Mollie Dean Gaines

I am a Postdoctoral Research Scholar at North Carolina State University. In 2024, I earned my Ph.D. in Geospatial Analytics from North Carolina State University. I graduated Summa Cum Laude with a BS in Data Science and GIS with Honors from William & Mary in May 2019. more

Works (18)

Updated: March 6th, 2026 12:11

2026 article

Impact of Spatial Scale on Optical Earth Observation‐Derived Seasonal Surface Water Extents

Gaines, M. D., Tulbure, M. G., Perin, V., Boast, D., Quiroz, H. C., Composto, R., … Caineta, J. (2026, February 5). Geophysical Research Letters.

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure  n, V. Perin *, D. Boast n, H. Quiroz*, R. Composto  n, V. Tiwari  n, J. Caineta n

topics (OpenAlex): Flood Risk Assessment and Management; Remote Sensing in Agriculture; Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies
Source: ORCID
Added: February 5, 2026

2026 article

Impact of optical satellite imagery spatial scale on methane emission estimates from small water bodies

Gaines, M., Tulbure, M., Ardon, M., Composto, R., Perin, V., Tiwari, V., & Caineta, J. (2026, January 8).

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure, M. Ardon , R. Composto  n, V. Perin, V. Tiwari*, J. Caineta n

topics (OpenAlex): Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics; Marine and coastal ecosystems; Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
Source: ORCID
Added: January 8, 2026

2026 article

Upper Chattahoochee Surface Water: Planet Basemap

Gaines, M. D., Tulbure, M. G., Perin, V., Boast, D., Castellanos Quiroz, H., Composto, R., … Canieta, J. (2026, January 1). Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Vol. 1.

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure n , V. Perin*, D. Boast n, H. Castellanos Quiroz, R. Composto n, V. Tiwari n, J. Canieta n

topics (OpenAlex):
Sources: NC State University Libraries, NC State University Libraries
Added: January 17, 2026

2026 article

Upper Chattahoochee Surface Water: Planet Basemap

Gaines, M. D., Tulbure, M. G., Perin, V., Boast, D., Castellanos Quiroz, H., Composto, R., … Canieta, J. (2026, January 1). Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Vol. 1.

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure n , V. Perin*, D. Boast n, H. Castellanos Quiroz, R. Composto n, V. Tiwari n, J. Canieta n

topics (OpenAlex):
Sources: NC State University Libraries, NC State University Libraries
Added: January 17, 2026

2025 article

Impact of spatial scale on optical Earth observation-derived seasonal surface water extents

Gaines, M. D., Tulbure, M., Perin, V., Boast, D., Quiroz, H. C., Composto, R., … Caineta, J. (2025, February 4).

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure  n, V. Perin, D. Boast n, H. Quiroz, R. Composto  n, V. Tiwari  n, J. Caineta  n

topics (OpenAlex): Remote Sensing and Land Use; Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications
Source: ORCID
Added: February 4, 2025

2024 article

Projecting Surface Water Area Under Different Climate and Development Scenarios

Gaines, M. D., Tulbure, M. G., Perin, V., Composto, R., & Tiwari, V. (2024, July 1). Earth s Future, Vol. 12.

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure n , V. Perin n, R. Composto n & V. Tiwari n

author keywords: surface water; projection; land-use/land-cover change; climate change; machine learning
topics (OpenAlex): Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies; Climate variability and models; Flood Risk Assessment and Management
UN Sustainable Development Goals Color Wheel
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
14. Life Below Water (Web of Science)
Sources: ORCID, Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: July 22, 2024

2024 article

Quantifying urban flood extent using satellite imagery and machine learning

Composto, R. W., Tulbure, M. G., Tiwari, V., Gaines, M. D., & Caineta, J. (2024, July 27). Natural Hazards.

By: R. Composto  n, M. Tulbure  n, V. Tiwari  n, M. Gaines n  & J. Caineta  n

topics (OpenAlex): Flood Risk Assessment and Management; Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research; Hydrology and Drought Analysis
UN Sustainable Development Goals Color Wheel
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Source: ORCID
Added: August 1, 2024

2023 article

Automated in-season rice crop mapping using Sentinel time-series data and Google Earth Engine: A case study in climate-risk prone Bangladesh

Tiwari, V., Tulbure, M. G., Caineta, J., Gaines, M. D., Perin, V., Kamal, M., … Islam, A. F. M. T. (2023, December 12). Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 351.

