@article{lux_green_scherer_hansen_dusek_kilber_friskop_2024, title={Evaluation of Ergot Resistance in Hard Red Spring Wheat in North Dakota}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-02-24-0371-RE}, abstractNote={Higher levels of ergot (Claviceps purpurea (Fr.)) Tul. were reported in North Dakota hard red spring wheat (HRSW) in 2018, leading to questions pertaining to management and cultivar resistance. To better understand pathogen and HRSW cultivar responses, greenhouse experiments were conducted from 2020 to 2021 to evaluate aggressiveness of nine C. purpurea isolates and ergot resistance in 21 HRSW cultivars. Results from the aggressiveness assay indicated significant cultivar by isolate interactions for total weight of sclerotia produced and ergot incidence. Mean data across all cultivar by isolate combinations suggested isolates CC-3 and IA-Tim were the most aggressive and subsequently used in ergot resistance experiments. Results from ergot resistance screening indicated none of the HRSW cultivars were immune to C. purpurea as all cultivars produced sclerotia. However, differences in ergot incidence, kernel incidence, aborted kernel incidence, total sclerotia weight, sclerotia length, and sclerotia width occurred among cultivars. Both ‘ND-Frohberg’ and ‘TCG-Spitfire’ had the lowest ergot incidence values and were among the lowest in total sclerotia weight. ‘Waldron’ and ‘LCS-Trigger’ had the highest ergot incidence and the highest total sclerotia weight. Given that most concerns with ergot occur post-harvest, we suggest two categories to describe ergot resistance: host resistance (fate of inoculation for a stigma) and logistical resistance (size characteristics of a sclerotium that influence its ability to remain with a seed lot after harvest and cleaning). This research provides a strong foundation on our understanding of HRSW resistance to ergot that will influence variety decisions in ergot-prone areas in North Dakota.}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Lux, Leann and Green, Andrew and Scherer, Jessica and Hansen, Bryan and Dusek, Gabriel and Kilber, Harlee and Friskop, Andrew}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{foote_jordan_gorny_dunne_lux_ahumada_shew_brandenburg_ye_2024, title={Influence of Cropping Sequence and Tillage System on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) Response to Fluopyram Applied at Planting}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy14040875}, abstractNote={Crop sequence and tillage can affect the yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops. Research was conducted from 2006 through 2022 to determine the response of peanut to previous crop sequences including corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted in continuous conventional tillage (e.g., disking, field cultivating, and bedding with in-row sub-soiling) or strip tillage (e.g., tilling a 45 cm section on rows spaced 91 cm apart using fluted coulters, rolling baskets, and in-row sub-soiling). In 2013, 2019, and 2022, the entire test area was planted with peanut. In 2019 and 2022, peanut was planted without or with fluopyram applied in the seed furrow at planting. Decreasing the number of years between peanut planting resulted in lower peanut yields compared with fewer years of peanut planting in the rotation sequence. Continuous conventional tillage and strip tillage resulted in similar peanut yields at one location, while the yield was lower at a second location when peanut was planted in continuous strip tillage. Fluopyram did not affect peanut yield regardless of previous crop rotation sequence, the number of years separating peanut plantings, or the tillage system. However, minor differences in the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil were noted when comparing fluopyram treatment. The results from these experiments indicate that while fluopyram can reduce the populations of some plant-parasitic nematodes in soil, the magnitude of reduction does not translate into increases in peanut yield.}, number={4}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Foote, Ethan and Jordan, David and Gorny, Adrienne and Dunne, Jeffrey and Lux, Leann and Ahumada, Daisy and Shew, Barbara and Brandenburg, Rick and Ye, Weimin}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{haugrud_lux_friskop_ikley_2024, title={Comparing Inoculation Methods of <i>Clavibacter nebraskensis</i> on Corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) Under Greenhouse Conditions}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-04-23-0038-rs}, DOI={10.1094/php-04-23-0038-rs}, abstractNote={Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of corn ( Zea mays L.), caused by Clavibacter nebraskensis, is one of the top yield-reducing corn diseases in the Northern Great Plains. Efficient and repeatable inoculation methods in the greenhouse are needed to further understand disease development and host resistance. Although several inoculation methods have been reported, a direct comparison among them in the greenhouse has not been conducted. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare established methods for time to inoculate, disease incidence, and lesion development. The methods evaluated included creating wounds with scissors, pin-prick tools, sandpaper, or carborundum, and bacteria were introduced to wounds by spraying, immersion, sponge, or syringe. Leaf tip removal with scissors and dipping the newly injured leaf in bacterial suspension (tip-removal method) resulted in the fastest inoculation time (24 s), greatest disease incidence (>80%), and fastest lesion development among methods tested. Most other methods had similar disease development but varied in their success rate (incidence). These results will aid researchers in selecting inoculation methods to address research objectives on Goss's wilt in the greenhouse.}, journal={Plant Health Progress}, author={Haugrud, Nathan and Lux, LeAnn R. and Friskop, Andrew and Ikley, Joseph}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lux_halvorson_hansen_meyer_shi_liu_friskop_2023, title={Effect of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate and Cultivar Resistance on Reducing Bacterial Leaf Streak in Hard Red Spring Wheat in North Dakota}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-02-23-0018-rs}, DOI={10.1094/php-02-23-0018-rs}, abstractNote={Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is one of the most significant foliar diseases affecting hard red spring wheat (HRSW) production in North Dakota. The most effective management tool for BLS is the use of host resistance; however, the adoption and availability of resistant cultivars is limited for HRSW producers. This has led to questions pertaining to the use of copper-based products to suppress BLS severity in HRSW production. Four field experiments were conducted from 2020 to 2022 in North Dakota to evaluate the efficacy of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP) applied at the flag leaf stage on reducing BLS severity and protecting HRSW yield and test weight. Experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with four replications. Three treatments served as the main plots (noninoculated, inoculated, and inoculated + CSP applied at flag leaf). Five HRSW cultivars varying in host resistance served as subplots. A high level of disease occurred across all experiments. A combined analysis suggested that the use of CSP did not provide adequate BLS suppression and did not protect HRSW yield or test weight regardless of HRSW susceptibility. The lowest mean yield loss was associated with the moderately resistant cultivar Boost (9%), and the highest was associated with the susceptible cultivar SY Rockford (19%). Variability in yield loss values among cultivars suggests that more research is needed to strengthen our understanding of BLS in HRSW.