@article{bennett_orouji_khan_sadeghi_rodgers_abolhasani_2024, title={Autonomous reaction Pareto-front mapping with a self-driving catalysis laboratory}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s44286-024-00033-5}, DOI={10.1038/s44286-024-00033-5}, abstractNote={Ligands play a crucial role in enabling challenging chemical transformations with transition metal-mediated homogeneous catalysts. Despite their undisputed role in homogeneous catalysis, discovery and development of ligands have proven to be a challenging and resource-intensive undertaking. Here, in response, we present a self-driving catalysis laboratory, Fast-Cat, for autonomous and resource-efficient parameter space navigation and Pareto-front mapping of high-temperature, high-pressure, gas–liquid reactions. Fast-Cat enables autonomous ligand benchmarking and multi-objective catalyst performance evaluation with minimal human intervention. Specifically, we utilize Fast-Cat to perform rapid Pareto-front identification of the hydroformylation reaction between syngas (CO and H2) and olefin (1-octene) in the presence of rhodium and various classes of phosphorus-based ligands. By reactor benchmarking, we demonstrate Fast-Cat's knowledge scalability, essential to fine/specialty chemical industries. We report the details of the modular flow chemistry platform of Fast-Cat and its autonomous experiment-selection strategy for the rapid generation of optimized experimental conditions and in-house data required for supplying machine-learning approaches to reaction and ligand investigations. A self-driving catalysis laboratory, Fast-Cat, is presented for efficient high-throughput screening of high-pressure, high-temperature, gas–liquid reaction conditions using rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation as a case study. Fast-Cat is used to Pareto map the reaction space and investigate the varying performance of several phosphorus-based hydroformylation ligands.}, journal={Nature Chemical Engineering}, author={Bennett, J. A. and Orouji, N. and Khan, M. and Sadeghi, S. and Rodgers, J. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{darabi_chauhan_guo_wang_seyitliyev_bateni_wang_ghasemi_taussig_woodward_et al._2024, title={Cationic ligation guides quantum-well formation in layered hybrid perovskites}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2590-2385"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.matt.2024.09.010}, number={12}, journal={Matter}, publisher={Accepted}, author={Darabi, K. and Chauhan, M. and Guo, B. and Wang, J. and Seyitliyev, D. and Bateni, F. and Wang, T. and Ghasemi, M. and Taussig, L. and Woodward, N. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Dec}, pages={4410–4425} }
 @article{orouji_bennett_sadeghi_abolhasani_2024, title={Digital Pareto-front mapping of homogeneous catalytic reactions}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2058-9883"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RE00673E}, DOI={10.1039/D3RE00673E}, abstractNote={We present a digital framework for rapid multi-objective reaction space exploration and optimization of homogeneous catalytic reactions through autonomous experimentation and Bayesian optimization.}, journal={REACTION CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Orouji, Negin and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Sadeghi, Sina and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{sadeghi_canty_mukhin_xu_delgado-licona_abolhasani_2024, title={Engineering a Sustainable Future: Harnessing Automation, Robotics, and Artificial Intelligence with Self-Driving Laboratories}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c02177}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c02177}, abstractNote={The accelerating depletion of natural resources undoubtedly demands a radical reevaluation of research practices addressing the escalating climate crisis. From traditional approaches to modern-day advancements, the integration of automation and artificial intelligence (AI)-guided decision-making has emerged as a transformative route in shaping new research methodologies. Harnessing robotics and high-throughput automation alongside intelligent experimental design, self-driving laboratories (SDLs) offer an innovative solution to expedite chemical/materials research timelines while significantly reducing the carbon footprint of scientific endeavors, which could be utilized to not only generate green materials but also make the research process itself more sustainable. In this Perspective, we examine the potential of SDLs in driving sustainability forward through case studies in materials discovery and process optimization, thereby paving the way for a greener and more efficient future. While SDLs hold an immense promise, we discuss the challenges that persist in their development and deployment, necessitating a holistic approach to sustainability in both design and implementation.}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Sadeghi, Sina and Canty, Richard B. and Mukhin, Nikolai and Xu, Jinge and Delgado-Licona, Fernando and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{campbell_ghareeb_baro_mauthe_mccolgan_amassian_scholle_ghiladi_abolhasani_dickey_2024, title={Facile Synthesis of Cu-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Particles for Accelerated Visible Light-Driven Antiviral and Antibacterial Inactivation}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2771-9545"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.4c00176}, DOI={10.1021/acsaenm.4c00176}, abstractNote={In this work, we present a facile and scalable hydrolysis-based route for the synthesis of copper-doped TiO2 particles for highly effective light-activated antiviral and antibacterial applications. The performance of the synthesized Cu-doped TiO2 particles is then evaluated using solution-phase antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation assays. We demonstrate that the Cu-doped TiO2 particles can successfully inactivate a wide range of pathogens with exposure to light for 90 min, including bacteria ranging from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (99.9999%, ∼6 log units) to Klebsiella pneumoniae (99.93%, ∼3.3 log units), and viruses including feline calicivirus (99.94%, ∼3.4 log units) and HCoV-229E (99.996%, ∼4.6 log units), with the particles demonstrating excellent robustness toward photobleaching. Furthermore, a spray-coated polymer film, loaded with the synthesized Cu-doped TiO2 particles achieves inactivation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus up to 99.998% (∼4.8 log units). The presented results provide a clear advance forward in the use of metal-doped TiO2 for aPDI applications, including the scalable synthesis (kg/day) of well-characterized and robust particles, their facile incorporation into a nontoxic, photostable coating that may be easily and cheaply applied to a multitude of surfaces, and a broad efficacy against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as against enveloped and nonenveloped viruses.}, number={5}, journal={ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS}, author={Campbell, Zachary S. and Ghareeb, C. Roland and Baro, Steven and Mauthe, Jacob and Mccolgan, Gail and Amassian, Aram and Scholle, Frank and Ghiladi, Reza and Abolhasani, Milad and Dickey, Elizabeth C.}, year={2024}, month={May}, pages={1411–1423} }
 @article{bennett_abolhasani_2024, title={Machine-learning optimization of 3D-printed flow-reactor geometry}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s44286-024-00095-5}, DOI={10.1038/s44286-024-00095-5}, journal={Nature Chemical Engineering}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{volk_abolhasani_2024, title={Performance metrics to unleash the power of self-driving labs in chemistry and materials science}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2041-1723"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45569-5}, DOI={10.1038/s41467-024-45569-5}, abstractNote={AbstractWith the rise of self-driving labs (SDLs) and automated experimentation across chemical and materials sciences, there is a considerable challenge in designing the best autonomous lab for a given problem based on published studies alone. Determining what digital and physical features are germane to a specific study is a critical aspect of SDL design that needs to be approached quantitatively. Even when controlling for features such as dimensionality, every experimental space has unique requirements and challenges that influence the design of the optimal physical platform and algorithm. Metrics such as optimization rate are therefore not necessarily indicative of the capabilities of an SDL across different studies. In this perspective, we highlight some of the critical metrics for quantifying performance in SDLs to better guide researchers in implementing the most suitable strategies. We then provide a brief review of the existing literature under the lens of quantified performance as well as heuristic recommendations for platform and experimental space pairings.}, number={1}, journal={NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Volk, Amanda A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{canty_abolhasani_2024, title={Reproducibility in automated chemistry laboratories using computer science abstractions}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2731-0582"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-024-00649-8}, DOI={10.1038/s44160-024-00649-8}, journal={Nature Synthesis}, publisher={Accepted}, author={Canty, R.B. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2024}, pages={1327–1339} }
 @article{bennett_abolhasani_2024, title={Robotic synthesis decoded through phase diagram mastery}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2731-0582"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-024-00500-0}, DOI={10.1038/s44160-024-00500-0}, journal={NATURE SYNTHESIS}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{bateni_sadeghi_orouji_bennett_punati_stark_wang_rosko_chen_castellano_et al._2024, title={Smart Dope: A Self-Driving Fluidic Lab for Accelerated Development of Doped Perovskite Quantum Dots (Adv. Energy Mater. 1/2024)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1614-6840"]}, DOI={10.1002/aenm.202470001}, abstractNote={Advanced Energy MaterialsVolume 14, Issue 1 2470001 Cover PictureFree Access Smart Dope: A Self-Driving Fluidic Lab for Accelerated Development of Doped Perovskite Quantum Dots (Adv. Energy Mater. 1/2024) Fazel Bateni, Fazel Bateni Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorSina Sadeghi, Sina Sadeghi Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorNegin Orouji, Negin Orouji Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorJeffrey A. Bennett, Jeffrey A. Bennett Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorVenkat S. Punati, Venkat S. Punati Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorChristine Stark, Christine Stark Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorJunyu Wang, Junyu Wang Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USASearch for more papers by this authorMichael C. Rosko, Michael C. Rosko Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204 USASearch for more papers by this authorOu Chen, Ou Chen Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USASearch for more papers by this authorFelix N. Castellano, Felix N. Castellano Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204 USASearch for more papers by this authorKristofer G. Reyes, Kristofer G. Reyes Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260 USASearch for more papers by this authorMilad Abolhasani, Milad Abolhasani Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this author Fazel Bateni, Fazel Bateni Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorSina Sadeghi, Sina Sadeghi Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorNegin Orouji, Negin Orouji Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorJeffrey A. Bennett, Jeffrey A. Bennett Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorVenkat S. Punati, Venkat S. Punati Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorChristine Stark, Christine Stark Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this authorJunyu Wang, Junyu Wang Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USASearch for more papers by this authorMichael C. Rosko, Michael C. Rosko Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204 USASearch for more papers by this authorOu Chen, Ou Chen Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USASearch for more papers by this authorFelix N. Castellano, Felix N. Castellano Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204 USASearch for more papers by this authorKristofer G. Reyes, Kristofer G. Reyes Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260 USASearch for more papers by this authorMilad Abolhasani, Milad Abolhasani Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202470001AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract Self Driving Lab In article number 2302303,Milad Abolhasani and co-workers present a self-driving lab, called Smart Dope, for the fast-tracked discovery of doped quantum dots (QDs) for applications in clean energy technologies. Smart Dope utilizes machine learning-guided operation of flow reactors integrated with an in-situ characterizationmodule in a 'closed-loop' fashion to discover the best-in-class QD within one day of autonomous experiments. Volume14, Issue1January 5, 20242470001 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS}, author={Bateni, Fazel and Sadeghi, Sina and Orouji, Negin and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Punati, Venkat S. and Stark, Christine and Wang, Junyu and Rosko, Michael C. and Chen, Ou and Castellano, Felix N. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{epps_delgado-licona_yang_kim_volk_han_jun_abolhasani_2023, title={Accelerated Multi-Stage Synthesis of Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots in Modular Flow Reactors}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2365-709X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202201845}, DOI={10.1002/admt.202201845}, abstractNote={AbstractDevelopment and scalable nanomanufacturing of high‐quality heavy metal‐free quantum dots (QDs) with high‐dimensional experimental design spaces still remain a challenge. In this work, a universal flow chemistry framework for accelerated fundamental and applied studies of heavy metal‐free QDs with multi‐stage chemistries is presented. By introducing flexible time‐ and temperature‐to‐distance transformation using modular fluidic blocks, an in‐flow synthetic route of InP QDs with the highest reported first excitonic absorption peak to valley ratio is unveiled  with a reaction time one order of magnitude faster than batch reactors. The flexible time‐ and temperature‐to‐distance transformation as an enabling factor for generalization of flow reactors toward the accelerated discovery, development, and nanomanufacturing of high‐quality emerging nanomaterials for next‐generation energy, display, and chemical technologies is discussed.}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Epps, Robert W. and Delgado-Licona, Fernando and Yang, Hyeyeon and Kim, Taekhoon and Volk, Amanda A. and Han, Suyong and Jun, Shinae and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{morshedian_abolhasani_2023, title={Accelerated Photostability Studies of Colloidal Quantum Dots}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2367-198X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202201119}, DOI={10.1002/solr.202201119}, abstractNote={Photostability of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) is one of the major criteria determining their long‐term applicability in energy and chemical technologies. Yet, photostability studies of QDs are extremely sensitive to experimental conditions, lack a detailed mechanistic understanding, and are time‐, material‐, and labor‐intensive. Herein, an automated microfluidic platform for accelerated photostability studies of colloidal QDs is introduced, 3.5× faster and 100× more material efficient than the conventional flask‐based studies. The developed microfluidic strategy provides real‐time in situ access to the optical properties of QDs throughout the photostability experiments. Specifically, the material‐efficient microfluidic platform is used to study the mechanism and kinetics of CdSe QDs' photodegradation. The studies suggest that a generation of singlet oxygen via triplet energy transfer from colloidal CdSe QDs can initiate photo‐oxidation of CdSe QDs. Furthermore, the presence of at least one additional photodegradation pathway of CdSe QDs parallel to the photo‐oxidation pathway is unveiled. The systematic photostability experiments reveal how the incident photon flux and the starting average diameters of CdSe QDs affect their photodegradation rates. This work sheds light on the complex and multifaceted photodegradation phenomena of colloidal CdSe QDs and illustrates the unique characteristics of microfluidic strategies to improve and accelerate photostability studies of QDs.}, journal={SOLAR RRL}, author={Morshedian, Hamed and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{morshedian_abolhasani_2023, title={Accelerated Photostability Studies of Colloidal Quantum Dots}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202370105}, DOI={10.1002/solr.202370105}, abstractNote={Colloidal Quantum Dots In article number 2201119, Hamed Morshedian and Milad Abolhasani present a modular microfluidic platform for accelerated photostability studies of quantum dots 3.5x faster and 100x more material efficient than conventional flask-based studies, enabling real-time in-situ access to the optical properties of quantum dots throughout the photostability experiments.}, journal={Solar RRL}, author={Morshedian, Hamed and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{volk_epps_yonemoto_masters_castellano_reyes_abolhasani_2023, title={AlphaFlow: autonomous discovery and optimization of multi-step chemistry using a self-driven fluidic lab guided by reinforcement learning}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2041-1723"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37139-y}, DOI={10.1038/s41467-023-37139-y}, abstractNote={AbstractClosed-loop, autonomous experimentation enables accelerated and material-efficient exploration of large reaction spaces without the need for user intervention. However, autonomous exploration of advanced materials with complex, multi-step processes and data sparse environments remains a challenge. In this work, we present AlphaFlow, a self-driven fluidic lab capable of autonomous discovery of complex multi-step chemistries. AlphaFlow uses reinforcement learning integrated with a modular microdroplet reactor capable of performing reaction steps with variable sequence, phase separation, washing, and continuous in-situ spectral monitoring. To demonstrate the power of reinforcement learning toward high dimensionality multi-step chemistries, we use AlphaFlow to discover and optimize synthetic routes for shell-growth of core-shell semiconductor nanoparticles, inspired by colloidal atomic layer deposition (cALD). Without prior knowledge of conventional cALD parameters, AlphaFlow successfully identified and optimized a novel multi-step reaction route, with up to 40 parameters, that outperformed conventional sequences. Through this work, we demonstrate the capabilities of closed-loop, reinforcement learning-guided systems in exploring and solving challenges in multi-step nanoparticle syntheses, while relying solely on in-house generated data from a miniaturized microfluidic platform. Further application of AlphaFlow in multi-step chemistries beyond cALD can lead to accelerated fundamental knowledge generation as well as synthetic route discoveries and optimization.}, number={1}, journal={NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Volk, Amanda A. and Epps, Robert W. and Yonemoto, Daniel T. and Masters, Benjamin S. and Castellano, Felix N. and Reyes, Kristofer G. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{bennett_abolhasani_2023, title={Autonomous Homogeneous Catalysis Enabled by a Self-Driving Flow Reactor}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Bennett, J.A. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{sadeghi_bateni_abolhasani_2023, title={Autonomous Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Sadeghi, S. and Bateni, F. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{sadeghi_bateni_kim_son_bennett_orouji_punati_stark_cerra_awad_et al._2023, title={Autonomous nanomanufacturing of lead-free metal halide perovskite nanocrystals using a self-driving fluidic lab}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2040-3372"]}, DOI={10.1039/d3nr05034c}, abstractNote={We present a self-driving fluidic lab for accelerated synthesis science studies of lead-free metal halide perovskite nanocrystals.