@article{luan_newman_west_lee_rokkam_2023, title={Efficient Poisson’s Ratio Evaluation of Weft-Knitted Auxetic Metamaterials}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/3/3/18}, DOI={10.3390/textiles3030018}, abstractNote={Auxetic metamaterials expand transversely when stretched longitudinally or contract transversely when compressed, resulting in a negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR). Auxetic fabrics are 3D textile metamaterials possessing a unique geometry that can generate an auxetic response with respect to tension. In weft-knitted auxetic fabrics, the NPR property is achieved due to the inherent curling effect of the face and back stitches of the knit loops; they contract in an organized knitting pattern. The traditional method used to evaluate NPR is to measure the lateral fabric deformation during axial tensile testing on a mechanical testing machine, which is time-consuming and inaccurate in measuring uneven deformations. In this study, an efficient method was developed to evaluate the NPR of weft-knitted fabric that can also estimate deformation directionality. The elasticity and extension properties of the weft-knitted fabric can be analyzed immediately following removal from the knitting bed. Five fabrics, all with the same stitch densities (including four auxetic patterns and one single jersey pattern), were designed and produced to validate the proposed method. The use of our estimation method to evaluate the Poisson’s ratio of such fabrics showed higher values compared with the traditional method. In conclusion, the deformation directionality, elasticity, and extensionality were examined. It is anticipated that the proposed method could assist in the innovative development and deployment of auxetic knitted metamaterials.}, journal={Textiles}, author={Luan, Kun and Newman, Zoe and West, Andre and Lee, Kuan-Lin and Rokkam, Srujan}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{luan_ming_fang_liu_2023, title={Frequency Characteristics of High Strain Rate Compressions of C<sub>f</sub>-MWCNTs/SiC Composites}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2571-6131"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040122}, DOI={10.3390/ceramics6040122}, abstractNote={The incorporation of ductile reinforcements into ceramics helps restrain crack deflection, which can enhance ceramics’ toughness and overcome the matrix’s brittleness. In this paper, we produced a ceramic composite reinforced by carbon fibers coated by multi-wall carbon nanotubes (shortened by Cf-MWCNT/SiC composites) for enhanced impact resistance at a high strain rate that commonly occurs in composite materials used in astronautics, marine, and other engineering fields. The fabrication process involves growing multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on a carbon fiber woven fabric (Cf) to create the fibril/fabric hybrid reinforcement. It is then impregnated by polymer solution (precursor of the ceramics), forming composites after the pyrolysis process, known as the liquid polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique. To assess the impact resistance of the Cf-MWCNT/SiC under high-strain rate compressions, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique is employed. Since the failure behavior of the Cf-MWCNT/SiC composites in the absence of the ductile phase is not well understood, the study employs the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) to analyze the stress–time curves obtained from the SHPB experiments. By applying the HHT, we obtained the frequency–time spectrum and the marginal Hilbert spectrum of the stress signals. These analyses reveal the frequency characteristics of the Cf-MWCNT/SiC composite and provide insights into the relationship between transformed signal frequency and fracture behavior. By understanding the dynamic fracture behavior and frequency response of the Cf-MWCNT/SiC, it becomes possible to enhance its impact resistance and tailor its performance for specific protective requirements. Therefore, the findings of this study can guide the future design and optimization of Cf-MWCNT/SiC structures for various protective applications, such as body armor, civil structures, and protections for vehicles and aircraft.}, number={4}, journal={CERAMICS-SWITZERLAND}, author={Luan, Kun and Ming, Chen and Fang, Xiaomeng and Liu, Jianjun}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={1991–2007} }
 @article{luan_mccord_west_cave_travanty_apperson_roe_2023, title={Mosquito Blood Feeding Prevention Using an Extra-Low DC Voltage Charged Cloth}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2075-4450"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050405}, DOI={10.3390/insects14050405}, abstractNote={Simple Summary An extra-low, DC (direct current) voltage field applied to a textile was used to prevent mosquito blood feeding. A novel 3-D textile was developed based on the mosquito head structure that when charged with 15 volts was 100% effective in preventing mosquito blood feeding across an artificial membrane. Abstract Mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue pose a major threat to human health. Personal protection from mosquito blood feeding is mostly by treating clothing with insecticides and the use of repellents on clothing and skin. Here, we developed a low-voltage, mosquito-resistant cloth (MRC) that blocked all blood feeding across the textile and was flexible and breathable. The design was