Margaret Gruen

Gruen, M. E., Lascelles, B. D. X., Colleran, E., Gottlieb, A., Johnson, J., Lotsikas, P., … Wright, B. (2022). 2022 AAHA Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7292

Fefer, G., Panek, W. K., Khan, M. Z., Singer, M., Westermeyer, H. D., Mowat, F. M., … Gruen, M. E. (2022). Use of Cognitive Testing, Questionnaires, and Plasma Biomarkers to Quantify Cognitive Impairment in an Aging Pet Dog Population. JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-215562

Park, R. M., Royal, K. D., & Gruen, M. E. (2021, June 7). A Literature Review: Pet Bereavement and Coping Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE, Vol. 6. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.1934839

Sherman, B. L., & Gruen, M. E. (2021). Aggression, overview – Dogs. In L. P. Tilley & F. W. K. Smith (Eds.), Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline (7th ed.). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

Cunningham, R. M., Park, R. M., Knazovicky, D., Lascelles, B. D. X., & Gruen, M. E. (2021). Assessment of Sensory Thresholds in Dogs using Mechanical and Hot Thermal Quantitative Sensory Testing. JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS, 10. https://doi.org/10.3791/62841

Park, R. M., Gruen, M. E., & Royal, K. (2021). Association between Dog Owner Demographics and Decision to Seek Veterinary Care. VETERINARY SCIENCES, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8010007

Salomons, H., Smith, K. C. M., Callahan-Beckel, M., Callahan, M., Levy, K., Kennedy, B. S., … Hare, B. (2021). Cooperative Communication with Humans Evolved to Emerge Early in Domestic Dogs. CURRENT BIOLOGY, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.051

Perdew, I., Emke, C., Johnson, B., Dixit, V., Song, Y., Griffith, E. H., … Gruen, M. E. (2021). Evaluation of Pexion(R) (imepitoin) for treatment of storm anxiety in dogs: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. VETERINARY RECORD, Vol. 188. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.18

Cunningham, R., Gruen, M. E., Thomson, A., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2021, November 1). Evaluation of a nutritional supplement for the alleviation of pain associated with feline degenerative joint disease: a prospective, randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY, Vol. 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X211053484

Gruen, M. E., & Sherman, B. L. (2021). Feline compulsive disorders. In L. P. Tilley & F. W. K. Smith (Eds.), Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline (7th ed.). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

Gruen, M. E., & Sherman, B. L. (2021). Feline housesoiling. In L. P. Tilley & F. W. K. Smith (Eds.), Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline (7th ed.). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

Gruen, M. E., Myers, J. A. E., Tena, J.-K. S., Becskei, C., Cleaver, D. M., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2021, November 1). Frunevetmab, a felinized anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of pain from osteoarthritis in cats. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Vol. 11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16291

Fogle, J. E., Hudson, L., Thomson, A., Sherman, B., Gruen, M., Lacelles, B. D., … Meeker, R. B. (2021). Improved neurocognitive performance in FIV infected cats following treatment with the p75 neurotrophin receptor ligand LM11A-31. JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-021-00956-2

Pankratz, K., Korman, J., Emke, C., Johnson, B., Griffith, E. H., & Gruen, M. E. (2021). Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Prospective Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of the Assisi Anti-anxiety Device (Calmer Canine) for the Treatment of Canine Separation Anxiety. FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.775092

Enomoto, M., Lascelles, B. D. X., Robertson, J. B., & Gruen, M. E. (2021, May 18). Refinement of the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI) and development of the short-form FMPI. JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY, Vol. 24, pp. 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X211011984

Adrian, D., King, J. N., Parrish, R. S., King, S. B., Budsberg, S. C., Gruen, M. E., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2021). Robenacoxib shows efficacy for the treatment of chronic degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats: a randomized and blinded pilot clinical trial. Scientific Reports Volume, 11, 7721. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87023-2

Hoel, J. A., Templeton, G. B., Fefer, G., Case, B. C., Shah, A., Gruen, M. E., & Olby, N. J. (2021). Sustained Gaze Is a Reliable In-home Test of Attention for Aging Pet Dogs. FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.819135

Holder, T., Gruen, M., Roberts, D., Somers, T., & Bozkurt, A. (2020). A Systematic Literature Review of
Animal-Assisted Interventions in Oncology
(Part I): Methods and Results. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 19, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735420943278

Holder, T. R. N., Gruen, M. E., Roberts, D. L., Somers, T., & Bozkurt, A. (2020). [Review of A Systematic Literature Review of Animal-Assisted Interventions in Oncology (Part II): Theoretical Mechanisms and Frameworks]. INTEGRATIVE CANCER THERAPIES, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735420943269

Woods, H. J., Li, M. F., Patel, U. A., Lascelles, B. D. X., Samson, D. R., & Gruen, M. E. (2020). A functional linear modeling approach to sleep-wake cycles in dogs. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79274-2

Bray, E. E., Gruen, M. E., Gnanadesikan, G. E., Horschler, D. J., Levy, K. M., Kennedy, B. S., … MacLean, E. L. (2020). Cognitive characteristics of 8-to 10-week-old assistance dog puppies. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 166, 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.05.019

Enomoto, M., Lascelles, B. D. X., & Gruen, M. E. (2020). Development of a checklist for the detection of degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 22(12), 1137–1147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X20907424

Gruen, M. E., White, P., & Hare, B. (2020). Do dog breeds differ in pain sensitivity? Veterinarians and the public believe they do. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230315

Bray, E. E., Gruen, M. E., Gnanadesikan, G. E., Horschler, D. J., Levy, K. M., Kennedy, B. S., … MacLean, E. L. (2020). Dog cognitive development: a longitudinal study across the first 2 years of life. ANIMAL COGNITION. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-020-01443-7

Gruen, M., Case, B. C., Robertson, J. B., Campbell, S., & Korpivaara, M. E. (2020). Evaluation of repeated dosing of a dexmedetomidine oromucosal gel for treatment of noise aversion in dogs over a series of noise events. VETERINARY RECORD, 187(12), 489–489. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.106046

Gruen, M. E., & Albright, J. A. (2020). Growing old with grace: old cats should learn new tricks. In M. E. Herron, D. F. Horwitz, C. Siracusa, & S. Dale (Eds.), Decoding Your Cat. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Fogle, J. E., Hudson, L., Thomson, A., Sherman, B., Gruen, M., Lacelles, B. D., … Meeker, R. B. (2020, June 17). Improved neurocognitive performance in FIV infected cats following treatment with the p75 neurotrophin receptor ligand LM11A-31 (Vol. 6). Vol. 6. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.17.156596

Mills, D. S., Demontigny-Bedard, I., Gruen, M., Klinck, M. P., McPeake, K. J., Barcelos, A. M., … Levine, E. (2020). Pain and Problem Behavior in Cats and Dogs. ANIMALS, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020318

Panek, W. K., Murdoch, D. M., Gruen, M. E., Mowat, F. M., Marek, R. D., & Olby, N. J. (2020). Plasma Amyloid Beta Concentrations in Aged and Cognitively Impaired Pet Dogs. MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02140-9

Panek, W. K., Gruen, M. E., Murdoch, D. M., Marek, R. D., Stachel, A. F., Mowat, F. M., … Olby, N. J. (2020). Plasma Neurofilament Light Chain as a Translational Biomarker of Aging and Neurodegeneration in Dogs. MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY, 57(7), 3143–3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-01951-0

Foster, M., Brugarolas, R., Walker, K., Mealin, S., Cleghern, Z., Yuschak, S., … Bozkurt, A. (2020). Preliminary Evaluation of a Wearable Sensor System for Heart Rate Assessment in Guide Dog Puppies. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, 20(16), 9449–9459. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2986159

Gruen, M. E., Foster, M. L., Lazarowski, L., Jeffries, A., Sherman, B. L., & Dorman, D. C. (2019). Does the cognitive bias test in dogs depend on spatial learning? Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 33, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.04.002

Gruen, M. E., Samson, D. R., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2019). Functional linear modeling of activity data shows analgesic-mediated improved sleep in dogs with spontaneous osteoarthritis pain. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50623-0

Klinck, M. P., Gruen, M. E., del Castillo, J. R. E., Guillot, M., Thomson, A. E., Heit, M., … Troncy, E. (2018). Development and preliminary validity and reliability of the montreal instrument for cat arthritis testing, for use by caretaker/owner, MI-CAT(C), via a randomised clinical trial. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 200, 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.11.013

Gruen, M. E., Sherman, B. L., & Papich, M. (2018). Drugs affecting animal behavior. In J. E. Reviere & M. G. Papich (Eds.), Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (10th ed., pp. 416–450). New York: Wiley.

Kennedy, C., Thomson, A., Griffith, E., Fogle, J., Lascelles, B., Meeker, R., … Gruen, M. (2018). Enrichment Preferences of FIV-Infected and Uninfected Laboratory-Housed Cats. Viruses, 10(7), 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10070353

Naik, R., Witzel, A., Albright, J. D., Siegfried, K., Gruen, M. E., Thomson, A., … Lascelles, B. D. X. (2018). Pilot study evaluating the effect of feeding method on overall activity of neutered indoor pet cats. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 25, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.02.001

Gruen, M. E. (2018). Which Drugs Are Used to Treat Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome? Clinician's Brief. Retrieved from https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/which-drugs-are-used-treat-cognitive-dysfunction-syndrome

Zhang, G. Z., Roell, K. R., Truong, L., Tanguay, R. L., & Reif, D. M. (2017). A Data-driven weighting scheme for multivariate phenotypic endpoints recapitulates zebrafish developmental cascades. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 314, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.010

Gruen, M. E., Griffith, E. H., Caney, S. M. A., Rishniw, M., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2017). Attitudes of small animal practitioners toward participation in veterinary clinical trials. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 250(1), 86–97. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.250.1.86

Gruen, M. E. (2017). Behavior problems in old cats. In D. F. Horwitz (Ed.), Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Canine and Feline Behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

Gruen, M. E., Dorman, D. C., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2017). Caregiver placebo effect in analgesic clinical trials for cats with naturally occurring degenerative joint disease-associated pain. Veterinary Record, 180(19), 473–473. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104168

Fish, R. E., Foster, M. L., Gruen, M. E., Sherman, B. L., & Dorman, D. C. (2017). Effect of wearing a Telemetry jacket on behavioral and physiologic parameters of dogs in the open-field test. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 56(4), 382–389.

MacLean, E. L., Gesquiere, L. R., Gruen, M. E., Sherman, B. L., Martin, W. L., & Carter, C. S. (2017). Endogenous Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Aggression in Domestic Dogs. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01613

Gruen, M. E., Messenger, K. M., Thomson, A. E., Griffith, E. H., Aldrich, L. A., Vaden, S., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2017). Evaluation of serum cytokines in cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 183, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.007

Sper, R. B., Koh, S., Zhang, X., Simpson, S., Collins, B., Sommer, J., … Piedrahita, J. A. (2017). Generation of a stable transgenic swine model expressing a porcine histone 2b-egfp fusion protein for cell tracking and chromosome dynamics studies. PLoS One, 12(1).

Lascelles, B. D. X., Gruen, M. E., & Innes, J. (2017). Joint pain in pet dogs and cats. In L. Arendt-Nielsen & S. Perrod (Eds.), Pain in the Joints (pp. 45–58). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Knazovicky, D., Helgeson, E. S., Case, B., Thomson, A., Gruen, M., Maixner, W., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2017). Replicate effects and test-retest reliability of quantitative sensory threshold testing in dogs with and without chronic pain. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 44(3), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660882

Gruen, M. E., Alfaro-Córdoba, M., Thomson, A. E., Worth, A. C., Staicu, A.-M., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2017). The Use of Functional Data Analysis to Evaluate Activity in a Spontaneous Model of Degenerative Joint Disease Associated Pain in Cats. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0169576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169576

Gruen, M. E., Roe, S. C., Griffith, E. H., & Sherman, B. L. (2017). The use of trazodone to facilitate calm behavior after elective orthopedic surgery in dogs: Results and lessons learned from a clinical trial. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 22, 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2017.09.008

Gruen, M. E., Thomson, A. E., Griffith, E. H., Paradise, H., Gearing, D. P., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2016). A Feline-Specific Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Antibody Improves Mobility in Cats with Degenerative Joint Disease-Associated Pain: A Pilot Proof of Concept Study. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30(4), 1138–1148. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13972

Gruen, M. E., Messenger, K. M., Thomson, A. E., Griffith, E. H., Paradise, H., Vaden, S., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2016). A comparison of serum and plasma cytokine values using a multiplexed assay in cats. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 182, 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.003

Sherman, B. L., & Gruen, M. E. (2016). Aggression, overview – Dogs. In L. P. Tilley & F. W. K. Smith (Eds.), Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult; Canine and Feline (6th ed., pp. 46–49). Ames, Iowa: John Wiley and Sons.

Stevens, B. J., Frantz, E. M., Orlando, J. M., Griffith, E., Harden, L. B., Gruen, M. E., & Sherman, B. L. (2016). Efficacy of a single dose of trazodone hydrochloride given to cats prior to veterinary visits to reduce signs of transport- and examination-related anxiety. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 249(2), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.249.2.202

Muller, C., Gaines, B., Gruen, M., Case, B., Arrufat, K., Innes, J., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2016). Evaluation of Clinical Metrology Instrument in Dogs with Osteoarthritis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30(3), 836–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13923

Gruen, M. E., & Sherman, B. L. (2016). Feline compulsive disorders. In L. P. Tilley & F. W. K. Smith (Eds.), Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline (6th edition, pp. 297–298). Ames, Iowa: John Wiley and Sons.

Gruen, M. E., & Sherman, B. L. (2016). Feline housesoiling. In L. P. Tilley & F. W. K. Smith (Eds.), Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult; Canine and Feline (6th ed., pp. 639–642). Ames, Iowa: John Wiley and Sons.

Knazovicky, D., Helgeson, E. S., Case, B., Gruen, M. E., Maixner, W., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2016). Widespread somatosensory sensitivity in naturally occurring canine model of osteoarthritis. PAIN, 157(6), 1325–1332. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000521

Sherman, B. L., Gruen, M., Case, B. C., Foster, M. L., Fish, R. E., Lazarowski, L., … Dorman, D. C. (2015). A test for the evaluation of emotional reactivity in Labrador retrievers used for explosives detection. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 10(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.12.007

Gruen, M. E., Griffith, E. H., Thomson, A. E., Simpson, W., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2015). Criterion Validation Testing of Clinical Metrology Instruments for Measuring Degenerative Joint Disease Associated Mobility Impairment in Cats. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0131839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131839

Lazarowski, L., Foster, M. L., Gruen, M. E., Sherman, B. L., Fish, R. E., Milgram, N. W., & Dorman, D. C. (2015). Olfactory discrimination and generalization of ammonium nitrate and structurally related odorants in Labrador retrievers. Animal Cognition, 18(6), 1255–1265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0894-9

Tomas, A., Pultorak, E. L., Gruen, M., Breitschwerdt, E., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2015). Relationship between degenerative joint disease, pain, and Bartonella spp. seroreactivity in domesticated cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12495

Stevens, B. J., & Gruen, M. (2015). Response to letter to the editor "LSU-SVM Shelter Medicine Program". Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, Vol. 42, pp. 285–285. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0615-095

Gruen, M., Case, B. C., Foster, M. L., Lazarowski, L., Fish, R. E., Landsberg, G., … Sherman, B. L. (2015). The use of an open-field model to assess sound-induced fear and anxiety-associated behaviors in Labrador retrievers. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 10(4), 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.03.007

Lazarowski, L., Foster, M. L., Gruen, M., Sherman, B. L., Case, B. C., Fish, R. E., … Dorman, D. C. (2014). Acquisition of a visual discrimination and reversal learning task by Labrador retrievers. Animal Cognition, 17(3), 787–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-013-0712-1

Lascelles, B. D. X., Gruen, M., Vaden, S., Hansen, B., Roe, S., & Hardie, L. (2014). Chronic kidney disease in cats.

Gruen, M., Jiamachello, K. N., Thomson, A., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2014). Clinical trials involving cats what factors affect owner participation? Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 16(9), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x14539499

Gruen, M., Griffith, E., Thomson, A., Simpson, W., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2014). Detection of clinically relevant pain relief in cats with degenerative joint disease associated pain. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(2), 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12312

Marino, C. L., Lascelles, B. D. X., Vaden, S. L., Gruen, M., & Marks, S. L. (2014). Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 16(6), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x13511446

Stevens, B. J., & Gruen, M. (2014). Training veterinary students in shelter medicine: A service-learning community-classroom technique. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 41(1), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0813-105r

Gruen, M., Roe, S., Griffith, E., Hamilton, A., & Sherman, B. L. (2014). Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 245(3), 296–301. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.245.3.296

Roe, S. C., Sherman, B. L., Gruen, M. E., Hamilton, A., & Griffith, E. (2014). Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs Response.

Gruen, M., Thomson, A. E., Clary, G. P., Hamilton, A. K., Hudson, L. C., Meeker, R. B., & Sherman, B. L. (2013). Conditioning laboratory cats to handling and transport. Lab Animal, 42(10), 385–389. https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.361

Gruen, M. E. (2013). How I Treat Cognitive Dysfunction. Clinician’s Brief, 11(12), 13–18.

Sherman, B. L., Gruen, M., Meeker, R. B., Milgram, B., DiRivera, C., Thomson, A., … Hudson, L. (2013). The use of a T-maze to measure cognitive-motor function in cats (Felis catus). Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2012.03.001

Gruen, M. E. (2012). Animal Behavior Case of the Month. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241(11), 1445–1447. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.11.1445

Gruen, M., & Sherman, B. L. (2012). Animal behavior case of the month. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241(10), 1293–1295. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.10.1293

Benito, J., Gruen, M., Thomson, A., Simpson, W., & Lascelles, B. D. X. (2012). Owner-assessed indices of quality of life in cats and the relationship to the presence of degenerative joint disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 14(12), 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x12453904

Gruen, M., & Sherman, B. L. (2008). Use of trazodone as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of canine anxiety disorders: 56 cases (1995-2007). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 233(12), 1902–1907. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.12.1902