}, journal={NANOSCALE}, author={Sadeghi, Sina and Bateni, Fazel and Kim, Taekhoon and Son, Dae Yong and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Orouji, Negin and Punati, Venkat S. and Stark, Christine and Cerra, Teagan D. and Awad, Rami and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{davis_genzer_efimenko_abolhasani_2023, title={Continuous Ligand-Free Catalysis Using a Hybrid Polymer Network Support}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2691-3704"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.3c00261}, DOI={10.1021/jacsau.3c00261}, abstractNote={Although the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries primarily utilize batch homogeneous reactions to carry out chemical transformations, emerging platforms seek to improve existing shortcomings by designing effective heterogeneous catalysis systems in continuous flow reactors. In this work, we present a versatile network-supported palladium (Pd) catalyst using a hybrid polymer of poly(methylvinylether-alt-maleic anhydride) and branched polyethyleneimine for intensified continuous flow synthesis of complex organic compounds via heterogeneous Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling and nitroarene hydrogenation reactions. The hydrophilicity of the hybrid polymer network facilitates the reagent mass transfer throughout the bulk of the catalyst particles. Through rapid automated exploration of the continuous and discrete parameters, as well as substrate scope screening, we identified optimal hybrid network-supported Pd catalyst composition and process parameters for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl bromides with steady-state yields up to 92% with a nominal residence time of 20 min. The developed heterogeneous catalytic system exhibits high activity and mechanical stability with no detectable Pd leaching at reaction temperatures up to 95 °C. Additionally, the versatility of the hybrid network-supported Pd catalyst is demonstrated by successfully performing continuous nitroarene hydrogenation with short residence times (<5 min) at room temperature. Room temperature hydrogenation yields of >99% were achieved in under 2 min nominal residence times with no leaching and catalyst deactivation for more than 20 h continuous time on stream. This catalytic system shows its industrial utility with significantly improved reaction yields of challenging substrates and its utility of environmentally-friendly solvent mixtures, high reusability, scalable and cost-effective synthesis, and multi-reaction successes.}, journal={JACS AU}, author={Davis, Bradley A. and Genzer, Jan and Efimenko, Kirill and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{morshedian_abolhasani_2023, title={Microfluidic Photodegradation Studies of Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Morshedian, H. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{peng_wang_brown_abolhasani_2023, title={Next-generation intelligent laboratories for materials design and manufacturing}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1938-1425"]}, DOI={10.1557/s43577-023-00481-z}, abstractNote={The contradiction between the importance of materials to modern society and their slow development process has led to the development of multiple methods to accelerate materials discovery. The recently emerged concept of intelligent laboratories integrates the developments in fields of high-throughput experimentation, automation, theoretical computing, and artificial intelligence to form a system that can autonomously carry out designed experiments and make scientific discoveries. We present the basic concepts and the foundations of this new research paradigm, demonstrate its typical application scenarios through case studies, and envision a collaborative human-machine meta laboratory in the future. Graphical Abstract}, journal={MRS BULLETIN}, author={Peng, Xiting and Wang, Xiaonan and Brown, Keith A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{delgado-licona_abolhasani_2023, title={Research Acceleration in Self‐Driving Labs: Technological Roadmap toward Accelerated Materials and Molecular Discovery}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202370014}, DOI={10.1002/aisy.202370014}, abstractNote={Self-Driving Labs In article number 2200331, Milad Abolhasani and colleagues present a roadmap for technological advancements required to accelerate the research productivity of self-driving labs for fast-tracked materials and molecular discovery with a focus on process and data intensification.}, journal={Advanced Intelligent Systems}, author={Delgado-Licona, Fernando and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{abolhasani_brown_2023, title={Role of AI in experimental materials science}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1938-1425"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-023-00482-y}, DOI={10.1557/s43577-023-00482-y}, abstractNote={Over the past five years, artificial intelligence (AI) has grown significantly in different aspects of our daily lives, including health, transportation, and the digital world, all by leveraging data. Inspired by these success stories, materials researchers have started to adopt AI in experimental materials science to accelerate materials discovery and development by 10–100× through improving the efficiency of hypothesis generation, testing, and data analysis in a closed-loop fashion. This issue of MRS Bulletin presents a collection of papers discussing the recent advancements of AI in different aspects of experimental materials science and provides a framework for the next generation of autonomous experimentation strategies. In this article, we review the role of AI in experimental materials science and summarize the key aspects and challenges of autonomous experimentation discussed in each contributed article. We pose four questions at the interface of AI and experimental materials science, and present immediate calls for action for researchers working in this emerging field to move beyond optimization toward autonomous discovery. We hope this issue can accelerate convergence as well as flexibility and reconfiguration of hardware and software modules of autonomous robotic experimentation techniques to enable true digitalization of materials synthesis. Graphical abstract}, journal={MRS BULLETIN}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Brown, Keith A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bateni_sadeghi_orouji_bennett_punati_stark_wang_rosko_chen_castellano_et al._2023, title={Smart Dope: A Self-Driving Fluidic Lab for Accelerated Development of Doped Perovskite Quantum Dots}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1614-6840"]}, DOI={10.1002/aenm.202302303}, abstractNote={AbstractMetal cation‐doped lead halide perovskite (LHP) quantum dots (QDs) with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) higher than unity, due to quantum cutting phenomena, are an important building block of the next‐generation renewable energy technologies. However, synthetic route exploration and development of the highest‐performing QDs for device applications remain challenging. In this work, Smart Dope is presented, which is a self‐driving fluidic lab (SDFL), for the accelerated synthesis space exploration and autonomous optimization of LHP QDs. Specifically, the multi‐cation doping of CsPbCl3 QDs using a one‐pot high‐temperature synthesis chemistry is reported. Smart Dope continuously synthesizes multi‐cation‐doped CsPbCl3 QDs using a high‐pressure gas‐liquid segmented flow format to enable continuous experimentation with minimal experimental noise at reaction temperatures up to 255°C. Smart Dope offers multiple functionalities, including accelerated mechanistic studies through digital twin QD synthesis modeling, closed‐loop autonomous optimization for accelerated QD synthetic route discovery, and on‐demand continuous manufacturing of high‐performing QDs. Through these developments, Smart Dope autonomously identifies the optimal synthetic route of Mn‐Yb co‐doped CsPbCl3 QDs with a PLQY of 158%, which is the highest reported value for this class of QDs to date. Smart Dope illustrates the power of SDFLs in accelerating the discovery and development of emerging advanced energy materials.}, journal={ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS}, author={Bateni, Fazel and Sadeghi, Sina and Orouji, Negin and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Punati, Venkat S. and Stark, Christine and Wang, Junyu and Rosko, Michael C. and Chen, Ou and Castellano, Felix N. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{wang_li_ardekani_serrano-lujan_wang_ramezani_wilmington_chauhan_epps_darabi_et al._2023, title={Sustainable materials acceleration platform reveals stable and efficient wide-bandgap metal halide perovskite alloys}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2590-2385"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.matt.2023.06.040}, abstractNote={The vast chemical space of emerging semiconductors, like metal halide perovskites, and their varied requirements for semiconductor applications have rendered trial-and-error environmentally unsustainable. In this work, we demonstrate RoboMapper, a materials acceleration platform (MAP), that achieves 10-fold research acceleration by formulating and palletizing semiconductors on a chip, thereby allowing high-throughput (HT) measurements to generate quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) considerably more efficiently and sustainably. We leverage the RoboMapper to construct QSPR maps for the mixed ion FA1−yCsyPb(I1−xBrx)3 halide perovskite in terms of structure, bandgap, and photostability with respect to its composition. We identify wide-bandgap alloys suitable for perovskite-Si hybrid tandem solar cells exhibiting a pure cubic perovskite phase with favorable defect chemistry while achieving superior stability at the target bandgap of ∼1.7 eV. RoboMapper’s palletization strategy reduces environmental impacts of data generation in materials research by more than an order of magnitude, paving the way for sustainable data-driven materials research.}, number={9}, journal={MATTER}, author={Wang, Tonghui and Li, Ruipeng and Ardekani, Hossein and Serrano-Lujan, Lucia and Wang, Jiantao and Ramezani, Mahdi and Wilmington, Ryan and Chauhan, Mihirsinh and Epps, Robert W. and Darabi, Kasra and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Sep}, pages={2963–2986} }
 @misc{abolhasani_kumacheva_2023, title={The rise of self-driving labs in chemical and materials sciences}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2731-0582"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-022-00231-0}, DOI={10.1038/s44160-022-00231-0}, abstractNote={Accelerating the discovery of new molecules and materials, as well as developing green and sustainable ways to synthesize them, will help to address global challenges in energy, sustainability and healthcare. The recent growth of data science and automated experimentation techniques has resulted in the advent of self-driving labs (SDLs) via the integration of machine learning, lab automation and robotics. An SDL is a machine-learning-assisted modular experimental platform that iteratively operates a series of experiments selected by the machine learning algorithm to achieve a user-defined objective. These intelligent robotic assistants help researchers to accelerate the pace of fundamental and applied research through rapid exploration of the chemical space. In this Review, we introduce SDLs and provide a roadmap for their implementation by non-expert scientists. We present the status quo of successful SDL implementations in the field and discuss their current limitations and future opportunities to accelerate finding solutions for societal needs. Self-driving labs (SDLs) combine machine learning with automated experimental platforms, enabling rapid exploration of the chemical space and accelerating the pace of materials and molecular discovery. In this Review, the application of SDLs, their limitations and future opportunities are discussed, and a roadmap is provided for their implementation by non-expert scientists.}, number={6}, journal={NATURE SYNTHESIS}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={483–492} }
 @article{bennett_abolhasani_2023, title={Turbo mode for hydroaminomethylation of olefins with CO<sub>2</sub>}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2667-1093"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.checat.2023.100816}, abstractNote={In this issue of Chem Catalysis, Qian et al.1 report the successful hydroaminomethylation of alkenes using H2 and CO2 using N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-Ru coordination assemblies alongside imidazolium carboxylates to activate CO2. The high yield, selectivity, and recyclability provide a broad and robust synthesis for upgraded amines.}, number={11}, journal={CHEM CATALYSIS}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{licona_epps_abolhasani_2022, title={Accelerated Synthesis of Colloidal Quantum Dots in Multi-Stage Microfluidic Reactors}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2022 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Licona, F.D. and Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{volk_epps_reyes_abolhasani_2022, title={Autonomous Colloidal Atomic Layer Deposition}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2022 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Volk, A.A. and Epps, R.W. and Reyes, K.G. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bateni_epps_antami_dargis_bennett_reyes_abolhasani_2022, title={Autonomous Nanocrystal Doping by Self-Driving Fluidic Micro-Processors}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2640-4567"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200017}, DOI={10.1002/aisy.202200017}, abstractNote={Lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals (NCs) are considered an emerging class of advanced functional materials with numerous outstanding optoelectronic characteristics. Despite their success in the field, their precision synthesis and fundamental mechanistic studies remain a challenge. The vast colloidal synthesis and processing parameters of LHP NCs in combination with the batch‐to‐batch and lab‐to‐lab variation problems further complicate their progress. In response, a self‐driving fluidic micro‐processor is presented for accelerated navigation through the complex synthesis and processing parameter space of NCs with multistage chemistries. The capability of the developed autonomous experimentation strategy is demonstrated for a time‐, material‐, and labor‐efficient search through the sequential halide exchange and cation doping reactions of LHP NCs. Next, a machine learning model of the modular fluidic micro‐processors is autonomously built for accelerated fundamental studies of the in‐flow metal cation doping of LHP NCs. The surrogate model of the sequential halide exchange and cation doping reactions of LHP NCs is then utilized for five closed‐loop synthesis campaigns with different target NC doping levels. The precise and intelligent NC synthesis and processing strategy, presented herein, can be further applied toward the autonomous discovery and development of novel impurity‐doped NCs with applications in next‐generation energy technologies.}, number={5}, journal={ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bateni, Fazel and Epps, Robert W. and Antami, Kameel and Dargis, Rokas and Bennett, Jeffery A. and Reyes, Kristofer G. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bateni_epps_antami_dargis_bennett_reyes_abolhasani_2022, title={Autonomous Nanocrystal Doping by Self‐Driving Fluidic Micro‐Processors}, volume={4}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202270020}, DOI={10.1002/aisy.202270020}, abstractNote={Self-Driving Fluidic Micro-Processors In article number 2200017, Milad Abolhasani and co-workers present a self-driving lab using artificial intelligence-guided fluidic blocks for accelerated fundamental and applied studies of emerging clean energy materials. Autonomous doping of metal halide perovskite quantum dots is demonstrated as a material testbed of this self-driving lab.}, number={5}, journal={Advanced Intelligent Systems}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bateni, Fazel and Epps, Robert W. and Antami, Kameel and Dargis, Rokas and Bennett, Jeffery A. and Reyes, Kristofer G. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={2270020} }
 @inproceedings{bateni_epps_abdel-latif_dargis_bennett_reyes_abolhasani_2022, title={Autonomous Synthesis of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Bateni, F. and Epps, R.W. and Abdel-Latif, K. and Dargis, R. and Bennett, J.A. and Reyes, K.G. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bennett_abolhasani_2022, title={Autonomous chemical science and engineering enabled by self-driving laboratories}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2211-3398"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.coche.2022.100831}, abstractNote={Recent advances in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence have provided an exciting opportunity to computerize the fundamental and applied studies of complex reaction systems via self-driving laboratories. Autonomous robotic experimentation can enable time-, material-, and resource-efficient exploration and/or optimization of high-dimensional space reaction systems. Furthermore, interpretation of the ML models trained on the experimental data can unveil the underlying reaction mechanisms. In this article, we discuss different elements of a self-driving lab, and present recent efforts in autonomous reaction modeling and optimization. Further development and adoption of ML-guided closed-loop experimentation strategies can realize the full potential of autonomous chemical science and engineering to accelerate the discovery and development of advanced materials and molecules.}, journal={CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{ibrahim_bennett_abolhasani_2022, title={Continuous Room-Temperature Hydrogen Release from Liquid Organic Carriers in a Photocatalytic Packed-Bed Flow Reactor}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1864-564X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202200733}, DOI={10.1002/cssc.202200733}, abstractNote={AbstractDespite the potential of hydrogen (H2) storage in liquid organic carriers to achieve carbon neutrality, the energy required for H2 release and the cost of catalyst recycling have hindered its large‐scale adoption. In response, a photo flow reactor packed with rhodium (Rh)/titania (TiO2) photocatalyst was reported for the continuous and selective acceptorless dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline to H2 gas and quinoline under visible light irradiation at room temperature. The tradeoff between the reactor pressure drop and its photocatalytic surface area was resolved by selective in‐situ photodeposition of Rh in the photo flow reactor post‐packing on the outer surface of the TiO2 microparticles available to photon flux, thereby reducing the optimal Rh loading by 10 times compared to a batch reactor, while facilitating catalyst reuse and regeneration. An example of using quinoline as a hydrogen acceptor to lower the energy of the hydrogen production step was demonstrated via the water‐gas shift reaction.}, journal={CHEMSUSCHEM}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ibrahim, Malek Y. S. and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{ibrahim_bennett_abolhasani_2022, title={Continuous Room‐Temperature Hydrogen Release from Liquid Organic Carriers in a Photocatalytic Packed‐Bed Flow Reactor}, volume={7}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202201172}, DOI={10.1002/cssc.202201172}, abstractNote={AbstractInvited for this month′s cover is the group of Prof. Dr. Milad Abolhasani at North Carolina State University. The image shows an energy‐efficient strategy for on‐site and room‐temperature hydrogen release from liquid organic hydrogen carriers. The Research Article itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202200733.}, journal={ChemSusChem}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ibrahim, Malek Y. S. and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{campbell_baro_gao_li_abolhasani_2022, title={Cover Picture: Flow Synthesis of Single and Mixed Metal Oxides (Chem. Methods 8/2022)}, volume={2}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cmtd.202200048}, DOI={10.1002/cmtd.202200048}, abstractNote={The Front Cover shows a versatile flow synthesis strategy for continuous manufacturing of single- and mixed-metal oxide particles with a high degree of size monodispersity. The flow-focusing microreactor equipped with an online photo-crosslinking module enables facile production of a broad range of monodispersed metal oxide particles (ZnO, SnO2, CeO2, LaPrO3) using metal organic precursors beyond metal alkoxides. More information can be found in the Research Article by Zachary S. Campbell et al..}, number={8}, journal={Chemistry–Methods}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Campbell, Zachary S. and Baro, Steven and Gao, Yunfei and Li, Fanxing and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{davis_bennett_genzer_efimenko_abolhasani_2022, title={Cyclodextrin Network-Supported Catalysis in Flow}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Davis, B.A. and Bennett, J.A. and Genzer, J. and Efimenko, K. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{bennett_ibrahim_abolhasani_2022, title={Flexible Homogeneous Hydroformylation: On-Demand Tuning of Aldehyde Branching with a Cyclic Fluorophosphite Ligand}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Bennett, J.A. and Ibrahim, M.Y.S. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{ibrahim_bennett_mason_rodgers_abolhasani_2022, title={Flexible homogeneous hydroformylation: on-demand tuning of aldehyde branching with a cyclic fluorophosphite ligand}, volume={409}, ISSN={["1090-2694"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jcat.2022.03.030}, abstractNote={Tuning aldehyde regioselectivity via homogeneous hydroformylation of olefins using the same catalyst system remains a challenge. Here, we present flexible rhodium (Rh)-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-octene and propylene with a bulky cyclic monofluorophosphite ligand L. Hydroformylation of 1-octene with Rh/L catalyst achieves, for the first time, turnover frequencies exceeding 75,000 mol ald.mol Rh−1.h−1 (at 30% conversion) in segmented flow, while enabling access to an unmatched tunable aldehyde branching (0.06 < linear/branched < 15) with the same ligand L. Our mechanistic studies demonstrate that L provides a viable alternative to traditional bidentate phosphine/phosphite ligands for high activity with the added benefit of tunable selectivity. The unique high flexibility feature of L over traditional linear- or branched-selective ligands allows for on-demand tuning from 90% linear to 75% branched aldehyde in a continuous flow reactor without the need for ligand/catalyst alteration. Furthermore, when starting from the internal olefins, Rh/L catalyst achieves high regioselectivity (>90%) toward the two positional aldehyde isomers. The high turnover frequencies obtained with L in flow will enhance the economics of the production of aldehydes and their isotopically labeled analogues by significantly reducing the reaction time, thereby enabling better utilization of the increasingly expensive Rh catalyst and minimizing the need for catalyst/ligand separation and recycle.}, journal={JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS}, author={Ibrahim, Malek Y. S. and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Mason, Dawn and Rodgers, Jody and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={105–117} }