based on mosquito head and proboscis morphometrics, the development of a novel 3-D textile with the outer conductive layers insulated from each other with an inner, non-conductive woven mesh, and the use of a DC (direct current; extra-low-voltage) resistor-capacitor. Blockage of blood feeding was measured using host-seeking Aedes aegypti adult female mosquitoes and whether they could blood feed across the MRC and an artificial membrane. Mosquito blood feeding decreased as voltage increased from 0 to 15 volts. Blood feeding inhibition was 97.8% at 10 volts and 100% inhibition at 15 volts, demonstrating proof of concept. Current flow is minimal since conductance only occurs when the mosquito proboscis simultaneously touches the outside layers of the MRC and is then quickly repelled. Our results demonstrated for the first time the use of a biomimetic, mosquito-repelling technology to prevent blood feeding using extra-low energy consumption.}, number={5}, journal={INSECTS}, author={Luan, Kun and McCord, Marian G. and West, Andre J. and Cave, Grayson and Travanty, Nicholas V. and Apperson, Charles S. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{tang_zhang_jing_luan_zhou_zhang_2023, title={Synthesis and antibacterial activity of Schiff base-pyridine quaternary ammonium salt-halamine compounds on cotton fabrics}, volume={1}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05510-3}, DOI={10.21203/rs.3.rs-2489588/v1}, abstractNote={Abstract The incorporation of a single antimicrobial agent on textiles has been proven to be effective to enhance the antibacterial efficacy against single bacteria family. However, the daily usage of textile products face challenges from multiple microbes, i.e., bacterial, fungal, or/and viral, which threaten human’s safety and health. A "combination" of antimicrobial agents could be efficient and accessible to against several microbes at one time. In this study, a Schiff base-pyridinium quaternary ammonium salt-haloamine precursor compound (E)-3-(((2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)imino)methyl)pyridin-1-ium (4-DMPY) was synthesized and grafted onto MPTES-treated cotton fabric by thiol-ene click chemistry. The results of NRM, FTIR, Raman, EDX, XPS and SEM tests showed that 4-DMPY was synthesized and grafted onto cotton fabrics. The antibacterial test results showed that 4-DMPY had antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli. The antibacterial activity of 4-DMPY-finished cotton fabric was significantly enhanced after chlorination treatment, which could kill 98% of S. aureus and 98.9% of E. coli at a concentration of 5 g/L, confirming the enhanced synergistic effect between 4-DMPY and N-chloramine. The antimicrobial substance on the cotton fabric is non-soluble, which kills 98.4% E. coli and 98.3% S. aureus within 1 minute by a direct contact. In addition, the produced fabric retained 81% and 63% of active chlorine content after 30 washes and 30 days of storage, indicating a good antimicrobial durability. Herein, we anticipate the technology can be used to enhance antibacterial function of cellulose products and thus resist the potential threats from microbes to ensure human’s health.}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Research Square Platform LLC}, author={Tang, Xin and Zhang, Zaixing and Jing, Lingxiao and Luan, Kun and Zhou, Sha and Zhang, Tonghua}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{luan_kirkwood_newman_west_denhartog_2022, title={New insight into the flexural rigidity of multi-filament yarn}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175221114655}, DOI={10.1177/00405175221114655}, abstractNote={Filament yarn is one of the most widely used soft strands in the textile industry; it exhibits excellent flexibility and is capable of being used in various productions, including knitting, weaving, braiding, sewing, and embroidery. The inherent complex interlacement between fibers, including twist, entanglement, and yarn geometry, often exhibits a nonlinear response to external loads. In addition, the interlacement of fibers also introduces difficulties when accurately measuring the flexural property of multi-filament yarn. In particular, the flexural rigidity of the yarn strongly influences the quality of end products when incorporated into novel textile technologies. In this paper, we developed a three-point bending instrument and a method for measuring the flexural rigidity of filament yarn. A representative point obeyed from Coplan’s construction on the bending constitutive curve was determined to obtain pure flexural rigidity. Furthermore, the bending process and deformations across cross-sections of filament yarns were discussed. The research provides new physical insights into the yarn bending property with the consideration of eliminating the sub-deformation variabilities. The work also paves the way for the accurate and quick measurement of the flexural rigidity of high length-to-width ratio soft materials by a three-point bending method.