@article{fogle_hudson_thomson_sherman_gruen_lacelles_colby_clary_longo_meeker_2021, title={Improved neurocognitive performance in FIV infected cats following treatment with the p75 neurotrophin receptor ligand LM11A-31}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1538-2443"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13365-021-00956-2}, abstractNote={HIV rapidly infects the central nervous system (CNS) and establishes a persistent viral reservoir within microglia, perivascular macrophages and astrocytes. Inefficient control of CNS viral replication by antiretroviral therapy results in chronic inflammation and progressive cognitive decline in up to 50% of infected individuals with no effective treatment options. Neurotrophin based therapies have excellent potential to stabilize and repair the nervous system. A novel non-peptide ligand, LM11A-31, that targets the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has been identified as a small bioavailable molecule capable of strong neuroprotection with minimal side effects. To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of LM11A-31 in a natural infection model, we treated cats chronically infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) with 13 mg/kg LM11A-31 twice daily over a period of 10 weeks and assessed effects on cognitive functions, open field behaviors, activity, sensory thresholds, plasma FIV, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) FIV, peripheral blood mononuclear cell provirus, CD4 and CD8 cell counts and general physiology. Between 12 and 18 months post-inoculation, cats began to show signs of neural dysfunction in T maze testing and novel object recognition, which were prevented by LM11A-31 treatment. Anxiety-like behavior was reduced in the open field and no changes were seen in sensory thresholds. Systemic FIV titers were unaffected but treated cats exhibited a log drop in CSF FIV titers. No significant adverse effects were observed under all conditions. The data indicate that LM11A-31 is likely to be a potent adjunctive treatment for the control of neurodegeneration in HIV infected individuals.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY}, author={Fogle, Jonathan E. and Hudson, Lola and Thomson, Andrea and Sherman, Barbara and Gruen, Margaret and Lacelles, B. Duncan and Colby, Brenda M. and Clary, Gillian and Longo, Frank and Meeker, Rick B.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={302–324} }
 @article{schoenfeld-tacher_horn_scheviak_royal_hudson_2017, title={Evaluation of 3D Additively Manufactured Canine Brain Models for Teaching Veterinary Neuroanatomy}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0416-080r}, abstractNote={Physical specimens are essential to the teaching of veterinary anatomy. While fresh and fixed cadavers have long been the medium of choice, plastinated specimens have gained widespread acceptance as adjuncts to dissection materials. Even though the plastination process increases the durability of specimens, these are still derived from animal tissues and require periodic replacement if used by students on a regular basis. This study investigated the use of three-dimensional additively manufactured (3D AM) models (colloquially referred to as 3D-printed models) of the canine brain as a replacement for plastinated or formalin-fixed brains. The models investigated were built based on a micro-MRI of a single canine brain and have numerous practical advantages, such as durability, lower cost over time, and reduction of animal use. The effectiveness of the models was assessed by comparing performance among students who were instructed using either plastinated brains or 3D AM models. This study used propensity score matching to generate similar pairs of students. Pairings were based on gender and initial anatomy performance across two consecutive classes of first-year veterinary students. Students' performance on a practical neuroanatomy exam was compared, and no significant differences were found in scores based on the type of material (3D AM models or plastinated specimens) used for instruction. Students in both groups were equally able to identify neuroanatomical structures on cadaveric material, as well as respond to questions involving application of neuroanatomy knowledge. Therefore, we postulate that 3D AM canine brain models are an acceptable alternative to plastinated specimens in teaching veterinary neuroanatomy.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Schoenfeld-Tacher, Regina M. and Horn, Timothy J. and Scheviak, Tyler A. and Royal, Kenneth D. and Hudson, Lola C.}, year={2017}, pages={612–619} }