 @misc{volk_campbell_ibrahim_bennett_abolhasani_2022, title={Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1947-5446"]}, DOI={10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449}, abstractNote={Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing.}, journal={ANNUAL REVIEW OF CHEMICAL AND BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING}, author={Volk, Amanda A. and Campbell, Zachary S. and Ibrahim, Malek Y. S. and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, pages={45–72} }
 @article{campbell_baro_gao_li_abolhasani_2022, title={Flow Synthesis of Single and Mixed Metal Oxides}, volume={2}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cmtd.202200007}, DOI={10.1002/cmtd.202200007}, abstractNote={AbstractA generalizable and versatile microfluidic approach for facile synthesis of a wide range of metal oxide microparticles using atypical metal‐organic precursors is reported. Microparticles of three single oxide materials, zinc(II) oxide, tin(IV) oxide, and cerium(IV) oxide, as well as a binary rare earth mixed oxide, lanthanum(III) praseodymium(III) oxide, are synthesized in flow. The tin(IV) oxide is shown to vary in composition from 14.2 % to 0 % orthorhombic phase at annealing temperatures ranging from 500 °C to 900 °C, while the lanthanum(III) praseodymium(III) oxide forms at a relatively low temperature of ∼700 °C.}, number={8}, journal={Chemistry–Methods}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Campbell, Zachary S. and Baro, Steven and Gao, Yunfei and Li, Fanxing and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{ibrahim_bennett_abolhasani_2022, title={Front Cover: Continuous Room‐Temperature Hydrogen Release from Liquid Organic Carriers in a Photocatalytic Packed‐Bed Flow Reactor (ChemSusChem 14/2022)}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202201173}, DOI={10.1002/cssc.202201173}, abstractNote={The Front Cover shows an energy-efficient strategy for on-site and room-temperature hydrogen release from liquid hydrogen carriers. The photocatalytic route developed in this work enables tetrahydroquinoline to be continuously and selectively dehydrogenated to high-purity hydrogen using visible light, without needing catalyst separation or recycling. More information can be found in the Research Article by M. Y. S. Ibrahim et al.}, journal={ChemSusChem}, author={Ibrahim, Malek Y. S. and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{antami_bateni_ramezani_abolhasani_2022, title={High-Temperature Flow Synthesis of Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Antami, K. and Bateni, F. and Ramezani, M. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{davis_bennett_genzer_efimenko_abolhasani_2022, title={Intensified Hydrogenation in Flow Using a Poly(beta-cyclodextrin) Network-Supported Catalyst}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05467}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05467}, abstractNote={The intersection of heterogeneous catalysis and flow chemistry is of great importance for the emerging distributed manufacturing of specialty chemicals. Specifically, continuous production of aryl amines is an essential step for on-demand and on-site manufacturing of fine chemicals. This work presents a heterogeneous flow chemistry route for accelerated chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes using a poly(β-cyclodextrin) network-supported palladium catalyst. The developed packed-bed flow reactor enables the selective hydrogenation of a rationally selected library of nitroarenes with >99% yield at room temperature and short residence times (1 min). Utilizing sodium borohydride as the hydrogen carrier in a pressurized packed-bed flow reactor allows safe and efficient delivery of hydrogen to nitroarene molecules. We demonstrate the robustness and versatility of the flow reactor packed with the network-supported catalyst through its consistently high reaction yield over a 3 day run and its reusability and stability in several solvent mixtures with a single-reactor aryl amine manufacturing throughput of up to 31.5 g/day. Furthermore, the catalytic packed-bed reactor is used in a case study for a two-step telescopic synthesis of a critical intermediate for the antibacterial drug linezolid, further supporting its utility as an industrially relevant catalyst for the broad application of catalytic hydrogenations in flow.}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Davis, Bradley A. and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Genzer, Jan and Efimenko, Kirill and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{volk_epps_yonemoto_masters_castellano_abolhasani_2022, title={Microfluidic Studies of Colloidal Atomic Layer Deposition}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Volk, A.A. and Epps, R.W. and Yonemoto, D. and Masters, B. and Castellano, F.N. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{volk_epps_yonemoto_castellano_abolhasani_2022, title={Quaternary Phase Segmented Flow Format for Biphasic Reactions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Volk, A.A. and Epps, R.W. and Yonemoto, D. and Castellano, F.N. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{ibrahim_abolhasani_2022, title={Recyclable cooperative catalyst for accelerated hydroaminomethylation of hindered amines in a continuous segmented flow reactor}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2041-1723"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30175-0}, DOI={10.1038/s41467-022-30175-0}, abstractNote={AbstractSynthesis of hindered amines using the atom-efficient hydroaminomethylation (HAM) route remains a challenge. Here, we report a general and accelerated HAM in segmented flow, achieved via a cooperative effect between rhodium (Rh)/N-Xantphos and a co-catalyst (2-Fluoro-4-methylbenzoic acid) to increase the reactivity by 70 fold when compared to Rh/Xantphos in batch reactors. The cooperation between Rh and the co-catalyst facilitates the cleavage of the H–H bond and drives the equilibrium-limited condensation step forward. Online reaction optimization expands the scope to include alkyl, aryl, and primary amines. In-flow solvent tuning enables selectivity switching from amine to enamine without the need for changing the ligand. Furthermore, leveraging the ionic nature of the catalyst, we present a robust Rh recovery strategy up to 4 recycles without loss of activity.}, number={1}, journal={NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Ibrahim, Malek Y. S. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{delgado-licona_abolhasani_2022, title={Research Acceleration in Self-Driving Labs: Technological Roadmap toward Accelerated Materials and Molecular Discovery}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2640-4567"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200331}, DOI={10.1002/aisy.202200331}, abstractNote={The urgency of finding solutions to global energy, sustainability, and healthcare challenges has motivated rethinking of the conventional chemistry and material science workflows. Self‐driving labs, emerged through integration of disruptive physical and digital technologies, including robotics, additive manufacturing, reaction miniaturization, and artificial intelligence, have the potential to accelerate the pace of materials and molecular discovery by 10–100X. Using autonomous robotic experimentation workflows, self‐driving labs enable access to a larger part of the chemical universe and reduce the time‐to‐solution through an iterative hypothesis formulation, intelligent experiment selection, and automated testing. By providing a data‐centric abstraction to the accelerated discovery cycle, in this perspective article, the required hardware and software technological infrastructure to unlock the true potential of self‐driving labs is discussed. In particular, process intensification as an accelerator mechanism for reaction modules of self‐driving labs and digitalization strategies to further accelerate the discovery cycle in chemical and materials sciences are discussed.}, journal={ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS}, author={Delgado-Licona, Fernando and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{bateni_reyes_abolhasani_2022, title={Self-Driving Fluidic Laboratory for Autonomous Development of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2022 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Bateni, F. and Reyes, K.G. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{tomhon_han_lehmkuhl_appelt_chekmenev_abolhasani_theis_2021, title={A Versatile Compact Parahydrogen Membrane Reactor}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1439-7641"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85118185085&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/cphc.202100667}, abstractNote={AbstractWe introduce a Spin Transfer Automated Reactor (STAR) that produces continuous parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP), which is stable for hours to days. We use the PHIP variant called signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE), which is particularly well suited to produce continuous hyperpolarization. The STAR is operated in conjunction with benchtop (1.1 T) and high field (9.4 T) NMR magnets, highlighting the versatility of this system to operate with any NMR or MRI system. The STAR uses semipermeable membranes to efficiently deliver parahydrogen into solutions at nano to milli Tesla fields, which enables 1H, 13C, and 15N hyperpolarization on a large range of substrates including drugs and metabolites. The unique features of the STAR are leveraged for important applications, including continuous hyperpolarization of metabolites, desirable for examining steady‐state metabolism in vivo, as well as for continuous RASER signals suitable for the investigation of new physics.}, number={24}, journal={CHEMPHYSCHEM}, author={TomHon, Patrick M. and Han, Suyong and Lehmkuhl, Soren and Appelt, Stephan and Chekmenev, Eduard Y. and Abolhasani, Milad and Theis, Thomas}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{epps_volk_reyes_abolhasani_2021, title={Accelerated AI development for autonomous materials synthesis in flow}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2041-6539"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SC06463G}, DOI={10.1039/D0SC06463G}, abstractNote={A surrogate model is designed to represent a microfluidic material synthesis system using 1000 automatically conducted experiments. With this model, over 600 000 experiments are simulated to optimize an AI-guided material synthesis algorithm.}, number={17}, journal={CHEMICAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Epps, Robert W. and Volk, Amanda A. and Reyes, Kristofer G. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={6025–6036} }
 @inproceedings{bateni_abolhasani_2021, title={Accelerated Microfluidic Studies of Cation-Doped Lead Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, (MicroTAS), USA, Virtual Meeting}, author={Bateni, F. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{bateni_abolhasani_2021, title={Autonomous Microfluidic Synthesis of Metal Cation-Doped Perovskite Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2021 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Bateni, F. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{volk_abolhasani_2021, title={Autonomous flow reactors for discovery and invention}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2589-5974"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.trechm.2021.04.001}, abstractNote={Autonomous flow reactors offer access to unique chemical synthesis conditions and characterizations with extremely low reagent consumption, tunable/reproducible heat- and mass-transfer rates, and high sampling rates, without the need for user intervention. Broader implementation of these self-guided, robo-fluidic technologies will accelerate the pace of scientific discovery in chemical science. Autonomous flow reactors offer access to unique chemical synthesis conditions and characterizations with extremely low reagent consumption, tunable/reproducible heat- and mass-transfer rates, and high sampling rates, without the need for user intervention. Broader implementation of these self-guided, robo-fluidic technologies will accelerate the pace of scientific discovery in chemical science.}, number={7}, journal={TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY}, author={Volk, Amanda A. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={519–522} }
 @article{sitapure_epps_abolhasani_sang-il kwon_2021, title={CFD-Based Computational Studies of Quantum Dot Size Control in Slug Flow Crystallizers: Handling Slug-to-Slug Variation}, volume={60}, ISSN={0888-5885 1520-5045}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06323}, DOI={10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06323}, abstractNote={Recently, slug-flow crystallizers (SFCs) have been proposed for continuous manufacturing of colloidal quantum dots (QDs). Despite the intriguing advantages of SFCs for controlled manufacturing of Q...}, number={13}, journal={Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Sitapure, Niranjan and Epps, Robert W. and Abolhasani, Milad and Sang-Il Kwon, Joseph}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={4930–4941} }
 @inproceedings{han_abolhasani_2021, title={CO2-Triggered Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents: From Accelerated Screening to Intensified Continuous Extraction}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ACS National Meeting}, author={Han, S. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{campbell_han_marre_abolhasani_2021, title={Continuous Flow Solar Desorption of CO2 from Aqueous Amines}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08600}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08600}, abstractNote={Recovery of captured carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered the most energy-intensive stage of postcombustion CO2 capture strategies by aqueous amines. In response, an optically transparent flow reactor with continuous in operando CO2 collection using light-absorbing, graphite-titania composite microparticles is developed for the energy-efficient solar desorption of CO2 from saturated aqueous amine absorbents. The synthesized graphite-titania composite microparticles are demonstrated to be a more effective packing material for continuous CO2 solar desorption in the packed-bed flow reactor compared to other candidates, including titania and carbon black. The effect of continuous and discrete parameters, including irradiance, residence time, amine concentration, and amine chemical structure on the efficiency of solar-enabled CO2 desorption using the developed continuous flow strategy with the graphite-titania composite microparticle packing is studied in detail. Furthermore, the potential for the implementation of a control strategy by adjusting the aqueous amine stream flow rate to achieve constant CO2 desorption efficiency with dynamic solar irradiance is discussed. Finally, the continuous CO2 desorption stability over an extended period of time (12 h) is examined with an average single-pass efficiency of 64%.}, number={6}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Campbell, Zachary S. and Han, Suyong and Marre, Samuel and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={2570–2579} }
 @article{bennett_davis_ramezani_genzer_efimenko_abolhasani_2021, title={Continuous Ligand-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions in a Cartridge Flow Reactor Using a Gel-Supported Catalyst}, volume={60}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01531}, DOI={10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01531}, abstractNote={The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction is one of the most important reactions for pharmaceutical and fine chemical synthesis, performed using both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. In this work, we cross-link poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS) with tri(ethylene glycol divinyl ether) to create a versatile and readily accessible gel catalyst support for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in a pseudoheterogeneous manner. The Si–H units present on the PMHS backbone act dually as the cross-linking site and the reducing agent to anchor and reduce palladium(II) acetate to active palladium(0). The PMHS-supported Pd catalyst is then packed into a stainless-steel flow reactor to create a cartridgelike reactor for the continuous operation of a model Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. We systematically investigate the role of reaction temperature, catalyst loading, cross-linking density, and gel particle size on the transient and steady-state behavior of the cartridge flow reactor through an automated flow chemistry platform. The PMHS-supported catalytic particles demonstrate minimal deactivation and leaching over a continuous (80 h) Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction at a 30 min nominal residence time at a relatively high reaction temperature of 95 °C. The developed modular flow chemistry strategy equipped with the cartridge flow reactor enables accelerated studies of the fundamental and applied characteristics of gel-supported catalysts while providing increased safety, higher throughput, and removal of the separation step needed for catalyst recovery compared to homogeneous cross-coupling reactions in batch reactors.}, number={26}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Davis, Bradley A. and Ramezani, Mahdi and Genzer, Jan and Efimenko, Kirill and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={9418–9428} }
 @inproceedings{davis_bennett_abolhasani_2021, title={Continuous Ligand-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions in a Packed Bed Flow Reactor Using an Easily Synthesized Siloxane Network-Supported Palladium Catalyst}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Davis, B.A. and Bennett, J.A. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{volk_epps_yonemoto_castellano_abolhasani_2021, title={Continuous biphasic chemical processes in a four-phase segmented flow reactor}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2058-9883"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RE00247C}, DOI={10.1039/D1RE00247C}, abstractNote={A four-phase segmented flow regime for continuous biphasic reaction processes is introduced, characterized over 1500 automatically conducted experiments, and used for biphasic ligand exchange of CdSe quantum dots.}, number={8}, journal={REACTION CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Volk, Amanda A. and Epps, Robert W. and Yonemoto, Daniel and Castellano, Felix N. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{sitapure_epps_abolhasani_kwon_2021, title={Controlling the Effect of Slug-to-Slug Variation on the Crystal Size Distribution of Perovskite QDs: A CFD-Based Approach}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AIChE National Meeting}, author={Sitapure, N. and Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M. and Kwon, K.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{antami_bateni_ramezani_hauke_castellano_abolhasani_2021, title={CsPbI3 Nanocrystals Go with the Flow: From Formation Mechanism to Continuous Nanomanufacturing}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1616-3028"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202108687}, DOI={10.1002/adfm.202108687}, abstractNote={AbstractDespite the groundbreaking advancements in the synthesis of inorganic lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals (NCs), stimulated from their intriguing size‐, composition‐, and morphology‐dependent optical and optoelectronic properties, their formation mechanism through the hot‐injection (HI) synthetic route is not well‐understood. In this work, for the first time, in‐flow HI synthesis of cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) NCs is introduced and a comprehensive understanding of the interdependent competing reaction parameters controlling the NC morphology (nanocube vs nanoplatelet) and properties is provided. Utilizing the developed flow synthesis strategy, a change in the CsPbI3 NC formation mechanism at temperatures higher than 150 °C, resulting in different CsPbI3 morphologies is revealed. Through comparison of the flow‐ versus flask‐based synthesis, deficiencies of batch reactors in reproducible and scalable synthesis of CsPbI3 NCs with fast formation kinetics are demonstrated. The developed modular flow chemistry route provides a new frontier for high‐temperature studies of solution‐processed LHP NCs and enables their consistent and reliable continuous nanomanufacturing for next‐generation energy technologies.}, journal={ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS}, author={Antami, Kameel and Bateni, Fazel and Ramezani, Mahdi and Hauke, Cory E. and Castellano, Felix N. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{epps_abolhasani_2021, title={Data-Driven Quantum Dot Synthesis Development in Flow}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2021 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{han_ramezani_tomhon_abdel-latif_epps_theis_abolhasani_2021, title={Intensified continuous extraction of switchable hydrophilicity solvents triggered by carbon dioxide}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1463-9270"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC00811K}, DOI={10.1039/D1GC00811K}, abstractNote={An intensified continuous flow strategy is developed and utilized for scalable extraction of switchable hydrophilicity solvents triggered by carbon dioxide.}, number={8}, journal={GREEN CHEMISTRY}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Han, Suyong and Ramezani, Mahdi and TomHon, Patrick and Abdel-Latif, Kameel and Epps, Robert W. and Theis, Thomas and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={2900–2906} }