}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Luan, Kun and Kirkwood, Elizabeth and Newman, Zoe and West, Andre and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{cave_west_mccord_koene_beck_deguenon_luan_roe_2022, title={Novel 3-D Spacer Textiles to Protect Crops from Insect Infestation and That Enhance Plant Growth}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2077-0472"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040498}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture12040498}, abstractNote={Pesticide-free, 3-D, spacer fabrics (Plant Armor Generation (PA Gen) 1 and 2) were investigated for proof-of-concept as an insect barrier to protect plants and improve plant agronomics for organic farming. The time to 50% penetration (TP50) for tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) adults in laboratory Petri dish bioassays was 30 and 175 min for PA Gen 1 and 2, respectively, and 12 min for the control (a commercially available, single layer-crop cover, Proteknet). PA Gen 2 was ≥90% resistant to penetration of unfed caterpillar neonates, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), while the TP50‘s for Gen 1 and Proteknet were 3.1 and 2.35 h, respectively. In small cage studies, PA Gen 2 covered potted cabbage plants were 100% resistant to penetration by these insects through 10 d after which the study was ended. In small field plot studies for 3 summer months, cabbage plants grew approximately twice as fast when covered versus not covered with Gen 1 and Gen 2 without the need for insecticides or herbicides. This was not observed for the control crop cover. Martindale abrasion tests demonstrated Gen 1 and 2 were at least 6- and 1.8-fold more durable than the control crop cover used. Data are also presented on percentage light, water, air, and water vapor penetration across each textile and operational temperatures and humidity for cabbage plants covered and uncovered in small field plots.}, number={4}, journal={AGRICULTURE-BASEL}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Cave, Grayson L. and West, Andre J. and McCord, Marian G. and Koene, Bryan and Beck, J. Benjamin and Deguenon, Jean M. and Luan, Kun and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{luan_west_mccord_denhartog_shi_bettermann_li_travanty_mitchell_cave_et al._2021, title={Mosquito-Textile Physics: A Mathematical Roadmap to Insecticide-Free, Bite-Proof Clothing for Everyday Life}, volume={12}, ISSN={2075-4450}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070636}, DOI={10.3390/insects12070636}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Mosquitoes can bite across clothing and transmit disease. This is prevented with pesticides applied to clothing. We developed non-insecticidal cloth and garments that provided 100% protection, were comfortable and look-like and feel-like regular clothing. Abstract Garments treated with chemical insecticides are commonly used to prevent mosquito bites. Resistance to insecticides, however, is threatening the efficacy of this technology, and people are increasingly concerned about the potential health impacts of wearing insecticide-treated clothing. Here, we report a mathematical model for fabric barriers that resist bites from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes based on textile physical structure and no insecticides. The model was derived from mosquito morphometrics and analysis of mosquito biting behavior. Woven filter fabrics, precision polypropylene plates, and knitted fabrics were used for model validation. Then, based on the model predictions, prototype knitted textiles and garments were developed that prevented mosquito biting, and comfort testing showed the garments to possess superior thermophysiological properties. Our fabrics provided a three-times greater bite resistance than the insecticide-treated cloth. Our predictive model can be used to develop additional textiles in the future for garments that are highly bite resistant to mosquitoes.}, number={7}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Luan, Kun and West, Andre J. and McCord, Marian G. and DenHartog, Emiel A. and Shi, Quan and Bettermann, Isa and Li, Jiayin and Travanty, Nicholas V. and Mitchell, Robert D., III and Cave, Grayson L. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={636} }
 @article{mouhamadou_luan_fodjo_west_mccord_apperson_roe_2020, title={Development of an Insecticide-Free Trapping Bednet to Control Mosquitoes and Manage Resistance in Malaria Vector Control: A New Way of Thinking}, volume={11}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110732}, DOI={10.3390/insects11110732}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes reduces the effectiveness of malaria control interventions and has reversed the gains made in reducing malaria morbidity. Hence, new strategies are needed to mitigate the spread of resistance, preserve the efficacy of available insecticides, and restore the effectiveness of control. To combat resistance to insecticides in malaria mosquitoes, WHO recommends using long-lasting insecticide-impregnated mosquito bednets (LLINs) as well as the synergist piperonyl-butoxide (PBO). PBO enhances the insecticidal effect of the treated bednet. Unfortunately, decreases in performance of PBO-LLINs are now reported in some regions of Africa where mosquitoes are resistant to insecticides. Our objective was to develop an insecticide-free, mechanical solution that kills mosquitoes regardless of their insecticide resistance status, ultimately overcoming the problem of insecticide resistance. We designed and developed an insecticide-free mosquito trapping bednet for mass mosquito trapping and killing, the “T-Net”, and we show its efficacy compared to a conventional LLIN in Africa. Mathematical models were also developed to predict T-Net efficacy in individual homes and at the community level. Abstract Mosquito-borne malaria kills 429,000 people each year