which," typically used in English to refer to and add information (e.g., a context) about an antecedent noun.<br/>
 Results: Relative "that" and "which" clauses are shown to be used in a variety of ways in topic-based writing to signal associations between topics, making it easier for readers who need context to find it.<br/> Conclusions: The author offers implications for writing practice
 that include deliberate, strategic use of "that" and "which" and complementary documentation design that enables readers to locate contextual information signaled by those pronouns.}, number={1}, journal={TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={40–53} }
 @article{swarts_2022, title={Uses of Metadiscourse in Online Help}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1552-8472"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85135822987&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/07410883221109241}, abstractNote={ Metadiscourse guides how readers interact with a text and process the information they find. Because texts differ in purpose and audience, so do patterns of metadiscourse use. This research examines the patterns of metadiscourse use in topic-based writing, developed following a structured authoring method. The resulting writing is modular, nonhierarchical, and nonlinear, which creates user experience issues related to attention as well as information selection, ordering, processing, and navigation. The patterns of language use in topic-based writing reveal how metadiscourse might help readers address these reader experience issues. }, number={4}, journal={WRITTEN COMMUNICATION}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{swarts_2020, title={Addressing the speculative "you": Contextualizing the readers of documentation}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85094963020&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1145/3380851.3416749}, abstractNote={The poster presents a corpus analysis of a stylistic feature of topic-based documentation: the speculative “you.” The feature signals important information to help readers adapt the content for their situated uses. The feature is illustrated with examples and the author offers recommendations for amplifying this information.}, booktitle={SIGDOC 2020 - Proceedings of the 38th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2020} }
 @article{swarts_2020, title={Technical Communication is a Social Medium}, volume={29}, ISBN={1542-7625}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85087111844&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10572252.2020.1774659}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Technical communicators can manage the content users share in online communities, but this is only feasible if the users act like a community with a shared understanding of what the software does. When they do not, users discuss technologies as unsettled objects and rely on technical communication to socially construct them. This research describes such uses of technical communication and argues how professional technical communicators can help.}, number={4}, journal={TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2020}, pages={427–439} }
 @misc{swarts_2020, title={Writing About Structure In Dita}, ISBN={9780429059612}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429059612-9}, DOI={10.4324/9780429059612-9}, journal={Teaching Content Management in Technical and Professional Communication}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={155–175} }
 @inbook{swarts_2020, title={Writing about structure in DITA}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85088625088&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Teaching Content Management in Technical and Professional Communication}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2020}, pages={155–175} }
 @misc{geisler_swarts_2019, title={Coding Streams of Language: Techniques for the Systematic Coding of Text, Talk, and Other Verbal Data}, ISBN={9781642150230}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/pra-b.2019.0230}, DOI={10.37514/pra-b.2019.0230}, publisher={The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado}, author={Geisler, Cheryl and Swarts, Jason}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{ranade_swarts_2019, title={Humanistic communication in information centric workplaces}, volume={7}, ISSN={2166-1642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3363790.3363792}, DOI={10.1145/3363790.3363792}, abstractNote={Professional writers adapt their skills to suit expanded professional roles that involve production and management of information, but preparation through mere skill-based training is problematic because that communication work is messy in ways that are not addressable through simple skills training. We must understand how skills "influence and shape the discursive activities surrounding their use" (Selber, 1994). This paper reports the results of a study of people trained in humanities disciplines like communication, English, writing studies, technical communication, etc., on how they have found means to employ their training in their workplace and keep what is humanistic about writing and communicating at the foreground of their interactions with information technologies. Instead of focusing on technology alone, this research encourages a unified approach to preparing students for the workplace.}, number={4}, journal={Communication Design Quarterly}, publisher={Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, author={Ranade, Nupoor and Swarts, Jason}, year={2019}, pages={17–31} }