 @article{han_ibrahim_abolhasani_2021, title={Intensified recovery of switchable hydrophilicity solvents in flow}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1364-548X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CC03819B}, DOI={10.1039/D1CC03819B}, abstractNote={Intensified continuous extraction and recovery of switchable hydrophilicity solvents is presented, offering an energy-efficient solvent utilization strategy for green synthesis.}, journal={CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Han, Suyong and Ibrahim, Malek Y. S. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{epps_abolhasani_2021, title={Machine Learning-Guided Quantum Dot Synthesis in Flow}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ACS National Meeting}, author={Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{epps_abolhasani_2021, title={Modern nanoscience: Convergence of AI, robotics, and colloidal synthesis}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1931-9401"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0061799}, DOI={10.1063/5.0061799}, abstractNote={Autonomous experimentation and chemical discovery strategies are rapidly rising across multiple fields of science. However, closed-loop material development approaches have not been widely employed in colloidal nanoscience mainly due to the challenges in synthesis space size, sensitivity to reaction conditions, and the complexity of monitoring multiple synthesis outputs. Recent advancements in automated reactor designs for controlled and reproducible nanocrystal synthesis and intelligent experiment selection algorithms are leading to wider propagation of artificial intelligence-guided autonomous experimentation techniques in colloidal nanoscience. This review will cover the current literature on closed-loop, autonomous platforms for accelerated development of colloidal nanomaterials and discuss the critical features and strategies for developing autonomous robotic experimentation systems suitable to problems in colloidal nanoscience, while providing the context, effectiveness, and prospects of each technique. Then, we will discuss some immediate opportunities in the field for more rapid technological advancement and colloidal nanomaterial discovery.}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Epps, Robert W. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{sitapure_epps_abolhasani_kwon_2021, title={Multiscale CFD modeling and optimal control of a continuous slug flow crystallizer for quantum dot production}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc50511.2021.9482840}, DOI={10.23919/acc50511.2021.9482840}, abstractNote={Recently, continuous production of perovskite quantum dots (QDs) has received substantial attention, and has also posed certain engineering challenges. Specifically, an absence of well established crystallization models, lack of batch-to-continuous scale up studies, and unavailability of set-point tracking platforms are the major roadblocks. In this work, we tackle these challenges by (a) proposing a first-principled kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) model to describe crystallization kinetics, (b) constructing a multiscale model to design a slug flow crystallizer (SFC) for mass production of QDs, and (c) formulating an optimization problem for optimal operation of the SFC. Furthermore, the complex fluid dynamics in a SFC was modeled using ANSYS Fluent and was integrated with a continuum crystallization model, which has not been addressed by the previous studies. In the optimal operation problem, an artificial neural network (ANN) based surrogate model was coupled with the multiscale model for better computational efficiency, and to ensure a good set-point tracking performance.}, booktitle={2021 American Control Conference (ACC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Sitapure, Niranjan and Epps, Robert and Abolhasani, Milad and Kwon, Joseph Sang-Il}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{bateni_abolhasani_2021, title={On-Demand Continuous Manufacturing of Metal Cation-Doped Perovskite Nanocrystals}, booktitle={1st Microfluidics and Energy Symposium}, author={Bateni, F. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{epps_abolhasani_2021, title={Self-Driven Quantum Dot Synthesis Enabled by Autonomous Robotic Experimentation in Flow}, booktitle={1st Microfluidics and Energy Symposium}, author={Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2021} }
 @article{abdel-latif_epps_bateni_han_reyes_abolhasani_2021, title={Self‐Driven Multistep Quantum Dot Synthesis Enabled by Autonomous Robotic Experimentation in Flow}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202170022}, DOI={10.1002/aisy.202170022}, abstractNote={Continuous Manufacturing In article number 2000245, Milad Abolhasani and co-workers present the second generation of "Artificial Chemist", that is, a modular robo-fluidic material synthesizer operated by artificial intelligence for data-driven discovery, formulation optimization, and scalable nanomanufacturing of printable photonic materials with multi-stage chemistries, including metal halide perovskite quantum dots.}, journal={Advanced Intelligent Systems}, author={Abdel-Latif, Kameel and Epps, Robert W. and Bateni, Fazel and Han, Suyong and Reyes, Kristofer G. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{bateni_epps_abdel-latif_dargis_han_volk_ramezani_cai_chen_abolhasani_2021, title={Ultrafast cation doping of perovskite quantum dots in flow}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2590-2385"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.04.025}, DOI={10.1016/j.matt.2021.04.025}, abstractNote={Among all-inorganic metal halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs), cesium lead chloride (CsPbCl3) with its large band-gap energy is an excellent candidate for enhancement of PQD radiative pathways through incorporation of additional internal energy transfer within its exciton band gap. In this study, we introduce a post-synthetic chemistry for ultrafast metal cation doping of CsPbCl3 QDs with a high degree of tunability, using a model transition metal impurity dopant, manganese. Due to the fast nature of the post-synthetic metal cation-doping reaction, an engineered time-to-space transformation strategy is employed to unravel the kinetics and fundamental mechanism of the doping process. Using a modular microfluidic platform equipped with a translational in situ absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy probe, we propose a heterogeneous surface-doping mechanism through a vacancy-assisted metal cation migration. The developed in-flow doping strategy can open new avenues for on-demand optoelectronic properties tuning and scalable precision synthesis of high-quality metal cation-doped PQDs.}, number={7}, journal={MATTER}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bateni, Fazel and Epps, Robert W. and Abdel-latif, Kameel and Dargis, Rokas and Han, Suyong and Volk, Amanda A. and Ramezani, Mahdi and Cai, Tong and Chen, Ou and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={2429–2447} }
 @article{epps_volk_ibrahim_abolhasani_2021, title={Universal self-driving laboratory for accelerated discovery of materials and molecules}, volume={7}, ISSN={2451-9294}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2021.09.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.chempr.2021.09.004}, abstractNote={Self-driving laboratories are quickly growing in capability, making research in the exploration of advanced functional materials and molecules on the edge of a new era of productivity. As researchers near the widespread adoption of these powerful tools, we must assess their trajectory and the impact of their future developments. Self-driving laboratories are quickly growing in capability, making research in the exploration of advanced functional materials and molecules on the edge of a new era of productivity. As researchers near the widespread adoption of these powerful tools, we must assess their trajectory and the impact of their future developments. For as long as scientific methods have existed, researchers have desired faster and more efficient methods of experimentation and discovery. With the rapid rise of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI)-guided research, we are on the horizon of a renaissance in chemistry that fulfills these aspirations. Tasks that previously required extensive time, labor, and reagents can now be automatically conducted with greater precision, efficiency, and scope. As a result, researchers may focus on defining the next big scientific problem, employ more creative exploration techniques, and gain access to otherwise unreachable regions of the chemical universe. A self-driving laboratory is comprised of two components: (1) the hardware that automatically prepares the precursors, conducts the experiment, and measures the outcome, and (2) the AI brain (i.e., the data-driven modeling/decision-making strategy), which analyzes the data and autonomously selects the next experiment based on the pre-set objective by a human researcher. The self-driving laboratory serves as an assistant to scientists, who define its objectives as well as initial hypotheses and chemical and physical boundaries. In existing work focusing on advanced functional materials and molecules, the hardware of self-driving laboratories takes a variety of forms. These systems include robotic platforms spanning entire labs1Burger B. Maffettone P.M. Gusev V.V. Aitchison C.M. Bai Y. Wang X. Li X. Alston B.M. Li B. Clowes R. et al.A mobile robotic chemist.Nature. 2020; 583: 237-241Crossref PubMed Scopus (238) Google Scholar down to compact workstations for precursor preparation and sample handling.2Chan E.M. Xu C. Mao A.W. Han G. Owen J.S. Cohen B.E. Milliron D.J. Reproducible, high-throughput synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals for optimization in multidimensional parameter space.Nano Lett. 2010; 10: 1874-1885Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar Such workstations can be integrated with batch or flow reactors for automatically conducting reactions in series or parallel.3Steiner S. Wolf J. Glatzel S. Andreou A. Granda J.M. Keenan G. Hinkley T. Aragon-Camarasa G. Kitson P.J. Angelone D. et al.Organic synthesis in a modular robotic system driven by a chemical programming language.Science. 2019; 363: eaav2211Crossref PubMed Scopus (164) Google Scholar,4Bédard A.C. Adamo A. Aroh K.C. Russell M.G. Bedermann A.A. Torosian J. Yue B. Jensen K.F. Jamison T.F. Reconfigurable system for automated optimization of diverse chemical reactions.Science. 2018; 361: 1220-1225Crossref PubMed Scopus (214) Google Scholar Regarding the AI brain of self-driving laboratories, experiment selection algorithms depend primarily on the nature of the research being conducted. For example, pharmaceutical research has mostly used cheminformatic-based strategies that employ a combination of physical models and literature data to select high probability candidate molecules and reaction synthesis routes.5Coley C.W. Thomas D.A. Lummiss J.A.M. Jaworski J.N. Breen C.P. Schultz V. Hart T. Fishman J.S. Rogers L. Gao H. et al.A robotic platform for flow synthesis of organic compounds informed by AI planning.Science. 2019; 365: eaax1566Crossref PubMed Scopus (256) Google Scholar Conversely, the highly sensitive and multidimensional nature of nanomaterial syntheses has made lab-to-lab and batch-to-batch consistency difficult to achieve, hindering the broad adoption of informed AI methods to nanoscience research. Therefore, self-driving laboratories for nanoscience studies have typically relied on AI algorithms that excel without prior knowledge, such as Bayesian optimization, reinforcement learning, or evolutionary algorithms.6Epps R.W. Bowen M.S. Volk A.A. Abdel-Latif K. Han S. Reyes K.G. Amassian A. Abolhasani M. Artificial Chemist: An Autonomous Quantum Dot Synthesis Bot.Adv. Mater. 2020; 32: e2001626Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar Self-driving experimentation platforms have achieved notable success in both academic research and industry, but application of these technologies by a non-specialized researcher comes with several challenges. First, determining the ideal hardware for experimentation is not straightforward and depends on the material or molecules of interest. Robotic systems integrated with batch reactors are the more versatile approach and correlate directly to most methods found in literature with respect to heat and mass transfer rates. They also have access to most characterization methods a human operator may use. However, these systems have slow sampling rates, consume large quantities of reagents per condition (milliliters to liters), and generally cannot operate for extended periods without user intervention. Parallelized batch reactors and more specialized combinatorial screening systems can be significantly more time and material efficient, with reagent volumes down to a nanoliter scale and sampling rates on the order of thousands per day,7Buitrago Santanilla A. Regalado E.L. Pereira T. Shevlin M. Bateman K. Campeau L.-C. Schneeweis J. Berritt S. Shi Z.-C. Nantermet P. et al.Organic chemistry. Nanomole-scale high-throughput chemistry for the synthesis of complex molecules.Science. 2015; 347: 49-53Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar but they have limited control of the reaction environment and access to precise online characterization methods. Flow reactors are highly efficient (microliter reagent consumption and sampling rates rivaling combinatorial screening) and can combine a large library of online characterization techniques together with precise control over reaction parameters. However, the benefit of flow reactors is a double-edged sword. Their high heat and mass-transfer rates make them an ideal choice for process intensification, but the different heat and mass-transfer dynamics of flow reactors compared with batch make it more difficult for researchers to adopt literature protocols, specifically for nanomaterials, developed through batch reactions. Most critically, flow reactors struggle to accommodate solid reagents, products, and byproducts. Because of the shortcomings of each strategy outlined, completely different automated experimentation strategies are often necessary at different stages of reaction exploration. Therefore, many examples of self-driving labs have been restricted to isolated reaction stages instead of covering the full experimentally accessible parameter space of a specific class of materials or molecules. Beyond these difficulties in optimal platform selection in multi-stage systems, researchers looking to build an autonomous experimental platform must also navigate an absence of readily available equipment. Navigating hardware availability is a problem beyond complex multi-stage reactions. Designing and building a self-driving experimental system from the ground up is costly and requires a considerable time investment. This barrier is not a significant issue for researchers specialized in platform development because the design itself is the end goal of the work, but for a chemist or material scientist aiming to improve a synthesis without advancing an experimentation platform, this limitation creates a large barrier. Furthermore, without consistency in reaction environments, identical input conditions can likely result in different reaction products between two different self-driving platforms equipped with different size reactors. As the capabilities of autonomous systems grow further toward general application, it will be critical for the field to emphasize the development of systems built from accessible and standardized components that produce consistent results. However, historically, widespread adoption of standards in unregulated communities has been driven by either extreme necessity or convenience. In self-driven experimental systems, development efficiency in future studies will likely rely on the latter. One already occurring example of convenience-driven standardization has been the use of tubing-based flow reactors.8Volk A.A. Epps R.W. Abolhasani M. Accelerated Development of Colloidal Nanomaterials Enabled by Modular Microfluidic Reactors: Toward Autonomous Robotic Experimentation.Adv. Mater. 2021; 33: e2004495Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar In these systems, reactions are conducted in commercially available micro scale junctions and tubing channels, typically composed of chemically resistant materials (Teflon or stainless steel), and the dimensions of these channels are manufactured with high precision under standardized dimensions. Consequently, research in developing these tubular flow reactors has formed a library of readily available, high-efficiency experimentation devices with directly transferable heat- and mass-transfer characteristics between systems. Similarly, many flask-based automated systems rely on custom 3D-printed modules coupled with commercial components, both of which may be quickly reproduced and applied in new applications.9Salley D. Keenan G. Grizou J. Sharma A. Martín S. Cronin L. A nanomaterials discovery robot for the Darwinian evolution of shape programmable gold nanoparticles.Nat. Commun. 2020; 11: 2771Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar It is the onus of academic research to emphasize these more accessible variants of automated experimental tools and highlight the importance of accessibility. The next critical steps in autonomous robotic experimentation toward achieving a universal self-driving lab will be (1) the introduction of greater transparency in system design, (2) the modularization and standardization of the hardware, and (3) the creation of open-access datasets for benchmarking and selecting suitable AI modeling and decision-making algorithms. AI, computational, and machine-learning communities have long valued transparency and open resources in academic publications. Equivalent community standards would be hugely advantageous in the field of autonomous robotic experimentation. A self-driving lab capable of autonomous planning and conduction of reactions may be significant in its abilities, but it possesses little functional application to the broader scientific community if it cannot be reconstructed in a different environment. Field standards for reporting of novel autonomous platforms should, therefore, allow for the complete reproduction of the system by an uninformed, skilled scientist and include all associated control and analysis software and relevant component models. Furthermore, widespread publication of all generated experimental data with comprehensive demonstrations of sampling precision would allow for the rapid development of cheminformatic and materials informatics strategies for different classes of materials and molecules. The various biases of published data skew the effectiveness of literature-driven algorithms toward high-performing regions of the chemical universe, and comprehensive reporting, including failed reactions, would fill many of the information gaps not currently covered in the literature. For black-box algorithms, one of the current challenges in many fields is the selection of suitable algorithms for specific scenarios. Off-the-shelf decision-making algorithms often cannot be directly applied to a focused application without further tuning of the meta-decision structure and algorithm parameters. From the perspective of an experimentalist, required algorithm tuning can slow research and even defeat the purpose of applying the algorithm to begin with. Data availability would enable researchers to test new algorithms on multiple experiment-based benchmark surrogate systems, leading to expedited implementation of higher performing algorithms. Although autonomous robotic experimentation will most likely not converge onto a single optimal design, researchers today can make significant gains in shifting the field from its current state of diverse, isolated platforms toward a single unified system of modularized, self-driving labs. No single field in autonomous experimentation possesses all the tools necessary to explore the complexities of the chemical world, but a combined approach could bring the scientific community much closer. Modularization of experimental systems enables cross-disciplinary application of otherwise inaccessible devices and tools. A publicly available library of accessible platform designs with corresponding control and experiment selection algorithms, illustrated in Figure 1, would improve the rate of hybrid system development and lower the barrier for entry among researchers. Furthermore, this modular approach to platform development would provide a direct precursor to autonomous device fabrication and optimization.10MacLeod B.P. Parlane F.G.L. Morrissey T.D. Häse F. Roch L.M. Dettelbach K.E. Moreira R. Yunker L.P.E. Rooney M.B. Deeth J.R. et al.Self-driving laboratory for accelerated discovery of thin-film materials.Sci. Adv. 2020; 6: eaaz8867Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar Sharing of datasets generated with these unified platforms would then provide large quantities of transferable experimental information, leading to higher performing AI models and algorithms and greater mastery of the chemical world. Unifying the direction of research and shifting the current standards of the field will require a concerted effort across academia and industry. One promising step in this direction is the recently established Acceleration Consortium hosted at the University of Toronto. The output of this association and similar future establishments will help reveal the efficiencies of self-driven experimentation platforms to a larger audience. While industry will always have strong incentives to maintain proprietary information about novel materials and molecules, they can benefit from collaborations with academic researchers to develop an accessible modular experimentation core from which the self-driving platforms may be built, applied, and expanded upon. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Science Foundation (Award # 1940959) and the UNC Research Opportunities Initiative (UNC-ROI) grant. The lead contact is a Global Member of the Acceleration Consortium.}, number={10}, journal={Chem}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Epps, Robert W. and Volk, Amanda A. and Ibrahim, Malek Y.S. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={2541–2545} }
