@article{bang_verster_hong_pal_velev_2024, title={Colloidal Engineering of Microplastic Capture with Biodegradable Soft Dendritic "Microcleaners"}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1520-5827"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03869}, abstractNote={The introduction of colloidal principles that enable efficient microplastic collection from aquatic environments is a goal of great environmental importance. Here, we present a novel method of microplastic (MP) collection using biodegradable hydrogel soft dendritic colloids (hSDCs). These dendritic colloids have abundant nanofibrils and a large surface area, which provide an abundance of interfacial interactions and excellent networking capabilities, allowing for the capture of plastic particles and other contaminants. Here, we show how the polymer composition and morphology of the hSDCs can impact the capture of microplastics modeled by latex microbeads. Additionally, we use colloidal DLVO theory to interpret the capture efficiencies of microbeads of different sizes and surface functional groups. The results demonstrate the microplastic remediation efficiency of hydrogel dendricolloids and highlight the primary factors involved in the microbead interactions and adsorption. On a practical level, the results show that the development of environmentally benign microcleaners based on naturally sourced materials could present a sustainable solution for microplastic cleanup.}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Bang, Rachel S. and Verster, Lucille and Hong, Haeleen and Pal, Lokendra and Velev, Orlin D.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{salem_debnath_agate_arafat_jameel_lucia_pal_2024, title={Development of multifunctional sustainable packaging from acetylated cellulose micro-nanofibrils (CMNF)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2666-8939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carpta.2024.100421}, abstractNote={Cellulose micro-nanofibrils (CMNF) with different fibrillation levels were partially acetylated while preserving their morphological and native crystalline structure. The morphological changes due to fibrillation and chemical modification were observed using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and optical profilometry. The change in tensile and burst strength, barrier, and biodegradability profile were investigated which revealed that the mechanical properties of the unmodified CMNF films increased with increase in extent of fibrillation. However, the mechanical strength of the acetylated film decreased with the increase in degree of acetylation. The stretching or folding property of the film increased with the increase in both the fibrillation and acetylation. The contact angle value increased due to a higher degree of fibrillation and acetylation because they increased the hydrophobicity and consequently enhanced the air and water vapor resistance of the unmodified and modified CNF films. Furthermore, all films exhibited the highest resistance against oil and grease, and the biodegradability test substantiated that CNF films were compostable in soil. In total, this work expresses new pathways to enhance the barrier properties of biodegradable CNF films by regulating the degree of fibrillation and acetylation, thus can emerge as sustainable alternatives to for packaging and agriculture applications.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS}, author={Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Debnath, Mrittika and Agate, Sachin and Arafat, Kazi Md. Yasin and Jameel, Hasan and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{barrios_parra_venditti_pal_2024, title={Elucidation of temperature-induced water structuring on cellulose surfaces for environmental and energy sustainability}, volume={329}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121799}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121799}, abstractNote={Optimizing drying energy in the forest products industry is critical for integrating lignocellulosic feedstocks across all manufacturing sectors. Despite substantial efforts to reduce thermal energy consumption during drying, further enhancements are possible. Cellulose, the main component of forest products, is Earth's most abundant biopolymer and a promising renewable feedstock. This study employs all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the structural dynamics of a small Iβ-cellulose microcrystallite and surrounding water layers during drying. Molecular and atomistic profiles revealed localized water near the cellulose surface, with water structuring extending beyond 8 Å into the water bulk, influencing solvent-accessible surface area and solvation energy. With increasing temperature, there was a ~20 % reduction in the cellulose surface available for interaction with water molecules, and a ~22 % reduction in solvation energy. The number of hydrogen bonds increased with thicker water layers, facilitated by a “bridging” effect. Electrostatic interactions dominated the intermolecular interactions at all temperatures, creating an energetic barrier that hinders water removal, slowing the drying processes. Understanding temperature-dependent cellulose-water interactions at the molecular level will help in designing novel strategies to address drying energy consumption, advancing the adoption of lignocellulosics as viable manufacturing feedstocks.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Barrios, Nelson and Parra, Jose G. and Venditti, Richard A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{barrios_smith_venditti_pal_2024, title={Enzyme-assisted dewatering and strength enhancement of cellulosic fibers for sustainable papermaking: A bench and pilot study}, volume={434}, ISSN={["1879-1786"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140094}, DOI={10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140094}, abstractNote={Water removal during paper manufacturing is of primary importance to production rate and cost efficiency for the pulp and paper industry. It is crucial to develop methods to reduce energy consumption by increasing the percent solids in the paper web entering the dryers from the presses. This research aimed to develop a fundamental understanding of the effect of bio-chemo-mechanical pretreatments on a bleached softwood fiber matrix and evaluate the impact on the percent solids of the paper web after pressing. Experiments included enzymatic, refining, and cationic polymer pretreatments on the bleached softwood pulps, followed by laboratory papermaking and determining the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) after pressing and the pulp and paper properties. The combined effect of mild refining, controlled enzymatic pretreatments, and cationic strength aids proved to enhance the water removal during wet pressing (up to 35 % reduction) and increase paper strength (up to 60 % increase). The results of increased solids after pressing were used to calculate the potential reduction in drying energy during paper manufacturing. Energy savings of around 10 % for paper drying could be achieved through fiber matrix modification by bio-chemo-mechanical pretreatment. Enzymatic pretreatments have been conventionally applied before refining as an energy-saving method. However, this research shows that synergistic actions of enzymes added after refining modify the fibers and create the optimal conditions for enhancement in drainage, press dewatering, and paper properties.}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION}, author={Barrios, Nelson and Smith, Madilynn M. and Venditti, Richard A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{mali_salem_sarder_agate_mathur_pal_2024, title={Understanding Binding of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with Cellulose-Based Fibers and Wipes for Renewable and Sustainable Hygiene Options}, volume={16}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/4/1586}, DOI={10.3390/su16041586}, abstractNote={Cellulose-based fibers are desirable materials for nonwoven wipes for their good absorbency, strength, cleaning, and biodegradable properties. However, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), being cationic in nature, show electrostatic interactions with anionic cellulosic fibers, reducing the available QACs to efficiently clean surfaces. This research presents sustainable alternative fibers that show better controlled exhaustion than commercial wipes and textile fibers. Textile and lignocellulosic fibers were prepared, soaked in QAC, and a UV–vis spectrophotometer was used to measure their exhaustion percentages. Factors such as immersion time and concentration of the disinfectant were also investigated, which affect the rate of exhaustion of the disinfectant from the fibers. A higher immersion time resulted in better exhaustion, whereas the total exhaustion decreased with an increase in the initial concentration of the disinfectant. The exhaustion of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) from the commercial wipes was also investigated at different immersion times and BAC concentrations. It was found that the wood and non-wood fibers showed more controlled exhaustion than the textile fibers and commercial wipes, and could be considered an alternative option for renewable and sustainable wipes and hygiene products.}, number={4}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Mali, Monika and Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Sarder, Roman and Agate, Sachin and Mathur, Kavita and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{salem_kasera_rahman_jameel_habibi_eichhorn_french_pal_lucia_2023, title={Comparison and assessment of methods for cellulose crystallinity determination}, volume={52}, ISSN={0306-0012 1460-4744}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2CS00569G}, DOI={10.1039/d2cs00569g}, abstractNote={The degree of crystallinity in cellulose significantly affects the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of cellulosic materials, their processing, and their final application. Measuring the crystalline structures of cellulose is a challenging task due to inadequate consistency among the variety of analytical techniques available and the lack of absolute crystalline and amorphous standards. Our article reviews the primary methods for estimating the crystallinity of cellulose, namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG), as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and evolving biochemical methods using cellulose binding molecules (CBMs). The techniques are compared to better interrogate not only the requirements of each method, but also their differences, synergies, and limitations. The article highlights fundamental principles to guide the general community to initiate studies of the crystallinity of cellulosic materials.}, number={18}, journal={Chemical Society Reviews}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Kasera, Nitesh Kumar and Rahman, Md. Ashiqur and Jameel, Hasan and Habibi, Youssef and Eichhorn, Stephen J. and French, Alfred D. and Pal, Lokendra and Lucia, Lucian A.}, year={2023}, pages={6417–6446} }
 @article{salem_barrios_jameel_pal_lucia_2023, title={Computational and experimental insights into the molecular architecture of water-cellulose networks}, volume={6}, ISSN={2590-2385}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2023.03.021}, DOI={10.1016/j.matt.2023.03.021}, abstractNote={The current perspective attempts to provide key insights into several major aspects of water solvation supported by several experimental and computational investigations. It is postulated that water is not just a common solvent from the framework of the molecular level, but in fact can play the role of a co-reactant or induce an “organizational constraint” (e.g., crystallization) to regulate the rate of chemical reactions. The focus of our perspective is to provide insight into these phenomena; we will cast our net toward the formation of putative water molecules' stacking around the three-dimensional network of the cellulose, the most abundant biomaterial on the planet, which is further mitigated by hydrogen bonding and water-cellulose molecular architecture on the morphology, properties, and chemical reactivity of micro- and nanocellulose. Our perspective also introduces the idea of water hydration shells present immediate to the hydrophilic surface of the cellulose that can help articulate water chemistry and the challenges it presents during drying.}, number={5}, journal={Matter}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Barrios, Nelson and Jameel, Hasan and Pal, Lokendra and Lucia, Lucian}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={1366–1381} }