 @article{swarts_2019, title={Open-Source Software in the Sciences: The Challenge of User Support}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1552-4574"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048131385&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1050651918780202}, abstractNote={ This study examines user support issues concerning open-source software in computational sciences. The literature suggests that there are three main problem areas: transparency, learnability, and usability. Looking at questions asked in user communities for chemistry software projects, the author found that for software supported by feature-based documentation, problems of transparency and learnability are prominent, leading users to have difficulty reconciling disciplinary practices and values with software operations. For software supported by task-based documentation, usability problems were more prominent. The author considers the implications of this study for user support and the role that technical communication could play in developing and supporting open-source projects. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={60–90} }
 @article{swarts_2018, title={Locating and Describing the Work of Technical Communication in an Online User Network}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1558-1500"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85055031846&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/TPC.2018.2870631}, abstractNote={Background: Online user networks are important points of contact for users who seek help from their peers rather than documentation. Literature review: The appeal of online user networks coincides with and seems connected to growing user interest in topicalized and tailored content, the production of which is inconsistent with the “craftsman” model of technical communication. Studies of online user networks indicate that community members may be practicing a different kind of technical communication. Research questions: This study examines an online user network for an open-source software product and asks how we can study online user networks, with the aim of identifying important people, practices, and relationships associated with the kind of technical communication practiced in those settings. Research methodology: Social network analysis is used to visualize the structural properties of an online user network, in order to identify central figures and their relationships to others. Verbal data-analysis techniques are used to find themes in their contributions.  Results/discussion: People who are central to the structure of online interaction are important figures in the distribution of the technical communication effort. They engage users in reciprocal exchanges of information and they influence user practices. They are also important as brokers who link users and developers. Broadly, their conversational exchanges are a kind of distributed technical communication. Implications for practice: We learn what the practice of technical communication looks like in an online user network. By observing the work of participants, technical communicators can understand what it means to do technical communication and make user networks a more integral part of a broader documentation strategy. We see promising ways in which technical experts (e.g., software developers) can engage with users as well.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={356–371} }
 @book{swarts_2018, title={Wicked, Incomplete, and Uncertain}, DOI={10.7330/9781607327622}, publisher={Utah State University Press}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @book{swarts_2017, title={TOGETHER WITH TECHNOLOGY: Writing Review, Enculturation, and Technological Mediation}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85088624177&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4324/9781315223452}, journal={Together with Technology: Writing Review, Enculturation, and Technological Mediation}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2017}, pages={1–179} }
 @article{swarts_2016, title={Composing Networks: Writing Practices on Mobile Devices}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1552-8472"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84990946196&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0741088316666807}, abstractNote={ This article is an investigation of composing practices through which people create networks with mobile phones. By looking through the lens of actor-network theory, the author portrays the networking activity of mobile phone users as translation, what Latour describes as an infralanguage to which different disciplinary perspectives can be appended. Given how much mobile phone use is information-based, the author describes how five people composed on mobile phones to create coordinated networks of professional and domestic activity. To arrive at this discussion, the author first considers the objectives of mobile networking, which include creating a sense of place and coordination within that space. The author then describes the findings of a case study of mobile phone users who build translational networks. The discussion focuses on the participants’ composing practices. }, number={4}, journal={WRITTEN COMMUNICATION}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={385–417} }
 @inbook{swarts_2015, title={Context}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84952025057&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Keywords in Writing Studies}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2015}, pages={42–46} }
 @article{swarts_2015, title={Help is in the Helping: An Evaluation of Help Documentation in a Networked Age}, volume={24}, ISSN={1057-2252 1542-7625}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2015.1001298}, DOI={10.1080/10572252.2015.1001298}, abstractNote={People use software in service of complex tasks that are distributed over sprawling and idiosyncratically constructed technological and social networks. The aims and means of carrying out those tasks are not only complex but uncertain, which creates problems for providing help if the tasks, starting points, and endpoints cannot be assumed. Uncertain problems are characteristic of networks, and software forums stand out as effective public spaces in which help can be pursued in a network fashion that differs from traditional help documentation. This article describes the results of a quantitative descriptive study of such practices in four software forums.}, number={2}, journal={Technical Communication Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={164–187} }
