@article{goulter_frye_kerr_richard_johnston_jaykus_2023, title={Evaluation of a novel chlorine dioxide-based packaging technology to reduce human enteric virus contamination on refrigerated tomatoes and blueberries}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2571-581X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fsufs.2023.1216273}, abstractNote={Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a promising antimicrobial with various food applications, one of those being inclusion in packaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel ClO2-based antimicrobial packaging system (InvisiShield™) for its efficacy against human norovirus (hNoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in refrigerated fresh produce.Grape tomatoes or blueberries were placed in polypropylene trays and selectively inoculated with 6.0 log10 hNoV Genome Equivalent Copies (GEC; 20% stool suspension) or 6.2 log10 HAV GEC (cell culture lysate). Trays were heat sealed with a three-phase polymer film consisting of a base, channeling agent, and the ClO2 active (treatment); or control (no active) film and stored at 7°C for 24, 48 h, and 7 days. At each timepoint, the product was collected and processed for virus concentration using the sequential steps of elution and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Viruses in extracts were quantified using RNase-RT-qPCR.Log10 reductions (LR) in hNoV GEC for tomatoes were 2.2 ± 1.3, 2.9 ± 0.7, and 3.6 ± 0.3, after 24, 48 h and 7 days, respectively. For blueberries, hNoV LR were 1.4 ± 0.7, 1.7 ± 0.5, and 2.7 ± 0.2 GEC, respectively. Hepatitis A virus GEC LR were 0.4 ± 0.2, 1.0 ± 0.1, and 2.1 ± 0.7 for tomatoes, and 0.1 ± 0.2, 1.2 ± 0.4, and 3.2 ± 0.2 for blueberries, after 24, 48 h and 7 days, respectively. Position of the fruit in the tray did not affect inactivation (p > 0.05). Sensory analysis on the treated tomato products revealed no statistically significant difference in appearance, flavor and texture attributes compared to the control. This novel ClO2-based antimicrobial packaging system effectively reduced concentrations of hNoV and HAV, as evaluated using reduction in GEC as proxy for infectivity, on grape tomatoes and blueberries after one day, with efficacy improving over 7 days of refrigerated storage. This technology shows promise as an antiviral treatment as applied to refrigerated fresh produce items.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS}, author={Goulter, Rebecca M. and Frye, Jason W. and Kerr, William L. and Richard, Angela and Johnston, Michael and Jaykus, Lee-Ann}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{koenning_frye_butler_creswell_2007, title={First report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in North Carolina and increased incidence of soybean rust on soybean in 2006.}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0637A}, abstractNote={Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow, was first detected in the continental United States in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Louisiana on 6 November 2004 (3) and in kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in Florida during February 2005 (1). Soybean rust was first confirmed in North Carolina in commercial soybean fields in Brunswick, Columbus, and Robeson counties on 25 October 2005 (2). Subsequently, the disease was detected in soybean in 18 counties, but not in kudzu, even when it was growing adjacent to infected soybean. During 2006, soybean rust was first detected in North Carolina in soybean on 14 September 2006 from a sample from Columbus County that was submitted to the North Carolina State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCSU-PDIC). Thus, the first detection of soybean rust in North Carolina occurred almost 6 weeks earlier in 2006 than in 2005. Subsequently, in 2006, soybean rust was found in soybean in 42 counties in North Carolina through survey, sentinel plot monitoring, and samples submitted to the NCSU-PDIC. In addition, what appeared to be soybean rust was observed in two samples of kudzu collected on 3 and 6 November 2006 from Moore (35.28313°N, 79.38020°W) and Johnston (35.42742°N, 78.18154°W) counties of North Carolina. The diagnosis of P. pachyrhizi in kudzu was confirmed visually and by ELISA protocol supplied with the EnviroLogix QualiPlate kit (Portland, ME). ELISA tests for each kudzu sample were run in triplicate. PCR was also conducted on infected kudzu samples with a protocol previously reported (1). The PCR master mix that was used came from a dilution scheme based on previous PCR work completed by G. Z. Abad. A total of 24 reactions were run, including four 1-kb molecular markers, four positive controls, four negative controls, and four infected kudzu leaf tissue samples. The results of all diagnostic techniques confirmed the presence of P. pachyrhizi in diseased kudzu. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi in kudzu in North Carolina. References: (1) P. F. Harmon et al. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-0613-01-RS. Plant Health Progress, 2005. (2) S. R. Koenning et al. Plant Dis. 90:973, 2006. (3) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005.}, number={5}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Koenning, S. R. and Frye, J. W. and Butler, S. C. and Creswell, T. C.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={637–637} }
 @article{koenning_frye_pataky_gibbs_cotton_2007, title={First report of Phoma terrestris causing red root rot on sweet corn (Zea mays) in North Carolina.}, volume={91}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-91-8-1054C}, abstractNote={Red root rot, caused by Phoma terrestris E. M. Hansen, caused premature senescence and yield reductions to fresh-market sweet corn in Hyde County, North Carolina in July 2006. Foliar symptoms developed over a period of 5 to 8 days approximately 1 to 2 weeks after anthesis and included desiccation of leaves and poor development of ears. By 3 weeks after pollination, when the sweet corn was harvested, crowns and the first aboveground internode of affected plants were rotted and reddish colored, but roots appeared normal. The root mass of affected plants tended to be greater than that of unaffected plants. Incidence of symptomatic plants was greater than 30% in some fields and was lower on crops planted and harvested early. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were adjacent in affected fields. Diseased plants were more common in fields of sweet corn that followed soybean (Glycine max) or a double-crop of onions (Allium cepa) than in fields that followed corn. Incidence of symptomatic plants also differed among adjacent plantings of different sweet corn hybrids. Hybrids '173A', '182A', '378a', and 'XTH1178' had a high incidence of symptomatic plants and '372A', '278A', '8101', and '8102' were less affected. Samples of symptomatic plants of the hybrid '182A' were examined at the North Carolina Plant Disease and Insect Clinic during August. Olivaceous black pycnidia with long setae around the ostioles were imbedded in the stalk near the first node aboveground. Numerous conidia (1.8 to 2.3 × 4.5 to 5.5 μm) were released in cirri from pycnidia. When cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), the fungus produced a red pigment and intercalary and terminal chlamydospores. Pathogenicity was demonstrated in the greenhouse by transplanting corn seedlings or direct-seeding corn into pots of soil infested with plates of PDA containing chlamydospores and hyphae. A suspension of chlamydospores and hyphae also was injected into the stems of plants 28 days after transplanting. Five replicates of the pathogenicity experiments were repeated twice with noninoculated controls. After 8 weeks, P. terrestris was recovered from the roots of all inoculated plants. Soil inoculation resulted in necrotic root tissue in approximately 25% of inoculated plants. Approximately 90% of inoculated plants had discolored crowns that resembled symptoms from field infected plants. Stem inoculations resulted in necrosis extending 2 to 5 cm from the point of injection and resulted in shoot death of 40% of inoculated plants that resulted in the development of an adventitious shoot. Red root rot was prevalent on field corn in the Delmarva Peninsula throughout the late 1980s and 1990s (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this disease causing damage to sweet corn in North Carolina. Foliar symptoms and discoloration of crowns of diseased sweet corn plants were similar to previously described symptoms of red root rot on field corn (2), however, roots of affected sweet corn plants were not substantially rotted and did not have a symptomatic reddish pink or dark carmine color, presumably because sweet corn is harvested prior to the development of root symptoms. References: (1) K. W. Campbell et al. Plant Dis. 75:1186, 1991. (2) D. G. White, ed. Compendium of Corn Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1999.}, number={8}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Koenning, S. R. and Frye, J. W. and Pataky, J. K. and Gibbs, M. and Cotton, D.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={1054–1054} }