@article{jang_kim_duarte_kim_2024, title={Effects of β-mannanase supplementation on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae052}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae052}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Two experiments were conducted using 120 pigs to test the hypothesis that supplementation of β-mannanase could reduce digesta viscosity, enhance nutrient digestion, and improve intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. In experiment 1, 48 crossbred barrows were randomly allotted to four treatments with increasing levels of β-mannanase at 0, 200, 400, and 600 U/kg in feeds. All pigs were euthanized on day 12 to collect jejunal digesta to measure digesta viscosity and ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In experiment 2, 72 nursery pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments with increasing levels of β-mannanase at 0, 400, and 600 U/kg in feeds. Plasma collected on day 9 was used to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), immunoglobulin G (IgG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC). All pigs were euthanized on day 10 to collect duodenal and jejunal tissues to evaluate the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA, morphology, crypt cell proliferation, and expression of tight junction proteins in the jejunum. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure for polynomial contrasts and the NLMIXED procedure for broken-line analysis of SAS. In experiment 1, β-mannanase supplementation tended to have quadratic effects on digesta viscosity (P = 0.085) and AID of GE (P = 0.093) in the pigs. In experiment 2, jejunal digesta viscosity of the pigs was reduced (P < 0.05) when β-mannanase was supplemented at 360 U/kg of feed. β-Mannanase supplementation linearly reduced (P < 0.05) TNF-α, IgG, MDA, and PC in the duodenum, and TNF-α, IgG, and MDA in the jejunum of the pigs. β-Mannanase supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio and crypt cell proliferation in the jejunum. β-Mannanase supplementation tended to linearly improve (P = 0.083) expression of zonula occludens-1 in the jejunum. In conclusion, supplementation of β-mannanase at 360 U/kg reduced the digesta viscosity and up to 600 U/kg positively affected intestinal health and growth of pigs by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress whilst enhancing structure and barrier function in the jejunum.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Young Ihn and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{gormley_jang_garavito-duarte_deng_kim_2024, title={Impacts of Maternal Nutrition on Sow Performance and Potential Positive Effects on Piglet Performance}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131858}, DOI={10.3390/ani14131858}, abstractNote={The objectives of this review are to identify the nutritional challenges faced by modern sows and present potential solutions to mitigate excessive maternal tissue loss and reproductive failure as it relates to recent genetic improvements. Current feeding programs have limitations to support the rapid genetic improvements in reproductive performance for modern sows. Since 2012, both litter size at birth and fetal weight have increased by 2.26 pigs per litter and 0.22 kg per piglet, respectively, thereby increasing the nutrient needs for sows during gestation and lactation. Prediction models generated in this review predict that modern sows would need 31% more lysine during gestation when compared with current feeding programs. Physiological challenges facing modern sows are also addressed in this review. High oxidative stress, pelvic organ prolapse, and lameness can directly affect the sow, whereas these physiological challenges can have negative impacts on colostrum and milk quality. In response, there is growing interest in investigating the functional roles of select bioactive compounds as feed additives to mitigate the severity of these challenges. Selenium sources, catechins, and select plant extracts have been utilized to reduce oxidative stress, calcium chloride and phytase have been used to mitigate pelvic organ prolapse and lameness, algae and yeast derivatives have been used to improve colostrum and milk quality, and fiber sources and probiotics have been commonly utilized to improve sow intestinal health. Collectively, this review demonstrates the unique challenges associated with managing the feeding programs for modern sows and the opportunities for revision of the amino acid requirements as well as the use of select bioactive compounds to improve reproductive performance.}, number={13}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Gormley, Alexa and Jang, Ki Beom and Garavito-Duarte, Yesid and Deng, Zixiao and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{kim_gormley_jang_duarte_2024, title={Current status of global pig production: an overview and research trends}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2765-0235"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0367}, DOI={10.5713/ab.23.0367}, abstractNote={Global pig production has increased by 140% since the 1960s. The increase in global population, coupled with improving socioeconomic conditions of many countries has led to an increased consumption of meat globally, including pork. To keep up with demand and capitalize on economic opportunities, the countries of China, the United States (US), and the European Union (EU) have become the top 3 pork producers globally. China is of particular interest, as it is the both the largest country in pork production and pig numbers, as well as being the largest importer of pork from other countries. Globally, the efficiency of pork production has improved, in relation to the integration of pig production and the dramatic increase in research efforts in pig nutrition and production. Through integration, large producers can consolidate resources and maximize profits and efficiency. The increased research interest and efforts in pig production have given scientists and producers the opportunity to collaborate to adapt to challenges and identify possible solutions to issues brought on by a volatile global market. Intestinal health (23%), general nutrition and growth (23%), and amino acid nutrition (15%) were the top 3 areas (61%) leading research trends in pig nutrition and production. Major dietary interventions with feed additives evaluated include functional amino acids, feed enzymes, pre-/pro-/post-biotics, and phytobiotics with a common goal to improve the growth efficiency by enhancing nutrient utilization and intestinal health. With increasing global issues with environment, pig producers and the supporting scientists should continue their efforts to improve the production efficiency and to reduce the environmental footprint from pig production.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMAL BIOSCIENCE}, author={Kim, Sung Woo and Gormley, Alexa and Jang, Ki Beom and Duarte, Marcos Elias}, year={2024}, month={Apr}, pages={719–729} }