 @inbook{swarts_2015, title={Network}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951967824&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Keywords in Writing Studies}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2015}, pages={120–124} }
 @article{read_swarts_2015, title={Visualizing and Tracing: Research Methodologies for the Study of Networked, Sociotechnical Activity, Otherwise Known as Knowledge Work}, volume={24}, ISSN={1057-2252 1542-7625}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2015.975961}, DOI={10.1080/10572252.2015.975961}, abstractNote={This article demonstrates, by example, 2 approaches to the analysis of knowledge work. Both methods draw on network as a framework: a Latourian actor–network theory analysis and a network analysis. The shared object of analysis is a digital humanities and digital media research lab that is the outcome of the collective and coordinated efforts of researchers and other stakeholders at North Carolina State University. The authors show how the two methods are drawn to different objects of study, different data sources, and different assumptions about how data can be reduced and made understandable. The authors conclude by arguing that although these methods yield different outlooks on the same object, their findings are mutually informing.}, number={1}, journal={Technical Communication Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Read, Sarah and Swarts, Jason}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={14–44} }
 @article{swarts_2015, title={What user forums teach us about documentation and the value added by technical communicators}, volume={62}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84930732773&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Technical Communication}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2015}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{swarts_2014, title={The trouble with networks: Implications for the practice of help documentation}, volume={44}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907146758&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2190/TW.44.3.c}, abstractNote={ This article considers why users of popular software packages choose to find answers to their task problems on user forums rather than in official documentation. The author concludes that traditional documentation is developed around an antiquated notion of “task,” which leads to restrictive ways of thinking about problems that users encounter and the solutions that might be appropriate. The author argues, instead, that tasks and problems arise from networked rhetorical situations and networked contexts for rhetorical action. The influence of networks requires a redefinition of rhetorical situation and context, from which we derive a networked picture of tasks and problems as emergent and uncertain phenomenon, best addressed in the uncertain and sometimes-chaotic setting of user forums. Forum threads are studied using discourse analytic techniques to determine what they can reveal about qualities making tasks and problems uncertain. }, number={3}, journal={Journal of Technical Writing and Communication}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2014}, pages={253–275} }
 @article{swarts_2013, title={Being Somewhere: The Meaning(s) of Location in Mobile Rhetorical Action}, volume={15}, url={https://www.enculturation.net/being-somewhere}, journal={Enculturation}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2013}, month={Mar} }
 @inbook{swarts_2013, place={Chicago, IL}, title={How do work tools shape and organize the work of technical communication?}, booktitle={Solving Problems in Technical Communication}, publisher={University of Chicago}, author={Swarts, J.}, editor={Johnson-Eilola, Johndan and Selber, StuartEditors}, year={2013}, pages={146–164} }
 @article{swarts_2012, title={Communication design}, volume={1}, ISSN={2166-1642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2448917.2448920}, DOI={10.1145/2448917.2448920}, abstractNote={What is communication design? The term may represent, along with technical communication, information design, and content development, the latest permutation of how the work once known as technical writing has been re-named and re-professionalized. This is a reductive answer, of course, since the terms emphasize different qualities of that work and all are pinchy and baggy as generic descriptors. A different answer is that the term communication design captures an awareness that our field lacks a center. It has its genres and its processes, but as Johnson-Eilola and Selber (in press) argue, it is the focus on defining and solving problems in novel ways and in response to the exigencies of highly varied situations that underscores the importance of what we do. I prefer to see communication design as an embrace of that role, a recognition that the scope of our concern is broad: it is communication. It is also constructive work, aimed at producing concrete effects in the world. It is not just writing; it is design.}, number={1}, journal={Communication Design Quarterly}, publisher={Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={12–15} }
 @article{swarts_2012, title={New modes of help: Best practices for instructional video}, volume={59}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867553682&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Technical Communication}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2012}, pages={195–206} }
 @article{morain_swarts_2012, title={YouTutorial: A Framework for Assessing Instructional Online Video}, volume={21}, ISSN={1057-2252 1542-7625}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2012.626690}, DOI={10.1080/10572252.2012.626690}, abstractNote={User-generated tutorial videos are quickly emerging as a new form of technical communication, one that relies on text, images, video, and sound alike to convey a message. In this article, we present an approach—a rubric—for assessing the instructional content of tutorial videos that considers the specific roles of modal and multimodal content in effective delivery. The rubric is based on descriptive data derived from a constant comparative study of user-rated YouTube videos.}, number={1}, journal={Technical Communication Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Morain, Matt and Swarts, Jason}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={6–24} }