 @article{vera_zambrano_marquez_vivas_forfora_bedard_farrell_ankeny_pal_jameel_et al._2023, title={Environmentally friendly oxidation pretreatments to produce sugar-based building blocks from dyed textile wastes via enzymatic hydrolysis}, volume={467}, ISSN={["1873-3212"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cej.2023.143321}, abstractNote={Given the increasing concern over textile waste management and the proliferation of textile landfills, enzymatic hydrolysis of cotton represents a potential pathway to upcycle textile waste into valuable chemical building blocks. However, this pathway is challenged by the presence of persistent dyes, hindering enzyme performance. To overcome this issue, environmentally friendly and total chlorine free oxidation methods such as ozone and alkaline hydrogen peroxide were used in combination with mechanical refining pretreatment. The results showed that the enzymatic conversion of black-dyed cotton, without oxidation, resulted in a glucose yield of only 60% as compared to 95% for undyed cotton fibers. On the other hand, the inclusion of oxidation processes in the pretreatment stage resulted in a glucose yield of 90% via enzymatic hydrolysis at expense of using low oxidation chemicals and low enzyme charges. This work highlights the potential of oxidation methods, enzymatic hydrolysis, and mechanical refining as an ecofriendly pathway for generating value-added chemicals from cotton textile waste while promoting economic circularity.}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL}, author={Vera, Ramon E. and Zambrano, Franklin and Marquez, Ronald and Vivas, Keren A. and Forfora, Naycari and Bedard, John and Farrell, Matthew and Ankeny, Mary and Pal, Lokendra and Jameel, Hasan and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{upadhyay_lucia_pal_2023, title={Harnessing total chemical-free paper and packaging materials barrier properties by mechanical modification of cellulosic fibers for food security and environmental sustainability}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2352-9407"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apmt.2023.101973}, abstractNote={Surging interest in finding sustainable alternatives for single-use plastics has galvanized research into cellulosic fiber-based paper and packaging materials. This investigation examines mechanical (refining & calendering) approaches to enhance paper's barrier properties comprising Southern bleached hardwood kraft (SBHK) and Southern bleached softwood kraft (SBSK) fibers. With increased refining intensity followed by calendering, paper thickness decreases while the apparent density increases. The refining process also generates more fibrils and fines, as reflected by reduced pulp freeness. Air resistance increases significantly due to denser fiber networks and reduced porosity. Refining also improves the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and oil & grease resistance (OGR). A 48 % reduction in WVTR and a Kit "9″ rating for OGR were observed in SBHK paper sheets refined at 16000 revolution. Notably, refining modifies cellulose fiber morphology, promoting 59 % and 94 % external fibrillation in SBSK and SBHK fibers, respectively. This change facilitates a more compact fiber arrangement, enhancing barrier properties. XRD patterns show an initial increase in cellulose crystallinity with refining, decreasing at a higher revolution of refining. SEM analysis reveals decreased surface roughness and pore fraction post-calendering, enhancing air and OGR. In a relative sense, hardwood fibers showed higher barrier performance than softwood fibers. Our work demonstrates mechanical modifications of fibers and paper web can effectively tune paper barrier performance such as WVTR, OGR, and air/oxygen resistance.}, journal={APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY}, author={Upadhyay, Aakash and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{barrios_marquez_mcdonald_hubbe_venditti_venditti_pal_2023, title={Innovation in lignocellulosics dewatering and drying for energy sustainability and enhanced utilization of forestry, agriculture, and marine resources - A review}, volume={318}, ISSN={0001-8686}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2023.102936}, DOI={10.1016/j.cis.2023.102936}, abstractNote={Efficient utilization of forestry, agriculture, and marine resources in various manufacturing sectors requires optimizing fiber transformation, dewatering, and drying energy consumption. These processes play a crucial role in reducing the carbon footprint and boosting sustainability within the circular bioeconomy framework. Despite efforts made in the paper industry to enhance productivity while conserving resources and energy through lower grammage and higher machine speeds, reducing thermal energy consumption during papermaking remains a significant challenge. A key approach to address this challenge lies in increasing dewatering of the fiber web before entering the dryer section of the paper machine. Similarly, the production of high-value-added products derived from alternative lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as nanocellulose and microalgae, requires advanced dewatering techniques for techno-economic viability. This critical and systematic review aims to comprehensively explore the intricate interactions between water and lignocellulosic surfaces, as well as the leading technologies used to enhance dewatering and drying. Recent developments in technologies to reduce water content during papermaking, and advanced dewatering techniques for nanocellulosic and microalgal feedstocks are addressed. Existing research highlights several fundamental and technical challenges spanning from the nano- to macroscopic scales that must be addressed to make lignocellulosics a suitable feedstock option for industry. By identifying alternative strategies to improve water removal, this review intends to accelerate the widespread adoption of lignocellulosics as feasible manufacturing feedstocks. Moreover, this review aims to provide a fundamental understanding of the interactions, associations, and bonding mechanisms between water and cellulose fibers, nanocellulosic materials, and microalgal feedstocks. The findings of this review shed light on critical research directions necessary for advancing the efficient utilization of lignocellulosic resources and accelerating the transition towards sustainable manufacturing practices.}, journal={Advances in Colloid and Interface Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barrios, Nelson and Marquez, Ronald and McDonald, J. David and Hubbe, Martin A. and Venditti, Richard A. and Venditti, A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={102936} }
 @misc{agate_williams_dougherty_velev_pal_2023, title={Polymer Color Intelligence: Effect of Materials, Instruments, and Measurement Techniques - A Review}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2470-1343"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c08252}, DOI={10.1021/acsomega.2c08252}, abstractNote={Transparent polymers and plastics are used to create molded parts and films for many applications. The colors of these products are of great importance for the suppliers, manufacturers, and end-users. However, for simplicity of the processing, the plastics are produced in the form of small pellets or granules. The predictive measurement of the color of such materials is a challenging process and needs consideration of a complex set of factors. A combination of color measurement systems in transmittance and reflectance modes need to be used for such materials, along with the techniques for minimizing the artifacts based on surface texture and particle sizes. This article provides an extensive overview and discussion of the various factors that can affect the perceptive colors and the methods used for the characterization of the colors and minimizing the measuring artifacts.}, number={26}, journal={ACS OMEGA}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Agate, Sachin and Williams, Austin and Dougherty, Joseph and Velev, Orlin D. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={23257–23270} }
 @article{basak_gandy_lucia_pal_2023, title={Polymer upcycling of municipal solid cellulosic waste by tandem mechanical pretreatment and maleic acid hydrolysis}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2666-3864"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101689}, abstractNote={Significant accumulation of waste biomass in landfills and greenhouse gas emissions has triggered our current comprehensive approach to depolymerize cellulose-rich waste disposable paper cups (WDPCs) into cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). This work develops a pathway for high-yield, greener, and low-cost CNC production by alkali and maleic acid hydrolysis of recovered fibers following mechanical separation and recycling of WDPCs. The X-ray diffraction confirms polymorphic transformation of CNCs from cellulose I to cellulose II crystal allomorphs with crystallinity indices ranging from 57%–64%. Rice-like CNCs with diameters ranging approximately from 5–10 nm and length 45–80 nm are determined by transmission electron microscopy. The obtained CNCs have good thermal stability and suspension properties. The yield of recovered cellulosic fibers from WDPCs is higher than 85% and CNCs is 70%–75%. The isolated CNCs can be used to develop biodegradable films and barrier coating in packaging to replace non-biodegradable petrochemical-plastics, enabling the transition to a circular economy.}, number={12}, journal={CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE}, author={Basak, Munmun and Gandy, Emma and Lucia, Lucian A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{terán_pal_spontak_lucia_2023, title={Surface Mechanical Properties and Topological Characteristics of Thermoplastic Copolyesters after Precisely Controlled Abrasion}, volume={15}, ISSN={1944-8244 1944-8252}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c19377}, DOI={10.1021/acsami.2c19377}, abstractNote={Due to the high probability of surface-to-surface contact of materials during routine applications, surface abrasion remains one of the most challenging factors governing the long-term performance of polymeric materials due to their broad range of tunable mechanical properties, as well as the varied conditions of abrasion (regarding, e.g., rate, load, and contact area). While this concept is empirically mature, a fundamental understanding of mechanical abrasion regarding thermoplastics remains lacking even though polymer abrasion can inadvertently lead to the formation of nano-/microplastics. In the present study, we introduce the concept of precision polymer abrasion (PPA) in conjunction with nanoindentation to elucidate the extent to which controlled wear is experienced by three chemically related thermoplastics under systematically varied abrasion conditions. While depth profiling of one polymer reveals a probe-dependent change in modulus, complementary results from positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy confirm that the polymer density changes measurably, but not appreciably, with depth over the depth range explored. After a single PPA pass, the surface moduli of the polymers noticeably increase, whereas the corresponding increase in hardness is modest. The dependence of wear volume on the number of PPA passes is observed to reach limiting values for two of the thermoplastics, and application of an empirical model to the data yields estimates of these values for all three thermoplastics. These results suggest that the metrics commonly employed to describe the surface abrasion of polymers requires careful consideration of a host of underlying factors.}, number={5}, journal={ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Terán, Julio E. and Pal, Lokendra and Spontak, Richard J. and Lucia, Lucian}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={7552–7561} }