 @article{park_choe_cho_jang_kyoung_il park_kim_ahn_kim_song_2024, title={Determination of optimal energy system and level for growing pigs}, volume={66}, ISSN={["2055-0391"]}, DOI={10.5187/jast.2023.e63}, abstractNote={This study mainly evaluated the responses in growth performance of growing pigs to different energy systems and energy levels in diets. Subsequently, we compared the nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient concentrations of each energy level diet. In experiment 1, a total of 144 growing pigs with an average initial body weight of 26.69 ± 7.39 kg were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (four pigs/pen; six replicates/treatment) according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement resulting from two energy systems (metabolizable energy [ME] and net energy [NE]) and three energy levels (low [LE], recommended [C], and high energy [HE]). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks and were allowed free access to feed and water during the experimental period. In experiment 2, 12 growing pigs with an average initial body weight of 27.0 ± 1.8 kg were randomly allotted to individual metabolism crates and fed the six diets in a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design. The six dietary treatments were identical to those used in the growth trial. Pigs were fed their respective diets at 2.5 times the estimated energy requirement for maintenance per day, and this was divided into two equal meals provided twice per day during the experimental period. Differences in energy systems and energy levels had no significant effect on the growth performance or nutrient digestibility (except AEE) of growing pigs in the current study. However, the digestible concentrations of ether extract, acid-hydrolyzed ether extract, and acid detergent fiber (g/kg dry matter [DM]) in diets significantly increased (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) with increasing energy levels. Additionally, there was a tendency (<italic>p</italic> = 0.09) for an increase in the digestible crude protein content (g/kg DM) as the energy content of the diet increased. Consequently, differences in energy systems and levels did not affect the body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake of growing pigs. This implies that a higher variation in dietary energy levels may be required to significantly affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility when considering digestible nutrient concentrations.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Park, Sangwoo and Choe, Jeehwan and Cho, Jin Ho and Jang, Ki Beom and Kyoung, Hyunjin and Il Park, Kyeong and Kim, Yonghee and Ahn, Jinmu and Kim, Hyeun Bum and Song, Minho}, year={2024}, pages={514–522} }
 @article{jang_moita_martinez_sokale_kim_2023, title={Dose-Response and Functional Roles of Zinc Glycinate on Growth and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs Challenged with F18<SUP>+</SUP>Escherichia Coli}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.104}, abstractNote={Abstract
               This study was to evaluate dose-response and supplemental effects of zinc glycinate (ZnGly) on growth and intestinal health of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli. Nursery pigs (n = 40; BW = 6.5 ± 0.5 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW and sex as blocks: 1) NC: no-challenge/no-supplement; (2) PC: F18+E. coli challenge/no-supplement; (3 to 5) F18+E. coli challenge/supplementations of ZnGly at 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg. On d 7, challenged groups were orally inoculated with F18+E. coli at 6 × 109 CFU/mL, whereas NC received saline solution. Pigs were fed for 28 d based on 2 phases (Phase 1: 14 d and phase 2: 14 d), and experimental diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). Pigs were euthanized on d 28 to collect tissues to evaluate TNF-α, IL-8, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, gene expression of Zn transporters, and mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. The E. coli challenge tended to reduce (P = 0.065) ADG (308 to 244 g/d) and increase (P < 0.05) fecal score (3.2 to 4.1) of the pigs during the first week of post-challenge. Supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg linearly (P = 0.092) increased G:F (0.69 to 0.81) during phase 1 and decreased (P <0.05) fecal score (4.1 to 3.5) of the pigs during the first week of post-challenge. Supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg had quadratic effects on TNF-α (P = 0.065; minimum 1.51 pg/mg at 405 mg/kg of ZnGly), IL-8 (P = 0.093; minimum 0.53 ng/mg at 494 mg/kg), and protein carbonyl (P = 0.054; minimum 2.30 pg/mg at 675 mg/kg) and linearly increased mRNA expressions of (P = 0.057) ZIP4 (0.69 to 1.03) and (P = 0.075) ZnT5 (0.92 to 1.22) in the jejunum of the pigs. Supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.065) Chao1 index (150.6 to 144.6) and linearly increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Actinobacteria (13.10 to 16.26%) and had quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria (minimum 0.67 % at 625 mg/kg) and Proteobacteria (minimum 45.6% at 735 mg/kg) at the phylum level with Enterobacteriaceae (minimum 4.79% at 660 mg/kg) at family level in jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota of the pigs. In conclusion, supplementation of ZnGly at a range of 400 to 675 mg/kg could reduce the negative impacts of F18+E. coli on growth performance and diarrhea of nursery pigs. These positive changes are related to reducing jejunal inflammation and oxidative stress by enhancing jejunal Zn absorption with positive changes in jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in the pigs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Martinez, Nicolas and Sokale, Adebayo O. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={93–94} }
 @article{baker_duarte_kim_gormley_jang_2023, title={Effects of Increased Nsp with Or Without Nspase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Intestinal Microbiome of Nursery Pigs and Implications on Subsequent Phases of Production}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.233}, abstractNote={Abstract
               This study aimed to investigate the effects of increased NSP from alternative feedstuffs in feeds with or without NSPase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, immune status, and modulation of the intestinal microbiome of nursery pigs and the carryover effect from dietary nursery intervention on the subsequent phases of production. One hundred and sixty newly weaned pigs at 7.0 ± 0.3 kg BW were allotted in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with NSP level and NSPase supplementation serving as factors and sex as block. Pigs were assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments with the control having corn DDGS as the main source of NSP and HNSP having soy hulls and wheat bran replacing corn DDGS as the source of NSP. Pigs were fed for 37 d in 2 phases (19 d and 18 d, respectively) and housed in a pen of 4. Growth performance was measured at the end of each phase. At d 37, a pig representing the median BW within each pen from each treatment was euthanized for sampling jejunal mucosa, jejunal tissue, and ileal digesta to analyze intestinal health variables, oxidative stress products, and digesta viscosity. The remaining pigs were then fed a common diet for the subsequent grower and finisher phases to evaluate the carryover effect. At the end of the finisher phase, all pigs were euthanized to obtain carcass data. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. Overall, NSP level and type nor NSPase supplementation had an effect on growth performance; however, HNSP tended to have improved (P = 0.087) feed efficiency (0.52 to 0.53) in the grower period immediately following the nursery phase. Additionally, HNSP increased (P < 0.05) IgG (4.84 to 5.83 µg/mg of protein) in the jejunal mucosa and tended to increase (P = 0.096) the villus height in the jejunum (482.8 to 506.6 μm). The body weight of HNSP pigs was more uniform (P < 0.05; 8.7 to 11.6%) than the control at the end of the 120-day trial. No differences were observed in carcass traits however, the hot carcass weight of pigs in HNSP tended to be more uniform (P = 0.089; 6.4 to 10.00%) than the control. In conclusion, increased amounts of NSP from alternative feedstuffs does not further impair or damage the intestinal health and subsequent growth performance of nursery pigs and may aid the pig through generated metabolites and alterations to the intestinal microbiota as they are transitioned to the ensuing phases of production as evidenced by the increased uniformity at the end of the trial.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Kim, Sung Woo and Gormley, Alexa R. and Jang, Ki beom}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={192–193} }