 @inproceedings{epps_volk_abdel-latif_reyes_abolhasani_2020, title={AI-Guided Microfluidic Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, (MicroTAS)}, author={Epps, R.W. and Volk, A.A. and Abdel-Latif, K. and Reyes, K.G. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{volk_epps_abolhasani_2021, title={Accelerated Development of Colloidal Nanomaterials Enabled by Modular Microfluidic Reactors: Toward Autonomous Robotic Experimentation}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1521-4095"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004495}, DOI={10.1002/adma.202004495}, abstractNote={AbstractIn recent years, microfluidic technologies have emerged as a powerful approach for the advanced synthesis and rapid optimization of various solution‐processed nanomaterials, including semiconductor quantum dots and nanoplatelets, and metal plasmonic and reticular framework nanoparticles. These fluidic systems offer access to previously unattainable measurements and synthesis conditions at unparalleled efficiencies and sampling rates. Despite these advantages, microfluidic systems have yet to be extensively adopted by the colloidal nanomaterial community. To help bridge the gap, this progress report details the basic principles of microfluidic reactor design and performance, as well as the current state of online diagnostics and autonomous robotic experimentation strategies, toward the size, shape, and composition‐controlled synthesis of various colloidal nanomaterials. By discussing the application of fluidic platforms in recent high‐priority colloidal nanomaterial studies and their potential for integration with rapidly emerging artificial intelligence‐based decision‐making strategies, this report seeks to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations between microfluidic reactor engineers and colloidal nanomaterial chemists. Full convergence of these two research efforts offers significantly expedited and enhanced nanomaterial discovery, optimization, and manufacturing.}, number={4}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Volk, Amanda A. and Epps, Robert W. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{han_abolhasani_2020, title={Accelerated Material- and Energy-Efficient Studies of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ACS National Meeting}, author={Han, S. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020} }
 @article{han_raghuvanshi_abolhasani_2020, title={Accelerated Material-Efficient Investigation of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents for Energy-Efficient Solvent Recovery}, volume={8}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07304}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07304}, abstractNote={In most chemical industries, solvent removal and recovery processes are heavily dependent on hazardous volatile solvents with energy-intensive distillation processes because of their ease of separa...}, number={8}, journal={ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Han, Suyong and Raghuvanshi, Keshav and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={3347–3356} }
 @inproceedings{han_ramezani_abolhasani_2020, title={Accelerated Microfluidic Studies of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, (MicroTAS)}, author={Han, S. and Ramezani, M. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{han_kashfipour_ramezani_abolhasani_2020, title={Accelerating gas–liquid chemical reactions in flow}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CC03511D}, DOI={10.1039/D0CC03511D}, abstractNote={Tubular membrane-based flow reactors have emerged as a powerful tool for accelerated fundamental and applied studies of gas–liquid reactions, offering facile gas delivery and process intensification.}, journal={Chemical Communications}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Han, Suyong and Kashfipour, Marjan Alsadat and Ramezani, Mahdi and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{han_raghuvanshi_abolhasani_2020, title={An Oscillatory Flow Reactor for High-Throughput Studies of CO2-Mediated Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Han, S. and Raghuvanshi, K. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{epps_volk_abdel-latif_abolhasani_2020, title={An automated flow chemistry platform to decouple mixing and reaction times}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RE00129E}, DOI={10.1039/D0RE00129E}, abstractNote={We present a flow chemistry platform that decouples precursor mixing rates from reaction time using solely off-the-shelf components. We then utilize this platform towards material-efficient studies of mass transfer-controlled synthesis of inorganic perovskite quantum dots.}, journal={Reaction Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Epps, Robert W. and Volk, Amanda A. and Abdel-Latif, Kameel and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020} }
 @article{epps_bowen_volk_abdel‐latif_han_reyes_amassian_abolhasani_2020, title={Artificial Chemist: An Autonomous Quantum Dot Synthesis Bot}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202001626}, DOI={10.1002/adma.202001626}, abstractNote={AbstractThe optimal synthesis of advanced nanomaterials with numerous reaction parameters, stages, and routes, poses one of the most complex challenges of modern colloidal science, and current strategies often fail to meet the demands of these combinatorially large systems. In response, an Artificial Chemist is presented: the integration of machine‐learning‐based experiment selection and high‐efficiency autonomous flow chemistry. With the self‐driving Artificial Chemist, made‐to‐measure inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) in flow are autonomously synthesized, and their quantum yield and composition polydispersity at target bandgaps, spanning 1.9 to 2.9 eV, are simultaneously tuned. Utilizing the Artificial Chemist, eleven precision‐tailored QD synthesis compositions are obtained without any prior knowledge, within 30 h, using less than 210 mL of total starting QD solutions, and without user selection of experiments. Using the knowledge generated from these studies, the Artificial Chemist is pre‐trained to use a new batch of precursors and further accelerate the synthetic path discovery of QD compositions, by at least twofold. The knowledge‐transfer strategy further enhances the optoelectronic properties of the in‐flow synthesized QDs (within the same resources as the no‐prior‐knowledge experiments) and mitigates the issues of batch‐to‐batch precursor variability, resulting in QDs averaging within 1 meV from their target peak emission energy.}, journal={Advanced Materials}, author={Epps, Robert W. and Bowen, Michael S. and Volk, Amanda A. and Abdel‐Latif, Kameel and Han, Suyong and Reyes, Kristofer G. and Amassian, Aram and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{kirmani_luther_abolhasani_amassian_2020, title={Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics: Current Progress and Path to Gigawatt Scale Enabled by Smart Manufacturing}, volume={5}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01453}, DOI={10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01453}, abstractNote={Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have lately been pursued with intense vigor for optoelectronic applications such as photovoltaics (PV), flexible electronics, displays, mid-infrared photodetectors, las...}, number={9}, journal={ACS Energy Letters}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Kirmani, Ahmad R. and Luther, Joseph M. and Abolhasani, Milad and Amassian, Aram}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={3069–3100} }
 @article{campbell_jackson_lustik_al-rashdi_bennett_li_abolhasani_2020, title={Continuous flow synthesis of phase transition-resistant titania microparticles with tunable morphologies}, volume={10}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA01442G}, DOI={10.1039/D0RA01442G}, abstractNote={A flow chemistry strategy for synthesis of anatase titania microparticles utilizing a flow-focusing microreactor integrated with a collimated UV LED is presented. The synthesized microparticles possess a wide variety of morphologies and high surface areas (up to 362 m2 g−1).}, number={14}, journal={RSC Advances}, author={Campbell, Zachary S. and Jackson, Daniel and Lustik, Jacob and Al-Rashdi, Amur K. and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Li, Fanxing and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, pages={8340–8347} }
 @article{abolhasani_monbaliu_2020, title={Editorial}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2063-0212"]}, DOI={10.1007/s41981-020-00083-9}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF FLOW CHEMISTRY}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Monbaliu, Jean-Christophe M.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{shi_shen_zhu_li_pang_ge_abolhasani_2020, title={Facile Synthesis of a Color-Tunable Microcrystal Phosphor for Anti-Counterfeit Applications}, volume={5}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04516}, DOI={10.1021/acsomega.0c04516}, abstractNote={Developing luminescent materials with tunable emission colors provides exciting opportunities for application in the display, anti-counterfeiting, and optical sensors. Here, we report a convenient, versatile approach to synthesize color-tunable, up/down-conversion luminescence in an inorganic host material. The emission color can be tuned by varying the excitation wavelength, allowing dynamic color tuning in the visible spectrum. We demonstrate that an unprecedented luminescence tunability from these phosphors can be achieved by tailoring the intensity ratio of different emission peaks. These findings provide valuable insights into controlling multiple emission color processes while offering the possibility for dynamic anti-counterfeiting and visual sensing of ultraviolet light in the range from 250 to 320 nm. These results open the opportunity for developing next-generation stimuli-responsive luminescent materials and smart devices.}, number={50}, journal={ACS Omega}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Shi, Chen and Shen, Xiuyu and Zhu, Yanan and Li, Xiaoqiang and Pang, Zengyuan and Ge, Mingqiao and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={32420–32425} }
 @article{campbell_abolhasani_2020, title={Facile synthesis of anhydrous microparticles using plug-and-play microfluidic reactors}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RE00193G}, DOI={10.1039/D0RE00193G}, abstractNote={Microfluidic materials synthesis techniques are an ideal approach for controlled synthesis of anhydrous microparticles. In this article, we highlight the recent developments using plug-and-play microreactors for anhydrous microparticle synthesis.}, journal={Reaction Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Campbell, Zachary S. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{han_raghuvanshi_abolhasani_2020, title={Flow Chemistry-Enabled Investigations of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Han, S. and Raghuvanshi, K. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{abdel-latif_bateni_crouse_abolhasani_2020, title={Flow Synthesis of Metal Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots: From Rapid Parameter Space Mapping to AI-Guided Modular Manufacturing}, volume={3}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.07.024}, DOI={10.1016/j.matt.2020.07.024}, abstractNote={Microscale flow synthesis is a versatile technology for accelerated materials development and rapid process-structure-property mapping of solution-processed materials. Lead (Pb) halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs), with their outstanding optoelectronic properties and widespread applications in photonic devices, are an exciting high-priority material candidate for rapid exploration with flow synthesis strategies. Modular and reconfigurable flow synthesis platforms equipped with precursor formulation, controlled flow synthesis, and in situ diagnostic modules can enable high-throughput experimentation with real-time access to Pb halide PQD optoelectronic properties. In this review, we discuss recent efforts focused on in situ characterization, post-processing, artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced synthesis optimization, and mechanistic studies of Pb halide PQDs conducted utilizing flow synthesis techniques. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the recently developed AI-guided flow synthesis strategies for accelerated development and continuous manufacturing of Pb halide PQDs. Finally, we present current challenges and potential future directions toward enabling end-to-end continuous manufacturing of application-ready PQDs.}, number={4}, journal={Matter}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Abdel-Latif, Kameel and Bateni, Fazel and Crouse, Steven and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={1053–1086} }
 @article{raghuvanshi_zhu_ramezani_menegatti_santiso_mason_rodgers_janka_abolhasani_2020, title={Highly Efficient 1-Octene Hydroformylation at Low Syngas Pressure: From Single-Droplet Screening to Continuous Flow Synthesis}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2155-5435"]}, DOI={10.1021/acscatal.0c01515}, abstractNote={We present a reconfigurable flow chemistry strategy for facile transition between accelerated screening and continuous synthesis of linear aldehydes through homogeneous rhodium-catalyzed hydroformy...}, number={14}, journal={ACS CATALYSIS}, author={Raghuvanshi, Keshav and Zhu, Cheng and Ramezani, Mahdi and Menegatti, Stefano and Santiso, Erik E. and Mason, Dawn and Rodgers, Jody and Janka, Mesfin E. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={7535–7542} }
 @inproceedings{campbell_jackson_lustik_al-rashdi_bennett_li_abolhasani_2020, title={Intensified Flow Reactor for Continuous Synthesis of High Surface Area Titania Microparticles}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Campbell, Z.S. and Jackson, D. and Lustik, J. and Al-Rashdi, A.K. and Bennett, J.A. and Li, F. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_2020, title={Machine Learning-Enhanced Flow Synthesis of Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ACS National Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{epps_volk_abdel-latif_reyes_abolhasani_2020, title={Machine Learning-Guided Flow Synthesis of Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Epps, R.W. and Volk, A.A. and Abdel-Latif, K. and Reyes, K.G. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{campbell_bateni_volk_abdel‐latif_abolhasani_2020, title={Microfluidic Synthesis of Semiconductor Materials: Toward Accelerated Materials Development in Flow}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202000256}, DOI={10.1002/ppsc.202000256}, abstractNote={AbstractControlled synthesis of semiconductor nano/microparticles has attracted substantial attention for use in numerous applications from photovoltaics to photocatalysis and bioimaging due to the breadth of available physicochemical and optoelectronic properties. Microfluidic material synthesis strategies have recently been demonstrated as an effective technique for rapid development, controlled synthesis, and continuous manufacturing of solution‐processed semiconductor nano/microparticles, due to enhanced parametric control enabling precise tuning of material properties, size, and morphologies. In this review, the basics of microfluidic material synthesis approaches complemented with recent advances in the flow fabrication of metal oxide, chalcogenide, and perovskite semiconductor particles are discussed. Furthermore, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven materials–space exploration and accelerated formulation optimization using modular microfluidic reactors are outlined. Finally, future directions for the fabrication of semiconducting materials in flow and the implementation of AI with automated microfluidic reactors for accelerated material discovery and development are presented.}, journal={Particle & Particle Systems Characterization}, author={Campbell, Zachary S. and Bateni, Fazel and Volk, Amanda A. and Abdel‐Latif, Kameel and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{campbell_jackson_lustik_al-rashdi_bennett_li_abolhasani_2020, title={Microfluidic Synthesis of Titania Microparticles with Tunable Morphologies}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Campbell, Z.S. and Jackson, D. and Lustik, J. and Al-Rashdi, A.K. and Bennett, J.A. and Li, F. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{ramezani_kashfipour_abolhasani_2020, title={Minireview: Flow chemistry studies of high-pressure gas-liquid reactions with carbon monoxide and hydrogen}, volume={10}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s41981-019-00059-4}, DOI={10.1007/s41981-019-00059-4}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Flow Chemistry}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Ramezani, Mahdi and Kashfipour, Marjan Alsadat and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={93–101} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_2020, title={Mixing-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ACS National Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{epps_sitapure_volk_kwon_abolhasani_2020, title={Modular Fluidic Microreactor for Fully Decoupled Precursor Mixing and Reaction Times in Mechanistic Studies of Metal Halide Perovskite Quantum Dot Synthesis}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Epps, R.W. and Sitapure, N. and Volk, A.A. and Kwon, J.S. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{shi_hou_shen_zhu_li_pang_ge_abolhasani_2020, title={Multiresponsive Luminescence Materials: Richer Color Than Chameleon Materials}, volume={8}, ISBN={2195-1071}, DOI={10.1002/adom.202000007}, abstractNote={AbstractDeveloping light‐harvesting materials with tunable emission colors is highly desirable in applications requiring a specific color on‐demand. The modulation in material composition, structures, and polymerization can provide a useful tool for producing a wide range of emission colors. However, controlling the color gamut in a ready‐made material remains a formidable challenge. Here, several germinate‐based phosphors are reported that provide precise dynamic emission color tuning in the visible color range through the optical multiplexing of lanthanides and other ion dopants, such as lead (Pb2+) and manganese (Mn2+). The emission gamut of the developed germinate‐based materials in the full visible color range can be tuned on demand by adjusting the excitation wavelength, thereby allowing dynamic synergistic multicolor, multitemporal, and multimodal integration with ready‐made materials. The multicolored photoluminescence property of the developed phosphors is related to the different interaction modes of dopants in the crystals. Furthermore, the applications of color‐tunable phosphors in multicolor display and anticounterfeiting are demonstrated. These findings provide valuable insights toward developing next‐generation smart luminescent materials and sensors.}, number={12}, journal={ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS}, author={Shi, Chen and Hou, Xuebin and Shen, Xiuyu and Zhu, Yanan and Li, Xiaoqiang and Pang, Zengyuan and Ge, Mingqiao and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{sitapure_epps_abolhasani_kwon_2020, title={Multiscale Modelling and Model Predictive Control of CsPbBr3 Quantum Dots Production: A Step Towards on-Demand Smart-Nanomanufacturing}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Sitapure, N. and Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M. and Kwon, J.S.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{sitapure_epps_abolhasani_kwon_2021, title={Multiscale modeling and optimal operation of millifluidic synthesis of perovskite quantum dots: Towards size-controlled continuous manufacturing}, volume={413}, ISSN={["1873-3212"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cej.2020.127905}, abstractNote={Inorganic lead halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a promising semiconducting nanomaterial candidate for widespread applications, including next-generation solar cells, displays, and photocatalysts. The optoelectronic properties of colloidal QDs are majorly dictated by their bandgap energy (related to their size). Thus, it is important to fine-tune the size while having fast and continuous production of QDs. However, the mass and heat transfer limitations of batch reactors with batch-to-batch variations have hindered precise control over the size-dependent optoelectronic properties of QDs. Thus, to address this knowledge gap, we propose a multiscale model for continuous flow manufacturing of colloidal perovskite QDs. Specifically, a first-principled kinetic Monte Carlo model is integrated with a continuum model to describe a plug-flow crystallizer (PFC). The PFC has two manipulated inputs, precursor concentration and superficial flow velocity, to fine-tune the size of QDs. Furthermore, a neural network based surrogate model is designed to identify an optimal input trajectory which will ensure that the desired QD size is achieved, thereby taking a step towards controlled and reliable nanomanufacturing of QDs.}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL}, author={Sitapure, Niranjan and Epps, Robert and Abolhasani, Milad and Kwon, Joseph Sang-Il}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{bennett_davis_efimenko_genzer_abolhasani_2020, title={Network-supported, metal-mediated catalysis: progress and perspective}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RE00229A}, DOI={10.1039/D0RE00229A}, abstractNote={This minireview focuses on recent developments of network-supported catalysts to improve the performance of a wide range of metal-mediated catalytic reactions.}, journal={Reaction Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Davis, Bradley A. and Efimenko, Kirill and Genzer, Jan and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020} }
 @article{abdel-latif_epps_bateni_han_reyes_abolhasani_2021, title={Self-Driven Multistep Quantum Dot Synthesis Enabled by Autonomous Robotic Experimentation in Flow}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2640-4567"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000245}, DOI={10.1002/aisy.202000245}, abstractNote={Identifying the optimal formulation of emerging inorganic lead halide perovskite quantum dots (LHP QDs) with their vast colloidal synthesis universe and multiple synthesis/postsynthesis processing parameters is a challenging undertaking for material‐ and time‐intensive, batch synthesis strategies. Herein, a modular microfluidic synthesis strategy, integrated with an artificial intelligence (AI)‐guided decision‐making agent for intelligent navigation through the complex colloidal synthesis universe of LHP QDs with 10 individually controlled synthesis parameters and an accessible parameter space exceeding 2 × 107, is introduced. Utilizing the developed autonomous microfluidic experimentation strategy within a global learning framework, the optimal formulation of LHP QDs is rapidly identified through a two‐step colloidal synthesis and postsynthesis halide exchange reaction, for 10 different emission colors in less than 40 min per desired peak emission energy. Using two in‐series microfluidic reactors enables continuous bandgap engineering of LHP QDs via in‐line halide exchange reactions without the need for an intermediate washing step. Using an inert gas within a three‐phase flow format enables successful, self‐synchronized continuous delivery of halide salt precursor into moving droplets containing LHP QDs, resulting in accelerated closed‐loop formulation optimization and end‐to‐end continuous manufacturing of LHP QDs with desired optoelectronic properties.}, number={2}, journal={ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Abdel-Latif, Kameel and Epps, Robert W. and Bateni, Fazel and Han, Suyong and Reyes, Kristofer G. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{han_raghuvanshi_abolhasani_2020, title={Switchable hydrophilicity solvents: Single-droplet studies of CO<sub>2</sub>-mediated solvent extraction in an intensified flow reactor}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/scimeetings.0c04277}, DOI={10.1021/scimeetings.0c04277}, booktitle={ACS Spring 2020 National Meeting & Expo}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Han, Suyong and Raghuvanshi, Keshav and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{kerr_epps_abolhasani_2019, title={A low-cost, non-invasive phase velocity and length meter and controller for multiphase lab-in-a-tube devices}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/C9LC00296K}, DOI={10.1039/C9LC00296K}, abstractNote={The non-invasive, optical phase velocity and length meter/controller effectively measures phase length and velocity in real-time with two low-cost photodetectors.}, journal={Lab on a Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Kerr, Corwin B. and Epps, Robert W. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2019} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_2019, title={Continuous Flow Synthesis and Anion Exchange of Colloidal Perovskite Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Spring Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M.}, year={2019} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_2019, title={Continuous Synthesis of Organic/Inorganic Microparticles Using a Low-Cost Flow-Focusing Microreactor}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_2019, title={Continuous on-Demand Synthesis of Perovskite Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{epps_bowen_abdel-latif_abolhasani_2019, title={Convergence of Microfluidics, Colloidal Synthesis, and Machine Learning: Real-Time Optimization of Halide Exchange Reactions of Colloidal Inorganic Perovskites Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Epps, R.W. and Bowen, M. and Abdel-Latif, K. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{abdel‐latif_epps_kerr_papa_castellano_abolhasani_2019, title={Facile Room‐Temperature Anion Exchange Reactions of Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dots Enabled by a Modular Microfluidic Platform}, volume={29}, ISSN={1616-301X 1616-3028}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900712}, DOI={10.1002/adfm.201900712}, abstractNote={AbstractIn an effort to produce the materials of next‐generation photoelectronic devices, postsynthesis halide exchange reactions of perovskite quantum dots are explored to achieve enhanced bandgap tunability. However, comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted halide exchange reactions is inhibited by their vast relevant parameter space and complex reaction network. In this work, a facile room‐temperature strategy is presented for rapid halide exchange of inorganic perovskite quantum dots. A comprehensive understanding of the halide exchange reactions is provided by isolating reaction kinetics from precursor mixing rates utilizing a modular microfluidic platform, Quantum Dot Exchanger (QDExer). The effects of ligand composition and halide salt source on the rate and extent of the halide exchange reactions are illustrated. This fluidic platform offers a unique time‐ and material‐efficient approach for studies of solution phase‐processed colloidal nanocrystals beyond those studied here and may accelerate the discovery and optimization of next‐generation materials for energy technologies.}, number={23}, journal={Advanced Functional Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Abdel‐Latif, Kameel and Epps, Robert W. and Kerr, Corwin B. and Papa, Christopher M. and Castellano, Felix N. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={1900712} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_2019, title={Microfluidic Studies of Colloidal Perovskite Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 American Chemical Society (ACS) Annual Spring Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M.}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bennett_campbell_abolhasani_2019, title={Role of continuous flow processes in green manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals}, volume={26}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2019.07.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.coche.2019.07.007}, abstractNote={Recently, focus has turned towards increasing chemical process safety and sustainability for fundamental and applied research as well as manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals. Flow chemistry techniques have attracted significant interest as a way to implement and improve chemical processes in order to satisfy the growing demand for chemical sustainability. In this article, we discuss emerging flow chemistry technologies with applications in green manufacturing of high-value chemicals and efficient screening of chemical reaction space. Continuous manufacturing techniques are increasingly being utilized to reduce the amount of material and energy utilized in a process while incorporating real-time analysis, control, and enhanced process safety. Beyond continuous production, flow screening techniques can rapidly search a multi-dimensional reaction space to improve process design, performance, and efficiency. Furthermore, time-efficient and material-efficient (green) flow screening platforms can be utilized to develop the next generation of process development technologies including predictive reaction models and process scale-up strategies.}, journal={Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A and Campbell, Zachary S and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={9–19} }
 @article{epps_felton_coley_abolhasani_2018, title={A Modular Microfluidic Technology for Systematic Studies of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1940-087X"]}, url={https://www.jove.com/video/57666}, DOI={10.3791/57666}, abstractNote={Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), are a rapidly growing class of materials in commercial electronics, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaics (PVs). Among this material group, inorganic/organic perovskites have demonstrated significant improvement and potential towards high-efficiency, low-cost PV fabrication due to their high charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes. Despite the opportunities for perovskite QDs in large-scale PV and LED applications, the lack of fundamental and comprehensive understanding of their growth pathways has inhibited their adaptation within continuous nanomanufacturing strategies. Traditional flask-based screening approaches are generally expensive, labor-intensive, and imprecise for effectively characterizing the broad parameter space and synthesis variety relevant to colloidal QD reactions. In this work, a fully autonomous microfluidic platform is developed to systematically study the large parameter space associated with the colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals in a continuous flow format. Through the application of a novel translating three-port flow cell and modular reactor extension units, the system may rapidly collect fluorescence and absorption spectra across reactor lengths ranging 3 - 196 cm. The adjustable reactor length not only decouples the residence time from the velocity-dependent mass transfer, it also substantially improves the sampling rates and chemical consumption due to the characterization of 40 unique spectra within a single equilibrated system. Sample rates may reach up to 30,000 unique spectra per day, and the conditions cover 4 orders of magnitude in residence times ranging 100 ms - 17 min. Further applications of this system would substantially improve the rate and precision of the material discovery and screening in future studies. Detailed within this report are the system materials and assembly protocols with a general description of the automated sampling software and offline data processing.}, number={135}, journal={JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS}, publisher={MyJoVE Corp}, author={Epps, Robert W. and Felton, Kobi C. and Coley, Connor W. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2018}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{zhu_raghuvanshi_coley_abolhasani_2018, title={Automated Microfluidic Platform for High-Throughput Screening of Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Zhu, C. and Raghuvanshi, K. and Coley, C.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{bennett_genzer_abolhasani_2018, title={Continuous Ligand-Free Palladium-Mediated Carbon-Carbon Cross-Coupling}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Bennett, J. and Genzer, J. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{campbell_parker_bennett_yusuf_al-rashdi_lustik_li_abolhasani_2018, title={Continuous Synthesis of Monodisperse Yolk-Shell Titania Microspheres}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1520-5002"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04349}, DOI={10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04349}, abstractNote={A microfluidic strategy is developed for continuous synthesis of monodisperse yolk–shell titania microspheres. The continuous flow synthesis of titania microparticles is achieved by decoupling the microdroplet formation and interfacial hydrolysis reaction steps by utilizing a polar aprotic solvent as the continuous phase in the microreactor. The decoupling of the precursor microdroplet formation and the hydrolysis reaction allows titania synthesis throughputs an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported in a single-channel flow reactor (∼0.1 g/h calcined microparticles), without affecting the microreactor lifetime due to clogging. Flow synthesis and dynamics across a broad range of precursor flow rates are examined, while effects of flow synthesis parameters, including the precursor to continuous phase flow rate ratio, precursor composition, and calcination temperature on the surface morphology, size, and composition of the resulting titania microparticles, are explored in detail. Titania m...}, number={24}, journal={CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Campbell, Zachary S. and Parker, Matthew and Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Yusuf, Seif and Al-Rashdi, Amur K. and Lustik, Jacob and Li, Fanxing and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={8948–8958} }
 @article{bennett_campbell_abolhasani_2019, title={Continuous synthesis of elastomeric macroporous microbeads}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2058-9883"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RE00189H}, DOI={10.1039/c8re00189h}, abstractNote={Macroporous microbeads are synthesized by microfluidic production of silica-loaded polymeric microdroplets followed by porogen removal via selective etching.}, number={2}, journal={REACTION CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Campbell, Zachary S. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={254–260} }
 @inproceedings{campbell_parker_lustik_jackson_yusuf_li_abolhasani_2018, title={Energy Efficient Methane Reforming Enabled by Continuous Manufacturing of Porous Titania Microparticles}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Campbell, Z. and Parker, M. and Lustik, J. and Jackson, D. and Yusuf, S. and Li, F. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{zhu_raghuvanshi_coley_abolhasani_2018, title={Flow chemistry platform for high-throughput screening of rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-octene}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Chemical Society (ACS) Annual Meeting}, author={Zhu, C. and Raghuvanshi, K. and Coley, C.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Aug} }
 @article{zhu_raghuvanshi_coley_mason_rodgers_janka_abolhasani_2018, title={Flow chemistry-enabled studies of rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation reactions}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1364-548X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC04650F}, DOI={10.1039/c8cc04650f}, abstractNote={We present an autonomous microscale flow chemistry platform for high-throughput fundamental and applied studies of homogeneous hydroformylation reactions.}, number={62}, journal={CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Zhu, Cheng and Raghuvanshi, Keshav and Coley, Connor W. and Mason, Dawn and Rodgers, Jody and Janka, Mesfin E. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={8567–8570} }
 @inproceedings{kerr_epps_abolhasani_2018, title={Low-Cost Optical Velocity Meter for Multi-Phase Lab-on-a-Tube Devices}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Kerr, C. and Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{epps_abolhasani_2018, title={Mass Transfer-Tuned Growth Pathways of Colloidal Perovskite Quantum Dots Revealed by a High-Throughput Microfluidic Strategy}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{abdel-latif_epps_abolhasani_2018, title={Microfluidic Studies of Anion Exchange Reactions of Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Abdel-Latif, K. and Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_2018, title={Microfluidic Synthesis of Elastomeric Microparticles: A Case Study in Catalysis of Palladium-Mediated Cross-Coupling}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{bennett_kristof_vasudevan_genzer_srogl_abolhasani_2018, title={Microfluidic synthesis of elastomeric microparticles: A case study in catalysis of palladium-mediated cross-coupling}, volume={64}, ISSN={0001-1541}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/AIC.16119}, DOI={10.1002/aic.16119}, abstractNote={Palladium (Pd)‐loaded poly‐hydromethylsiloxane (PHMS) microparticles of tunable size and elasticity are prepared in a capillary‐based coaxial flow‐focusing microfluidic device constructed using off‐the‐shelf components. Simultaneous droplet formation and chemical cross‐linking processes are performed by tuning the dilution of the cross‐linking catalyst in the annular flow of the microreactor, resulting in PHMS microparticles synthesized in a single step. The size of the elastomeric microparticles can be tuned by adjusting the flow rate ratio of the polymer and cross‐linker mixture to water, while the elasticity can be tuned by the polymer to cross‐linker ratio as well as the flow rate ratio of the polymer mixture to cross‐linking catalyst mixture. Microparticle elasticity is characterized by the degree of solvent uptake. Application of the synthesized PHMS microparticles in organic synthesis is demonstrated by producing monodispersed Pd‐loaded microparticles and utilizing them as microreaction vessels for continuous Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling in a Pd‐loaded microparticle‐packed bed reactor. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3188–3197, 2018}, number={8}, journal={AIChE Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bennett, Jeffrey A. and Kristof, Andrew J. and Vasudevan, Vishal and Genzer, Jan and Srogl, Jiri and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={3188–3197} }
 @inproceedings{bennett_genzer_abolhasani_2018, title={Monodisperse Elastomeric Microparticle Scaffolds for Heterogeneous Palladium- Mediated Catalysis}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Bennett, J. and Genzer, J. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{abdel-latif_epps_abolhasani_2018, title={On-Demand Band-Gap Tuning of Colloidal Perovskite Nanocrystals Enabled by Fast Anion-Exchange Reactions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 Materials Research Society (MRS) Annual Meeting}, author={Abdel-Latif, K. and Epps, R.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{parker_campbell_lustik_jackson_yusuf_li_abolhasani_2018, title={Porous Titania Microspheres: Highly- Efficient Catalyst Scaffold for Green Syngas Production}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Parker, M. and Campbell, Z. and Lustik, J. and Jackson, D. and Yusuf, S. and Li, F. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{raghuvanshi_zhu_abolhasani_2018, title={Rapid Studies of Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation Reactions Enabled by an Automated Single-Droplet Flow Reactor}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 Flow Chemistry Congress}, author={Raghuvanshi, K. and Zhu, C. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{zhu_raghuvanshi_coley_abolhasani_2018, title={Single-Droplet Flow Chemistry Platform for High-Throughput Studies of Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation Reactions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Zhu, C. and Raghuvanshi, K. and Coley, C.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{zhu_raghuvanshi_coley_abolhasani_2018, title={Single-Droplet Flow Chemistry Platform for High-Throughput Studies of Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation Reactions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 American Chemical Society (ACS) Annual Meeting}, author={Zhu, C. and Raghuvanshi, K. and Coley, C.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2018}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hwang_coley_abolhasani_marzinzik_koch_spanka_lehmann_jensen_2017, title={A segmented flow platform for on-demand medicinal chemistry and compound synthesis in oscillating droplets}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1364-548X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC03584E}, DOI={10.1039/c7cc03584e}, abstractNote={An automated flow chemistry platform performs single/multi-phase and single/multi-step chemistries in 14 μL droplets with online analysis and product collection.}, number={49}, journal={CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Hwang, Ye-Jin and Coley, Connor W. and Abolhasani, Milad and Marzinzik, Andreas L. and Koch, Guido and Spanka, Carsten and Lehmann, Hansjoerg and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={6649–6652} }
 @inproceedings{epps_felton_coley_abolhasani_2017, title={Automated Microfluidic Platform for High-Throughput Screening of Colloidal Perovskite Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS)}, author={Epps, R.W. and Felton, K.C. and Coley, C.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{epps_felton_coley_abolhasani_2017, title={Automated microfluidic platform for systematic studies of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals: towards continuous nano-manufacturing}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1473-0189"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/C7LC00884H}, DOI={10.1039/c7lc00884h}, abstractNote={An automated microfluidic platform enables systematic high-throughput studies of mixing enhancement on the emission band-gap of in-flow synthesized perovskite quantum dots, resulting in kinetically tunable nanocrystals.}, number={23}, journal={LAB ON A CHIP}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Epps, Robert W. and Felton, Kobi C. and Coley, Connor W. and Abolhasani, Milad}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={4040–4047} }