 @article{gruen_thomson_clary_hamilton_hudson_meeker_sherman_2013, title={Conditioning laboratory cats to handling and transport}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1548-4475"]}, DOI={10.1038/laban.361}, abstractNote={As research subjects, cats have contributed substantially to our understanding of biological systems, from the development of mammalian visual pathways to the pathophysiology of feline immunodeficiency virus as a model for human immunodeficiency virus. Few studies have evaluated humane methods for managing cats in laboratory animal facilities, however, in order to reduce fear responses and improve their welfare. The authors describe a behavioral protocol used in their laboratory to condition cats to handling and transport. Such behavioral conditioning benefits the welfare of the cats, the safety of animal technicians and the quality of feline research data.}, number={10}, journal={LAB ANIMAL}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Clary, Gillian P. and Hamilton, Alexandra K. and Hudson, Lola C. and Meeker, Rick B. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={385–389} }
 @article{sherman_gruen_meeker_milgram_dirivera_thomson_clary_hudson_2013, title={The use of a T-maze to measure cognitive-motor function in cats (Felis catus)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1558-7878"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2012.03.001}, abstractNote={Few tests have been developed to test the cognitive and motor capabilities of domestic cats, in spite of the suitability of cats for specific studies of neuroanatomy, infectious diseases, development, aging, and behavior. The present study evaluated a T-maze apparatus as a sensitive and reliable measure of cognition and motor function of cats. Eighteen purpose-bred, specific-pathogen-free, male, neutered domestic shorthair cats (Felis catus), 1-2 years of age, were trained and tested to a T-maze protocol using food rewards. The test protocol consisted of positional discrimination training (left arm or right arm) to criterion followed by two discrimination reversal tests. The two reversal tests documented the ability of the subjects to respond to a new reward location, and switch arms of the T-maze. Data were collected on side preference, number of correct responses, and latency of responses by the subjects. Aided by a customized computer program (CanCog Technologies), data were recorded electronically as each cat progressed from the start box to the reward arm. The protocol facilitated rapid training to a high and consistent level of performance during the discrimination training. This learning was associated with a decrease in the latency to traverse the maze to a mean of 4.80 ± 0.87 s indicating strong motivation and consistent performance. When the rewarded side was reversed in the test phase, cats required more trials to reach criterion, as expected, but again showed reliable learning. The latency to reward in the first session of reversal increased 86% from the first to the last trial indicating that it may provide a useful index of cognitive processing. Latencies subsequently decreased as the new reversal paradigm was learned. This paradigm provides a relatively rapid and reliable test of cognitive motor performance that can be used in various settings for evaluation of feline cognitive and motor function.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Sherman, Barbara L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Meeker, Rick B. and Milgram, Bill and DiRivera, Christina and Thomson, Andrea and Clary, Gillian and Hudson, Lola}, year={2013}, pages={32–39} }
 @article{meeker_williams_killebrew_hudson_2012, title={Cell trafficking through the choroid plexus}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1933-6926"]}, DOI={10.4161/cam.21054}, abstractNote={The choroid plexus is a multifunctional organ that sits at the interface between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It serves as a gateway for immune cell trafficking into the CSF and is in an excellent position to provide continuous immune surveillance by CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells and to regulate immune cell trafficking in response to disease and trauma. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control trafficking through this structure. Three cell types within the choroid plexus, in particular, may play prominent roles in controlling the development of immune responses within the nervous system: the epithelial cells, which form the blood-CSF barrier, and resident macrophages and dendritic cells in the stromal matrix. Adhesion molecule and chemokine expression by the epithelial cells allows substantial control over the selection of cells that transmigrate. Macrophages and dendritic cells can present antigen within the choroid plexus and/or transmigrate into the cerebral ventricles to serve a variety of possible immune functions. Studies to better understand the diverse functions of these cells are likely to reveal new insights that foster the development of novel pharmacological and macrophage-based interventions for the control of CNS immune responses.}, number={5}, journal={CELL ADHESION & MIGRATION}, author={Meeker, Rick B. and Williams, Kimberly and Killebrew, Deirdre A. and Hudson, Lola C.}, year={2012}, pages={390–396} }