}, journal={Plant Health Progress}, author={Lux, LeAnn and Halvorson, Jessica and Hansen, Bryan and Meyer, Scott and Shi, Gongjun and Liu, Zhaohui and Friskop, Andrew}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lux_halvorson_hansen_meyer_carruth_fitterer_friskop_2023, title={Effects of Metconazole + Prothioconazole, Pydiflumetofen + Propiconazole, and Variety Resistance on Fusarium Head Blight and Yield in Hard Red Spring Wheat}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-08-22-0070-rs}, DOI={10.1094/php-08-22-0070-rs}, abstractNote={Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), is one of the most significant diseases of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) in North Dakota. Implementing integrated management practices such as host resistance and fungicides can be used to manage FHB and the associated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). However, depending on the production year in North Dakota, both management tools might not be needed for FHB. The objective of this research was to evaluate fungicide premixes and varietal resistance on suppression of FHB, suppression of DON, and economic response in diverse FHB environments in dryland HRSW. Seven field experiments were conducted at dryland locations from 2019 to 2021. Two HRSW varieties, WB-Mayville (susceptible) and ND-VitPro (moderately resistant) served as the main plots, and seven fungicide treatments, including a nontreated control, served as the subplots. Based on disease levels and local weather data (relative humidity, rainfall, and temperature), field experiments were categorized into four FHB management environments (high, moderate, low, and no disease) to assess the effectiveness of management tools in field situations faced by HRSW growers. The fungicide premixture treatments of metconazole + prothioconazole and pydiflumetofen + propiconazole provided similar or better suppression of FHB and DON when compared with FHB fungicide standards. The results suggest that the use of fungicides on a moderately resistant variety provided a more favorable economic response when compared with their use on a susceptible variety in moderate and low FHB environments. The results from this study will help guide FHB management decisions in dryland HRSW.}, journal={Plant Health Progress}, author={Lux, LeAnn and Halvorson, Jessica and Hansen, Bryan and Meyer, Scott and Carruth, Dave and Fitterer, Scott and Friskop, Andrew}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jordan_anco_balota_langston_lux_shew_brandenburg_2024, title={Survey of herbicide and fungicide use in peanut in North Carolina and Virginia in the United States}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20263}, abstractNote={Plain Language Summary Diseases and weeds can reduce yield of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) if effective control measures including fungicides and herbicides are not used. A survey of 76 farmers in North Carolina and Virginia at Cooperative Extension Service meetings was completed relative to fungicide and herbicide use in 2021. Eighty‐two percent of farmers made between three and five herbicide applications, while 68% of farmers made between four and five fungicide applications. 2,4‐DB was the herbicide applied most frequently. The fungicide chlorothalonil was applied the most often. Pydiflumetofen was applied by 61% of farmers. Results from this survey can be used to inform regulatory agencies on pesticide use patterns by defining the relative importance of individual or groups of pesticides currently used to suppress pests and prevent or mitigate associated economic losses.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Anco, Dan and Balota, Maria and Langston, David and Lux, Leann and Shew, Barbara and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{friskop_green_ransom_zhaohui_knodel_hansen_halvorson_lux_2023, title={Increase of Bacterial Leaf Streak in Hard Red Spring Wheat in North Dakota and Yield Loss Considerations}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-22-0282-sa}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-08-22-0282-sa}, abstractNote={Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa, has increased in both prevalence and severity in the major hard red spring wheat (HRSW)-producing state North Dakota. The disease is readily observed after flag leaf emergence and can quickly lead to defoliation and severe yield loss. The objectives of this research were to document the prevalence and incidence of BLS in North Dakota and provide estimations of yield and economic losses. Trained field scouts determined the incidence and prevalence of BLS in ND on HRSW plants between Feekes growth stage (FGS) 8 and FGS 11.2 from 2015 to 2021, and data were used to determine BLS-affected hectares. Yield data in combination with BLS ratings were obtained from HRSW performance trials to estimate the impact of BLS on yield. The combination of variety identity, hectarage data, BLS-affected hectarage estimates, and yield loss estimates was used to estimate economic losses from BLS in 2019 and 2020. Our data suggest that BLS-affected hectares ranged from 747 to 141,680 between 2015 and 2021. Yield loss was observed at multiple HRSW performance trial locations, with estimated yield losses as high as 60% on susceptible varieties. The amount of BLS-affected hectares was the highest in 2019 and 2020, and direct economic losses for North Dakota HRSW producers were estimated to be as high as $4.7 and $8.0 million, respectively. These data highlight the importance of BLS in HRSW and the need to procure resources for breeding efforts and grower education on management of BLS.}, journal={Phytopathology®}, author={Friskop, Andrew and Green, Andrew and Ransom, Joel and Zhaohui, LIU and Knodel, Janet and Hansen, Bryan and Halvorson, Jessica and Lux, LeAnn}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }