@article{kissell_davidson_hopkins_smith_whitlow_2013, title={Effect of experimental feed additives on aflatoxin in milk of dairy cows fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1439-0396"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01311.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION}, author={Kissell, L. and Davidson, S. and Hopkins, B. A. and Smith, G. W. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={694–700} }
 @article{hill_hopkins_davidson_bolt_diaz_brownie_brown_huntington_whitlow_2009, title={The addition of cottonseed hulls to the starter and supplementation of live yeast or mannanoligosaccharide in the milk for young calves}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2008-1320}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of the addition of cottonseed hulls (CSH) to the starter and the supplementation of live yeast product (YST) or mannanoligosaccharide product (MOS) to milk, on growth, intake, rumen development, and health parameters in young calves. Holstein (n = 116) and Jersey (n = 46) bull (n = 74) and heifer (n = 88) calves were assigned randomly within sex at birth to treatments. All calves were fed 3.8 L of colostrum daily for the first 2 d. Holstein calves were fed 3.8 L of whole milk, and Jersey calves were fed 2.8 L of whole milk through weaning at 42 d. Calves continued on trial through 63 d. Six treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial. Calves received either a corn-soybean meal-based starter (21% crude protein and 6% acid detergent fiber; -CSH) or a blend of 85% corn-soybean meal-based starter and 15% CSH (18% crude protein and 14% acid detergent fiber; +CSH) ad libitum. In addition, calves received whole milk with either no supplement (NONE) or supplemented with 3 g/d of mannanoligosaccharide product (MOS) or 4 g/d of live yeast product (YST) through weaning at 42 d. Twelve Holstein steers [n = 6 (per starter type); n = 4 (per supplement type)] were euthanized for collection and examination of rumen tissue samples. Dry matter intake (DMI) was greater for Holstein calves fed +CSH (0.90 kg/d) than -CSH (0.76 kg/d). Final body weight at 63 d of Holstein calves fed +CSH (75.8 kg) was greater than that of those fed -CSH (71.0 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) was greater for Holstein calves fed +CSH (0.58 kg/d) than -CSH (0.52 kg/d). However, Holstein calves fed -CSH had a greater feed efficiency (FE; 0.71 kg of ADG/kg of DMI) than those fed +CSH (0.65 kg of ADG/kg of DMI). Also, Holstein calves fed +CSH had narrower rumen papillae (0.32 mm) compared with those fed -CSH (0.41 mm). There were no significant effects of CSH on DMI, ADG, or FE in Jersey calves. There were no significant effects of YST or MOS on DMI, ADG, FE, or rumen papillae measures in Holstein calves. Jersey calves fed YST or MOS had greater final body weight at 63 d (51.2 kg and 51.0 kg, respectively) than calves fed NONE (47.5 kg). However, there were no significant effects of YST or MOS on DMI, ADG, or FE in Jersey calves.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Hill, S. R. and Hopkins, B. A. and Davidson, S. and Bolt, S. M. and Diaz, D. E. and Brownie, C. and Brown, T. and Huntington, G. B. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={790–798} }
 @article{davidson_hopkins_odle_brownie_fellner_whitlow_2008, title={Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation holstein cows}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42449121850&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2007-0721}, abstractNote={Eighty lactating Holstein cows from 21 to 91 d in milk were fed a corn silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) formulated with the Met content limited (42 g/ d) to investigate the impact of supplementing rumen-protected (RP) forms of Met, betaine, and choline on performance and metabolism. One of 4 supplements was blended into the TMR to produce 4 dietary treatments: 1) control, 2) 20 g/d of RP-Met, 3) 45 g/d of RP-betaine, and 4) 40 g/d of RP-choline. Calcium salts of fatty acids were used to protect both RP-betaine and RP-choline supplements. A similar amount of Ca salts of fatty acids was included in both control and RP-Met supplements to provide equal amounts of fat to all treatments. Overall, no differences in intake, milk yield, or milk composition were observed in primiparous cows. Average dry matter intake, body weight, and body condition score were not different among treatments in multiparous cows. Milk yield was higher in multiparous cows fed RP-choline compared with the other treatments. Multiparous cows fed RP-choline had higher milk protein yield than cows fed control or RP-betaine but was not different from cows fed RP-Met. Multiparous cows fed RP-choline had higher milk fat yield than cows fed RP-Met but was not different from cows fed control or RP-betaine. There were no beneficial effects of RP-betaine supplementation to a Met-limited TMR.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Davidson, S. and Hopkins, B. A. and Odle, J. and Brownie, C. and Fellner, V. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={1552–1559} }
 @article{english_hopkins_stroud_davidson_smith_brownie_whitlow_2007, title={Lactoferrin supplementation to holstein calves during the preweaning and postweaning phases}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2007-0361}, abstractNote={Sixty Holstein calves (30 bulls, 30 heifers) were used to examine the effects of supplemental lactoferrin on feed intake, growth, and health during the preweaning and postweaning periods. One of 3 levels of lactoferrin was supplemented from 3 to 56 d in either whole milk or water to produce 3 dietary treatments: 1) 0 g/d, 2) 0.5 g/d, and 3) 1 g/d. Whole milk (3.8 L/d) containing lactoferrin supplements was fed from bottles until weaning at 35 d. From d 36 to 56, lactoferrin supplements were added to water (15 to 25 mL) and fed from bottles. Lactoferrin supplementation had no effect on feed intake, body weight, average daily gain, heart girth, body temperature, fecal scores, respiratory scores, or haptoglobin concentrations. Calves were housed in individual pens in either an open-sided barn or hutches. Calves raised in the barn consumed more calf starter and therefore grew better than calves raised in hutches. Under the conditions of this study, lactoferrin supplementation was not beneficial. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of lactoferrin, and possible benefits during different feeding conditions or milk sources.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={English, E. A. and Hopkins, B. A. and Stroud, J. S. and Davidson, S. and Smith, G. and Brownie, C. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={5276–5281} }
 @article{hill_hopkins_davidson_bolt_diaz_brownie_brown_huntington_whitlow_2005, title={Technical note: Technique for dissection and analysis of the rumen in young calves}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72691-6}, abstractNote={This paper discusses a technique used to evaluate rumen development in young calves, including removal, dissection, and analysis of tissue. The method allowed for examination of the different sacs of the rumen (dorsal, ventral, cranial, and caudal) using scanning electron microscopy to measure papillae denseness and histology slides to measure papillae length and width. Computer software was used to produce accurate measurements of papillae. The rumens of young calves were dissected, and samples were taken from the cranial, caudal, ventral, and dorsal sections. Calves were part of a nutrition research study, and dietary treatments did have an effect on development measurements such as length, width, and papillae denseness.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Hill, SR and Hopkins, BA and Davidson, S and Bolt, SM and Diaz, DE and Brownie, C and Brown, T and Huntington, GB and Whitlow, LW}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={324–326} }
 @article{diaz_hagler_blackwelder_eve_hopkins_anderson_jones_whitlow_2004, title={Aflatoxin Binders II: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed}, volume={157}, ISSN={["1573-0832"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:MYCO.0000020587.93872.59}, abstractNote={Sequestering agents bind dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and reduce absorption from an animal's gastrointestinal tract. As a result, they protect an animal from the toxic effects of AFB1 and reduce transfer of the metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), into milk. Three experiments, using late-lactation Holstein cows fed AFB1-contaminated feed, were conducted to evaluate several potential sequestering agents for their abilities to prevent or reduce the transmission of AFM1 into milk. Six agents previously tested in our laboratory for AFB1 binding in vitro were evaluated in these experiments. These were: SA-20, an activated carbon (AC-A); Astra-Ben-20, a sodium bentonite (AB-20); MTB-100, an esterified glucomannan (MTB-100); Red Crown, a calcium bentonite (RC); Flow Guard, a sodium bentonite (FG); and Mycrosorb, a sodium bentonite (MS). Five of the six sequestering agents significantly (P < 0.01) reduced AFM1 contamination of milk (AB-20, 61%; FG, 65%; MS, 50%; MTB-100, 59%; and RC, 31%); whereas, AC-A, activated carbon, had no effect on AFM1 transmission at 0.25% of feed. By the first milking (1 day after cows consumed contaminated feed), AFM1 appeared in milk, then reached maximum levels after three days, and was absent from milk within four days after AFB1 was removed from the feed. Sodium bentonites at 1.2% of feed showed good potential as AFB1 binders; MTB-100, a yeast cell wall product, was equally effective at 0.05% in feed. Potential AFB1 binding agents should be evaluated experimentally to demonstrate efficacy. Our data show that sequestering agents can reduce AFM1 in milk of cows fed AFB1-contaminated feed.}, number={2}, journal={MYCOPATHOLOGIA}, author={Diaz, DE and Hagler, WM and Blackwelder, JT and Eve, JA and Hopkins, BA and Anderson, KL and Jones, FT and Whitlow, LW}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={233–241} }
 @article{whitlow_hagler_2004, title={Mycotoxins in feeds}, volume={76}, ISBN={0014-9624}, number={38}, journal={Feedstuffs}, author={Whitlow, L. W. and Hagler, W. M., Jr.}, year={2004}, pages={66} }
 @article{diaz_hagler_hopkins_whitlow_2003, title={Aflatoxin binders I: In vitro binding assay for aflatoxin B1 by several potential sequestering agents}, volume={156}, ISSN={["0301-486X"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1023388321713}, abstractNote={Nine potential proprietary sequestering agents consisting of 4 activated charcoals, 3 sodium bentonites, a calcium bentonite, and an esterified glucomannan were compared in a novel in vitro assay for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) binding. Agents were evaluated in 10% methanol prepared as 1% stirred suspensions at pH 3, 7, 10 and pH-unadjusted, with or without AFB1 at 5 microg/ml. All nine agents bound more than 95% of the 5 microg of AFB1 in solution, regardless of pH. The sodium bentonites bound 98, 95, and 98% of the AFB1. The four activated charcoals bound over 99%, the calcium bentonite bound 98%, and the esterified glucomannan bound 97% of the AFB1 in solution. The results suggested that the sequestering agents tested here had sufficient potential to bind AFB1 at pH values commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants and other animals.}, number={3}, journal={MYCOPATHOLOGIA}, author={Diaz, DE and Hagler, WM and Hopkins, BA and Whitlow, LW}, year={2003}, pages={223–226} }
 @article{davidson_hopkins_diaz_bolt_brownie_fellner_whitlow_2003, title={Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73754-0}, abstractNote={Five treatment diets varying in crude protein (CP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) were calculated to supply a postruminal lysine to methionine ratio of about 3:1. Diets were fed as a total mixed ration to 65 Holstein cows that were either primiparous (n = 28) or multiparous (n = 37) from 21 to 120 d in milk to determine effects on lactation and nitrogen utilization. Crude protein % and calculated RUP (% of CP) of diets [on a dry matter (DM) basis] were: 1) 19.4, 40 (HPMU), 2) 16.5, 34 (LPLU), 3) 16.8, 40 (LPMU), 4) 16.8, 46 (LPHU), 5) 17.2, 43 (LPHU + UREA), which is the result of adding 0.4% of the diet DM as urea to LPHU. The corn silage-based treatment diets contained an average of 24% acid detergent fiber and 1.6 Mcal/kg net energy of lactation. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations and body weights (BW) were used to calculate predicted amounts of urinary nitrogen (N) using the relationship: urinary N (g/d) = 0.0259 x BW (kg) x MUN (mg/dl). Cows fed HPMU had greater CP and RUP intakes, which resulted in higher concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen, rumen ammonia, MUN, and predicted urinary N. Milk yield, fat yield, fat percent, protein yield, and protein percent were not significantly different among treatments. Parity primarily affected parameters that were related to body size and not measurements of N utilization. The interaction of treatment and parity was not significant for any measurements taken. In this study, cows fed LPHU had significantly lower MUN and predicted urinary N without limiting production. These results demonstrate the potential to optimize milk production while minimizing N excretion in lactating dairy cattle.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Davidson, S and Hopkins, BA and Diaz, DE and Bolt, SM and Brownie, C and Fellner, V and Whitlow, LW}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={1681–1689} }
 @article{whitlow_hagler_2002, title={Mycotoxins in feeds}, volume={74}, ISBN={0014-9624}, number={28}, journal={Feedstuffs}, author={Whitlow, L. W. and Hagler, W. M., Jr.}, year={2002}, pages={68} }
 @article{noftsger_hopkins_diaz_brownie_whitlow_2000, title={Effect of whole and expanded-expelled cottonseed on milk yield and blood gossypol}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75146-0}, abstractNote={Thirty-two primiparous and 12 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned at calving to treatments to determine the effects of type and amount of cottonseed product on plasma gossypol, milk production, and composition, and conjugated linoleic acid concentration in milk fat. Rations consisted of corn silage, corn grain, soybean meal, and cottonseed hulls, and contained on average 16.8% crude protein and 25.3% acid detergent fiber on a dry matter basis. On a dry matter basis, diets contained one of the following: 1) 14% whole cottonseed; 2) 14% expanded-expelled cottonseed; 3) 21% expanded-expelled cottonseed; or 4) 28% expanded-expelled cottonseed. Cows remained on treatment from 30 through 120 d in milk. Dry matter intakes were not significantly different, but intakes of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and fat were higher for multiparous cows fed whole cottonseed. Multiparous cows fed whole cottonseed had higher yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, crude protein, fat and solids-not-fat than those fed any level of expanded-expelled cottonseed. Concentrations of milk fat, protein, and SNF were not affected by treatment. Although there were treatment differences in fat intake, there were no production differences in primiparous cows. Milk production efficiency (fat-corrected milk/dry matter intake) was not affected by treatment for either multiparous or primiparous cows. Cows fed 14% whole or 14% expanded-expelled cottonseed had similar levels of total plasma gossypol and plasma levels of the negative isomer of gossypol. Increasing the level of expanded-expelled cottonseed in the diet increased both total plasma gossypol and the negative isomer. In this experiment, multiparous but not primiparous cows fed whole cottonseed produced more milk than those fed expanded-expelled cottonseed at 14 to 28% of the diet dry matter, however, feed efficiencies were similar for all treatments.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Noftsger, SM and Hopkins, BA and Diaz, DE and Brownie, C and Whitlow, LW}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={2539–2547} }
 @article{whitlow_diaz_hopkins_hagler_2000, title={Mycotoxins and milk safety: The potential to block transfer to milk}, ISBN={1897676751}, journal={Biotechnology in the feed industry. proceedings of Alltech's 16th Annual Symposium: the future of food}, publisher={Nottingham : Nottingham University Press}, author={Whitlow, L. W. and Diaz, D. E. and Hopkins, B. A. and Hagler, W. M., Jr.}, year={2000}, pages={391} }
 @article{blackwelder_hopkins_diaz_whitlow_brownie_1998, title={Milk production and plasma gossypol of cows fed cottonseed and oilseed meals with or without rumen-undegradable protein}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75855-2}, abstractNote={Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned at calving to treatment diets using a modified split-plot design to determine the effects of protein source on milk production and composition. The treatment diets consisted of an 80:20 combination of corn and alfalfa silages and whole cottonseed at 12% of the dietary dry matter (DM). The treatment diets were formulated to contain 17% crude protein (CP) and 20% acid detergent fiber on a DM basis. One of the following sources of supplemental CP was included in each treatment diet: 1) cottonseed meal, 2) cottonseed meal plus a rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) supplement, 3) soybean meal, and 4) soybean meal plus an RUP supplement. Cows were fed the initial treatment diet for 6 wk and then were switched to the other oilseed meal source but continued to receive the same amount of RUP during the second period of the study. Milk production and composition were not affected by treatment diet. Cows fed treatment diets without RUP supplementation consumed more DM and thus more CP. Supplementation with RUP resulted in greater milk production efficiency per unit of DM consumed. Cows fed treatment diets containing cottonseed meal had higher plasma gossypol concentrations than did cows fed treatment diets containing soybean meal. Plasma gossypol concentrations for all cows in each group were below the recommended upper limit that is considered to be safe. Data suggest that cottonseed meal in the diet can be substituted for soybean meal, resulting in similar milk production and composition.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Blackwelder, JT and Hopkins, BA and Diaz, DE and Whitlow, LW and Brownie, C}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={2934–2941} }