 @article{salem_jameel_lucia_pal_2023, title={Sustainable high-yield lignocellulosic fibers and modification technologies educing softness and strength for tissues and hygiene products for global health}, volume={22}, ISSN={["2589-2347"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.mtsust.2023.100342}, abstractNote={Unbleached hardwood kraft pulp was treated with a non-ionic surfactant to decrease the concentration of a hydration shell by dislodging hard-to-remove water through a targeted reduction in surface tension. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques were used to investigate and evaluate these fiber-surfactant interactions. Scanning electron microscopeimages were taken to observe the change in the morphology from the surfactant treatment. The surface tension was measured by using pendant drop tests, which reduced from 71.46 mN/m to ∼ 49–51 mN/m for different pretreatment techniques and hence, reduced the pulling force exerted by the liquid bridge water on the fibers by 28–31%. This consequently led to reduced fiber collapse, and the surfactant-treated fibers showed higher bulk and softness without a concomitant sacrifice of mechanical properties. The scanning electron microscopeimages confirmed a more cylindrical fiber structure and showed an unaffected fiber–fiber interaction because of which the tensile strength was not compromised with the increase of bulk. The surfactant-treated fibers showed better recovery or spring back, i.e. a return to their original form after compression relative to the untreated fibers. Therefore, it was possible to make tissue papers with higher bulk, softer hand-feel, and a higher absorbing capacity, without reducing the tensile strength by simple and green processes involving chemical and mechanical modifications.}, journal={MATERIALS TODAY SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Salem, K. S. and Jameel, H. and Lucia, L. and Pal, L.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{tyagi_agate_velev_lucia_pal_2022, title={A Critical Review of the Performance and Soil Biodegradability Profiles of Biobased Natural and Chemically Synthesized Polymers in Industrial Applications}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04710}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.1c04710}, abstractNote={This review explores biobased polymers for industrial applications, their end fate, and most importantly, origin and key aspects enabling soil biodegradation. The physicochemical properties of biobased synthetic and natural polymers and the primary factors governing degradation are explored. Current and future biobased systems and factors allowing for equivalent comparisons of degradation and possible sources for engineering improved biodegradation are reviewed. Factors impacting ultraviolet (UV) stability of biopolymers have been described including methods to enhance photoresistance and impact on biodegradation. It discusses end-fate of biopolymers in soil and impact of residues on soil health. A limited number of studies examine side effects (e.g., microbial toxicity) from soil biodegradation of composites and biopolymers. Currently available standards for biodegradation and composting have been described with limitations and scope for improvements. Finally, design considerations and implications for sustainable polymers used, under consideration, and to be considered within the context of a rational biodegradable strategy are elaborated.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Agate, Sachin and Velev, Orlin D. and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={2071–2095} }
 @article{salem_naithani_jameel_lucia_pal_2022, title={A systematic examination of the dynamics of water-cellulose interactions on capillary force-induced fiber collapse}, volume={295}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119856}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119856}, abstractNote={Cellulosic fiber collapse is a phenomenon of fundamental importance for many technologies that include tissue/hygiene to packaging because it governs their essential materials properties such as tensile strength, softness, and water absorption; therefore, we elaborate cellulose fiber collapse from water interactions. This is the first attempt to directly correlate fiber collapse and entrapped or hard-to-remove (HR) water content through DSC, TGA and SEM. Freeze-drying and oven drying were individually investigated for influence on collapse. SEM of the fibers at different moisture contents show that irreversible collapsing begins as entrapped water departs the fiber surface. The removal of HR water pulls cell walls closer due to strong capillary action which overwhelms the elastic force of the fiber lumen which results in partially or fully irreversible collapse. The initial moisture content and refining intensity were found to regulate HR water content and consequently played a vital role in fiber collapsing.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Naithani, Ved and Jameel, Hasan and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{wang_pirzada_xie_barbieri_hossain_opperman_pal_wei_parsons_khan_2022, title={Creating hierarchically porous banana paper-metal organic framework (MOF) composites with multifunctionality}, volume={28}, ISSN={["2352-9407"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101517}, DOI={10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101517}, abstractNote={We report a robust approach to integrate metal-organic frameworks (MOF) via vapor phase synthesis on a cost-effective and mechanically durable fibrous banana paper (BP) substrate developed from lignocellulosic biomass. The unique hollow fibrous structure of BP combined with the methodology used produces MOF-fiber composites with uniform MOF distribution and enhanced functionalities, with minimal use of organic solvents. The BP-MOF composites demonstrate a high surface area of 552 m2/g and uniform surface growth of MOF on them. Mechanical strength and bending flexibility of the substrate is well retained after the MOF growth, while the hollow tubular nature and hierarchical porosity of the BP facilitate gas diffusion. The BP-MOF composites demonstrate strong antibacterial activity with 99.2% of E.coli destroyed within the first hour of incubation. Preliminary studies with smartphone-based volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor show enhanced 1-octen-3-ol vapor absorption on BP-MOF, indicating its potential for VOC capture and sensing. We believe that the sustainable nature and flexibility of the lignocellulosic BP substrate taken together with uniform growth of MOF on the hierarchically porous BP impart impressive attributes to these composites, which can be explored in diverse applications.}, journal={APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wang, Siyao and Pirzada, Tahira and Xie, Wenyi and Barbieri, Eduardo and Hossain, Oindrila and Opperman, Charles H. and Pal, Lokendra and Wei, Qingshan and Parsons, Gregory N. and Khan, Saad A.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{tyagi_gutierrez_lucia_hubbe_pal_2022, title={Evidence for antimicrobial activity in hemp hurds and lignin-containing nanofibrillated cellulose materials}, volume={29}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04583-w}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-022-04583-w}, number={9}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Gutierrez, Joseph N. and Lucia, Lucian A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={5151–5162} }
 @misc{debnath_sarder_pal_hubbe_2022, title={Molded Pulp Products for Sustainable Packaging: Production Rate Challenges and Product Opportunities}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.17.2.Debnath}, abstractNote={Molded cellulosic pulp products provide eco-friendly alternatives to various petroleum-based packaging systems. They have a long history of reliable usage for such applications as egg trays and the shipping of fruits. They have recently become increasingly used for the packaging of electronics, wine bottles, and specialty items. Molded pulp products are especially used in applications requiring cushioning ability, as well as when it is important to match the shapes of the packed items. Their main component, cellulosic fibers from virgin or recycled wood fibers, as well as various nonwood fibers, can reduce society’s dependence on plastics, including expanded polystyrene. However, the dewatering of molded pulp tends to be slow, and the subsequent evaporation of water is energy-intensive. The article reviews strategies to increase production rates and to lower energy consumption. In addition, by applying chemical treatments and processing approaches, there are opportunities to achieve desired end-use properties, such as grease resistance. New manufacturing strategies, including rapid prototyping and advances in tooling, provide opportunities for more efficient form factors and more effective packaging in the future.}, number={2}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Debnath, Mrittika and Sarder, Roman and Pal, Lokendra and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={3810–3870} }
 @article{ochola_cortada_mwaura_tariku_christensen_ng'ang'a_hassanali_pirzada_khan_pal_et al._2022, title={Wrap-and-plant technology to manage sustainably potato cyst nematodes in East Africa}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2398-9629"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-00852-5}, DOI={10.1038/s41893-022-00852-5}, abstractNote={Abstract Renewable eco-friendly options for crop protection are fundamental in achieving sustainable agriculture. Here, we demonstrate the use of a biodegradable lignocellulosic banana-paper matrix as a seed wrap for the protection of potato plants against potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis . Potato cyst nematodes are devastating quarantine pests of potato globally. In East Africa, G. rostochiensis has recently emerged as a serious threat to potato production. Wrapping seed potatoes within the lignocellulose banana-paper matrix substantially reduced G. rostochiensis field inoculum and increased potato yields by up to fivefold in Kenya, relative to farmer practice, whether or not impregnated with ultra-low doses of the nematicide abamectin (ABM). Markedly, ABM-treated banana paper at ~1,000 times lower than conventional recommendations reduced PCN inoculum. Assays and analyses revealed that the lignocellulose matrix disrupts parasite–host chemical signalling by adsorbing critical PCN hatching and infective juvenile host location chemicals present in potato root exudate. Recovery experiments confirmed adsorption of these host location chemicals. Our study demonstrates the use of waste organic material to sustainably manage PCN, and potentially other crop root pests, while increasing potato yields.}, journal={NATURE SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Ochola, Juliet and Cortada, Laura and Mwaura, Onesmus and Tariku, Meklit and Christensen, Shawn A. and Ng'ang'a, Margaret and Hassanali, Ahmed and Pirzada, Tahira and Khan, Saad and Pal, Lokendra and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{tyagi_salem_hubbe_pal_2021, title={Advances in barrier coatings and film technologies for achieving sustainable packaging of food products-A review}, volume={115}, ISSN={["1879-3053"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.036}, DOI={10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.036}, abstractNote={The technology of food packaging is responding to significant market dynamics such as the rapid growth in e-commerce and preservation of fresh food, a sector that accounts for over 40% of plastic waste. Further, mandates for sustainability and recent changes in national governmental policies and regulations that include banning single-use plastic products as observed in sweeping reforms in Europe, Asia, and several US States are forcing industries and consumers to find alternative solutions. This review highlights an ongoing shift of barrier coatings from traditional synthetic polymers to sustainable breakthrough materials for paper-based packaging and films. Advantages, challenges and adapting feasibility of these materials are described, highlighting the implications of selecting different materials and processing options. A brief description on progress in methods of coating technologies is also included. Finally, the end fate of the barrier materials is classified depending on the packaging type, coating materials used and sorting facility availability. Different types of coatings, such as water-based biopolymers, due to their greater environmental compatibility, are making inroads into more traditional petroleum-based wax and plastic laminate paperboard products for fresh food bakery, frozen food, and take-out containers applications. In addition, nano-biocomposites have been studied at an accelerating pace for developing active and smart packaging. Based on the momentum of recent developments, a strong pace of continuing developments in the field can be expected.}, journal={TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={461–485} }