 @article{swarts_2011, title={Technological Literacy as Network Building}, volume={20}, ISSN={1057-2252 1542-7625}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2011.578239}, DOI={10.1080/10572252.2011.578239}, abstractNote={Following recent work to advocate a strongly social understanding of technological literacy, this article considers how networking technologies are reshaping our understanding of the social. In this context, technological literacy can be understood as a process of constructing the networks in which literate action is defined. I explore the role of technological literacy as a force of network building accomplished through a mechanism of translation. From the comments of experienced technical communicators, I make observations about how technical communicators are taught to be technologically literate.}, number={3}, journal={Technical Communication Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={274–302} }
 @article{swarts_2010, title={Recycled Writing: Assembling Actor Networks From Reusable Content}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1552-4574"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77951616764&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1050651909353307}, abstractNote={Drawing on a study of writers reusing content from one document to another, this study examines the rhetorical purpose of reuse. Writing reuse is predominantly studied through the literature on single sourcing and enacted via technologies built on single-sourcing models. Such theoretical models and derivative technologies cast reusable content as context-less and rhetorically neutral, a perspective that overlooks the underlying rhetorical strategies of reuse. The author argues for a new understanding of reuse as a rhetorical act of creating hybrid utterances that gather their rhetorical strength by assembling ever larger and denser actor networks.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={127–163} }
 @article{swarts_kim_2009, title={Guest Editors' Introduction: New Technological Spaces}, volume={18}, ISSN={1057-2252 1542-7625}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572250902941986}, DOI={10.1080/10572250902941986}, number={3}, journal={Technical Communication Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Swarts, Jason and Kim, Loel}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={211–223} }
 @inproceedings{swarts_2009, title={The collaborative construction of 'fact' on wikipedia}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70450198653&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1145/1621995.1622051}, abstractNote={For years Wikipedia has come to symbolize the potential of Web 2.0 for harnessing the power of mass collaboration and collective intelligence. As wikis continue to develop and move into streams of cultural, social, academic, and enterprise work activity, it is appropriate to consider how collective intelligence emerges from mass collaboration. Collective intelligence can take many forms - this paper examines one, the emergence of stable facts on Wikipedia. More specifically, this paper examines ways of participating that lead to the creation of facts. This research will show how we can be more effective consumers, producers, and managers of wiki information by understanding how collaboration shapes facts.}, booktitle={SIGDOC'09 - Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2009}, pages={281–288} }
 @inbook{swarts_slattery_2009, place={Cresskill, NJ}, title={Usability testing in the writing classroom: Testing across a continuum of instrumentality}, booktitle={Rhetorically Rethinking Usability}, publisher={Hampton}, author={Swarts, J. and Slattery, S.}, editor={Miller-Cochran, Susan and Rodrigo, ShelleyEditors}, year={2009}, pages={191–212} }
 @article{swarts_vannorman_2008, title={Effective information design for PDAs in veterinary medical education}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44149089356&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.35.1.118}, abstractNote={ Until recently, personal digital assistants (PDAs) have been ignominiously characterized as a solution without a problem. To many, they were glorified versions of calendars, address books, notepads, and calculators that appeared only minimally more useful than their paper predecessors. Today's PDAs cater to a wider range of mobile computing needs, especially in the veterinary field, where they support mobile, information-centric work. Despite the PDA's resurgent popularity, hardware constraints limit its wide-scale integration. Most notably, small screen sizes limit the PDA designers who compose texts, videos, and images for PDA delivery. This article addresses the problem of designing for small screens by re-characterizing the issue as an information design problem rather than a hardware problem. By analyzing how fourth-year students in a veterinary medicine program use their PDAs in their clinical education, we offer suggestions for designing information to meet their needs. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Swarts, Jason and VanNorman, Maggie}, year={2008}, pages={118–128} }