 @article{meeker_poulton_feng_hudson_longo_2012, title={Suppression of Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neural Damage by the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Ligand, LM11A-31, in an In Vitro Feline Model}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1557-1890"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11481-011-9325-0}, abstractNote={Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), produces systemic and central nervous system disease in its natural host, the domestic cat, that parallels the pathogenesis seen in HIV-infected humans. The ability to culture feline nervous system tissue affords the unique opportunity to directly examine interactions of infectious virus with CNS cells for the development of models and treatments that can then be translated to a natural infectious model. To explore the therapeutic potential of a new p75 neurotrophin receptor ligand, LM11A-31, we evaluated neuronal survival, neuronal damage and calcium homeostasis in cultured feline neurons following inoculation with FIV. FIV resulted in the gradual appearance of dendritic beading, pruning of processes and shrinkage of neuronal perikarya in the neurons. Astrocytes developed a more activated appearance and there was an enhanced accumulation of microglia, particularly at longer times post-inoculation. Addition of 10 nM LM11A-31, to the cultures greatly reduced or eliminated the neuronal pathology as well as the FIV effects on astrocytes and microglia. LM11A-31 also, prevented the development of delayed calcium deregulation in feline neurons exposed to conditioned medium from FIV treated macrophages. The suppression of calcium accumulation prevented the development of foci of calcium accumulation and beading in the dendrites. FIV replication was unaffected by LM11A-31. The strong neuroprotection afforded by LM11A-31 in an infectious in vitro model indicates that LM11A-31 may have excellent potential for the treatment of HIV-associated neurodegeneration.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Meeker, Rick B. and Poulton, Winona and Feng, Wen-hai and Hudson, Lola and Longo, Frank M.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={388–400} }
 @article{meeker_bragg_poulton_hudson_2012, title={Transmigration of macrophages across the choroid plexus epithelium in response to the feline immunodeficiency virus}, volume={347}, ISSN={["0302-766X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00441-011-1301-8}, abstractNote={Although lentiviruses such as human, feline and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV, FIV, SIV) rapidly gain access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the mechanisms that control this entry are not well understood. One possibility is that the virus may be carried into the brain by immune cells that traffic across the blood-CSF barrier in the choroid plexus. Since few studies have directly examined macrophage trafficking across the blood-CSF barrier, we established transwell and explant cultures of feline choroid plexus epithelium and measured trafficking in the presence or absence of FIV. Macrophages in co-culture with the epithelium showed significant proliferation and robust trafficking that was dependent on the presence of epithelium. Macrophage migration to the apical surface of the epithelium was particularly robust in the choroid plexus explants where 3-fold increases were seen over the first 24 h. Addition of FIV to the cultures greatly increased the number of surface macrophages without influencing replication. The epithelium in the transwell cultures was also permissive to PBMC trafficking, which increased from 17 to 26% of total cells after exposure to FIV. Thus, the choroid plexus epithelium supports trafficking of both macrophages and PBMCs. FIV significantly enhanced translocation of macrophages and T cells indicating that the choroid plexus epithelium is likely to be an active site of immune cell trafficking in response to infection.}, number={2}, journal={CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH}, author={Meeker, Rick B. and Bragg, D. C. and Poulton, Winona and Hudson, Lola}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={443–455} }
 @misc{fletcher_meeker_hudson_callanan_2011, title={The neuropathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection: Barriers to overcome}, volume={188}, ISSN={["1090-0233"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.022}, abstractNote={Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, is a neurotropic lentivirus, and both natural and experimental infections are associated with neuropathology. FIV enters the brain early following experimental infection, most likely via the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers. The exact mechanism of entry, and the factors that influence this entry, are not fully understood. As FIV is a recognised model of HIV-1 infection, understanding such mechanisms is important, particularly as HIV enters the brain early in infection. Furthermore, the development of strategies to combat this central nervous system (CNS) infection requires an understanding of the interactions between the virus and the CNS. In this review the results of both in vitro and in vivo FIV studies are assessed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of viral entry into the brain.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Fletcher, Nicola F. and Meeker, Rick B. and Hudson, Lola C. and Callanan, John J.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={260–269} }