 @misc{sun_agate_salem_lucia_pal_2021, title={Hydrogel-Based Sensor Networks: Compositions, Properties, and Applications-A Review}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2576-6422"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.0c01011}, DOI={10.1021/acsabm.0c01011}, abstractNote={Hydrogels are three-dimensional porous polymeric networks prepared by physical or chemical cross-linking of hydrophilic molecules, which can be made into smart materials through judicious chemical modifications to recognize external stimuli; more specifically, this can be accomplished by the integration with stimuli-responsive polymers or sensing molecules that has drawn considerable attention in their possible roles as sensors and diagnostic tools. They can be tailored in different structures and integrated into systems, depending on their chemical and physical structure, sensitivity to the external stimuli and biocompatibility. A panoramic overview of the sensing advances in the field of hydrogels over the past several decades focusing on a variety protocols of hydrogel preparations is provided, with a major focus on natural polymers. The modifications of hydrogel composites by incorporating inorganic nanoparticles and organic polymeric compounds for sensor applications and their mechanisms are also discussed.}, number={1}, journal={ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Sun, Xiaohang and Agate, Sachin and Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={140–162} }
 @article{tyagi_gutierrez_nathani_lucia_rojas_hubbe_pal_2021, title={Hydrothermal and mechanically generated hemp hurd nanofibers for sustainable barrier coatings/films}, volume={168}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113582}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113582}, abstractNote={Residual hemp (Cannabis sativa) hurd fibers obtained from hydrothermal, carbonate, and kraft treatments were the resources used to obtain lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNF) by using an ultra-fine friction grinder. The morphological, crystallinity, and chemical characteristics of the nanocellulose films were carried out using SEM, XRD, EDX and ToF-SIMS. Water barrier properties of the same were measured in terms of water contact angle, water vapor permeability (WVP) and water absorption. The barrier properties were found to be dependent not only on the lignin content and lignin distribution, but also on the film density and porous structure. LCNF films and coatings showed much higher water contact angle (WCA) (80°-102°) than films produced from the bleached CNF. WVP was found to be more dependent on the density of films than lignin content. Overall, LCNF-based films and coatings derived from hemp hurd residual fibers can contribute to a circular economy and sustainability.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Gutierrez, Joseph N. and Nathani, Ved and Lucia, Lucian A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{starkey_chenoweth_johnson_salem_jameel_pal_2021, title={Lignin-containing micro/nanofibrillated cellulose to strengthen recycled fibers for lightweight sustainable packaging solutions}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2666-8939"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100135}, DOI={10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100135}, abstractNote={As e-commerce drives the packaging growth, consumers are pushing for more sustainable packaging solutions. Considering the current societal needs, we have been able to engineer a new pathway for sustainable packaging solutions by developing lignin-containing micro- and nano-fibrillated cellulosic (LMNFCs) materials to strengthen the recycled fibers. LMNFCs from unbleached softwood pulp containing 14.4% lignin at high and low fibrillation levels were produced. Packaging papers from recycled old-corrugated containers were strengthened with LMNFCs with varying addition levels of 1 wt% to 3 wt% at two basis weights. The results show 2 wt% addition of LMNFC can enhance strength at low levels of fibrillation, and that basis weight can be reduced by 16.7%, from 150 gsm to 125 gsm, while maintaining a burst strength of 49-53 lbf. Reduction in basis weight and high lignin content of LMNFC also enhanced dewatering during sheet formation with the lowest increase in drainage time, 9%, relative to the 150 gsm with no LMNFC. The techno-economic analysis supports the feasibility of using LMNFC to produce lightweight and sustainable packaging materials at industrial scale with an 8% reduction in fiber cost.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Starkey, Heather and Chenoweth, Audra and Johnson, Christopher and Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Jameel, Hasan and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{salem_naithani_jameel_lucia_pal_2021, title={Lignocellulosic Fibers from Renewable Resources Using Green Chemistry for a Circular Economy}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2056-6646"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202000065}, DOI={10.1002/gch2.202000065}, abstractNote={The sustainable development of lignocellulose fibers exhibits significant potential to supplant synthetic polymer feedstocks and offers a global platform for generating sustainable packaging, bioplastics, sanitary towels, wipes, and related products. The current research explores the dynamics of fiber production from wood, non‐wood, and agro‐residues using carbonate hydrolysis and a mild kraft process without bleaching agents. With respect to carbonate hydrolysis, high yield, and good coarseness fibers are attained using a simple, low‐cost, and ecofriendly process. Fibers produced using a mild kraft process have lower Klason lignin, carboxyl content, surface charges, and higher fiber length, and crystallinity. Eucalyptus fibers show the highest crystallinity while softwood carbonate fibers show the lowest crystallinity. Hemp hurd fibers contain the highest concentration of hard‐to‐remove water, and thus, suffer maximum flattening visualized by the microscopic images. The relatively high yield sustainable fibers with versatile properties can provide a significant economic benefit since fiber is the dominant cost for producing various bioproducts to meet society's current and future needs.}, number={2}, journal={GLOBAL CHALLENGES}, author={Salem, Khandoker S. and Naithani, Ved and Jameel, Hasan and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{debnath_salem_naithani_musten_hubbe_pal_2021, title={Soft mechanical treatments of recycled fibers using a high-shear homogenizer for tissue and hygiene products}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04024-0}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-021-04024-0}, journal={CELLULOSE}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Debnath, Mrittika and Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Naithani, Ved and Musten, Evan and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{gutierrez_agate_venditti_pal_2021, title={Study of
            <scp>tobacco‐derived
            proteins in paper coatings}, volume={112}, ISSN={0006-3525 1097-0282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.23425}, DOI={10.1002/bip.23425}, abstractNote={Replacing synthetic polymers with renewable alternatives is a critical challenge for the packaging industry. This research investigated the use of leaf‐based proteins as a sustainable co‐binder in the coating formulations for paper‐based packaging and other applications. Protein isolates from tobacco leaf and alfalfa concentrates were characterized using the Pierce protein assay, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and gel electrophoresis. The proteins were tested as co‐binders in a typical latex‐based paper coating formulation. The rheology and water retention properties of the wet coating and the surface, optical, structural, and strength properties of coated papers were measured. The coating performance was affected by the purity, solubility, and molecular weight of the tobacco protein and exhibited a shear‐thinning behavior with lower water retention than soy protein. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy on the dried coating layer containing tobacco protein showed enhanced porosity (advantageous for package glueability) relative to the control latex coating. The tobacco protein offers adequate coverage and coating pigment distribution, indicating that this protein can be a suitable option in coatings for packaging applications.}, number={5}, journal={Biopolymers}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gutierrez, Joseph N. and Agate, Sachin and Venditti, Richard A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{sun_bourham_barrett_mccord_pal_2021, title={Transparent and high barrier plasma functionalized acrylic coated cellulose triacetate films}, volume={150}, ISSN={["1873-331X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105988}, abstractNote={Transparent and high moisture barrier acrylic coatings were obtained by deposition of acrylic resin containing crosslinking agents onto cellulose ester films, followed by exposure to atmospheric plasma. The effects of monomers, crosslinking agents, and polymerization methods were studied. The surface chemical composition, morphology, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), light transmittance, and adhesion performance of the coated cellulose triacetate (CTA) films were characterized for the acrylic coated films and for different plasma treatments. Coated films showed a significant reduction in water vapor permeability while maintaining excellent transparency when compared with uncoated films. Furthermore, adhesion of the coating to the CTA film was also improved due to plasma treatment. It was also found that plasma curing on the coated oligomers can induce morphological changes and significantly increase surface roughness and hydrophilicity. The roughness texture observed via SEM analysis indicated that the types of plasma polymerization and the amount of crosslinking agents control the texture types for acrylic coating. Plasma-assisted acrylic coated CTA films can be used in electronic displays, medical, and packaging applications.}, journal={PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS}, author={Sun, Xiaohang and Bourham, Mohamed and Barrett, Devin G. and McCord, Marian G. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{agate_argyropoulos_jameel_lucia_pal_2020, title={3D Photoinduced Spatiotemporal Resolution of Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Fabrication of Biomedical Devices}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2576-6422"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.0c00517}, DOI={10.1021/acsabm.0c00517}, abstractNote={Rational spatiotemporal irradiation of cellulose-based hydrogels (carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), citric acid, and riboflavin) using a laser diode stereolithography 3D printer obtained architectures referred to as photodegradation addressable hydrogels (PAHs). Under irradiation, these PAHs engage in an unprecedented spatially resolved zonal swelling illustrating marked but controllable changes in swelling and thickness while concomitantly obtaining improved oxygen transmission rate values by 5 times. XPS, carboxyl content, and swelling data comparisons of hydrogel formulations show that photodegradation and ablation of the material occur, where hydroxyl sites of CMC are converted to aldehydes and ketones. XRD data show that the total number of crystalline aggregates in the material are lowered after photoablation. The spatially tuned (photoablated) hydrogel films can thus be shaped into a lens form. The energy required for the lens tuning process can be lowered up to 30 times by incorporation of riboflavin in the films. The method demonstrated here enables the processing of a material that is difficult to be machined or cast by popular contact lens making methods.}, number={8}, journal={ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Agate, Sachin and Argyropoulos, Dimitris S. and Jameel, Hasan and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={5007–5019} }