 @article{jang_zhao_kim_pasquetti_kim_2023, title={Effects of bacterial β-mannanase on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in various feedstuffs fed to growing pigs}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2765-0235"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0158}, DOI={10.5713/ab.23.0158}, abstractNote={Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of β-mannanase on metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of protein in various feedstuffs including barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), palm kernel meal, sorghum, and soybean meal.Methods: A basal diet was formulated with 94.8% corn and 0.77% amino acids, minerals, and vitamins and test diets replacing corn-basal diets with barley, corn DDGS, sorghum, soybean meal, or wheat (50%, respectively) and copra meal or palm kernel meal (30%, respectively). The basal diet and test diets were evaluated by using triplicated or quadruplicated 2×2 Latin square designs consisting of 2 diets and 2 periods with a total of 54 barrows at 20.6±0.6 kg (9 wk of age). Dietary treatments were levels of β-mannanase supplementation (0 or 800 U/kg of feed). Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 4-d adaptation period. The ME and ATTD of crude protein (CP) in feedstuffs were calculated by a difference procedure. Data were analyzed using Proc general linear model of SAS.Results: Supplementation of β-mannanase improved (p<0.05) ME of barley (10.4%), palm kernel meal (12.4%), sorghum (6.0%), and soybean meal (2.9%) fed to growing pigs. Supplementation of β-mannanase increased (p<0.05) ATTD of CP in palm kernel meal (8.8%) and tended to increase (p = 0.061) ATTD of CP in copra meal (18.0%) fed to growing pigs.Conclusion: This study indicates that various factors such as the structure and the amount of β-mannans, water binding capacity, and the level of resistant starch vary among feedstuffs and the efficacy of supplemental β-mannanase may be influenced by these factors.}, number={11}, journal={ANIMAL BIOSCIENCE}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Zhao, Yan and Kim, Young Ihn and Pasquetti, Tiago and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={1700–1708} }
 @article{deng_jang_jalukar_du_kim_2023, title={Efficacy of Feed Additive Containing Bentonite and Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs under Chronic Dietary Challenges of Fumonisin and Aflatoxin}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2072-6651"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070433}, DOI={10.3390/toxins15070433}, abstractNote={This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a feed additive containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary exposure to fumonisin and aflatoxin. Newly weaned pigs were randomly allotted to one of four possible treatments: a control diet of conventional corn; a diet of corn contaminated with fumonisin and aflatoxin; a diet of mycotoxin-contaminated corn with 0.2% of feed additive; and a diet of mycotoxin contaminated corn with 0.4% of feed additive. We observed lower average weight gain and average daily feed intake in pigs that were fed only mycotoxin-contaminated corn compared to the control group. Feed additive supplementation linearly increased both average weight gain and feed intake, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In the jejunum, there was an observed decrease in immunoglobulin A and an increase in claudin-1. Additionally, feed additive supplementation increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio compared to the control. In conclusion, feed additives containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast could mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on the growth performance of newly weaned pigs by improving intestinal integrity and positively modulating immune response.}, number={7}, journal={TOXINS}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Jang, Ki Beom and Jalukar, Sangita and Du, Xiangwei and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{deng_jang_kim_2023, title={Efficacy of Mycotoxin Mitigation Product Containing Yeast Extract on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Under Chronic Dietary Challenges of Fumonisin and Aflatoxin}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.155}, abstractNote={Abstract
               This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of mycotoxin mitigation product containing yeast extract on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of fumonisin and aflatoxin. Newly weaned pigs (n = 48; 21 days old; 6.4 ± 0.3 kg BW) were allotted to 4 treatments based on randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks and fed for 32 d in 3 phases (P1/2/3 for 11/11/10 days, respectively). Dietary treatments were CON: control diet containing conventional corn; MT: CON with naturally contaminated corn (fumonisin at 8 mg/kg and aflatoxin at 0.19 mg/kg); CD1: MT with 0.2% of mycotoxin mitigation product (BG-MAX, Church & Dwight, Trenton, NJ); and CD2: MT with 0.4% of mycotoxin mitigation product. All diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). At the end of study, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissues to measure TNF-α, IL-8, Immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and gene expression of tight junction proteins. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS. Pigs in MT had less (P < 0.05) ADFI (406 to 503 g/d) and tended to have less (P = 0.051) BW (15.2 to 17.1 kg) and (P = 0.050) ADG (281 to 340 g/d) compared with CON during overall period. Pigs in MT had a lower (P < 0.05) G:F (0.22 to 0.74) and tended to have a greater (P = 0.071) fecal score (4.34 to 3.93) during phase 1. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product tended to linearly increase (P = 0.056) BW (15.2 to 17.0 kg), (P = 0.060) ADG (281 to 337 g/d), and (P = 0.066) ADFI (406 to 478 g/d) of the pigs during overall period. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product tended to linearly increase (P = 0.064) G:F (0.22 to 0.73) during phase 1. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product linearly decreased (P < 0.05) fecal score (4.34 to 3.87, 3.30 to 2.86) during phase 1 and 2. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product tended to linearly increase (P = 0.050) the concentration of TNF-α (5.49 to 7.11 pg/mg of protein) and decrease (P = 0.060) the concentration of IgA (6.29 to 3.23 mg/mg) in jejunum of the pigs. Increasing supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product tended to linearly increase (P = 0.082) CL-1 expression (1.01 to 1.78) in jejunum of the pigs. In conclusion, supplementation of mycotoxin mitigation product containing yeast extract could mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on growth performance of newly weaned pigs, which might be contributed by improved the integrity and positively modulated immune response in the jejunum.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={138–139} }