 @book{hudson_2010, title={Atlas of feline anatomy for veterinarians}, publisher={Jackson, WY: Teton NewMedia}, author={Hudson, Lola C.}, year={2010} }
 @article{leigh_mackillop_robertson_hudson_2008, title={Clinical anatomy of the canine brain using magnetic resonance imaging}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00336.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to produce an magnetic resonsnce (MR) image atlas of clinically relevant brain anatomy and to relate this neuroanatomy to clinical signs. The brain of a large mixed breed dog was imaged in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes using a 1.5 T MR unit and the following pulse sequences: Turbo (fast) spin echo (TSE) T2, T1, and T2‐ weighted spatial and chemical shift‐encoded excitation sequence. Relevant neuroanatomic structures were identified using anatomic texts, sectioned cadaver heads, and previously published atlases. Major subdivisions of the brain were mapped and the neurologic signs of lesions in these divisions were described. TSE T2‐weighted images were found to be the most useful for identifying clinically relevant neuroanatomy. Relating clinical signs to morphology as seen on MR will assist veterinarians to better understand clinically relevant neuroanatomy in MR images.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Leigh, Edmund J. and Mackillop, Edward and Robertson, Ian D. and Hudson, Lola C.}, year={2008}, pages={113–121} }
 @article{hudson_tompkins_meeker_2008, title={Endothelial cell suppression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell trafficking in vitro during acute exposure to feline immunodeficiency virus}, volume={334}, ISSN={["0302-766X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00441-008-0623-7}, abstractNote={Trafficking of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into the brain is a critical step in the initiation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated central nervous system disease. To examine potential factors that control trafficking during the earliest stages of infection, PBMC transmigration across a cultured feline brain endothelial cell (BECs) monolayer was measured after selective exposure of various cell types to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Infection of the PBMCs with FIV increased the trafficking of monocytes and CD4 and CD8 T cells. Additional exposure of the BECs to FIV suppressed mean monocyte, CD4 T cell, and CD8 T cell trafficking. B cell trafficking was unaltered by these changing conditions. Subsequent exposure of astrocytes or microglia to FIV altered transmigration of different PBMC subsets in different ways. Treated microglia compared with treated astrocytes decreased monocyte transmigration, whereas B cell transmigration was increased significantly. When both astrocytes and microglia were exposed to FIV, an increase in CD8 T cell transmigration relative to BECs alone, to BECs plus astrocytes, or to BECs plus microglia was demonstrated. Thus, initial exposure of PBMCs to FIV is sufficient to induce a general increase in trafficking, whereas initial exposure of endothelial cells to FIV tends to down-regulate this effect. Selectivity of trafficking of specific PBMC subsets is apparent only after exposure of cells of the central nervous system to FIV in co-culture with the endothelium.}, number={1}, journal={CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH}, author={Hudson, Lola C. and Tompkins, Mary B. and Meeker, Rick B.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={55–65} }
 @article{liu_hudson_tompkins_vahlenkamp_colby_rundle_meeker_2006, title={Cerebrospinal fluid is an efficient route for establishing brain infection with feline immunodeficiency virus and transfering infectious virus to the periphery}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1538-2443"]}, DOI={10.1080/13550280600889567}, abstractNote={Like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) invades and infects the central nervous system (CNS) soon after peripheral infection. The appearance of viral RNA is particularly prominent in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), suggesting an efficient route of virus transfer across the blood-CSF barrier. This raises the concern whether this route can establish a stable viral reservoir and also be a source of virus capable of reseeding peripheral systems. To examine this possibility, 200 μl of cell-free NCSU1 FIV or FIV-infected choroid plexus macrophages (ChP-Mac) was directly injected into the right lateral ventricle of the brain. Negative controls were sham inoculated with uninfected ChP-Mac or virus-free culture supernatant and positive controls were infected systemically by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) inoculation with cell-free FIV resulted in high levels of plasma FIV RNA detected as early as 1 to 2 weeks post inoculation in all cats. In each case, the plasma viremia preceded the detection of CSF viral RNA. Compared to i.p. cats, i.c.v. cats had 32-fold higher CSF viral loads, 8-fold higher ratios of CSF to plasma viral load, and a 23-fold greater content of FIV proviral DNA in the brain. No FIV RNA was detected in plasma or CSF from the cats inoculated with FIV-infected ChP-Mac but an acute inflammatory response and a slight suppression of the CD4+:CD8+ ratio were observed. These results indicate that free FIV circulating in the CSF promotes infection of the CNS and provides a highly efficient pathway for the transfer of infectious virus to the periphery.