 @inproceedings{felton_epps_coley_abolhasani_2017, title={High-Throughput Screening Platform for Cesium-Lead Perovskite Nanocrystal Synthesis}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Felton, K.C. and Epps, R.W. and Coley, C.W. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{shen_abolhasani_chen_xie_yang_coley_bawendi_jensen_2017, title={In-Situ Microfluidic Study of Biphasic Nanocrystal Ligand-Exchange Reactions Using an Oscillatory Flow Reactor}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1521-3773"]}, DOI={10.1002/anie.201710899}, abstractNote={AbstractOscillatory flow reactors provide a surface energy‐driven approach for automatically screening reaction conditions and studying reaction mechanisms of biphasic nanocrystal ligand‐exchange reactions. Sulfide and cysteine ligand‐exchange reactions with as‐synthesized CdSe quantum dots (QDs) are chosen as two model reactions. Different reaction variables including the new‐ligand‐to‐QD ratio, the size of the particles, and the original ligand type are examined systematically. Based on the in situ‐obtained UV/Vis absorption spectra during the reaction, we propose two different exchange pathways for the sulfide exchange reaction.}, number={51}, journal={ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION}, author={Shen, Yi and Abolhasani, Milad and Chen, Yue and Xie, Lisi and Yang, Lu and Coley, Connor W. and Bawendi, Moungi G. and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={16333–16337} }
 @article{coley_abolhasani_lin_jensen_2017, title={Material-Efficient Microfluidic Platform for Exploratory Studies of Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1521-3773"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201705148}, DOI={10.1002/anie.201705148}, abstractNote={AbstractWe present an automated microfluidic platform for in‐flow studies of visible‐light photoredox catalysis in liquid or gas–liquid reactions at the 15 μL scale. An oscillatory flow strategy enables a flexible residence time while preserving the mixing and heat transfer advantages of flow systems. The adjustable photon flux made possible with the platform is characterized using actinometry. Case studies of oxidative hydroxylation of phenylboronic acids and dimerization of thiophenol demonstrate the capabilities and advantages of the system. Reaction conditions identified through droplet screening translate directly to continuous synthesis with minor platform modifications.}, number={33}, journal={ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Coley, Connor W. and Abolhasani, Milad and Lin, Hongkun and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={9847–9850} }
 @article{coley_abolhasani_lin_jensen_2017, title={Material-Efficient Microfluidic Platform for Exploratory Studies of Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis}, volume={6}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201705148}, DOI={10.1002/ange.201705148}, abstractNote={AbstractWe present an automated microfluidic platform for in‐flow studies of visible‐light photoredox catalysis in liquid or gas–liquid reactions at the 15 μL scale. An oscillatory flow strategy enables a flexible residence time while preserving the mixing and heat transfer advantages of flow systems. The adjustable photon flux made possible with the platform is characterized using actinometry. Case studies of oxidative hydroxylation of phenylboronic acids and dimerization of thiophenol demonstrate the capabilities and advantages of the system. Reaction conditions identified through droplet screening translate directly to continuous synthesis with minor platform modifications.}, number={33}, journal={Angewandte Chemie}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Coley, Connor W and Abolhasani, Milad and Lin, Hongkun and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={9979–9982} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_shen_coley_jensen_2017, title={Microfluidic Studies of Bi-Phasic Ligand Exchange of Semiconductor Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS)}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Shen, Y. and Coley, C.W. and Jensen, K.F.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={22–26} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_2017, title={Microfluidic Studies of Room Temperature Synthesized Perovskite Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{bennett_kristof_genzer_srogl_abolhasani_2017, title={Microfluidic Synthesis of Silicone Elastomer Microgels Using On-Chip Chemical Cross-Linking}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS)}, author={Bennett, J. and Kristof, A. and Genzer, J. and Srogl, J. and Abolhasani, M.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{lazzari_abolhasani_jensen_2017, title={Modeling of the formation kinetics and size distribution evolution of II-VI quantum dots}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2058-9883"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RE00068E}, DOI={10.1039/c7re00068e}, abstractNote={A population balance model describes the formation of II–VI semiconductor nanocrystals and predicts experimentally observed properties of the nanocrystal size distribution.}, number={4}, journal={REACTION CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Lazzari, Stefano and Abolhasani, Milad and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={567–576} }
 @article{alizadehgiashi_khabibullin_li_prince_abolhasani_kumacheva_2018, title={Shear-Induced Alignment of Anisotropic Nanoparticles in a Single- Droplet Oscillatory Microfluidic Platform}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03648}, abstractNote={Flow-induced alignment of shape-anisotropic colloidal particles is of great importance in fundamental research and in the fabrication of structurally anisotropic materials; however, rheo-optical studies of shear-induced particle orientation are time- and labor-intensive and require complicated experimental setups. We report a single-droplet oscillatory microfluidic strategy integrated with in-line polarized light imaging as a strategy for studies of shear-induced alignment of rod-shape nanoparticles. Using an oscillating droplet of an aqueous isotropic suspension of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), we explore the effect of the shear rate and suspension viscosity on the flow-induced CNC alignment and subsequent relaxation to the isotropic state. The proposed microfluidic strategy enables high-throughput studies of shear-induced orientations in structured liquid under precisely controlled experimental conditions. The results of such studies can be used in the development of structure-anisotropic materials.}, number={1}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Alizadehgiashi, Moien and Khabibullin, Amir and Li, Yunfeng and Prince, Elisabeth and Abolhasani, Milad and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={322–330} }
 @article{lestari_alizadehgiashi_abolhasani_kumacheva_2017, title={Study of Extraction and Recycling of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents in an Oscillatory Microfluidic Platform}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00339}, abstractNote={One of the challenges in the development of green and sustainable chemical processing is solvent removal and subsequent replacement with another solvent in various steps of multistep syntheses, extraction, or purification. A promising alternative approach is the use of “switchable” solvents that change their properties on demand. The evaluation of the performance of switchable solvents in the entire extraction-recovery process, with a capability of efficient solvent recycling, is vital for their future applications. We report an oscillatory microfluidic platform to reproduce a complete cycle of CO2-mediated extraction and recovery of switchable hydrophilicity solvents, with the capability of solvent recycling. The evaluation of the efficiency of solvent extraction and recovery in the entire process is achieved within 1.5 h, with <15 μL of the solvent, without the formation of double emulsions, and with the capability to obtain the temporal information for each step of the process. The new methodology enab...}, number={5}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Lestari, Gabriella and Alizadehgiashi, Moien and Abolhasani, Milad and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={4304–4310} }
 @article{lestari_salari_abolhasani_kumacheva_2016, title={A microfluidic study of liquid–liquid extraction mediated by carbon dioxide}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1039/c6lc00597g}, abstractNote={Liquid–liquid extraction is an important separation and purification method; however, it faces a challenge in reducing the energy consumption and the environmental impact of solvent (extractant) recovery. An oscillatory microfluidic platform is proposed to study reactive liquid–liquid extraction involving switchable solvents and carbon dioxide gas.}, number={14}, journal={Lab Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Lestari, Gabriella and Salari, Alinaghi and Abolhasani, Milad and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2016}, pages={2710–2718} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_coley_lin_jensen_2016, title={Automated Oscillatory Photochemical Reactor for High Throughput Studies of Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Coley, C.W. and Lin, H. and Jensen, K.F.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @article{abolhasani_jensen_2016, title={Oscillatory multiphase flow strategy for chemistry and biology}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1039/c6lc00728g}, abstractNote={Oscillatory multiphase flow strategy enables the utilization of droplet microfluidics for studies of longer timescale processes than typically feasible with conventional continuous multiphase flow approaches in chemistry and biology, by decoupling mixing and residence times.}, number={15}, journal={Lab Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2016}, pages={2775–2784} }
 @article{rajendra_therien-aubin_abolhasani_villalabos_kumacheva_2015, title={An Exploratory Microfluidic Approach to Photopolymerized Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposite Films}, volume={300}, DOI={10.1002/mame.201500221}, abstractNote={Nanoparticle (NP) dispersions are extensively used for the producing nanocomposite materials. Optimization of formulations of NP dispersions is a time‐ and labor‐consuming process that can benefit from high‐throughput preparation of composite materials, followed by studies of their structure–property relationships. This paper describes a microfluidic platform for producing photopolymerized films from NP–monomer dispersions. The platform enables rapid and reproducible preparation of films with varying compositions by tuning the flow rates of the monomer and NP–monomer mixtures, along with suppressed evaporation of volatile monomers, no need of an inert atmosphere, and the reduced exposure to potentially harmful monomers and NPs. This work paves the way for efficient studies of composition‐dependent properties of nanocomposite materials.}, number={11}, journal={Macromolecular Materials and Engineering}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Rajendra, Vinodh and Therien-Aubin, Héloise and Abolhasani, Milad and Villalabos, Marco and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={1071–1078} }
 @article{yang_shi_abolhasani_jensen_2015, title={Characterization and modeling of multiphase flow in structured microreactors: a post microreactor case study}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1039/c5lc00431d}, abstractNote={We investigate the hydrodynamics of gas/liquid and liquid/liquid flows in the post microreactor with flow visualization and CFD simulation, and reveal the mechanism of mass transfer enhancement compared to open channels through transport analysis.}, number={15}, journal={Lab Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Yang, Lu and Shi, Yanxiang and Abolhasani, Milad and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2015}, pages={3232–3241} }
 @inproceedings{yang_shi_abolhasani_jensen_2015, title={Modelling the Hydrodynamics and Transport in Multiphase Microreactors}, booktitle={Bulletin of the American Physical Society: 68th Annual Meeting of the APS}, author={Yang, L. and Shi, Y. and Abolhasani, M. and Jensen, K.F.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={22–24} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_hassan_kumacheva_scholes_guenther_2015, title={Multi-Stage Microfluidic Strategy for High Temperature Nanocrystal Synthesis}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering (CSME) International Congress}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Hassan, Y. and Kumacheva, E. and Scholes, G.D. and Guenther, A.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{abolhasani_coley_jensen_2015, title={Multiphase Oscillatory Flow Strategy forin SituMeasurement and Screening of Partition Coefficients}, volume={87}, DOI={10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03311}, abstractNote={Taking advantage of the difference between the surface energies of aqueous and organic solvents on a Teflon substrate, a fully automated small-scale strategy is developed on the basis of gas-driven oscillatory motion of a biphasic slug for high-throughput in situ measurement and screening of partition coefficients of organic substances between aqueous and organic phases. The developed oscillatory flow strategy enables single partition coefficient data point measurement within 8 min (including the sample preparation time) which is 360 times faster than the conventional "shake-flask" method, while using less than a 30 μL volume of the two phases and 9 nmol of the target organic substance. The developed multiphase strategy is validated using a conventional shake-flask technique. Finally, the developed strategy is extended to include automated screening of partition coefficients at physiological temperature.}, number={21}, journal={Analytical Chemistry}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Coley, Connor W. and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={11130–11136} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_bruno_jensen_2015, title={Oscillatory Flow Reactor for Studies of Bi-Phasic C-C and C-N Cross-Coupling Reactions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Bruno, N.C. and Jensen, K.F.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @article{abolhasani_coley_xie_chen_bawendi_jensen_2015, title={Oscillatory Microprocessor for Growth and in Situ Characterization of Semiconductor Nanocrystals}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02821}, abstractNote={An automated two-phase small scale platform based on controlled oscillatory motion of a droplet within a 12 cm long tubular Teflon reactor is designed and developed for high-throughput in situ studies of a solution-phase preparation of semiconductor nanocrystals. The unique oscillatory motion of the droplet within the heated region of the reactor enables temporal single-point spectral characterization of the same nanocrystals with a time resolution of 3 s over the course of the synthesis time without sampling while removing the residence time limitation associated with continuous flow-based strategies. The developed oscillatory microprocessor allows for direct comparison of the high temperature and room temperature spectral characteristics of nanocrystals. Utilizing this automated experimental strategy, we study the effect of temperature on the nucleation and growth of II–VI and III–V semiconductor nanocrystals. The automated droplet preparation and injection of the precursors combined with the oscillator...}, number={17}, journal={Chemistry of Materials}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Coley, Connor W. and Xie, Lisi and Chen, Ou and Bawendi, Moungi G. and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={6131–6138} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_coley_xie_chen_jensen_2015, title={Oscillatory Microprocessor for High-Throughput In-Situ Characterization of Semiconductor Nanocrystals}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Coley, C. and Xie, L. and Chen, O. and Jensen, K.F.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_jensen_2015, title={Oscillatory Motion of a Bi-Phasic Slug in a Teflon Reactor}, booktitle={Bulletin of the American Physical Society: 68th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Jensen, K.F.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={22–24} }
 @article{abolhasani_bruno_jensen_2015, title={Oscillatory three-phase flow reactor for studies of bi-phasic catalytic reactions}, volume={51}, DOI={10.1039/c5cc02051d}, abstractNote={Oscillatory flow reactor strategy removes the mixing, mass transfer and residence time limitations associated with continuous multi-phase flow approaches for studies of bi-phasic C–C and C–N catalytic reactions.}, number={43}, journal={Chem. Commun.}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Bruno, Nicholas C. and Jensen, Klavs F.}, year={2015}, pages={8916–8919} }
 @article{abolhasani_kumacheva_günther_2015, title={Peclet Number Dependence of Mass Transfer in Microscale Segmented Gas–Liquid Flow}, volume={54}, DOI={10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01991}, abstractNote={A detailed understanding of the scaling behavior associated with the fluid flow and the transport of gas molecules from a train of elongated gas plugs into neighboring liquid segments is of great importance for a broad range of microscale applications. The indirect dependence of the parameters affecting the Capillary and Peclet numbers and thereby scaling behavior (i.e., the velocity and length of the gas plugs, and the length of the liquid segments) on the directly adjustable experimental inputs (i.e., flow rate or pressure of each phase) has hindered the systematic investigation of scaling behavior in microscale gas–liquid flows. Here, we take advantage of an image-based feedback strategy that allows us to directly impose Capillary and Peclet numbers. We custom fabricated a long, straight microchannel (width 300 μm, length-to-width ratio 700) in a gas impermeable silicon–glass substrate. We automatically determined the length reduction of initially uniformly sized gas plugs at different positions along ...}, number={36}, journal={Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Kumacheva, Eugenia and Günther, Axel}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={9046–9051} }
 @article{chau_abolhasani_thérien-aubin_li_wang_velasco_tumarkin_ramachandran_kumacheva_2014, title={Microfluidic Generation of Composite Biopolymer Microgels with Tunable Compositions and Mechanical Properties}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1021/bm5002813}, abstractNote={To develop an understanding of the nature of complex, spatiotemporal interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), artificial ECMs formed from hydrogels with a particular spectrum of properties are being developed at a rapid pace. We report the microfluidic generation of small, monodisperse composite agarose-gelatin hydrogel modules (microgel particles) that can be used for cell encapsulation and can serve as instructive cellular microenvironments. The agarose component of the microgels gelled under reduced temperature, while gelatin modified with phenolic hydroxyl groups underwent peroxidase-catalyzed gelation. Microgel composition, structure, morphology, and rigidity were tuned in a high-throughput manner. The results of this work are important for the generation of libraries of cell-laden polymer microgels for single-cell analysis, tissue engineering, and fundamental studies of the role of local microenvironments in cell fate.}, number={7}, journal={Biomacromolecules}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Chau, Mokit and Abolhasani, Milad and Thérien-Aubin, Héloïse and Li, Yang and Wang, Yihe and Velasco, Diego and Tumarkin, Ethan and Ramachandran, Arun and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={2419–2425} }
 @article{voicu_abolhasani_choueiri_lestari_seiler_menard_greener_guenther_stephan_kumacheva_2014, title={Microfluidic Studies of CO2Sequestration by Frustrated Lewis Pairs}, volume={136}, DOI={10.1021/ja411601a}, abstractNote={Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) comprising sterically hindered Lewis acids and bases offer the capability to reversibly capture CO2 under mild reaction conditions. The determination of equilibrium constants and thermodynamic properties of these reactions should enable assessment of the efficiency of a particular FLP system for CO2 sequestration and provide insights for design of new, efficient formulations of FLP catalysts for CO2 capture. We have developed a microfluidic approach to studies of FLP-CO2 reactions, which provides their thermodynamic characterization that is not accessible otherwise. The approach enables the determination of the equilibrium reaction constants at different temperatures, the enthalpy, the entropy, and the Gibbs energy of these reactions, as well as the enhancement factor. The microfluidic methodology has been validated by applying it to the well-characterized reaction of CO2 with a secondary amine. The microfluidic approach can be applied for fundamental thermodynamic studies of other gas-liquid reactions.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Voicu, Dan and Abolhasani, Milad and Choueiri, Rachelle and Lestari, Gabriella and Seiler, Caroline and Menard, Gabriel and Greener, Jesse and Guenther, Axel and Stephan, Douglas W. and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={3875–3880} }
 @article{abolhasani_günther_kumacheva_2014, title={Microfluidic Studies of Carbon Dioxide}, volume={53}, DOI={10.1002/anie.201403719}, abstractNote={AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration, storage and recycling will greatly benefit from comprehensive studies of physical and chemical gas–liquid processes involving CO2. Over the past five years, microfluidics emerged as a valuable tool in CO2‐related research, due to superior mass and heat transfer, reduced axial dispersion, well‐defined gas–liquid interfacial areas and the ability to vary reagent concentrations in a high‐throughput manner. This Minireview highlights recent progress in microfluidic studies of CO2‐related processes, including dissolution of CO2 in physical solvents, CO2 reactions, the utilization of CO2 in materials science, and the use of supercritical CO2 as a “green” solvent.}, number={31}, journal={Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Günther, Axel and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={7992–8002} }