with the problem being acute in sub-Saharan Africa. The successes gained with long-lasting pyrethroid-treated bednets are now in jeopardy because of wide-spread, pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. Using crowd modeling theory normalized for standard bednet architecture, we were able to design an attract–trap–kill technology for mosquitoes that does not require insecticides. Using three-dimensional polyester knitting and heat fixation, trap funnels were developed with high capture efficacy with no egression under worst-case laboratory conditions. Field testing in Africa in WHO huts with Gen1-3 T (trap)-Nets validated our model, and as predicted, Gen3 had the highest efficacy with a 4.3-fold greater trap–kill rate with no deterrence or repellency compared to Permanet 2.0, the most common bednet in Africa. A T-Net population model was developed based on field data to predict community-level mosquito control compared to a pyrethroid bednet. This model showed the Gen3 non-insecticidal T-Net under field conditions in Africa against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes was 12.7-fold more efficacious than single chemical, pyrethroid-treated nets.}, number={11}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Mouhamadou, Chouaibou S. and Luan, Kun and Fodjo, Behi K. and West, Andre J. and McCord, Marian G. and Apperson, Charles S. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={732} }
 @article{deshpande_west_bernacki_luan_king_2020, title={Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Resorbable Auxetic Designed Knitted Scaffolds for Craniofacial Skeletal Muscle Regeneration}, volume={7}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7040134}, DOI={10.3390/bioengineering7040134}, abstractNote={Craniofacial microsomia is a congenital deformity caused by asymmetric development of the skull (cranium) and face before birth. Current treatments include corrective surgery and replacement of the deformed structure using autograft tissue, which results in donor site morbidity. An alternative therapy can be achieved by developing a resorbable scaffold for skeletal muscle regeneration which will help restore the symmetry and function of the facial muscles and reduce donor site morbidity. Two resorbable weft knitted scaffolds were fabricated using poly(ε-caprolactone) multifilament yarns with unique auxetic design structures possessing negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR). These scaffolds exhibit their NPR elasticity through an increase in total volume as well as no lateral narrowing when stretched longitudinally, which can provide orientated mechanical supports to the cell growth of skeletal muscle regeneration. These scaffolds were evaluated for the required physical properties, mechanical performance and biocompatibility by culturing them with neonatal human dermal fibroblasts so as to determine their cell metabolic activity, cell attachment and proliferation. This study can facilitate the understanding and engineering of textile-based scaffolds for tissues/organs. The work also paves a pathway to emerge the NPR textiles into tissue engineering, which has an extensive potential for biomedical end-uses.}, number={4}, journal={Bioengineering}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Deshpande, Monica V. and West, Andre J. and Bernacki, Susan H. and Luan, Kun and King, Martin W.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={134} }
 @article{luan_west_denhartog_mccord_2019, title={Auxetic deformation of the weft-knitted Miura-ori fold}, volume={90}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519877468}, DOI={10.1177/0040517519877468}, abstractNote={Negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) material with unique geometry is rare in nature and has an auxetic response under strain in a specific direction. With this unique property, this type of material is significantly promising in many specific application fields. The curling structure commonly exists in knitted products due to the unbalanced force inside a knit loop. Thus, knitted fabric is an ideal candidate to mimic natural NPR materials, since it possesses such an inherent curly configuration and the flexibility to design and process. In this work, a weft-knitted Miura-ori fold (WMF) fabric was produced that creates a self-folding three-dimensional structure with NPR performance. Also, a finite element analysis model was developed to simulate the structural auxetic response to understand the deformation mechanism of hierarchical thread-based auxetic fabrics. The simulated strain–force curves of four WMF fabrics quantitatively agree with our experimental results. The auxetic morphologies, Poisson’s ratio and damping capacity were discussed, revealing the deformation mechanism of the WMF fabrics. This study thus provides a fundamental framework for mechanical-stimulating textiles. The developed NPR knitted fabrics have a high potential to be employed in areas of tissue engineering, such as artificial blood vessels and artificial folding mucosa.}, number={5-6}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Luan, Kun and West, Andre and DenHartog, Emiel and McCord, Marian}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={617–630} }