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY}, author={Liu, Pinghuang and Hudson, Lola C. and Tompkins, Mary B. and Vahlenkamp, Thomas W. and Colby, Brenda and Rundle, Cyndi and Meeker, Rick B.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={294–306} }
 @article{liu_hudson_tompkins_vahlenkamp_meeker_2006, title={Compartmentalization and evolution of feline immunodeficiency virus between the central nervous system and periphery following intracerebroventricular or systemic inoculation}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1355-0284"]}, DOI={10.1080/13550280600889575}, abstractNote={The emergence of distinct neuropathogenic strains resulting from the adaptation and the unique evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the brain may contribute to the development of HIV-induced neurological diseases. In this study, the authors tracked early changes in virus evolution and compartmentalization between peripheral tissues and the central nervous system (CNS) after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of animals with cell-free feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Using the FIV-NCSU1 envelope V3–V4 heteroduplex tracking assay (HTA), the authors observed a rapid compartmentalization of envelope variants between the CNS and periphery. Animals receiving the i.c.v. inoculation showed two peaks of viral RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with very different HTA patterns. Compared to the initial viral peak in CSF, the second peak showed an increased compartmentalization from plasma, reduced viral diversity, and more divergence from the proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the choroid plexus. In contrast, changes in plasma over the same time period were small. Different animals harbored different FIV DNA genotypes with varied regional compartmentalization within the brain. These results demonstrated that the virus within the CNS experienced a relatively independent but variable evolution from the periphery. Initial penetration of virus into the CSF facilitated the development of brain-specific reservoirs and viral diversification within the CNS.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY}, author={Liu, Pinghuang and Hudson, Lola C. and Tompkins, Mary B. and Vahlenkamp, Thomas W. and Meeker, Rick B.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={307–321} }
 @article{hudson_bragg_tompkins_meeker_2005, title={Astrocytes and microglia differentially regulate trafficking of lymphocyte subsets across brain endothelial cells}, volume={1058}, ISSN={["1872-6240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.071}, abstractNote={Feline brain endothelial cells (BECs), astrocytes, and microglia were combined in different configurations in a cell culture insert system to assess the effect of different cell types on the trafficking of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets in response to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The addition of astrocytes to BECs significantly increased the adherence of PBMCs. This increase in adherence was suppressed by microglia, whereas microglia alone had no effect on PBMC adherence. FIV exposure of the glial cells did not alter PBMC adherence as compared to same configurations with untreated cells. All PBMC subsets showed some level of trafficking across the endothelial cell layer. The level of trafficking of monocytes and B cells was significantly increased if astrocytes were present. The presence of microglia with the astrocytes reduced transmigration across all PBMC subsets. FIV exposure of astrocytes significantly increased the percentage of CD8 T cell transmigration from 24% to 64% of the total CD4 and CD8 numbers. The presence of microglia significantly reversed the preferential trafficking of CD8 cells in the presence of astrocytes. The results suggested that interaction between the triad of endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia played an important, but varying, role in the trafficking of different PBMC subsets. In general, astrocytes had a positive effect on trafficking of PBMCs, while microglia had a suppressive effect. Effects of FIV on trafficking were largely restricted to increases seen in CD8 T cells and monocytes.}, number={1-2}, journal={BRAIN RESEARCH}, author={Hudson, LC and Bragg, DC and Tompkins, MB and Meeker, RB}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={148–160} }