 @article{geng_venditti_pawlak_chang_pal_ford_2020, title={Carboxymethylation of hemicellulose isolated from poplar (Populus grandidentata) and its potential in water-soluble oxygen barrier films}, volume={27}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-02993-2}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-020-02993-2}, number={6}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Geng, Wenhui and Venditti, Richard A. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Chang, Hou-ming and Pal, Lokendra and Ford, Ericka}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={3359–3377} }
 @article{assis_pawlak_pal_jameel_reisinger_kavalew_campbell_pawlowska_gonzalez_2020, title={Comparison between uncreped and creped handsheets on tissue paper properties using a creping simulator unit}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-020-03163-0}, number={10}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Assis, Tiago and Pawlak, Joel and Pal, Lokendra and Jameel, Hasan and Reisinger, Lee W. and Kavalew, Dale and Campbell, Clayton and Pawlowska, Lucyna and Gonzalez, Ronalds W.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={5981–5999} }
 @article{dal_hubbe_pal_gule_2020, title={Crude Wood Rosin and Its Derivatives as Hydrophobic Surface Treatment Additives for Paper and Packaging}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2470-1343"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsomega.0c03610}, abstractNote={The aim of this work is to obtain better water resistance properties with additives to starch at the size press. A further goal is to replace petroleum-based additives with environmentally friendly hydrophobic agents obtained by derivatization of wood rosin. A crude wood rosin (CWR) sample was methylated and analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Methyl abietate, dehydroabietic acid, and abietic acid were the main constituents of the sample. The crude wood rosin samples were fortified with fumaric acid and then esterified with pentaerythritol. Fortified and esterified wood rosin samples were dissolved in ethanol and emulsified with cationic starch to make them suitable as hydrophobic additives for surface treatment formulations in mixtures with starch. These hydrophobic agents (2% on a dry weight basis in a cationic starch solution) were applied to paperboard, bleached kraft paper, and test liner paper using a rod coater with a target pickup of 3–5 gsm. The solution pickup was controlled by varying the rod number. The amounts of hydrophobic material applied in the preparation of the paper samples were 32.2, 48.6, and 35.1 lb/ton pickup compared to three types of base papers. Basic surface features of fortified and fortified and esterified rosin-treated paper were compared with base paper and paper treated with starch alone. Lower Cobb60 values were obtained for fortified and esterified samples than for linerboard samples that had been surface-sized just by starch. Thus, as novel hydrophobic additive agents, derivatives of CWR can be a green way to increase hydrophobicity while reducing starch consumption in papermaking.}, number={49}, journal={ACS OMEGA}, author={Dal, Ahsen Ezel Bildik and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra and Gule, M. Emin}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={31559–31566} }
 @article{naithani_tyagi_jameel_lucia_pal_2020, title={Ecofriendly and Innovative Processing of Hemp Hurds Fibers for Tissue and Towel Paper}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85078956694&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.15376/biores.15.1.706-720}, abstractNote={An innovative approach for preparing hemp fibers from hemp hurds for use in tissue and towel grades of paper is described. Hemp hurds are a low value by-product of industrial hemp processing that are generally used for animal bed litter. Tissue paper was fabricated from hemp hurd fibers by following three pulping processes: autohydrolysis (hydrothermal), sodium carbonate-based defibration, and high yield kraft pulping, and benchmarked against hardwood pulp. To meet industrial standards, hardwood and hemp pulp fibers were mixed at a dry mass ratio of 75:25, from which tissue paper sheets were prepared. Desirable tissue paper properties, such as water absorption, burst resistance, softness, and tensile strength (dry and wet), were measured and compared. Characterization of morphological and chemical properties of tissue handsheets was conducted with SEM and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The combined kraft pulped hardwood and autohydrolyzed hemp pulp fibers displayed improvements in tensile index, burst resistance, and softness of tissue handsheets compared to only kraft hardwood pulp handsheets without adversely impacting water absorption. Hardwood fibers showed a sparse distribution of surface lignin compared to hemp fibers using the same defibration. This technology can lead to a variety of eco-friendly tissue paper products that are not only highly energy efficient, but avoid harsh chemical processing.}, number={1}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Naithani, Ved and Tyagi, Preeti and Jameel, Hasan and Lucia, Lucian A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={706–720} }
 @article{sun_tyagi_agate_mccord_lucia_pal_2020, title={Highly tunable bioadhesion and optics of 3D printable PNIPAm/cellulose nanofibrils hydrogels}, volume={234}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115898}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115898}, abstractNote={A hybrid poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)/cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) hydrogel composite was fabricated by inverted stereolithography 3D printing to provide a new platform for regulating lower critical solution temperature (LCST) properties and thus tuning optical and bioadhesive properties. The phenomena of interest in the as-printed PNIPAm/CNF hydrogels may be attributed to the fiber-reinforced composite system between crosslinked PNIPAm and CNFs. The optical tunability was found to be correlated to the micro/nano structures of the PNIPAm/CNF hydrogel films. It was found that PNIPAm/CNF hydrogels exhibit switchable bioadhesivity to bacteria in response to CNF distribution in the hydrogels. After 2.0 wt% CNF was incorporated, it was found that a remarkable 8°C reduction of the LCST was achieved relative to PNIPAm hydrogel crosslinked by TEGDMA without CNF. The prepared PNIPAm/CNF hydrogels possessed highly reversible optical, bioadhesion, and thermal performance, making them suitable to be used as durable temperature-sensitive sensors and functional biomedical devices.}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sun, Xiaohang and Tyagi, Preeti and Agate, Sachin and McCord, Marian G. and Lucia, Lucian A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={115898} }
 @article{agate_tyagi_naithani_lucia_pal_2020, title={Innovating Generation of Nanocellulose from Industrial Hemp by Dual Asymmetric Centrifugation}, volume={8}, ISSN={2168-0485 2168-0485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05992}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05992}, abstractNote={Among nanobiomaterials, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) possessing intrinsically appealing fiber dimensions on the nanometer scale and biocompatibility feature arguably the greatest potential for a var...}, number={4}, journal={ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Agate, Sachin and Tyagi, Preeti and Naithani, Ved and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={1850–1858} }
 @article{yin_lucia_pal_jiang_hubbe_2020, title={Lipase-catalyzed laurate esterification of cellulose nanocrystals and their use as reinforcement in PLA composites}, volume={27}, ISBN={1572-882X}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03225-3}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-020-03225-3}, number={11}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Yin, Yuanyuan and Lucia, Lucian A. and Pal, Lokendra and Jiang, Xue and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={6263–6273} }
 @inbook{pal_tyagi_fleming_2020, place={Atlanta, GA}, title={Smooth, Possibly Glossy, and Superior Printing}, booktitle={Make Paper Products Stand Out.  Strategic use of wet end chemical additives}, publisher={TAPPI}, author={Pal, L. and Tyagi, P. and Fleming, P.D.}, year={2020}, pages={229–278} }
 @article{sun_bourham_barrett_pal_mccord_2020, title={Sustainable atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment of cellulose triacetate (CTA) films for electronics}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1089-7550"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0013633}, DOI={10.1063/5.0013633}, abstractNote={Surface treatments of cellulose triacetate (CTA) films via atmospheric pressure plasmas containing helium and either O2 or C3F6 as plasma reactive gas were performed to study their effects on moisture barrier, transmittance, thermal, surface chemistry, and morphological properties. Plasma treated CTA films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy analytical techniques. Both surface chemical and morphological changes were correlated with water vapor transmission rates (WVTRs) and contact angle measurements. XPS spectra showed that the relative chemical composition of the C 1s spectra after O2 plasma treatments exhibits an increase in the relative amount of C—C bonds, which may be due to a change in surface cross-linking. ToF-SIMS spectra showed the depth of treatment of atmospheric plasma treatment of CTA films at about 100 nm. The WVTR of the CTA film was reduced up to 20% after sustainable atmospheric O2/helium plasma, while no significant changes were observed in light transmittance. Thus, the use of sustainable atmospheric plasmas to enhance moisture barrier while maintaining other critical properties such as light transmittance, thermal stability, and morphology of a CTA film could provide significant benefits to the electronics industry.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS}, author={Sun, Xiaohang and Bourham, Mohamed and Barrett, Devin G. and Pal, Lokendra and McCord, Marian}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{pirzada_mathew_guenther_sit_opperman_pal_khan_2020, title={Tailored Lignocellulose-Based Biodegradable Matrices with Effective Cargo Delivery for Crop Protection}, volume={8}, ISSN={2168-0485 2168-0485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05670}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05670}, abstractNote={Controlled release and targeted delivery of agrochemicals are crucial for achieving effective crop protection with minimal damage to the environment. This work presents an innovative and cost-effective approach to fabricate lignocellulose-based biodegradable porous matrices capable of slow and sustained release of the loaded molecules for effective crop protection. The matrix exhibits tunable physicochemical properties which, when coupled with our unique “wrap-and-plant” concept, help to utilize it as a defense against soil-borne pests while providing controlled release of crop protection moieties. The tailored matrix is produced by mechanical treatment of the lignocellulosic fibers obtained from banana plants. The effect of different extents of mechanical treatments of the lignocellulosic fibers on the protective properties of the developed matrices is systematically investigated. While variation in mechanical treatment affects the morphology, strength, and porosity of the matrices, the specific composition and structure of the fibers are also capable of influencing their release profile. To corroborate this hypothesis, the effect of morphology and lignin content changes on the release of rhodamine B and abamectin as model cargos is investigated. These results, compared with those of the matrices developed from non-banana fibrous sources, reveal a unique release profile of the matrices developed from banana fibers, thereby making them strong candidates for crop protection applications.}, number={17}, journal={ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Pirzada, Tahira and Mathew, Reny and Guenther, Richard H. and Sit, Tim L. and Opperman, Charles H. and Pal, Lokendra and Khan, Saad A.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={6590–6600} }