 @article{halbkat_luan_cave_mccord_roe_denhartog_travanty_apperson_west_2019, title={Fabric infused with a botanical repellent for protection against mosquitoes}, volume={110}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2019.1603576}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2019.1603576}, abstractNote={Abstract Mosquito resistant apparel has become increasingly sought-after due to the rise in vector-borne illnesses such as the Zika Virus, Malaria, and Dengue Fever. Botanical insect repellents have been introduced to the market for consumers that desire a natural solution involving no pesticides or added chemicals. Fabric swatches consisting of 80% nylon and 20% elastane were separately treated with an organic repellent using a patented nonwoven vessel. The fabrics were then tested for effectiveness in repelling the mosquito Aedes aegypti using an arm-in-cage assay, the most commonly used method for mosquito repellents. The repellents were also evaluated and rated by study participants according to their preference for the appeal of the scent. The treatment method is user-friendly, enabling consumers to treat their clothing with an organic insect repellent as opposed to applying a synthetic chemical to their clothing and skin. The infused fabrics showed to be effective at repelling mosquitoes for up to 8 h after repellent infusion.}, number={10}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Halbkat, Lilah and Luan, Kun and Cave, Grayson and McCord, Marian and Roe, Michael and DenHartog, Emiel and Travanty, Nicholas J. and Apperson, Charles S. and West, Andre J.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={1468–1474} }
 @article{luan_liu_sun_zhang_hu_fang_ming_song_2019, title={High strain rate compressive response of the C-f/SiC composite}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1873-3956"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85059100831&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.12.174}, abstractNote={Carbon fiber reinforced ceramic owns the properties of lightweight, high fracture toughness, excellent shock resistance, and thus overcomes ceramic's brittleness. The researches on the advanced structure of astronautics, marine have exclusively evaluated the quasi-static mechanical response of carbon fiber reinforced ceramics, while few investigations are available in the open literature regarding elastodynamics. This paper reports the dynamic compressive responses of a carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (Cf/SiC) composite (CFCMC) tested by the material test system 801 machine (MTS) and the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). These tests were to determine the rate dependent compression response and high strain rate failure mechanism of the Cf/SiC composite in in-plane and out-plane directions. The in-plane compressive strain rates are from 0.001 to 2200 s−1, and that of the out-plane direction are from 0.001 to 2400 s−1. The compressive stress-strain curves show the Cf/SiC composite has a property of strain rate sensitivity in both directions while under high strain rate loadings. Its compressive stiffness, compressive stress, and corresponding strain are also strain rate sensitive. The compressive damage morphologies after high strain rate impacting show different failure modes for each loading direction. This study provides knowledge about elastodynamics of fiber-reinforced ceramics and extends their design criterion with a reliable evaluation while applying in the scenario of loading high strain rate.}, number={6}, journal={CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL}, author={Luan, Kun and Liu, Jianjun and Sun, Baozhong and Zhang, Wei and Hu, Jianbao and Fang, Xiaomeng and Ming, Chen and Song, Erhong}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={6812–6818} }
 @article{ming_yang_luan_chen_wang_zeng_li_zhang_chen_2018, title={Microstructural effects on effective piezoelectric responses of textured PMN-PT ceramics}, volume={145}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85042225616&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.actamat.2017.11.043}, abstractNote={The effective piezoelectric properties of [001]c fiber textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) ceramics were studied by phase-field modeling. The effects of microstructures such as texture, grain shape, grain boundaries, residual pores and heterogeneous growth templates were investigated. It was found that the degree of texture plays a dominant role in determining the properties. The pores, heterogeneous templates and grain boundaries reduce the properties significantly at high degrees of texture with the effect diminishing at decreasing degrees of texture. The presence of heterogeneous templates leads to a more significant reduction in the properties than pores although the piezoelectric coefficients of pores are zero. The shape of grains has a weak effect at all degrees of texture. By utilizing the experimentally measured microstructural parameters in the calculations and comparing the computed properties with the corresponding measurements, we showed that the low performance of sintered textured PMN-PT ceramics (d33∼1000 pC/N) relative to single crystals (d33∼2800 pC/N) is mainly due to the insufficiently high degree of texture even with Lotgering factors up to 0.9, while the influences of other microstructures are weak.}, journal={Acta Materialia}, author={Ming, C. and Yang, T. and Luan, K. and Chen, L. and Wang, L. and Zeng, J. and Li, Y. and Zhang, W. and Chen, L.-Q.}, year={2018}, pages={62–70} }