By: V. Tiwari n, M. Tulbure n , J. Caineta n, M. Gaines n , V. Perin n, M. Kamal *, T. Krupnik *, M. Aziz *, A. Islam *

author keywords: Synthetic aperture radar; Random forest; Multi-otsu; Boro rice; Flooding; In-season maps
MeSH headings : Oryza; Seasons; Bangladesh; Search Engine; Agriculture / methods
topics (OpenAlex): Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement; Remote Sensing in Agriculture; Climate change impacts on agriculture
TL;DR: Although the multi-Otsu approach had relatively lower OCA, it proved effective in accurately mapping rice areas prior to harvest, eliminating the need for training samples that can be challenging to obtain during the growing season. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goals Color Wheel
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
2. Zero Hunger (OpenAlex)
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: January 29, 2024

2022 article

Can we detect more ephemeral floods with higher density harmonized Landsat Sentinel 2 data compared to Landsat 8 alone?

Tulbure, M. G., Broich, M., Perin, V., Gaines, M., Ju, J., Stehman, S. V., … Betbeder-Matibet, L. (2022, February 8). ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 3, pp. 232–246.

By: M. Tulbure* , M. Broich, V. Perin*, M. Gaines* , J. Ju, S. Stehman, T. Pavelsky, J. Masek ...

Contributors: M. Tulbure* , M. Broich, V. Perin*, M. Gaines* , J. Ju, S. Stehman, T. Pavelsky, J. Masek ...

author keywords: Flooding; Ephemeral floods; Landsat; Sentinel 2; Analysis ready data; Harmonized data; Drylands
topics (OpenAlex): Flood Risk Assessment and Management; Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies; Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications
UN Sustainable Development Goals Color Wheel
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: May 2, 2022

2022 article

Effects of Climate and Anthropogenic Drivers on Surface Water Area in the Southeastern United States

Gaines, M. D., Tulbure, M. G., & Perin, V. (2022, March 1). Water Resources Research, Vol. 3.

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure n  & V. Perin n

author keywords: surface water; climate variability; land use land cover; mixed effect models; random forests; Landsat
topics (OpenAlex): Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies; Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics; Climate variability and models
UN Sustainable Development Goals Color Wheel
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
14. Life Below Water (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: April 18, 2022

2022 article

Projecting surface water in the Southeastern U.S. under three climate and development scenarios

Gaines, M., Tulbure, M., & Perin, V. (2022, January 5). (Vol. 1). Vol. 1.

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure  n & V. Perin  n

topics (OpenAlex): Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies; Climate variability and models; Hydrology and Drought Analysis
Source: ORCID
Added: June 8, 2024

2021 article

A multi-sensor satellite imagery approach to monitor on-farm reservoirs

Perin, V., Tulbure, M. G., Gaines, M. D., Reba, M. L., & Yaeger, M. A. (2021, November 19). Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 3.

By: V. Perin n, M. Tulbure n , M. Gaines n , M. Reba * & M. Yaeger *

Contributors: V. Perin n, M. Tulbure n , M. Gaines n , M. Reba * & M. Yaeger *

author keywords: On-farm reservoirs; Water management; Data assimilation; Kalman filter; Multi-sensor satellite imagery
topics (OpenAlex): Flood Risk Assessment and Management; Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies; Water resources management and optimization
UN Sustainable Development Goals Color Wheel
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
6. Clean Water and Sanitation (OpenAlex)
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: March 14, 2022

2021 article

Effects of Climate and Anthropogenic Drivers on Surface Water Area in the Southeastern United States

Gaines, M. D., Tulbure, M. G., & Perin, V. (2021, November 11). (Vol. 11). Vol. 11.

By: M. Gaines n , M. Tulbure  n & V. Perin  n

topics (OpenAlex): Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies; Flood Risk Assessment and Management; Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
Source: ORCID
Added: June 8, 2024

2021 article

On-farm reservoir monitoring using Landsat inundation datasets

Perin, V., Tulbure, M. G., Gaines, M. D., Reba, M. L., & Yaeger, M. A. (2021, January 3). Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 246.