 @article{zambrano_starkey_wang_abbati de assis_venditti_pal_jameel_hubbe_rojas_gonzalez_2020, title={Using micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose as a means to reduce weight of paper products: A review}, volume={15}, ISSN={1930-2126 1930-2126}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.4553-4590}, DOI={10.15376/biores.15.2.4553-4590}, abstractNote={Based on publications related to the use of micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose (MNFC) in papermaking applications, three sets of parameters (intrinsic and extrinsic variables, furnish composition, and degree of dispersion) were proposed. This holistic approach intends to facilitate understanding and manipulation of the main factors describing the colloidal behavior in systems comprising of MNFC, pulp fibers, and additives, which directly impact paper product performance. A preliminary techno-economic assessment showed that cost reductions driven by the addition of MNFC in paper furnishes could be as high as USD 149 per ton of fiber (up to 20% fiber reduction without adverse effects on paper’s strength) depending on the cost of papermaking fibers. It was also determined that better performance in terms of strength development associated with a higher degree of MNFC fibrillation offset its high manufacturing cost. However, there is a limit from which additional fibrillation does not seem to contribute to further strength gains that can justify the increasing production cost. Further research is needed regarding raw materials, degree of fibrillation, and combination with polyelectrolytes to further explore the potential of MNFC for the reduction of weight of paper products.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, publisher={BioResources}, author={Zambrano, Franklin and Starkey, Heather and Wang, Yuhan and Abbati de Assis, Camilla and Venditti, Richard and Pal, Lokendra and Jameel, Hasan and Hubbe, Martin and Rojas, Orlando and Gonzalez, Ronalds}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={4553–4590} }
 @article{tyagi_joyce_agate_hubbe_pal_2019, title={Citrus-based hydrocolloids: A water retention aid and rheology modifier for paper coatings}, volume={18}, ISSN={0734-1415}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj18.7.443}, DOI={10.32964/TJ18.7.443}, abstractNote={The rheological and dewatering behavior of an aqueous pigmented coating system not only affects the machine runnability but also affects the product quality. The current study describes the use of natural hydrocolloids derived from citrus peel fibers as a rheology modifier in paper coating applications. The results were compared with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a typical paper coating system. Water retention of the coating formulation was increased by 56% with citrus peel fibers compared to a default coating, and it also was higher than a CMCcontaining coating. The Brookfield viscosity of paper coatings was found to increase with citrus peel fibers. Compared to CMC, different citrus peel fibers containing coating recipes were able to achieve similar or higher water retention values, with no change or a slight increase in viscosity. Coatings were applied on linerboard using the Mayer rod-coating method, and all basic properties of paper were measured to assess the impact of citrus peel fiber on the functional value of the coatings. Paper properties were improved with coated paper containing citrus peel fibers, including brightness, porosity, smoothness, surface bonding strength, and ink absorption.}, number={7}, journal={July 2019}, publisher={TAPPI}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Joyce, Michael and Agate, Sachin and Hubbe, Martin and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={443–450} }
 @article{assi_pawlak_pal_jameel_venditti_reisinger_kavalew_gonzalez_2019, title={Comparison of Wood and Non-Wood Market Pulps for Tissue Paper Application}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85076457460&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.15376/biores.14.3.6781-6810}, abstractNote={A comparison among ten market pulps at a laboratory scale using uncreped tissue handsheets was performed to study the performance of wood and non-wood pulps for tissue manufacturing, evaluate what fiber features are desired for a specific tissue property, and determine how non-wood pulps can be used to replace or complement wood pulps in tissue products. A characterization of the fiber morphology and handsheet properties (softness, water absorbency, and strength) was performed at different mechanical refining levels. The results showed that the fiber morphology had a major impact on tissue properties. Market pulps with a combination of long fibers, high coarseness, and low fines content can provide superior bulk and water absorbency. Short fibers with thin cell walls and low fines content can impart superior softness. Bleached bamboo soda pulp can replace hardwood and softwood pulps to provide an excellent combination of water absorbency and strength. Bleached bamboo soda pulp can also replace Northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK) pulp to impart strength without sacrificing softness. Bleached and semi-bleached wheat straw soda pulps presented a similar combination of softness and strength as Southern bleached hardwood kraft (SBHK) pulp. The wheat straw pulps can be used to replace deinked pulp (DIP) pulp to impart intermediate levels of water absorbency and strength.}, number={3}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Assi, Tiago and Pawlak, Joel and Pal, Lokendra and Jameel, Hasan and Venditti, Richard and Reisinger, Lee W. and Kavalew, Dale and Gonzalez, Ronalds W.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={6781–6810} }
 @article{gutierrez_royals_jameel_venditti_pal_2019, title={Evaluation of Paper Straws versus Plastic Straws: Development of a Methodology for Testing and Understanding Challenges for Paper Straws}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.14.4.8345-8363}, abstractNote={New alternatives to plastic straws are being considered due to consumer demands for sustainability and recent changes in government policies and regulations, such as bans on single-use plastic products. There are concerns regarding paper straw quality and stability over time when in contact with beverages. This study evaluated the performance and properties of commercially available paper straws and their counterpart plastic straws in various intended applications. The physical, mechanical, and compositional characteristics, as well as the liquid interaction properties of the straws, were determined. The paper straws were composed mainly of hardwood fibers that were hard sized with a hydrophobic sizing agent to achieve a contact angle of 102° to 125°. The results indicated that all the evaluated paper straws lost 70% to 90% of their compressive strength after being in contact with the liquid for less than 30 min. Furthermore, the paper straws absorbed liquid at approximately 30% of the straw weight after liquid exposure for 30 min. Increased liquid temperatures caused lower compressive strengths and higher liquid uptake in the paper straws. This report provides directions and methods for testing paper straws and defines current property limitations of paper straws relative to plastic straws.}, number={4}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Gutierrez, Joseph N. and Royals, Aidan W. and Jameel, Hasan and Venditti, Richard A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={8345–8363} }
 @article{zhang_sun_hubbe_pal_2019, title={Flexible and Pressure-Responsive Sensors from Cellulose Fibers Coated with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes}, volume={1}, ISSN={2637-6113 2637-6113}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00182}, DOI={10.1021/acsaelm.9b00182}, abstractNote={Composite cellulose-based materials have shown increasing potential in wearable and flexible hybrid electronics for large-scale deployment because of their flexible, cost-effective, abundant, and biodegradable features. A flexible cotton cellulose-incorporated multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based pressure sensor was fabricated. First, the cotton cellulose fibers were swelled in water solution containing sodium hydroxide and urea. Second, the MWCNTs were dispersed uniformly in the cellulosic matrix. Then, cellulosic pressure sensors were formed with a water bath process. The porous and interlaced conductive networks in the pressure sensors containing 10 wt % of MWCNTs exhibited a sensitivity about of −0.0197 kPa–1, a response time of about 20 ms, a recovery time of about 20 ms, and a wide workable pressure range from 0 to 20 kPa. Further, the practical piezoresistivity of sensor specimens was investigated. The proposed pressure sensors are prospective for various applications including smart clothing,...}, number={7}, journal={ACS Applied Electronic Materials}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Zhang, Hao and Sun, Xiaohang and Hubbe, Martin and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1179–1188} }
 @article{zhang_sun_hubbe_pal_2019, title={Highly conductive carbon nanotubes and flexible cellulose nanofibers composite membranes with semi-interpenetrating networks structure}, volume={222}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115013}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115013}, abstractNote={Highly conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and flexible cellulose nanofibers (CNF) membranes with semi-interpenetrating networks structure were fabricated using the typical paper-making method, which was simple and cost-effective. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to estimate the morphology, chemical structure, and thermal stability of the membranes. The mechanical, optical, and electrical properties of the membranes were characterized with a uniaxial tensile testing machine, ultraviolet visible spectroscope, and digital multimeter, respectively. The results indicated that the membranes containing 10 wt% of MWCNTs showed a high conductivity value of 37.6 S/m, and the sheet resistances of the membranes were stable at different bending states. Furthermore, we demonstrated the electrical features of membrane-based capacitive pressure sensors based on CNF/MWCNTs. The proposed method for fabricating CNF/MWCNTs membranes can simplify the production process and have great practical potential in various electronics applications such as touch screens.}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zhang, Hao and Sun, Xiaohang and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={115013} }
 @article{tyagi_lucia_hubbe_pal_2019, title={Nanocellulose-based multilayer barrier coatings for gas, oil, and grease resistance}, volume={206}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.114}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.114}, abstractNote={Cellulose derivatives such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have enormous potential to reduce or replace petroleum and fluorochemicals for food and other packaging applications. CNFs have been studied for their excellent oxygen and gas barrier properties; however, their performance rapidly decreases in the presence of moisture and higher humidity. CNCs are less sensitive to moisture due to their highly crystalline nature; however, coatings and films made of CNCs are much more prone to fracture due to their high brittleness. Our work demonstrates a unique composite barrier coating system of CNF and CNC that synergistically enables oil and grease resistance (a kit rating of 11) comparable to fluorochemicals. It also demonstrates a significant increase in air resistance (∼by a factor of about 300), and a reduction in oxygen transmission rate (∼by a factor of about 260) compared to uncoated paper. The improvements in oil and gas barrier properties were evaluated with respect to the molecular, chemical, and structural properties of the developed coatings.}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Lucia, Lucian A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={281–288} }