 @article{jang_moita_martinez_sokale_kim_2023, title={Efficacy of Zinc Glycinate Reducing Zinc Oxide on Growth and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs Challenged with F18<SUP>+</SUP> <i>Escherichia Coli</i>}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.108}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ZnGly supplementation reducing ZnO in feeds on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli (E. coli). A total of 56 nursery pigs (initial BW = 6.5 ± 0.5 kg) were allotted to 7 treatments based on a randomized complete block design using BW and sex as blocks. Treatment groups were: 1) NC: no-challenged with E. coli; 2) PC: challenged with F18+E. coli; 3) challenged with F18+ E. coli and fed ZnO at 2,500 mg/kg in the diet; (4 to 7) challenged with F18+E. coli and fed ZnGly at 400 mg/kg and ZnO at 0, 700, 1,400, and 2,357 mg/kg in the diets. Pigs were fed for 28 days based on 2 phases (Phase 1: 14 d and phase 2: 14 d) and 48 pigs were orally inoculated with F18+ E. coli (6 × 109 CFU/mL) on d 7. Pigs were euthanized on d 28 to collect tissues to evaluate TNF-α, IL-8, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, gene expression of Zn transporters, and mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum. Data were analyzed by Mixed procedure of SAS. The E. coli challenge tended to decrease (P = 0.076) ADG (200 to 155 g/d) and (P = 0.055) G:F (0.82 to 0.69) during phase 1, and increased (P < 0.05) fecal score (3.2 to 4.1) of nursery pigs during d 7 to 14. There was no difference on the growth performance during the overall period, although pigs fed with the pharmaceutical level of ZnO had greater (P < 0.05) ADG (343 vs. 256 g/d) than pigs fed with ZnGly at 400 mg/kg during the first week of post-challenge. Supplementation of ZnGly with reducing the levels of ZnO from 2,357 to 0 mg/kg tended to have a quadratic response on the fecal score (maximum 4.2 at 667 mg/kg of ZnO) during post-challenge period. Supplementation of ZnGly with reducing levels of ZnO from 2,357 to 0 mg/kg linearly decreased (P < 0.05) IL-8 (0.94 to 0.58 ng/mg) and malondialdehyde (0.49 to 0.34 μM/mg) in jejunum of the pigs. Supplementation of ZnGly reducing the levels of ZnO from 2,357 to 0 mg/kg linearly increased (P < 0.05) Chao1 (142.2 to 148.7) and decreased (P < 0.05) Shannon (4.08 to 3.99) with quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae (minimum 6.15% at 1,000 mg/kg) and Streptomycetaceae (minimum 5.91% at 800 mg/kg) at family level in jejunum of the pigs. In conclusion, ZnGly supplementation at 400 mg/kg could effectively reduce the use of ZnO in nursery feeds by having similar effects to the pharmaceutical use of ZnO without negatively affecting growth performance and intestinal health of pigs challenged with F18+E. coli.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Martinez, Nicolas and Sokale, Adebayo O. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{moita_jang_kim_2023, title={Efficacy of a Bacterial 6-Phytase on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients and Retention of Phosphorus of Nursery and Growing Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.132}, abstractNote={Abstract
               This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a bacterial 6-phytase on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and retention of phosphorus (P) in nursery and growing pigs. In experiment (Exp.) 1, twelve barrows (initial BW of 8.5 ± 0.3 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were allotted based on a quadruplicate 3 × 3 Latin square design with three treatments and three periods. In Exp. 2, twelve barrows (initial BW of 35.7 ± 1.9 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were allotted following the same experimental design of Exp. 1. The dietary treatments were: positive control (PC): a diet formulated meeting nutrient requirements from NRC (2012); negative control (NC): a diet 0.14% deficient in the Ca and P requirements; and a diet with bacterial 6-phytase at 500 FTU/kg of feed (PHY; Rovabio PhyPlus, Adisseo, France). Each period lasted for eight days, and consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 4-day collection period. All pigs were weighed at the end of each period to adjust daily feed allowance. Chromium oxide, at 0.5%, was added as an external marker indicating the start and end of fecal collection. Urine and fecal samples were collected daily and stored until further chemical analysis. Data from both experiments were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Treatments were considered fixed effects, and the individual pig and period were included as random effects. In both experiments, the ATTD of Ca and P, and P retention in PC were greater (P < 0.05) compared with NC. Supplementation of bacterial 6-phytase improved (P < 0.05) ATTD of Ca (45 to 57%) and P (31 to 45%) and P retention (31 to 43%) in nursery pigs, and ATTD of P (44 to 55%) and P retention (42 to 54%) in growing pigs. No differences were detected on the ATTD of DM and CP of nursery and growing pigs among the treatments, and on nitrogen (N) retention for growing pigs. In conclusion, the supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase improved the ATTD and retention of P in nursery and growing pigs. Results from both experiments indicated that the supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase in diets for nursery and growing pigs can be a potential alternative to reduce the high levels of inorganic P sources, whereas still increasing the digestibility and utilization of P by nursery and growing pigs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={118–119} }
 @article{jang_moita_martinez_sokale_kim_2023, title={Efficacy of zinc glycinate reducing zinc oxide on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs challenged with F18(+) Escherichia coli}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad035}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad035}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The objective of this study was to investigate effects of zinc glycinate (ZnGly) supplementation reducing zinc oxide (ZnO) in feeds on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli (E. coli). In total, 72 nursery pigs (BW 6.5 ± 0.5 kg) were allotted in a randomized complete block design to nine treatments: (1) NC: no challenge/no supplement; (2) PC: E. coli challenge/no-supplement; (3) E. coli challenge/ZnO at 2,500 mg/kg; (4, 5, and 6) E. coli challenge/ZnGly at 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg; and (7, 8, and 9) E. coli challenge/ZnGly at 400 mg/kg and ZnO at 700, 1,400, and 2,357 mg/kg. Pigs were fed for 28 d based on two phases (phase 1: 14 d and phase 2: 14 d). On day 7, challenged groups were orally inoculated with F18+E. coli at 6 × 109 CFU/mL whereas NC received saline solution. The PC showed reduced ADG (P = 0.076) and G:F (P = 0.055) during phase 1 and increased fecal score (P < 0.05) during the first week of postchallenge when compared with NC, whereas supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg linearly increased (P = 0.092) G:F and decreased (P < 0.05) the fecal score of the pigs challenged with F18+E. coli. Supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg had quadratic effects on TNF-α (P = 0.065; minimum 1.13 pg/mg at 850 mg/kg ZnGly), IL-8 (P = 0.093; minimum 0.53 ng/mg at 494 mg/kg), and protein carbonyl (P = 0.054; minimum 2.30 pg/mg at 675 mg/kg) and linearly increased mRNA expressions of ZIP4 (P = 0.057) and ZnT5 (P = 0.075) in the jejunum of the pigs. Supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg linearly increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and had quadratic effects on Cyanobacteria (minimum 0.67% at 625 mg/kg ZnO) and Proteobacteria (maximum 45.6 g/d at 735 mg/kg) at the phylum level, with linearly decreased (P < 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae at the family level in