By: V. Perin n, M. Tulbure n , M. Gaines n , M. Reba * & M. Yaeger *

Contributors: V. Perin n, M. Tulbure n , M. Gaines n , M. Reba * & M. Yaeger *

author keywords: Landsat; Irrigation; Water management; On-farm reservoir
topics (OpenAlex): Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies; Flood Risk Assessment and Management; Climate variability and models
UN Sustainable Development Goals Color Wheel
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
13. Climate Action (Web of Science)
15. Life on Land (Web of Science)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: March 15, 2021

2021 article

On-farm reservoir monitoring using Landsat inundation datasets

Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 246, p. 106694.

By: V. Perin, M. Tulbure, M. Gaines , M. Reba & M. Yaeger

topics (OpenAlex):
Source: ORCID
Added: June 8, 2024

2020 article

A Review of Geospatial Content in IEEE Visualization Publications

Yoshizumi, A., Coffer, M. M., Collins, E. L., Gaines, M. D., Gao, X., Jones, K., … Tateosian, L. (2020, October 1). 2020 IEEE VISUALIZATION CONFERENCE - SHORT PAPERS (VIS 2020), pp. 51–55.

By: A. Yoshizumi n, M. Coffer n, E. Collins n, M. Gaines n , X. Gao n, K. Jones n , I. McGregor n , K. McQuillan n ...

Contributors: A. Yoshizumi n, M. Coffer n, E. Collins n, M. Gaines n , X. Gao n, K. Jones n , I. McGregor n , K. McQuillan n ...

author keywords: Human-centered computing; Visualization; Visualization application domains; Geographic visualization
topics (OpenAlex): Data Visualization and Analytics; Data Management and Algorithms; Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
TL;DR: An understanding of the quantity and role of geospatial subject matter in recent IEEE VIS publications is provided and supplies a foundation for future meta-analytical work around geosp spatial analytics and geovisualization that may shed light on opportunities for innovation. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goals Color Wheel
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: August 16, 2021

2020 conference paper

The effects of climate and human drivers on changes in surface water in the Southeastern US

American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2020. [Poster presentation]. https://agu2020fallmeeting-agu.ipostersessions.com/?s=54-6C-58-00-15-40-46-A0-08-5A-A3-52-94-55-85-9E

By: M. Gaines , M. Tulbure & V. Perin

agu2020fallmeeting-agu.ipostersessions.com
Source: ORCID
Added: June 8, 2024

2019 thesis

Calculating a Drought Vulnerability Index for South Africa based on Social and Biophysical Characteristics

https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1380

By: M. Gaines 

scholarworks.wm.edu
Source: ORCID
Added: June 8, 2024

Employment

Updated: February 9th, 2026 12:01

2024 - present

North Carolina State University Raleigh, US
Postdoctoral Research Scholar Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources

2019 - 2024

NC State University Raleigh, NC, US
Graduate Assistant Center for Geospatial Analytics

2020 - 2020

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, DC, US
William M. Lapenta Intern Environmental Modeling Center

2019 - 2019

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN, US
HERE Intern Human Dynamics Group

2018 - 2019

William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, US
Data Science Consultant Data Science Department

2018 - 2018

ORISE Undergraduate Intern at ORNL Oak Ridge, Tennessee , US
SULI Geographic Information Science and Technology Group

Education

Updated: August 19th, 2024 00:18

2019 - 2024

NC State University Raleigh, NC, US
PhD Geospatial Analytics

2015 - 2019

College of William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, US
BS in Data Science and GIS (Interdisciplinary Studies) Data Science

Funding History

Funding history based on the linked ORCID record. Updated: February 9th, 2026 12:22

award December 1, 2022
NASA SCoPE AGU SciAct Affiliate
NASA SCoPE
grant September 1, 2021 - December 1, 2024
Quantifying Uncertainty in Moderate Resolution Surface Water Detection Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery
NASA
award June 1 - August 1, 2018
Temporal Changes in Heterogeneity and Scale of Sustainable Development in South African Cities
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
award March 1 - August 1, 2018
South Africa: Drought & Vulnerability
College of William and Mary
award June 1 - July 1, 2017
Study Abroad in Israel
Judaic Studies Department at William & Mary
award August 1, 2016
Expressing Solitary Observation of Nature Through Painting
College of William and Mary

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