 @article{hudson_vahlenkamp_howard_colby_tompkins_meeker_2002, title={Cerebrospinal fluid centesis at the cerebellomedullary cistern of kittens}, volume={41}, number={5}, journal={Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Hudson, L. C. and Vahlenkamp, T. W. and Howard, K. E. and Colby, B. and Tompkins, M. B. and Meeker, R. B.}, year={2002}, pages={30–32} }
 @article{bragg_hudson_liang_tompkins_fernandes_meeker_2002, title={Choroid plexus macrophages proliferate and release toxic factors in response to feline immunodeficiency virus}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1355-0284"]}, DOI={10.1080/13550280290049679}, abstractNote={Recent observations have suggested that lentiviruses stimulate the proliferation and activation of microglia. A similar effect within the dense macrophage population of the choroid plexus could have significant implications for trafficking of virus and inflammatory cells into the brain. To explore this possibility, we cultured fetal feline macrophages and examined their response to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or the T-cell-derived protein, recombinant human CD40-ligand trimer (rhuCD40-L). The rhCD40-L was the most potent stimulus for macrophage proliferation, often inducing a dramatic increase in macrophage density. Exposure to FIV resulted in a small increase in the number of macrophages and macrophage nuclei labeled with bromodeoxyuridine. The increase in macrophage density after FIV infection also correlated with an increase in neurotoxic activity of the macrophage-conditione d medium. Starting at 16–18 weeks postinfection, well after the peak of viremia, a similar toxic activity was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from FIV-infected cats. Toxicity in the CSF increased over time and was paralleled by strong CD18 staining of macrophages/microglia in the choroid plexus and adjacent parenchyma. These results suggest that lentiviral infection of the choroid plexus can induce a toxic inflammatory response that is fueled by local macrophage proliferation. Together with the observation of increasing toxic activity in the CSF and increased CD18 staining in vivo, these observations suggest that choroid plexus macrophages may contribute to an inflammatory cascade in the brain that progresses independently of systemic and CSF viral load.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY}, author={Bragg, DC and Hudson, LC and Liang, YH and Tompkins, MB and Fernandes, A and Meeker, RB}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={225–239} }
 @article{hudson_berschneider_ferris_vivrette_2001, title={Disaster relief management of companion animals affected by the floods of Hurricane Floyd}, volume={218}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.218.354}, abstractNote={O n September 16, 1999, Hurricane Floyd caused widespread flooding through a largely rural area of North Carolina. More than 40 of 100 counties experienced some flooding (Fig 1); the most severe was in the eastern third of the state. Interstate highways and divided 4-lane US highways, as well as hundreds of state highways and local roads, were closed at multiple sites because of flooding or washed-out bridges, hampering transportation of supplies and animals. The affected area included a portion of the state that had many large poultry and pork production farms, cattle, horses, dogs, cats, indigenous wildlife, and smaller populations of other species such as pet birds, ferrets, and exotic wildlife. Calls for evacuation, both mandatory and voluntary, were ignored by many persons in the area because hurricane and flood warnings had been issued in the past but substantial damage did not occur, or because the media reported major problems associated with the evacuation. Evacuation from all areas expected to be affected by the hurricane would have required driving to Tennessee (> 500 miles from some parts of the state), because the storm was moving in a northerly direction. Because North Carolina does not presently have means of providing pet-friendly evacuation shelters or pet evacuation shelters located near human evacuation shelters, some persons unprepared or unable to evacuate pets declared that they would not leave their pets alone and without care. As a result, a large number of people and their animals were either trapped within flooded areas or by surrounding flooded access roads. For the most part, county emergency management resources were quickly overwhelmed. An additional 7 inches of rain that fell 11 days after the hurricane exacerbated flooding and dam failures throughout the region, adding to the need for additional rescue and evacuation of animals. The purpose of this report was to describe disaster relief management performed by the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) for approximately 375 dogs, 75 cats, and 17 animals of other species affected by flooding. Logistics Facilities—A warehouse (area, 149 m 2) for surplus materials of the CVM was used as the primary facility for a field hospital. The building was furnished with 84 canine research cages in 42 racks, 4 examination tables, and multiple shelving units. The warehouse included a 4.2 X 4.2-m room that was used for cats, small dogs, and critically affected animals. This room held …}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hudson, LC and Berschneider, HM and Ferris, KK and Vivrette, SL}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={354–359} }