 @article{abolhasani_günther_kumacheva_2014, title={Microfluidic Studies of Carbon Dioxide}, volume={126}, DOI={10.1002/ange.201403719}, abstractNote={AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration, storage and recycling will greatly benefit from comprehensive studies of physical and chemical gas–liquid processes involving CO2. Over the past five years, microfluidics emerged as a valuable tool in CO2‐related research, due to superior mass and heat transfer, reduced axial dispersion, well‐defined gas–liquid interfacial areas and the ability to vary reagent concentrations in a high‐throughput manner. This Minireview highlights recent progress in microfluidic studies of CO2‐related processes, including dissolution of CO2 in physical solvents, CO2 reactions, the utilization of CO2 in materials science, and the use of supercritical CO2 as a “green” solvent.}, number={31}, journal={Angewandte Chemie}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Günther, Axel and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={8126–8136} }
 @article{cheng_abolhasani_beltran-agullo_moss_buys_trope_2015, title={Priming the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve}, volume={24}, DOI={10.1097/ijg.0000000000000099}, abstractNote={Purpose:To determine the pressure required to prime an Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV) and determine whether the valve can be damaged by “over-priming pressure.” Methods:Three AGVs, a syringe pump, and a manometer were used to assess priming pressure. Balanced salt solution was pumped through the AGV tube at increasing pressures until a jet of fluid was seen to eject from the AGV, as per manufacturer instructions. This was repeated 3 times for 3 different virgin AGVs giving the “priming pressure.” A second experiment used the same experimental set up to determine the “over-priming pressure” on 3 other AGVs. Fluid was pumped through the AGV at increasing pressures until evidence of damage was seen. The valve function was assessed before and after the “over-priming” stress test. Valve function was determined by the closing pressure, which is the pressure at which the valve closes and fluid was no longer seen passing through the valve. Results:The priming pressure in the 3 AGVs was 2844, 3154, and 3051 mm Hg (mean, 3017±158 mm Hg). The maximum pressure generated using the syringe pump was 10,860, 10,343, and 10,860 mm Hg (mean, 10,688±299 mm Hg). No damage was observed in the valve mechanism. AGV closing pressure before the “over-priming” stress test was 8, 6, and 13 mm Hg and after the stress test was 6, 7, and 13 mm Hg. Conclusion:This study demonstrates that the priming pressure is consistent at around 3000 mm Hg. In addition, over-priming is not likely to damage or disturb the closing pressure.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Glaucoma}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Cheng, Jason and Abolhasani, Milad and Beltran-Agullo, Laura and Moss, Edward Bram and Buys, Yvonne M. and Trope, Graham E.}, year={2015}, pages={e34–e35} }
 @article{abolhasani_oskooei_klinkova_kumacheva_günther_2014, title={Shaken, and stirred: oscillatory segmented flow for controlled size-evolution of colloidal nanomaterials}, volume={14}, DOI={10.1039/c4lc00131a}, abstractNote={We introduce oscillatory segmented flow as a compact microfluidic format that accommodates slow chemical reactions for the solution-phase processing of colloidal nanomaterials.}, number={13}, journal={Lab on a Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Oskooei, Ali and Klinkova, Anna and Kumacheva, Eugenia and Günther, Axel}, year={2014}, pages={2309} }
 @inproceedings{lestari_abolhasani_bennett_chase_guenther_kumacheva_2014, title={Switchable Water (SW): Microfluidic Investigation of CO2-Mediated Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS)}, author={Lestari, G. and Abolhasani, M. and Bennett, D. and Chase, P. and Guenther, A. and Kumacheva, E.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={26–30} }
 @article{lestari_abolhasani_bennett_chase_günther_kumacheva_2014, title={Switchable Water: Microfluidic Investigation of Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation Mediated by Carbon Dioxide}, volume={136}, DOI={10.1021/ja504184q}, abstractNote={Increase in the ionic strength of water that is mediated by the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) with nitrogenous bases is a promising approach toward phase separation in mixtures of water with organic solvents and potentially water purification. Conventional macroscale studies of this complicated process are challenging, due to its occurrence via several consecutive and concurrent steps, mass transfer limitation, and lack of control over gas-liquid interfaces. We report a new microfluidic strategy for fundamental studies of liquid-liquid phase separation mediated by CO2 as well as screening of the efficiency of nitrogenous agents. A single set of microfluidic experiments provided qualitative and quantitative information on the kinetics and completeness of water-tetrahydrofuran phase separation, the minimum amount of CO2 required to complete phase separation, the total CO2 uptake, and the rate of CO2 consumption by the liquid mixture. The efficiency of tertiary diamines with different lengths of alkyl chain was examined in a time- and labor-efficient manner and characterized with the proposed efficiency parameter. A wealth of information obtained using the MF methodology can facilitate the development of new additives for switchable solvents in green chemistry applications.}, number={34}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Lestari, Gabriella and Abolhasani, Milad and Bennett, Darla and Chase, Preston and Günther, Axel and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={11972–11979} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_guenther_2013, title={Automated, Flowable Formats for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Tailored Manufacturing of Colloidal Nanomaterials}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Guenther, A.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @article{oskooei_abolhasani_günther_2013, title={Bubble gate for in-plane flow control}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1039/c3lc50075f}, abstractNote={We introduce a miniature gate valve as a readily implementable strategy for actively controlling the flow of liquids on-chip, within a footprint of less than one square millimetre. Bubble gates provide for simple, consistent and scalable control of liquid flow in microchannel networks, are compatible with different bulk microfabrication processes and substrate materials, and require neither electrodes nor moving parts. A bubble gate consists of two microchannel sections: a liquid-filled channel and a gas channel that intercepts the liquid channel to form a T-junction. The open or closed state of a bubble gate is determined by selecting between two distinct gas pressure levels: the lower level corresponds to the "open" state while the higher level corresponds to the "closed" state. During closure, a gas bubble penetrates from the gas channel into the liquid, flanked by a column of equidistantly spaced micropillars on each side, until the flow of liquid is completely obstructed. We fabricated bubble gates using single-layer soft lithographic and bulk silicon micromachining procedures and evaluated their performance with a combination of theory and experimentation. We assessed the dynamic behaviour during more than 300 open-and-close cycles and report the operating pressure envelope for different bubble gate configurations and for the working fluids: de-ionized water, ethanol and a biological buffer. We obtained excellent agreement between the experimentally determined bubble gate operational envelope and a theoretical prediction based on static wetting behaviour. We report case studies that serve to illustrate the utility of bubble gates for liquid sampling in single and multi-layer microfluidic devices. Scalability of our strategy was demonstrated by simultaneously addressing 128 bubble gates.}, number={13}, journal={Lab on a Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Oskooei, Ali and Abolhasani, Milad and Günther, Axel}, year={2013}, pages={2519} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_kumacheva_guenther_2013, title={Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Bubble Shrinkage in Microchannel Flow Determines Mass Transfer in Physical Solvents}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ICTAM)}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Kumacheva, E. and Guenther, A.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={19–24} }
 @article{wang_tumarkin_velasco_abolhasani_lau_kumacheva_2013, title={Exploring a direct injection method for microfluidic generation of polymer microgels}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1039/c3lc41385c}, abstractNote={Microfluidics (MFs) offers a promising method for the preparation of polymer microgels with exquisite control over their dimensions, shapes and morphologies. A challenging task in this process is the generation of droplets (precursors for microgels) from highly viscous polymer solutions. Spatial separation of MF emulsification and gelation of the precursor droplets on chip can address this challenge. In the present work, we explored the application of the "direct injection" method for the preparation of microgels by adding a highly concentrated polymer solution or a gelling agent directly into the precursor droplets. In the first system, primary droplets were generated from a dilute aqueous solution of agarose, followed by the injection of the concentrated agarose solution directly in the primary droplets. The secondary droplets served as precursors for microgels. In the second system, primary droplets were generated from the low-viscous solution of methyl-β-cyclodextrin and poly(ethylene glycol) end-terminated with octadecyl hydrophobic groups. Addition of surfactant directly into the primary droplets led to the binding of methyl-β-cyclodextrin to the surfactant, thereby releasing hydrophobized poly(ethylene glycol) to form polymer microgels. Our results show that, when optimized, the direct injection method can be used for microgel preparation from highly viscous liquids and thus this method expands the range of polymers used for MF generation of microgels.}, number={13}, journal={Lab on a Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Wang, Yihe and Tumarkin, Ethan and Velasco, Diego and Abolhasani, Milad and Lau, Willie and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2013}, pages={2547} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_kumacheva_guenther_2013, title={Gas Dissolution in Microscale Segmented Gas-Liquid Flow}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Kumacheva, E. and Guenther, A.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_hassan_kumacheva_scholes_guenther_2013, title={Multi-Pass Nanocrystal Processor}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS)}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Hassan, Y. and Kumacheva, E. and Scholes, G.D. and Guenther, A.}, year={2013}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_hassan_kumacheva_scholes_guenther_2013, title={Multi-Stage Microfluidic Growth and Shelling of Quantum Dots}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Hassan, Y. and Kumacheva, E. and Scholes, G.D. and Guenther, A.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_oskooei_kumacheva_guenther_2013, title={Shaken, and Stirred!}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS)}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Oskooei, A. and Kumacheva, E. and Guenther, A.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={27–31} }
 @article{abolhasani_singh_kumacheva_günther_2012, title={Automated microfluidic platform for studies of carbon dioxide dissolution and solubility in physical solvents}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1039/c2lc21043f}, abstractNote={We present an automated microfluidic (MF) approach for the systematic and rapid investigation of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) mass transfer and solubility in physical solvents. Uniformly sized bubbles of CO(2) with lengths exceeding the width of the microchannel (plugs) were isothermally generated in a co-flowing physical solvent within a gas-impermeable, silicon-based MF platform that is compatible with a wide range of solvents, temperatures and pressures. We dynamically determined the volume reduction of the plugs from images that were accommodated within a single field of view, six different downstream locations of the microchannel at any given flow condition. Evaluating plug sizes in real time allowed our automated strategy to suitably select inlet pressures and solvent flow rates such that otherwise dynamically self-selecting parameters (e.g., the plug size, the solvent segment size, and the plug velocity) could be either kept constant or systematically altered. Specifically, if a constant slug length was imposed, the volumetric dissolution rate of CO(2) could be deduced from the measured rate of plug shrinkage. The solubility of CO(2) in the physical solvent was obtained from a comparison between the terminal and the initial plug sizes. Solubility data were acquired every 5 min and were within 2-5% accuracy as compared to literature data. A parameter space consisting of the plug length, solvent slug length and plug velocity at the microchannel inlet was established for different CO(2)-solvent pairs with high and low gas solubilities. In a case study, we selected the gas-liquid pair CO(2)-dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and volumetric mass transfer coefficients 4-30 s(-1) (translating into mass transfer times between 0.25 s and 0.03 s), and Henry's constants, within the range of 6-12 MPa.}, number={9}, journal={Lab on a Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Singh, Mayank and Kumacheva, Eugenia and Günther, Axel}, year={2012}, pages={1611} }
 @article{abolhasani_singh_kumacheva_günther_2012, title={Cruise control for segmented flow}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1039/c2lc40513j}, abstractNote={Capitalizing on the benefits of microscale segmented flows, e.g., enhanced mixing and reduced sample dispersion, so far requires specialist training and accommodating a few experimental inconveniences. For instance, microscale gas-liquid flows in many current setups take at least 10 min to stabilize and iterative manual adjustments are needed to achieve or maintain desired mixing or residence times. Here, we report a cruise control strategy that overcomes these limitations and allows microscale gas-liquid (bubble) and liquid-liquid (droplet) flow conditions to be rapidly "adjusted" and maintained. Using this strategy we consistently establish bubble and droplet flows with dispersed phase (plug) velocities of 5-300 mm s(-1), plug lengths of 0.6-5 mm and continuous phase (slug) lengths of 0.5-3 mm. The mixing times (1-5 s), mass transfer times (33-250 ms) and residence times (3-300 s) can therefore be directly imposed by dynamically controlling the supply of the dispersed and the continuous liquids either from external pumps or from local pressurized reservoirs. In the latter case, no chip-external pumps, liquid-perfused tubes or valves are necessary while unwanted dead volumes are significantly reduced.}, number={22}, journal={Lab on a Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Singh, Mayank and Kumacheva, Eugenia and Günther, Axel}, year={2012}, pages={4787} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_kumacheva_guenther_2012, title={Model-Predictive Strategy for Exploration of Carbon Dioxide Dissolution and Mass Transfer}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS)}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Kumacheva, E. and Guenther, A.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={2–6} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_kumacheva_guenther_2012, title={Ready Steady (Bubble) Flow! Predictive Control of Mixing, Mass Transfer and Residence Times in Segmented Flow}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS)}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Kumacheva, E. and Guenther, A.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{greener_choueiri_tumarkin_abolhasani_guenther_kumacheva_2012, title={Spectroscopic Studies of Gas-Liquid Reactions Using Microfluidics for the Study of CO2 Conversion to High-Value Products}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 12th Topical Conference on Gas Utilization; AIChE 2012 Winter Meeting}, author={Greener, J. and Choueiri, R. and Tumarkin, E. and Abolhasani, M. and Guenther, A. and Kumacheva, E.}, year={2012}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_kumacheva_guenther_2011, title={Bubble Shrinkage and Growth: An Investigation of Carbon Dioxide Dissolution and Solubility}, booktitle={Bulletin of the American Physical Society: 64th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Kumacheva, E. and Guenther, A.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={20–22} }
 @article{greener_tumarkin_debono_kwan_abolhasani_guenther_kumacheva_2012, title={Development and applications of a microfluidic reactor with multiple analytical probes}, volume={137}, DOI={10.1039/c1an15940b}, abstractNote={We report the development of a versatile microfluidic (MF) reactor with multiple analytical probes, which can be used for (i) quantitative characterisation of molecular vibrational signatures of reactants or products, (ii) the localised real-time monitoring of temperature and (iii) site-specific measurements of pH of the reaction system. The analytical probes utilised for in situ reaction analysis include an ATR-FTIR probe, a temperature probe, and a pH probe. We demonstrate the applications of the MF reactor with integrated probes for the parallel monitoring of multiple variables in acid/base neutralisation reaction, of changes in buffer pH, temperature, and vibrational absorption bands, and for monitoring the kinetics of the reaction between CO(2) and a buffer system with therapeutic applications.}, number={2}, journal={The Analyst}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Greener, Jesse and Tumarkin, Ethan and Debono, Michael and Kwan, Chi-Hang and Abolhasani, Milad and Guenther, Axel and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2012}, pages={444–450} }
 @article{tumarkin_nie_park_abolhasani_greener_sherwood-lollar_günther_kumacheva_2011, title={Temperature-controlled ‘breathing’ of carbon dioxide bubbles}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1039/c1lc20490d}, abstractNote={We report a microfluidic (MF) approach to studies of temperature mediated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) transfer between the gas and the liquid phases. Micrometre-diameter CO(2) bubbles with a narrow size distribution were generated in an aqueous or organic liquid and subsequently were subjected to temperature changes in the downstream channel. In response to the cooling-heating-cooling cycle the bubbles underwent corresponding contraction-expansion-contraction transitions, which we term 'bubble breathing'. We examined temperature-controlled dissolution of CO(2) in four exemplary liquid systems: deionized water, a 0.7 M aqueous solution of NaCl, ocean water extracted from Bermuda coastal waters, and dimethyl ether of poly(ethylene glycol), a solvent used in industry for absorption of CO(2). The MF approach can be extended to studies of other gases with a distinct, temperature-dependent solubility in liquids.}, number={20}, journal={Lab on a Chip}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Tumarkin, Ethan and Nie, Zhihong and Park, Jai Il and Abolhasani, Milad and Greener, Jesse and Sherwood-Lollar, Barbara and Günther, Axel and Kumacheva, Eugenia}, year={2011}, pages={3545} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_devlin_najjaran_hoorfar_holzman_2010, place={Victoria, Canada}, title={Enhanced Addressability in Digital Microfluidic Multiplexer Systems by Threshold-Based Voltage Actuation and Bi-Polar Voltage Activation}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering (CSME) International Congress}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Devlin, K.D. and Najjaran, H. and Hoorfar, M. and Holzman, J.F.}, year={2010}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_devlin_najjaran_hoorfar_holzman_2010, title={Multiplexed Localization in Bi-Layer Digital Microfluidic Systems}, booktitle={Proceedings of Tech Connect World Conference & Expo}, author={Abolhasani, M. and Devlin, K.D. and Najjaran, H. and Hoorfar, M. and Holzman, J.F.}, year={2010}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{abolhasani_devlin_najjaran_hoorfar_holzman_2010, title={Nonlinear Localization for Electrowetting-Based Digital Microfluidic Actuation}, DOI={10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30222}, abstractNote={The method described in this paper introduces a new multiplexing format for cross-referencing of DMF systems through the simultaneous use of threshold-based voltage actuation (which sets a minimum voltage to initiate droplet motion) and bi-polar voltage activation on the overlying and underlying electrodes. The design makes use of bi-polar voltage activation and threshold effects to eliminate inter-droplet interference and overcome addressability limitations. In the proposed DMF multiplexer structure, these two requirements must both be satisfied for 2-D multiplexed addressability. Experimental characterization of the threshold voltage associated with the first requirement is presented. With regard to requirement two, the bi-polar voltage activation scheme is applied to a fabricated DMF multiplexer, and independent microdroplet motion is shown. The technique can be applied in actuating isolated microdroplets or microdroplet groups (simultaneously) in large-scale/highly-parallel DMF devices.}, booktitle={ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels: Parts A and B}, publisher={ASME International}, author={Abolhasani, Milad and Devlin, Kurt D. and Najjaran, Homayoun and Hoorfar, Mina and Holzman, Jonathan F.}, year={2010} }