 @inbook{hubbe_tyagi_pal_2019, title={Nanopolysaccharides in Barrier Composites}, ISBN={9789811509124 9789811509131}, ISSN={2195-0644 2195-0652}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0913-1_9}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-15-0913-1_9}, abstractNote={The purpose of a barrier layer or film in a packaging product is to slow down or essentially eliminate the progress of oxygen, water vapor, or other molecules, thereby extending the shelf life, safety, and maybe also the taste of products—especially in the case of foods. This chapter discusses progress in the preparation of barrier composite films that include nanopolysaccharides, such as nanochitin, nanostarch, and nanocellulose. The reviewed research shows that these eco-friendly components in the resulting films often can improve barrier properties. While nanocellulose has attracted more research attention, nanostarch particles can be prepared under less aggressive chemical conditions, and particles related to chitin might possibly be preferred when one of the goals is to achieve antimicrobial effects. Nanopolysaccharides are also likely to find future applications in barrier films containing montmorillonite clay (nanoclay) and in multi-layer barrier film systems.}, booktitle={Springer Series in Biomaterials Science and Engineering}, publisher={Springer Singapore}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Tyagi, Preeti and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, pages={321–366} }
 @article{pal_lucia_2019, title={Renaissance of Industrial Hemp: A Miracle Crop for a Multitude of Products}, volume={14}, url={https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/download/BioRes_14_2_2460_Pal_Lucia_Editorial_Industrial_Hemp/6658}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Pal, L. and Lucia, L.}, year={2019}, pages={2460–2464} }
 @article{zhang_dou_pal_hubbe_2019, title={Review of Electrically Conductive Composites and Films Containing Cellulosic Fibers or Nanocellulose}, volume={14}, url={https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/download/BioRes_14_3_Review_Zhang_Electrically_Conductive_Composites_Films/7054}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Zhang, H. and Dou, C. and Pal, L. and Hubbe, M.A.}, year={2019}, pages={7494–7542} }
 @article{salem_starkey_pal_lucia_jameel_2019, title={The Topochemistry of Cellulose Nanofibrils as a Function of Mechanical Generation Energy}, volume={8}, ISSN={2168-0485 2168-0485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05806}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05806}, abstractNote={Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) has garnered significant attention as a sustainable biomaterial, but its chemical reactivity with respect to its generation, i.e., fibrillation, has heretofore been unexplored. We prepared NFC samples with varying levels of fibrillation by controlling mechanical energy followed by acetylation as a probe to explore chemical reactivity. The degree of substitution (DS) reached a global maximum after which, surprisingly, it dropped to lower values at higher fibrillation or higher input (generation) energies. This behavior was attributed to two factors: the presence of higher bound water molecules at fibrillated surfaces, which hinder accessibility to cellulose chains, and enhanced self-aggregation of surface hydroxyl groups of NFC due to formation of hydrogen bonds at higher fibrillation. The discovery of these two mitigating factors provides a promising physicochemical strategy for efficient and sustainable production and modification of NFC to optimize performance for different applications.}, number={3}, journal={ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Starkey, Heather R. and Pal, Lokendra and Lucia, Lucian and Jameel, Hasan}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={1471–1478} }
 @article{sun_tyagi_agate_lucia_mccord_pal_2019, title={Unique thermo-responsivity and tunable optical performance of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-cellulose nanocrystal hydrogel films}, volume={208}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.067}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.067}, abstractNote={A hybrid materials system to modulate lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and moisture content for thermo-responsivity and optical tunability was strategically developed by incorporating cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) into a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogel matrix. The PNIPAm/CNC hydrogel films exhibit tunable optical properties and wavelength bandpass selectivity as characterized by PROBE Spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Importantly, the micro/nano structures of the PNIPAm/CNC hydrogel films were completely different when dried below and above the LCST. Below the LCST, PNIPAm/CNC hydrogel films exhibit transparency or semi-transparency due to the uniform bonding of hydrophilic PNIPAm and CNC through hydrogen bonds. Above the LCST, the hydrogel films engage in both hydrophobic PNIPAm and hydrophilic CNC interactions due to changes in PNIPAm conformation which lead to light scattering effects and hence opacity. Furthermore, the incorporation of CNC induces a ∼ 15 °C reduction of the LCST relative to pure PNIPAm hydrogel films.}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sun, Xiaohang and Tyagi, Preeti and Agate, Sachin and Lucia, Lucian and McCord, Marian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={495–503} }
 @article{agate_joyce_lucia_pal_2018, title={Cellulose and nanocellulose-based flexible-hybrid printed electronics and conductive composites – A review}, volume={198}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.045}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.045}, abstractNote={Flexible-hybrid printed electronics (FHPE) is a rapidly growing discipline that may be described as the precise imprinting of electrically functional traces and components onto a substrate such as paper to create functional electronic devices. The mass production of low-cost devices and components such as environmental sensors, bio-sensors, actuators, lab on chip (LOCs), radio frequency identification (RFID) smart tags, light emitting diodes (LEDs), smart fabrics and labels, wallpaper, solar cells, fuel cells, and batteries are major driving factors for the industry. Using renewable and bio-friendly materials would be advantageous for both manufacturers and consumers with the increased use of (FHPE) electronics in our daily lives. This review article describes recent developments in cellulose and nanocellulose-based materials for FHPE, and the necessary developments required to propagate their use in commercial applications. The aim of these developments is to enable the creation of FHPE devices and components made almost entirely of cellulose materials.}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Agate, Sachin and Joyce, Michael and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={249–260} }
 @article{joyce_pal_hicks_agate_williams_ray_fleming_2018, title={Custom tailoring of conductive ink/substrate properties for increased thin film deposition of poly(dimethylsiloxane) films}, volume={29}, ISSN={0957-4522 1573-482X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9108-y}, DOI={10.1007/s10854-018-9108-y}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Joyce, Michael and Pal, Lokendra and Hicks, Robert and Agate, Sachin and Williams, Thomas S. and Ray, Graham and Fleming, Paul D.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={10461–10470} }
 @article{tyagi_hubbe_lucia_pal_2018, title={High performance nanocellulose-based composite coatings for oil and grease resistance}, volume={25}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1810-7}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-018-1810-7}, number={6}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Hubbe, Martin A. and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={3377–3391} }
 @article{tyagi_mathew_opperman_jameel_gonzalez_lucia_hubbe_pal_2018, title={High-Strength Antibacterial Chitosan–Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Tissue Paper}, volume={35}, ISSN={0743-7463 1520-5827}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02655}, DOI={10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02655}, abstractNote={A heightened need to control the spread of infectious diseases prompted the current work in which functionalized and innovative antimicrobial tissue paper was developed with a hydrophobic spray-coating of chitosan (Ch) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) composite. It was hypothesized that the hydrophobic nature of chitosan could be counterbalanced by the addition of CNC to maintain fiber formation and water absorbency. Light-weight tissue handsheets were prepared, spray-coated with Ch, CNC, and their composite coating (ChCNC), and tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and a microbial sample from a human hand after using the rest room. Water absorption and strength properties were also analyzed. To activate the surface of cationized tissue paper, an oxygen/helium gas atmospheric plasma treatment was employed on the best performing antimicrobial tissue papers. The highest bactericidal activity was observed with ChCNC-coated tissue paper, inhibiting up to 98% microbial growth. Plasma treatment further improved the antimicrobial activity of the coatings. Water absorption properties were reduced with Ch but increased with CNC. This "self-disinfecting" bactericidal tissue has the potential to be one of the most innovative products for the hygiene industry because it can dry, clean, and resist the infection of surfaces simultaneously, providing significant societal benefits.}, number={1}, journal={Langmuir}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Mathew, Reny and Opperman, Charles and Jameel, Hasan and Gonzalez, Ronalds and Lucia, Lucian and Hubbe, Martin and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={104–112} }
 @article{de assis_reisinger_dasmohapatra_pawlak_jameel_pal_kavalew_gonzalez_2018, title={Performance and Sustainability vs. the shelf price of tissue paper kitchen towels}, volume={13}, url={https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_13_3_6868_De_Assis_Sustainability_Tissue_Paper_Kitchen/6279}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={De Assis, T. and Reisinger, L.W. and Dasmohapatra, S. and Pawlak, P. and Jameel, H. and Pal, L. and Kavalew, D. and Gonzalez, R.W.}, year={2018}, pages={6868–6892} }
 @article{joyce_pal_tran_2018, title={Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)-based renewable packaging materials using photonic energy: A bench and pilot-scale study}, volume={17}, ISSN={0734-1415}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj17.10.557}, DOI={10.32964/tj17.10.557}, abstractNote={This work describes the utilization of a new photonic heat treatment technology in combination with polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) materials for the development of biofriendly packaging and coated substrate materials. This technology advances the use of aqueous PHA coatings as a replacement for less environmentally friendly extruded plastic and fluorotreated packaging papers and boards. The new technology utilizes short burst photonic energy to heat PHA latex coatings. Utilizing a rapid pulse of photonic energy enables PHA particles to melt and form a film within milliseconds, as compared to conventional equilibrium drying that takes several minutes. Coatings were applied to commercially produced papers in order to validate the combined use of photonic treatment technology with PHA materials for commercial applications. Photonic treatment for both bench-top and roll-toroll pilot-scale studies resulted in kit values of 12, and 2 min Cobb values of <2 g/m2. Repulpability studies showed the material to be completely repulpable, having 100% accepts after screening. The results demonstrate that the photonic treatment of PHA polymers could be used in current commercial settings to produce environmentally friendly packaging and coated products.}, number={10}, journal={Octobr 2018}, publisher={TAPPI}, author={Joyce, Michael and Pal, Lokendra and Tran, Tom}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={557–565} }