 @article{swarts_2008, title={Information technologies as discursive agents: Methodological implications for the empirical study of knowledge work}, volume={38}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-68149180950&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2190/tw.38.4.b}, abstractNote={ Work activities that are mediated by information rely on the production of discourse-based objects of work. Designs, evaluations, and conditions are all objects that originate and materialize in discourse. They are created and maintained through the coordinated efforts of human and non-human agents. Genres help foster such coordination from the top down, by providing guidance to create and recreate discourse objects of recurring social value. From where, however, does coordination emerge in more ad hoc discursive activities, where the work objects are novel, unknown, or unstable? In these situations, coordination emerges from simple discursive operations, reliably mediated by information and communication technologies (ICTs) that appear to act as discursive agents. This article theorizes the discursive agency of ICTs, explores the discursive operations they mediate, and the coordination that emerges. The article also offers and models a study methodology for the empirical observation of such interactions. }, number={4}, journal={Journal of Technical Writing and Communication}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2008}, pages={301–329} }
 @book{swarts_2008, title={Together with technology: Writing review, enculturation, and technological mediation}, ISBN={0895033623}, DOI={10.2190/twt}, publisher={Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2008} }
 @article{swarts_2007, title={Mobility and Composition: The Architecture of Coherence in Non-places}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1542-7625"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349369563&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10572250701291020}, abstractNote={This paper considers how veterinary students compose narratives of patient care. The author discusses the labor required to uncover narrative agents and actions, arrange them in time, posit causal connections, and assemble the elements into a coherent narrative. Students quickly learn how much of this effort can be effectively offloaded to a dedicated infrastructure of cognitive resources and how much must be offloaded to less suitable resources, the latter of which incurs important cognitive costs.}, number={3}, journal={TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2007}, pages={279–309} }
 @inbook{swarts_2007, place={Minneapolis, MN}, title={Walking with texts: Using PDAs to manage textual information}, booktitle={Digital Tools in Cultural Contexts: Implications of New Media}, publisher={University of Minnesota}, author={Swarts, J.}, editor={Hawk, Byron and Rieder, David and Oviedo, OllieEditors}, year={2007}, pages={101–103} }
 @article{swarts_2006, title={Coherent fragments - The problem of mobility and genred information}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1552-8472"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644984902&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0741088306286393}, abstractNote={Genres embody typified discursive activity that is situated in an ecology of texts, people, and tools. Within these settings, genres help writers compose recognizable information artifacts. Increasingly, however, many professions are becoming mobile, and mobile technologies (e.g., personal digital assistants [PDAs]) are creating problems of translation as writers attempt to make genres work across contexts. Mobile devices uproot genres from their native contexts, undercutting their ability to mediate discursive activity. The semantically reduced design of PDA-accessible information magnifies these problems by obscuring, but not erasing, genre characteristics that tie information to its native context. Readers must assume the burden of composing meaningful information artifacts, work otherwise offloaded to genres. The author explores the nature of this composition burden in a case study of veterinary students. He finds that context and the degree of mobility both influence student perception of this composition burden.}, number={2}, journal={WRITTEN COMMUNICATION}, author={Swarts, J}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={173–201} }
 @inbook{swarts_2005, place={Cresskill, NJ}, title={Deprivatization at Work: Mediating Technologies of Writing Review}, booktitle={Toward Deprivatized Pedagogy}, publisher={Hampton}, author={Swarts, J.}, editor={Nugent, Margaret and Bell, DianaEditors}, year={2005}, pages={181–195} }
 @article{swarts_2005, title={PDAs in medical settings: The importance of organization in PDA text design}, volume={48}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-21044438033&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/tpc.2005.849648}, abstractNote={This article reports on the utility of personal digital assistants (PDAs) for processing information needed in coordinated, team-based medical work. The author first presents results from a survey of medical professionals, which reveal that medical professionals read PDA-based texts nonlinearly, in short bursts, and without need of a narrative-based organization. The respondents also reported using PDAs to support a range of team-based activities. The author then presents results of a case study of veterinary students using PDAs on clinical rotations. He discusses how the PDA affords uses of text-based information that are suited to medical work that is carried out with the cooperative assistance of people and technologies. After discussing how veterinary students used PDAs to organize information into ad hoc texts, he concludes with challenges and information design guidelines for professional writers in the medical field.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2005}, pages={161–176} }
 @misc{swarts_2004, title={Cooperative writing}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1026533.1026555}, DOI={10.1145/1026533.1026555}, abstractNote={Cooperative writing requires a coordinated, engineered process. Groups must achieve coordination at three levels: a shared contextual motivation that translates into group actions, which operationalize as drafting activities. The arrangement of material resources in face-to-face settings supports those communication events. When efforts at coordination are moved online, however, the material and temporal means of support change. Coordination efforts become distributed over time and media, affecting the quality of coordination achieved.