 @article{liang_hudson_levy_ritchey_tompkins_tompkins_2000, title={T cells overexpressing interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 are found in both the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats}, volume={181}, ISSN={["0022-1899"]}, DOI={10.1086/315226}, abstractNote={Similar to human immunodeficiency virus type 1, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replicates in the thymus of infected animals, causing marked alteration in thymic lymphocyte subpopulations. The immune phenotype and cytokine patterns in the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of FIV-infected cats were investigated. FIV infection caused an acute-stage transient reduction in CD4CD8 double-positive thymocytes, a marked increase in CD8 single-positive thymocytes, and formation of thymic B cell lymphoid follicles. Interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA were up-regulated in both the thymus and lymph nodes of FIV-infected cats. Analysis of purified CD4 and CD8 cells revealed that CD4 cells produced most of the IL-10, whereas IFN-gamma was produced by both subsets. Quantitative-competitive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that thymocytes, especially CD4CD8 thymocytes, had much greater levels of gag mRNA than did lymph node T cells. Thus, overexpression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 is a feature of the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of FIV-infected cats.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Liang, YH and Hudson, LC and Levy, JK and Ritchey, JW and Tompkins, WAF and Tompkins, MB}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={564–575} }
 @article{love_fisher_hudson_2000, title={The computed tomographic enhancement pattern of the normal canine pituitary gland}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01878.x}, abstractNote={Dynamic computed tomography (CT) of the pituitary gland was performed on four healthy male dogs of similar size, weight and age. The pituitary gland region was first identified on lateral scout and transverse non‐contrast images. After localization, water soluble iodinated contrast medium was ad‐ ministered intravenously as a bolus at a dose of 1 m1/lb using a pressure injector at an injection rate of 10 ml/sec and a total of 40 post contrast images of the pitutary gland were acquired. No images were made after 400 seconds. The same pituitary region was imaged in each slice. The slice thickness was 1.5 mm, with a two second scan time and an eight second delay between images (resulting in images every ten seconds). The contrast medium injection and initial image were acquired simultaneously, resulting in a non‐contrast enhanced initial image, At the completion of the CT scan, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around the pituitary gland and time density data were obtained. The mean pituitary Hounsfield number was plotted as a function of time. A bi‐exponential least squares model was used to derive the best fitting line through the data. The mean relative peak increase in pituitary Hounsfield Units (HU) was 65.9%± 2.1%. After the initial increase there was a decrease in pituitary Hounsfield number with a half‐time of 16.1 seconds, followed by a slower phase with a half‐time of 16.5 minutes. The mean pituitary gland HU value during the period of gradual opacity decline was 35.0%± 4.4% above that of the pre‐contrast image.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Love, NE and Fisher, P and Hudson, L}, year={2000}, pages={507–510} }
 @article{jordan_liang_hudson_tompkins_1999, title={Shedding of feline immunodeficiency virus in semen of domestic cats during acute infection}, volume={60}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Jordan, H. L. and Liang, Y. H. and Hudson, L. C. and Tompkins, W. A.}, year={1999}, pages={211–215} }