the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota of the pigs. There was no difference in growth performance during the overall period, although pigs fed with ZnO at 2,500 mg/kg had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed with ZnGly at 400 mg/kg during the first week of the post challenge period. In conclusion, ZnGly could be an alternative to the pharmaceutical use of ZnO without negatively affecting the growth of nursery pigs by enhancing intestinal Zn absorption, reducing intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, and providing positive changes in jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Martinez, Nicolas and Sokale, Adebayo and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jang_kim_2023, title={Evaluation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in fermented soybean meal for nursery pigs using direct and difference procedures}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2765-0235"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0269}, DOI={10.5713/ab.22.0269}, abstractNote={Objective: This study was to evaluate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) for nursery pigs using both direct procedure and difference procedure when FSBM was added at 20% in diets.Methods: Forty-eight pigs at 9.2±0.9 kg body weight (BW) were individually housed and allotted to 4 treatments. Treatments included NFD (a semi-purified N free diet), FSD (a diet with 20% FSBM), CBD (corn basal diet), and CFD (corn basal diet:FSBM at 80:20). The FSD was used to measure AA digestibility in FSBM using the direct procedure, whereas CBD and CFD were used in the difference procedure. Pigs were fed for 10 days (0.09×BW<sup>0.75</sup> kg per day) and euthanized to collect ileal digesta for TiO<sub>2</sub> and AA.Results: Total endogenous AA loss was 12.1 g/kg of dry matter intake. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) Thr was greater (p<0.05) and AID His (p = 0.073) and Leu (p = 0.052) tended to be greater using the direct procedure compared with the difference procedure. The SID Thr were greater (p<0.05) in FSBM for nursery pigs calculated using a direct procedure compared with a difference procedure. In addition, SID Lys in FSBM was about 83% to 88% for nursery pigs higher than SID Lys described in National Research Council (2012).Conclusion: The SID of AA in FSBM when included at practical levels using the direct procedure were similar to those from the difference procedure. Considering the SID of AA obtained using both direct and difference procedures, FSBM is an effective protein supplement providing highly digestible AA to nursery pigs. The SID of AA from this study was considerably higher than those previous reported. This study also indicates the importance of including the test feedstuffs at practical levels when evaluating digestibility.}, number={2}, journal={ANIMAL BIOSCIENCE}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={275–283} }
 @misc{jang_kim_2022, title={Role of milk carbohydrates in intestinal health of nursery pigs: a review}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00650-7}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-021-00650-7}, abstractNote={AbstractIntestinal health is essential for the resistance to enteric diseases and for nutrient digestion and absorption to support growth. The intestine of nursery pigs are immature and vulnerable to external challenges, which cause negative impacts on the structure and function of the intestine. Among nutritional interventions, the benefits of milk are significant for the intestinal health of pigs. Milk coproducts have traditionally been used in starter feeds to improve the growth of nursery pigs, but their use is somewhat limited due to the high costs and potential risks of excessive lactose on the intestine. Thus, understanding a proper feeding level of milk carbohydrates is an important start of the feeding strategy. For nursery pigs, lactose is considered a highly digestible energy source compared with plant-based starch, whereas milk oligosaccharides are considered bioactive compounds modulating intestinal immunity and microbiota. Therefore, milk carbohydrates, mainly composed of lactose and oligosaccharides, have essential roles in the intestinal development and functions of nursery pigs. The proper feeding levels of lactose in starter feeds could be variable by weaning age, body weight, or genetic lines. Effects of lactose and milk oligosaccharides have been broadly studied in human health and animal production. Therefore, this review focuses on the mechanisms of lactose and milk oligosaccharides affecting intestinal maturation and functions through modulation of enterocyte proliferation, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{deng_duarte_jang_kim_2022, title={Soy protein concentrate replacing animal protein supplements and its impacts on intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, nutrient digestibility, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth performance of nursery pigs}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac255}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac255}, abstractNote={Abstract
               This study was to evaluate the effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC) supplementation replacing animal protein supplements on intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, nutrient digestibility, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Thirty-two newly weaned pigs at 21 d of age with 6.4 ± 0.4 kg body weight (BW) were allotted to four treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Pigs were fed for 35 d in three phases. Dietary treatments were SPC 0% (diets with fish meal 4/2/1%, poultry meal 10/8/4%, blood plasma 4/2/1%, and crude protein 24.6/22.6/20.9% for phase 1/2/3, respectively), SPC 33%, SPC 66%, and SPC 100% (SPC 0% diets with SPC replacing 33/66/100% of animal protein supplements, respectively). Pigs were euthanized on day 35 to collect jejunal mucosa and tissues to evaluate intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, intestinal morphology, and mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum. Titanium dioxide was added in phase three diets as an indigestible marker. Ileal digesta was collected to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Data were analyzed using MIXED and NLMIXED procedures of SAS. Increasing SPC supplementation by replacing animal protein supplements linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the BW, ADG, and ADFI of pigs during the overall period, and linearly increased (P < 0.05) peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in jejunum. Increasing SPC supplementation linearly decreased (P < 0.05) feed cost per weight gain. In the exponential model, SPC can replace animal protein supplements up to 10.5% and 16.5% without reducing the ADG and ADFI of pigs, respectively. The SPC 100% decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacteraceae, Campylobacteraceae, alpha diversity, and changed beta diversity of microbiota in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, SPC supplementation replacing animal protein supplements reduced growth performance by reducing feed intake, which might be related to increased PYY. However, 10.5% and 16.8% of animal protein supplements can be replaced by SPC without affecting BW gain and feed intake of nursery pigs, respectively. Complete removal of animal protein supplements by SPC supplementation modulated the composition of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota by reducing Helicobacteraceae and Campylobacteraceae, whereas without affecting the intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, intestinal morphology, and AID of nutrients in nursery pigs.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{jang_purvis_kim_2021, title={Dose–response and functional role of whey permeate as a source of lactose and milk oligosaccharides on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs}, volume={99}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab008}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab008}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dose–response and supplemental effects of whey permeate on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. In experiment (exp.) 1, 1,080 pigs weaned at 6.24 kg body weight (BW) were allotted to five treatments (eight pens/treatment) with increasing levels of whey permeate in three phases (from 10% to 30%, 3% to 23%, and 0% to 9% for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively) fed until 11 kg BW and then fed a common phase 4 diet (0% whey permeate) until 25 kg BW in a 48-d feeding trial. Feed intake and BW were measured at the end of each phase. In exp. 2, 1,200 nursery pigs at 7.50 kg BW were allotted to six treatments (10 pens/treatment) with increasing levels of whey permeate from 0% to 18.75% fed until 11 kg BW. Feed intake and BW were measured during 11 d. Six pigs per treatment (1 per pens) were euthanized to collect the jejunum to evaluate tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor-beta 1, mucin 2, histomorphology, digestive enzyme activity, crypt cell proliferation rate, and jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure and a broken-line analysis using the NLIN procedure of SAS. In exp. 1, increasing whey permeate had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on feed efficiency (G:F; maximum: 1.35 at 18.3%) in phase 1. Increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG; 292 to 327 g/d) and G:F (0.96 to 1.04) of pigs in phase 2. In exp. 2, increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG (349 to 414 g/d) and G:F (0.78 to 0.85) and linearly increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (27.8% to 37.0%). The breakpoint from a broken-line analysis was obtained at 13.6% whey permeate for maximal G:F. Increasing whey permeate tended to change IL-8 (quadratic, P = 0.052; maximum: 223 pg/mg at 10.9%), to decrease Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes (P = 0.073, 1.59 to 1.13), to increase (P = 0.089) Bifidobacteriaceae (0.73% to 1.11%), and to decrease Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.091, 1.04% to 0.52%) and Streptococcaceae (P = 0.094, 1.50% to 0.71%) in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of whey permeate increased the growth of nursery pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW. Pigs grew most efficiently with 13.6% whey permeate. Improvement in growth performance is partly attributed to stimulating intestinal immune response and enterocyte proliferation with positive changes in jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in nursery pigs.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Purvis, Jerry M and Kim, Sung W}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{mun_kyoung_kong_ryu_jang_baek_park_song_kim_2021, title={Effects of Bacillus-based probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of weaned pigs}, volume={63}, ISSN={["2055-0391"]}, DOI={10.5187/jast.2021.e109}, abstractNote={Abstract Bacillus is characterized by the formation of spores in harsh environments, which makes it suitable for use as a probiotic for feed because of thermostability and high survival rate, even under long-term storage. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus-based probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 40 weaned pigs (7.01 ± 0.86 kg body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly assigned to two treatments (4 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW and sex). The dietary treatment was either a typical nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) or CON supplemented with 0.01% probiotics containing a mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (PRO). Fecal samples were collected daily by rectal palpation for the last 3 days after a 4-day adaptation. Blood, ileal digesta, and intestinal tissue samples were collected from one pig in each pen at the respective time points. The PRO group did not affect the feed efficiency, but the average daily gain was significantly improved (p < 0.05). The PRO group showed a trend of improved crude protein digestibility (p < 0.10). The serum transforming growth factor-β1 level tended to be higher (p < 0.10) in the PRO group on days 7 and 14. There was no difference in phylum level of the intestinal microbiota, but there were differences in genus composition and proportions. However, β-diversity analysis showed no statistical differences between the CON and the PRO groups. Taken together, Bacillus-based probiotics had beneficial effects on the growth performance, immune system, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs, suggesting that Bacillus can be utilized as a functional probiotic for weaned pigs.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Mun, Daye and Kyoung, Hyunjin and Kong, Myunghwan and Ryu, Sangdon and Jang, Ki Beom and Baek, Jangryeol and Park, Kyeong, Ii and Song, Minho and Kim, Younghoon}, year={2021}, pages={1314–1327} }
 @article{jang_duarte_purvis_kim_2021, title={Impacts of weaning age on dietary needs of whey permeate for pigs at 7 to 11 kg body weight}, volume={12}, ISSN={2049-1891}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00637-4}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-021-00637-4}, abstractNote={Abstract
                Background
                Whey permeate is an effective lactose source for nursery pigs and the most benefits are obtained when pigs are at 7 to 11 kg BW. Altering weaning ages could cause different length of early-weaner phases until 7 kg BW and thus it would influence the dietary need of whey permeate during 7 to 11 kg BW of pigs. This study aimed to evaluate if weaning ages would affect the dietary needs of whey permeate for optimum growth performance of pigs at 7 to 11 kg BW.
              
                Methods
                A total of 1,632 pigs were weaned at d 21 (d 21.2 ± 1.3) or d 25 (d 24.6 ± 1.1) after birth. All pigs had a common early-weaner feeds until they reached 7 kg BW. When pigs reached 7 kg BW within a weaning age group, they were allotted in a randomized complete block design (2 × 4 factorial). Two factors were weaning age groups (21 and 25 d of age) and varying whey permeate levels (7.50%, 11.25%, 15.00%, and 18.75%). Data were analyzed using the GLM and NLIN procedures of SAS for slope-ratio and broken-line analyses to determine the growth response to whey permeate and optimal daily whey permeate intake for the growth of the pigs weaned at different ages.
              
                Results
                Pigs weaned at 21 d of age had a common diet for 11 d to reach 7 kg BW whereas pigs weaned at 25 d of age needed 2 d. The G:F of pigs weaned at 25 d of age responded to increased daily whey permeate intake greater (P < 0.05) than pigs weaned at 21 d of age. Breakpoints were obtained (P < 0.05) at 88 and 60 g/d daily whey permeate intake or 17.0% and 14.4% of whey permeate for G:F of pigs weaned at 21 and 25 d of age, respectively.
              
                Conclusion
                Pigs weaned at an older age with a short early-weaner phase had a greater growth response to whey permeate intake compared with pigs weaned at a younger age with a long early-weaner phase. Altering weaning ages affected dietary needs of whey permeate for optimum growth performance of pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW.
              }, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Purvis, Jerry M. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{jang_kim_purvis_chen_ren_vazquez-anon_kim_2020, title={Effects of mineral methionine hydroxy analog chelate in sow diets on epigenetic modification and growth of progeny}, volume={98}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa271}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa271}, abstractNote={AbstractThe study was conducted to determine the effects of mineral methionine hydroxy analog chelate (MMHAC) partially replacing inorganic trace minerals in sow diets on epigenetic and transcriptional changes in the muscle and jejunum of progeny. The MMHAC is zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) chelated with methionine hydroxy analog (Zn-, Mn-, and Cu-methionine hydroxy analog chelate [MHAC]). On day 35 of gestation, 60 pregnant sows were allotted to two dietary treatments in a randomized completed block design using parity as a block: 1) ITM: inorganic trace minerals with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), manganese oxide (MnO), and copper sulfate (CuSO4) and 2) CTM: 50% of ITM was replaced with MMHAC (MINTREX trace minerals, Novus International Inc., St Charles, MO). Gestation and lactation diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements. On days 1 and 18 of lactation, milk samples from 16 sows per treatment were collected to measure immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin A, and immunoglobulin M) and micromineral concentrations. Two pigs per litter were selected to collect blood to measure the concentration of immunoglobulins in the serum, and then euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa, jejunum tissues, and longissimus muscle to measure global deoxyribonucleic acid methylation, histone acetylation, cytokines, and jejunal histomorphology at birth and day 18 of lactation. Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED of SAS. Supplementation of MMHAC tended to decrease (P = 0.059) body weight (BW) loss of sows during lactation and tended to increase (P = 0.098) piglet BW on day 18 of lactation. Supplementation of MMHAC increased (P < 0.05) global histone acetylation and tended to decrease myogenic regulatory factor 4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA; P = 0.068) and delta 4-desaturase sphingolipid1 (DEGS1) mRNA (P = 0.086) in longissimus muscle of piglets at birth. Supplementation of MMHAC decreased (P < 0.05) nuclear factor kappa B mRNA in the jejunum and DEGS1 mRNA in longissimus muscle and tended to decrease mucin-2 (MUC2) mRNA (P = 0.057) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) mRNA (P = 0.057) in the jejunum of piglets on day 18 of lactation. There were, however, no changes in the amounts of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, TGF-β, MUC2, and myogenic factor 6 in the tissues by MMHAC. In conclusion, maternal supplementation of MMHAC could contribute to histone acetylation and programming in the fetus, which potentially regulates intestinal health and skeletal muscle development of piglets at birth and weaning, possibly leading to enhanced growth of their piglets.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Jong Hyuk and Purvis, Jerry M and Chen, Juxing and Ren, Ping and Vazquez-Anon, Mercedes and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{jang_purvis_kim_2020, title={Supplemental effects of dietary lysophospholipids in lactation diets on sow performance, milk composition, and intestinal health of piglets}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/45592771/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.309}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Dietary lysophospholipids could enhance nutrient utilization through a structural change of enterocyte membrane with increasing permeability. The objective of this study was to determine supplemental effects of dietary lysophospholipids in lactation diets on sow performance, milk characteristics, and intestinal health of piglets. The 52 pregnant sows were allotted to 2 treatments in randomized complete block design with parity and BW as blocks at d 110 of pregnancy. The treatments were CON (no added lysophospholipids) and LPL (at 0.05% lysophospholipids; Lipidol-Ultra, Pathway Intermediates, Shrewsbury, UK). The lactation diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). Milk samples from 12 sows per treatment were collected to measure gross energy, protein, fat, fatty acid profile, and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) on d 1 and d 18 of lactation. Twelve piglets per treatment were euthanized on d 18 to collect tissues to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, IgA, microbiota in jejunal and colonic mucosa, morphology and crypt cell proliferation rate in the jejunum. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sows fed LPL tended to increase (P = 0.084) litter size (11.9 vs. 12.6) on d 18 of lactation and decrease (P = 0.079) ADFI (8.72 vs. 8.02 kg) during d 9 to d 18 of lactation. Sows fed LPL tended to increase (P = 0.092) IgG (1.14 vs. 1.94 g/L) in the milk. Sows fed LPL increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (39.38 vs. 40.94%) in the jejunum. Supplementation of lysophospholipids in lactation diet did not affect proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and microbiota in jejunum and colon of piglets on d 18 of lactation. In conclusion, supplementation of dietary lysophopholipids improved productive performance and the intestinal cell proliferation of piglets with enhancing IgG concentration in the milk.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Jang, Kibeom and Purvis, Jerry and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={174–174} }
 @article{jang_purvis_kim_2020, title={Supplemental effects of dietary lysophospholipids in lactation diets on sow performance, milk composition, gut health, and gut-associated microbiome of offspring}, volume={98}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa227}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa227}, abstractNote={AbstractDietary lysophospholipids (LPL) would influence milk composition of sows, thus positively affect intestinal health of offspring. The objective of this study was to determine effects of dietary LPL fed to lactating sows on performance, milk characteristics, gut health, and gut-associated microbiome of offspring. Sixty pregnant sows were allotted to 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design with parity and BW as blocks on day 110 of gestation. Treatments were CON (no added LPL) and LPL (0.05% LPL; Lipidol-Ultra, Pathway Intermediates, Shrewsbury, UK). Sows were fed 2 kg/d from day 110 of gestation until farrowing and ad libitum after farrowing. Diets were formulated to meet NRC requirement for lactating sows. Colostrum and milk samples from 12 sows per treatment were collected to measure nutrients and immunoglobulins on days 1 and 18 of lactation, respectively. Twelve piglets per treatment (1 piglet per litter) were euthanized on day 18 to collect tissues to measure tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-8 (IL-8), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, IgA, histomorphology, crypt cell proliferation rate, and microbiota in the jejunum and colon. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and the mortality was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was no difference in sow BW, parity, and litter size between treatments on day 0 of lactation. Sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) litter BW gain (53.9 vs. 59.4 kg) and decreased piglet mortality (13.9% vs. 10.6%) on day 18 of lactation. Sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) omega-6:omega-3 (22.1 vs. 23.7) and unsaturated:saturated (1.4 vs. 1.6) fatty acids ratios with increased oleic acid (29.1% vs. 31.4%) and tended to have increased (P = 0.092) IgG (1.14 vs. 1.94 g/L) and linoleic acid (17.7% vs. 18.7%) in the milk on day 18 of lactation. Piglets from sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) IL-8 (184 vs. 245 pg/mg) and crypt cell proliferation rate (39.4% vs. 40.9%) and tended to have increased (P = 0.095) Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio (1.0 vs. 3.5) in the jejunum. In conclusion, sows fed with LPL had milk with increased IgG, oleic acids, and linoleic acids without changes in BW and backfat during lactation. These changes could contribute to improved survivability and intestinal health of piglets by increasing IL-8 concentration, enhancing balance among gut-associated microbiome, and increasing enterocyte proliferation in the jejunum.