 This paper explores the ways that a group of writers built coordination through while drafting a survey research instrument. Based on this case study, I recommend ways to consider technology purchases to support cooperation.}, journal={Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Design of communication: The engineering of quality documentation}, publisher={ACM}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2004}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{swarts_2004, title={Cooperative writing: Achieving coordination together and apart}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13344269615&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Design of Communication - The Engineering of Quality Documentation}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2004}, pages={83–89} }
 @article{swarts_2004, title={Technological mediation of document review - The use of textual replay in two organizations}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1552-4574"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042594290&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1050651904264037}, abstractNote={This article reports findings from a study of writers and reviewers in two complex organizations. The author analyzes the differences between the content, conduct, and resolution of document reviews mediated by hard-copy text and those mediated by textual replay (a series of screen-captured images of the writer’s on-screen writing activity) plus hard-copytext. The results show that reviews mediated by textual replay directed greater attention to issues concerning writing and revision processes. The reviewers offered more tentative revision suggestions and more often enlisted the writers’ participation in articulating, proposing, and implementing the revisions. The article concludes by considering ways that textual replay could be further designed to support the range of joint activities that document review comprises.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION}, author={Swarts, J}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={328–360} }
 @article{swarts_2004, title={Textual grounding: How people turn texts into tools}, volume={34}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4344617666&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2190/eg0c-quey-f9fk-2v0d}, abstractNote={ The author argues that users see texts as tools when they recognize the texts' specific value and function within highly localized use settings. The author argues that users “ground” their texts to local use settings by altering the ways in which the texts structure and represent information (e.g., underlining, annotation, and sketching). The author discusses three practices by which texts are grounded as tools in document reviews: mode shifting, layering, and marking. These practices reflect different ways by which users add, subtract, and restructure information in a text so that it is usable under very specific conditions. This article explores document review as a practice in which grounding is the object of discussion (how others use the reviewed documents) and a practice by which review is facilitated. These observations will be important for exploration of technology to support “grounding” practices. }, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Technical Writing and Communication}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2004}, pages={67–89} }
 @inproceedings{swarts_2003, title={Writer training: Complementary models of document review in the classroom and at work}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038602708&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Proceedings/STC, Society for Technical Communication Annual Conference}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2003}, pages={214–219} }
 @inproceedings{swarts_odell_2001, title={Rethinking the evaluation of writing in engineering courses}, volume={1}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035201832&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Proceedings - Frontiers in Education Conference}, author={Swarts, J. and Odell, L.}, year={2001} }
 @article{swarts_2001, title={Speaking in Tongues: Coordinating Multiliterate Work of Tutors and Students Across Disciplines}, volume={5}, ISSN={1091-7098}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/lld-j.2001.5.2.03}, DOI={10.37514/lld-j.2001.5.2.03}, number={2}, journal={Language and Learning Across the Disciplines}, publisher={The WAC Clearinghouse}, author={Swarts, Jason}, year={2001}, pages={1–20} }
 @inproceedings{swarts_2000, title={Document collaboration and tacit knowledge}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84960480108&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/IPCC.2000.887298}, abstractNote={Discusses how process documents, i.e. video recordings of a person's writing, mediate the way people collaborate with one another to construct texts. First, I talk about tacit knowledge and how it is inarticulate without a medium that supports articulation. I then talk about cognitive tools that support collaboration and how video recording, as such a tool, can support multiple ways of "seeing" a text, enabling coordination between the various ways people understand how a text works. Finally, I report preliminary findings of a study that suggests specific ways in which process documents facilitate greater collaboration and coordination between the different perspectives of the collaborators.}, booktitle={IPCC/SIGDOC 2000: Technology and Teamwork - Proceedings, IEEE Professional Communication Society International Professional Communication Conference and ACM Special Interest Group on Documentation Conference}, author={Swarts, J.}, year={2000}, pages={407–418} }
 @inproceedings{geisler_rogers_swarts_1999, place={Denmark}, title={The virtue of virtual objects}, booktitle={Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work}, publisher={Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Geisler, C. and Rogers, E.H. and Swarts, J.}, year={1999} }
 @article{hatmaker_herstad_nugent_prothers_strickland_swarts_1997, title={Postmodern pedagogies and the death of civic humanism}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85011249042&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/02691729708578852}, abstractNote={(1997). Postmodern pedagogies and the death of civic humanism. Social Epistemology: Vol. 11, The Future of Civic Humanist Pedagogy, pp. 339-348.}, number={3-4}, journal={Social Epistemology}, author={Hatmaker, E. and Herstad, S. and Nugent, M.R. and Prothers, L. and Strickland, R. and Swarts, J.}, year={1997}, pages={339–348} }