 @article{hughes_vaden_manaugh_price_hudson_1998, title={Modulation of doxorubicin concentration by cyclosporin A in brain and testicular barrier tissues expressing P-glycoprotein in rats}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1573-7373"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1005900908540}, abstractNote={P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is an inducible transmembrane protein that functions as an ATP-dependent efflux pump. Pgp is normally expressed in two types of cells: specialized epithelial cells with secretory/excretory functions (e.g., proximal renal tubules) and specialized endothelial cells (e.g., the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier). In normal tissues, Pgp could exert a cytoprotective effect by facilitating excretion of drugs. It follows that inhibition of Pgp would alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs, like doxorubicin, in cells that express Pgp. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not inhibition of Pgp by cyclosporin A (CsA) facilitated the transport of certain drugs across the blood tissue barriers of the brain and testes (barriers tissues expressing Pgp). 120 retired male breeder CD Fisher rats were randomly assigned to groups of 4 rats each. They were given either CsA, CsA vehicle, or saline followed by doxorubicin (Dox), cisplatin (CDDP), Evan's blue (EB), sodium fluorescein (NaF), or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). There was a CsA dose dependent increase in the tissue concentration of doxorubicin in brain and testes, but platinum (Pt) concentrations, derived from CDDP, were unaffected. Unlike CDDP, Dox, can be effluxed by Pgp. These increases in Dox concentrations were not due to altered vascular permeability as a result of CsA treatment as determined by lack of EB. NaF, or HRP in brain parenchyma. Modulation of Pgp function may prove to be useful for improving chemotherapy efficacy for patients with malignancies affecting tissues with blood-tissue barriers.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY}, author={Hughes, CS and Vaden, SL and Manaugh, CA and Price, GS and Hudson, LC}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={45–54} }
 @article{hudson_weinstock_jordan_boldfletcher_1996, title={Clinical presentation of experimentally induced rabies in horses}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0931-1793"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00315.x}, abstractNote={Twelve naive and nine test-vaccinated horses which developed clinical signs of rabies as a result of the required protocol of a vaccine trial were prospectively observed. Nineteen of the 21 cases were confirmed positive for rabies infection of the brain by fluorescent antibody test. The two horses with negative results had ganglioneuritis of the trigeminal ganglion or lymphocytic perivascular cuffing in the brain stem in addition to clinical signs. Average incubation period was 12.3 days and average morbidity was 5.5 days. Naive animals had significantly shorter incubation and morbidity periods (P < 0.05). Muzzle tremors were the most frequently observed (81%) and most common initial sign. Other common signs were pharyngeal spasm or pharyngeal paresis (71%), ataxia or paresis (71%), lethargy or somnolence (71%). The furious form was manifested in 43% of rabid horses and some of these furious animals initially manifested the dumb form. The paralytic form was not observed. Histopathology was characteristics for rabies. The results of this trial do not reflect on the efficacy of commercially licensed equine rabies vaccines.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES B-ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN REIHE B-INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Hudson, LC and Weinstock, D and Jordan, T and BoldFletcher, NO}, year={1996}, month={Jul}, pages={277–285} }
 @article{hudson_cauzinille_kornegay_tompkins_1995, title={MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-IMAGING OF THE NORMAL FELINE BRAIN}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1995.tb00261.x}, abstractNote={The Purpose of this study was to produce an atlas of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the feline brain and associated structures. The head of nine clinically normal cats was imaged in 2 or 3 anatomic planes and 3 sets of technical parameters resulting in T1, T2, and proton‐weighted density images. Images were compared with anatomic texts, with preserved and sectioned feline cadaver heads, with preserved and sectioned feline brains, and with intact, sectioned, and disarticulated feline skulls for aid in identification of structures. Anatomic and neuroanatomic structures are identified on selected images in different planes as reference for MR morphology of the normal feline brain and related structures.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={HUDSON, LC and CAUZINILLE, L and KORNEGAY, JN and TOMPKINS, MB}, year={1995}, pages={267–275} }
 @article{hudson_1993, title={HISTOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRIATED-MUSCLE OF THE CANINE ESOPHAGUS}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0340-2096"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0264.1993.tb00347.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={ANATOMIA HISTOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGIA-JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES C-ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN REIHE C}, author={HUDSON, LC}, year={1993}, month={Jun}, pages={101–104} }
 @article{hudson_1990, title={Horseradish peroxidase study of the location of extrinsic efferent and afferent neurons innervating the colon of dogs}, volume={51}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Hudson, L. C.}, year={1990}, pages={1875} }