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Purvis, Jerry M and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{jang_purvis_kim_2019, title={143 Supplemental effects of whey permeate on growth performance and gut health of nursery pigs}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.148}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz122.148}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Lactose or milk oligosaccharides in milk products may enhance gut health and thus growth of nursery pigs. This study aimed to evaluate supplemental effects of increasing levels of whey permeate on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs during 7 to 11 kg BW. 1,200 pigs at 7.5 kg BW were allotted to 6 treatments based on a randomized complete block design using BW of pen as blocks. Treatment diets were formulated to meet NRC nutrient requirements with 6 levels of whey permeate (0, 3.75, 7.50, 11.25, 15.00, and 18.75%) and fed to pigs for 11 d. Feed intake and BW were measured during 11 d, and 1 pig per pen were euthanized to collect the jejunum to evaluate TNF-α, IL-8, morphology, digestive enzyme activity, crypt cell proliferation rate, and microbiota. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure and a broken-line analysis in NLIN procedure of SAS. Increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG (349 to 414 g/d) and G:F (0.783 to 0.851), tended to linearly increase (P = 0.062) ADFI (442 to 484 g/d), linearly increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (27.8 to 37.0%), linearly decreased (P < 0.05) lactase activity (15.84 to 6.60 U/mg), and tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.082) crypt depth (268 to 251 μm). Using a broken line analysis, the optimum supplementation level of whey permeate was 13.60% for G:F. Supplementation of whey permeate increased (P < 0.05) IL-8 (170 to 209 pg/mg) and decreased (P < 0.05) Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (6.24 to 3.24) in the jejunum. In conclusion, supplementation of whey permeate enhanced growth performance and also positively affected gut health by modulating inflammatory response and microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW.}, number={Supplement_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Purvis, Jerry M and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={81–82} }
 @article{cheng_jang_holanda_li_kim_2019, title={PSIV-4 Effect of combinations of feed enzymes on growth performance, and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs fed complex diets}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.318}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz122.318}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Feed enzymes provide opportunities to enhance nutrient utilization and intestinal health of newly weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate supplemental effects of multi-enzymes in diets that are 7% deficient in SID Lys and other essential amino acids. Sixty four pigs weaned at 7.22 ± 0.04 kg BW were allotted to 2 dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 4 pigs per pen based on a completely randomized block design using sex and initial BW as blocks. Dietary treatment was the supplementation of multi-enzymes (4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of amylase, 150 of β-glucanase, and 3,000 of U protease/kg, DuPont Animal Nutrition, UK). Pigs were fed based on 2 phases (14 and 27 days for each phase). Phase 2 diets included titanium dioxide as an indigestible external marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Body weight and feed intake were measured at d 0, 14, and 42. From d 40 to 42, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen and pooled by pen, weighed, freeze dried, and ground. Diet and fecal samples were used to quantify dry matter, titanium dioxide, and gross energy. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Initial BW were not different among treatments. Supplementation of multi-enzymes increased (P < 0.05) ADG (69 to 131 g/d), ADFI (134 to 181 g/d), and G:F (0.411 to 0.717) during phase 1. During phase 2, growth performance was not different among pigs. Supplementation of multi-enzyme increased (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (84.5 to 89.3%). From this study, supplementation of 4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 3,000 U of protease/kg, and 150 U amylase enhanced growth performance of pigs during the first 14 days after weaning and energy digestibility at 42 days after weaning.}, number={Supplement_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Jang, Ki Beom and Holanda, Debora Muratori and Li, Wenting and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={180–181} }
 @article{jang_kim_2019, title={Supplemental effects of dietary nucleotides on intestinal health and growth performance of newly weaned pigs}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz334}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz334}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Intestinal challenges upon weaning would increase the needs of nucleotides for enterocyte proliferation, whereas de novo synthesis maybe insufficient. This study aimed to evaluate supplemental effects of dietary nucleotides on intestinal health and growth performance in newly weaned pigs. Fifty newly weaned pigs (19-d-old, 25 barrows and 25 gilts, 4.76 ± 0.42 kg BW) were individually housed and allotted to 5 treatments with increasing nucleotide supplementation (0, 50, 150, 250, and 500 mg/kg) based on a randomized complete block design with the initial BW and sex as blocks. Dietary nucleotides were provided from YT500 (Hinabiotech, Guangzhou, China). Pigs were fed for 21 d based on 2 phases (phase 1: 11 d and phase 2: 10 d) and experimental diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). Feed intake and BW were recorded. Titanium oxide (0.4%) was added as an indigestible marker from day 17. Plasma collected on day 18 was used to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Pigs were euthanized on day 21 to collect tissues to evaluate TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, morphology, and crypt cell proliferation rate in the jejunum. Ileal digesta were collected to measure ileal nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. Nucleotide supplementation increased (P < 0.05) ADFI in phase 1. Nucleotide supplementation at 50 and 150 mg/kg increased (P < 0.05) ADG in phase 1, whereas increased (P < 0.05) ADFI and tended to increase (P = 0.082) ADG in overall. Increasing nucleotide supplementation changed (quadratic, P < 0.05) villus height-crypt ratio (at 247 mg/kg) and decreased (linear, P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate in the jejunum. Increasing nucleotide supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) jejunal IL-6 (at 50 and 150 mg/kg) and tended to change (quadratic, P = 0.074) plasma MDA (at 231 mg/kg). Nucleotide supplementation at 50 and 150 mg/kg increased (P < 0.05) ileal digestibility of energy and ether extract. In conclusion, nucleotide supplementation at a range of 50 to 250 mg/kg in the diets seems to be beneficial to newly weaned pigs by enhancing growth performance possibly due to reduced intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress as well as improved intestinal villi structure and energy digestibility.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={4875–4882} }