 @article{luan_gu_2015, title={Energy absorption of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite under ballistic penetration based on a multi-scale finite element model}, volume={24}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84916624877&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1056789514520800}, abstractNote={This paper reports the ballistic energy absorption of three-dimensional angle-interlock composite (3DAWC) based on a ballistic experiment and a theoretical model with high strain rate constitutive equation of fiber tows. The 3DAWC panels were penetrated under a hemispherical–cylindrical steel projectile, while time testers recorded the initial velocities and residual velocities of projectile in this process. The damage modes of 3DAWC are observed and analyzed from the view of penetrated damage morphologies and experimental velocity data. In order to demonstrate the energy absorption mechanism with more accuracy, a multi-scale finite element model of 3DAWC under ballistic penetration is specially designed and established to calculate this ballistic event. The constitutive relationship of the Twaron® filament yarn in microstructural model is derived from the springs and dashpots model and compiled into user-defined material subroutine in commercial-available finite element software package LS-DYNA, which can introduce strain rate sensitivity of fiber bundles to ballistic energy absorption process. A comparison of theoretical and experimental results shows a good agreement indicating an accurate validity of the multi-scale finite element model of 3DAWC. Moreover, this model can deeply reveal the ballistic energy absorption mechanism of 3DAWC which will help to evaluate the structural tolerance of ballistic protection composite material.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Damage Mechanics}, author={Luan, K. and Gu, B.}, year={2015}, pages={3–20} }
 @article{luan_sun_gu_2013, title={Ballistic impact damages of 3-D angle-interlock woven composites based on high strain rate constitutive equation of fiber tows}, volume={57}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875133847&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.02.003}, abstractNote={This paper reports the ballistic impact damage of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite (3DAWC) under a hemispherical rigid projectile penetration on the basis of high strain rate constitutive equations of fiber tows and multi-scale geometrical model of the 3DAWC. The constitutive equations of the Twaron® fiber tows (poly paraphenylene terepthalamide, PPTA) under high strain rates have been established to characterize the mechanical behaviors under impact loading. The Twaron® fiber tows were assumed as transversely isotropic viscoelastic material to derive the constitutive equations. The maximum strain failure criterion was adopted for defining the failure of the PPTA fiber tows. A user-defined subroutine UMAT (FORTRAN user-material subroutine) was written for combining both the constitutive equations and the failure criterion in numerical calculation. Based on a micro-scale geometrical model of the 3DAWC, the UMAT for the PPTA fiber tows was combined with a commercial available finite element method (FEM) software package LS-DYNA to calculate the ballistic impact damage when the 3DAWC panel penetrated under a hemispherical–cylindrical steel projectile. It was found that the FEM simulation agrees well with the experimental results. The impact damage morphologies and damage propagations, the energy absorptions and the stress distributions in the 3DAWC panel were presented to elucidate the ballistic penetration damage mechanisms for optimizing the ballistic protection capacity of the 3-D woven composite material.}, journal={International Journal of Impact Engineering}, author={Luan, K. and Sun, B. and Gu, B.}, year={2013}, pages={145–158} }
 @book{wu_luan_zhang_2012, title={Investigation and exploration of a new indoor air filtration material}, volume={182-183}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84869848000&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.182-183.208}, abstractNote={In this paper, a new type indoor air filtration material was developed using three raw materials (wool, carbon fiber and activated carbon powder). Optimum fabrication parameters were adopted in needle-punched process to fabricate the air filtration material. The effect of carbon fiber, wool layer number and activated carbon powder content were analyzed in thermal stability test and formaldehyde removal test, and results showed the addition of carbon fiber enhance the thermal stability, and synergistic effect of wool and activated carbon powder played an essential role in formaldehyde sorption process.}, journal={Applied Mechanics and Materials}, author={Wu, L. and Luan, K. and Zhang, F.}, year={2012}, pages={208–212} }
 @book{zhang_wu_luan_2012, title={LabVIEW-based data acquisition system for loom performance assessment}, volume={182-183}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84869835277&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.182-183.392}, abstractNote={In order to improve the efficiency of the test system for loom performance assessment, a new data acquisition system of loom performance based on LabVIEW was developed according to direct memory access (DMA) transfer method. Through given hardware components and tested on a Toyata air-jet loom, the different signals were collected and transferred to computer. Then these signals were processed and the test parameters could be reckoned and shown on the PC screen by special designed software program. The result showed that this virtual test system can satisfy the requirement of loom measurement.}, journal={Applied Mechanics and Materials}, author={Zhang, F. and Wu, L. and Luan, K.}, year={2012}, pages={392–395} }