 @article{wang_de assis_zambrano_pal_venditti_dasmohapatra_pawlak_gonzalez_2018, title={Relationship between human perception of softness and instrument measurements}, volume={14}, ISSN={1930-2126 1930-2126}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.780-795}, DOI={10.15376/biores.14.1.780-795}, abstractNote={Softness, as a subjective perception, is difficult to define and quantify. For decades, panel tests have been used to judge differences in the softness of hygiene tissue samples. Panel tests can be a time-consuming and expensive process. A number of protocols have been developed to quantify the physical properties of tissues associated with softness. The Tissue Softness Analyzer (TSA) by Emtec has gained popularity in characterizing the physical properties of tissues associated with softness. The instrument was designed with softness in mind and attempts to simulate the touch of the human hand. There is currently no comprehensive study that compares the results from a TSA and human panel. In this work, panel tests were used to validate the performance of the TSA with bath tissue. It was determined that one component of the TSA measurements (TS7) linearly correlated with the panel results. Among all of the algorithms available for use with the TSA, the TP2 algorithm most accurately predicted the panel scores. The TSA performed better in predicting the softness of the samples that were dried with a conventional wet press or creped-through air-dryer.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, publisher={BioResources}, author={Wang, Yuhan and de Assis, Tiago and Zambrano, Franklin and Pal, Lokendra and Venditti, Richard and Dasmohapatra, Sudipta and Pawlak, Joel and Gonzalez, Ronalds}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={780–795} }
 @misc{de assis_reisinger_pal_pawlak_jameel_gonzalez_2018, title={Understanding the effect of machine technology and cellulosic fibers on tissue properties - a review}, volume={13}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={De Assis, T. and Reisinger, L. W. and Pal, L. and Pawlak, J. and Jameel, H. and Gonzalez, R. W.}, year={2018} }
 @article{rice_pal_gonzalez_hubbe_2018, title={Wet-end addition of nanofibrillated cellulose pretreated with cationic starch to achieve paper strength with less refining and higher bulk}, volume={17}, ISSN={0734-1415}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj17.07.395}, DOI={10.32964/tj17.07.395}, abstractNote={Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) treated with cationic starch was evaluated as a bonding system to permit lower degrees of refining and lower apparent density of high-mass handsheets made from bleached kraft pulp. Mixed pulp (70% hardwood, 30% softwood) was formed into sheets with the optional addition of 5% by dry mass of NFC. The default addition of NFC was compared with a system in which the NFC had been pretreated either with cationic starch (at various levels) or optionally followed by colloidal silica. Comparative tests also were carried out with separate addition of cationic starch to the main furnish. Unrefined fibers (514 mL CSF) were compared with low-refined (473 mL CSF) and high-refined (283 mL CSF) pulp mixtures. The NFC that had been pretreated with cationic starch at a high level was especially effective at boosting the tensile strength and stiffness of sheets prepared from pulp that had been refined at a low level, thus achieving improved strength at relatively low apparent density (high bulk) of the handsheets. The results support a strategy, for applicable grades of paper, of using cationic starchpretreated NFC in place of refining energy applied to the main fiber furnish. It was further established that colloidal silica can be employed as a further pretreatment of the cationic starch–treated NFC as a means of promoting dewatering in the combined system.}, number={07}, journal={July 2018}, publisher={TAPPI}, author={Rice, Matthew and Pal, Lokendra and Gonzalez, Ronalds and Hubbe, Martin}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={395–403} }
 @article{assis_houtman_phillips_bilek_rojas_pal_peresin_jameel_gonzalez_2017, title={Conversion Economics of Forest Biomaterials: Risk and Financial Analysis of CNC Manufacturing}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-1031"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85020653487&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/bbb.1782}, abstractNote={Commercialization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) presents opportunities for a wide range of new products. Techno‐economic assessments can provide insightful information for the efficient design of conversion processes, drive cost‐saving efforts, and reduce financial risks. In this study, we conducted techno‐economic assessments for CNC production using information from the USDA Forest Products Laboratory Pilot Plant, literature, and discussions with experts. Scenarios considered included variations related to greenfield, co‐location, and acid recovery. Operating costs, capital investment, minimum product selling price (MPSP), financial performance metrics, and the effect of drying and higher reaction yields on CNC manufacturing financials were estimated for each scenario. The lowest MPSP was found for the co‐location without acid recovery scenario, mainly driven by capital investment. Risk analysis indicates 95% probability of manufacturing costs lower than USD 5900/t of CNC (dry equivalent) and a MPSP lower than USD 7200/t of CNC (dry equivalent). Finally, based on our analysis, we provide guidance on process optimizations that can improve the economic performance of CNC manufacturing process. In addition, a risk profile of the CNC manufacturing business is provided. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd}, number={4}, journal={BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Assis, Camilla Abbati and Houtman, Carl and Phillips, Richard and Bilek, E. M. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Pal, Lokendra and Peresin, Maria Soledad and Jameel, Hasan and Gonzalez, Ronalds}, year={2017}, pages={682–700} }
 @article{de assis_houtman_phillips_bilek_rojas_pal_peresin_jameel_gonzalez_2017, title={Cover Image, Volume 11, Issue 4}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-104X 1932-1031}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/BBB.1798}, DOI={10.1002/BBB.1798}, abstractNote={The cover image, by Camilla Abbati de Assis et al., is based on the Modeling and Analysis Conversion Economics of Forest Biomaterials: Risk and Financial Analysis of CNC Manufacturing , DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1782 . image}, number={4}, journal={Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining}, publisher={Wiley}, author={de Assis, Camilla Abbati and Houtman, Carl and Phillips, Richard and Bilek, E.M. (Ted) and Rojas, Orlando J. and Pal, Lokendra and Peresin, Maria Soledad and Jameel, Hasan and Gonzalez, Ronalds}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={i-i} }
 @article{ferrer_pal_hubbe_2017, title={Nanocellulose in packaging: Advances in barrier layer technologies}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.012}, abstractNote={The review aims at reporting on recent developments in nanocellulose-based materials and their applications in packaging with special focus on oxygen and water vapor barrier characteristics. Nanocellulose materials, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), have unique properties with the potential to dramatically impact many commercial markets including packaging. In addition to being derived from a renewable resource that is both biodegradable and non-toxic, nanocellulose exhibits extremely high surface area and crystallinity and has tunable surface chemistry. These features give nanocellulose materials great potential to sustainably enhance oxygen and water vapor barrier properties when used as coating, fillers in composites and as self-standing thin films.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, author={Ferrer, Ana and Pal, Lokendra and Hubbe, Martin}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={574–582} }
 @misc{hubbe_ferrer_tyagi_yin_salas_pal_rojas_2017, title={Nanocellulose in thin films, coatings, and plies for packaging applications: a review}, volume={12}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Ferrer, A. and Tyagi, P. and Yin, Y. Y. and Salas, C. and Pal, L. and Rojas, O. J.}, year={2017}, pages={2143–2233} }
 @article{pal_joyce_2017, title={Paper need not be flat: paper and biomaterials industries need to converge to bring about true innovation}, volume={12}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Pal, L. and Joyce, M.}, year={2017}, pages={2249–2251} }
 @article{hubbe_tayeb_joyce_tyagi_kehoe_dimic-misic_pal_2017, title={Rheology of nanocellulose-rich aqueous suspensions: A review}, volume={12}, url={https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_12_4_9556_Hubbe_Rheology_Nanocellulose_Aqueous_Suspension/5699}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M.A. and Tayeb, P. and Joyce, M. and Tyagi, P. and Kehoe, M. and Dimic-Misic, K. and Pal, L.}, year={2017}, pages={9556–9661} }
 @article{tayeb_hubbe_tayeb_pal_rojas_2017, title={Soy Proteins As a Sustainable Solution to Strengthen Recycled Paper and Reduce Deposition of Hydrophobic Contaminants in Papermaking: A Bench and Pilot-Plant Study}, volume={5}, ISSN={2168-0485 2168-0485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01425}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01425}, abstractNote={Hydrophobic contaminants (stickies) incorporated with recycled fibers cause severe papermaking processing and product quality problems, which lead to low runnability and increased production cost. Stickies negatively affect paper strength and many other properties. In this work, we propose a sustainable approach by the application of soy protein isolate (SPI), soy flour (SF), and soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) as agents to combat hydrophobic contaminants. Tests at the bench and pilot-plant scales and under conditions similar to industrial operations demonstrated the reduction of associated challenges and the improvement of a paper’s dry strength. The soy agents were applied to aqueous dispersions of lignin-free recycled fibers (dosage levels of 1–2% based on the fiber dry weight), which contained additives typically used in papermaking (fillers, sizing agent, and others). Talc, a common detackifier, was applied in similar systems that were used as reference. The proteins were added under both high and low she...}, number={8}, journal={ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Tayeb, Ali H. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Tayeb, Pegah and Pal, Lokendra and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={7211–7219} }
 @article{pal_joyce_fleming_cretté_ruffner_2008, title={High barrier sustainable co-polymerized coatings}, volume={5}, ISSN={1547-0091 1935-3804}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11998-008-9101-0}, DOI={10.1007/S11998-008-9101-0}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Coatings Technology and Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Pal, Lokendra and Joyce, Margaret K. and Fleming, Paul D. and Cretté, Stéphanie A. and Ruffner, Charles}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={479–489} }
 @inproceedings{pal_agate_fleming_2007, place={Springfield, Virginia}, title={Effects of paper manufacturing factors on inkjet print quality and lightfastness}, volume={6}, booktitle={NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference}, publisher={Society for Imaging Science and Technology}, author={Pal, L. and Agate, S. and Fleming, P. D.}, year={2007}, pages={749–754} }
 @article{pal_joyce_fleming_2006, title={A simple method for calculation of the permeability coefficient of porous media}, volume={5}, number={9}, journal={Tappi Journal}, author={Pal, L. and Joyce, M. K. and Fleming, P. D.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={10–16} }
 @article{pal._fleming_2006, title={The study of ink pigment dispersion parameters}, volume={2}, url={http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol2/iss1/9}, number={1}, journal={The Hilltop Review}, author={Pal., L. and Fleming, P. D., III}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={9,} }