 @book{luan_zhang_wu_2012, title={Quasi-static tensile properties and damage mechanism of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composites}, volume={182-183}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84869852753&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.182-183.148}, abstractNote={The uniaxial tensile properties of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composites (3DAWCs) under quasi-static loading were investigated in this paper. The samples were manufactured into dog-bone shape and tested on Material Test System 810.23. The strain-stress curves in warp direction indicating the Young’s moduli, maximum stress and maximum strain are achieved from the uniaxial tensile test. The effects of microstructure and damage morphology of 3DAWC under quasi-static tension are discussed. Furthermore, we will focus on the energy absorption mechanism from the view of tensile failure mode. The material parameters of 3DAWC in warp direction can be evaluated for developing quantitative approach to design polymer matrix composite structures.}, journal={Applied Mechanics and Materials}, author={Luan, K. and Zhang, F. and Wu, L.}, year={2012}, pages={148–152} }
 @article{luan_sun_gu_2011, title={A Multi-scale geometrical model for finite element analyses of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite under ballistic penetration}, volume={79}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-82055206970&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={CMES - Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences}, author={Luan, K. and Sun, B. and Gu, B.}, year={2011}, pages={31–61} }
 @book{luan_sun_gu_zhang_2011, title={Design of an eco-power automobile body made from green composite and its structural optimization in FEA}, volume={287-290}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79961228066&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.287-290.405}, abstractNote={Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is a kind of natural fiber that has good mechanical and environmental friendly properties. The fabric woven by ramie yarns shows excellent dimensional stability. Polypropylene (PP) was used as matrix for its recyclable and thermoplastic properties. PP is the widely used thermoplastics for composite and currently it is very common in building, construction, furniture and automotive products. Since the eco-power automobile body was designed for light-weight and low fuel consumption, there seems to be high potential application to automobile industry for ramie-PP composite. Therefore, in this paper, we developed a constitution of fabric to form stable structure reinforcement. The reinforcement and PP particles were treated in vulcanizer by thermo-compression technology. The fundamental mechanical properties of the composite were tested for finite element analysis (FEA). An eco-power automobile body was designed in Pro/E® Wildfire 5.0 and transferred to Finite Element Analysis Software for material and structural simulation analysis. Structural improvement and sizing optimization of the eco-power automobile body model were simulated to judge the material application and its structure effectiveness.}, journal={Advanced Materials Research}, author={Luan, K. and Sun, B. and Gu, B. and Zhang, J.}, year={2011}, pages={405–409} }
 @article{sun_luan_gu_fang_zhang_2011, title={Light-Weighting Design of Eco-Power Automobile Chassis Made from Green Composite and its Topology Optimization in FEA}, volume={341-342}, ISSN={1662-8985}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.183}, DOI={10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.341-342.183}, abstractNote={Green composite made from ramie fabric and polypropylene (PP) is a kind of recyclable and environmental friendly material. Ramie fiber tows have relatively good mechanical properties comparing with other bast fibers, and hence the fabric woven by ramie yarn shows excellent in-plane mechanical behaviors. PP can be fully recovered and recycling used for its thermoplastic character. Ramie fabrics reinforced by PP have better shape formability and maintenance. In this paper, we proposed a plain weave in sample dobby loom, and reinforced four laid-layers together by PP particle through hot pressing. The mechanical behaviors of the ramie-PP composite were tested by MTS-810 Material Testing System in weft and warp directions separately which were essential parameters to the following topology optimization in finite element analysis (FEA) software. A body of eco-power automobile consisting of shell and chassis was original designed in Pro/E® Wildfire 5.0. For the chassis is the main bearing structure, it is an important part in the eco-power automobile body and was chosen to be topology optimized. Fiber volume fraction and structure optimization of the chassis model are evaluated and simulated to guide the material formation of manufacture progress.}, journal={Advanced Materials Research}, publisher={Trans Tech Publications}, author={Sun, Bao Zhong and Luan, Kun and Gu, Bo Hong and Fang, Xiao Meng and Zhang, Jia Jin}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={183–188} }